183 lines
20 KiB
XML
183 lines
20 KiB
XML
<document id="0EC565009015A47CCC3F6447334A4C31" ID-CLB-Dataset="21272" ID-DOI="10.1080/00222933.2015.1091106" ID-GBIF-Dataset="05d1bac2-fe53-42ba-a04d-bc4828adaf4e" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3990100" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1597771971732" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I." docDate="2015" docId="03E687FCFFBBFF9F4951FB02FDB2FDF7" docLanguage="en" docName="JNATHIST.50.13-14.865-904.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 50" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2015.1091106" docStyle="DocumentStyle:3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62.3:JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62" docStyleName="JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Charaxes (Charaxes) varanes subsp. vologeses" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="892" masterDocId="FFDFFF84FFA0FF834804FFE3FFBEFFB1" masterDocTitle="Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamilies Libytheinae, Danainae, Satyrinae and Charaxinae" masterLastPageNumber="904" masterPageNumber="865" pageNumber="892" updateTime="1698844713879" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="EC8AD86F8D19AAA2B4A1BE94055CE283">Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamilies Libytheinae, Danainae, Satyrinae and Charaxinae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="231BE9071F96495ECB2E91EAD252783A">Liseki, Steven D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="28FBA670FB577616F8C78E713C22C50B">Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, Arusha, Tanzania; & Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="A92DB95DDBD6C94914956A9D1CB188A0">Vane-Wright, Richard I.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="1B41B70DF72BBF66C3EB4D837208FBA2">Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK; & Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK; & School of Human and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, UK</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="09D180F6468A9413567BB0B2DB6710BB">Journal of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="262D952B734D7F5ED1CE3410FC75F49C">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="516F552E92491D360B777F4EBA9C8F80">2015-09-30</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03E687FCFFBBFF9F4951FB02FDB2FDF7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4339146" ID-GBIF-Taxon="167186696" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4339146" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E687FCFFBBFF9F4951FB02FDB2FDF7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E687FCFFBBFF9F4951FB02FDB2FDF7" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="892" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">
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<paragraph id="8BF036EAFFBBFF984951FB02FC70FB4B" blockId="27.[341,974,1249,1274]" box="[341,974,1249,1274]" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">
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<heading id="D0B88186FFBBFF984951FB02FC70FB4B" box="[341,974,1249,1274]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="27" pageNumber="892" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D69FFBBFF984951FB02FC70FB4B" ID-CoL="958CJ" authority="(Mabille, 1876)" baseAuthorityName="Mabille" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[341,974,1249,1274]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Charaxes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="892" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="varanes" subGenus="Charaxes" subSpecies="vologeses">
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<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFBBFF984951FB02FE03FB4B" box="[341,445,1249,1274]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">Charaxes</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFBBFF9849CAFB02FD88FB4B" box="[462,566,1249,1274]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">Charaxes</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFBBFF984A43FB02FCA9FB4B" box="[583,791,1249,1274]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">varanes vologeses</emphasis>
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||
(Mabille, 1876)
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3556561FFBBFF9848A4FAF6FEC2FAE1" pageId="27" pageNumber="892" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BF036EAFFBBFF9848A4FAF6FEC2FAE1" blockId="27.[160,1156,1301,1464]" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFBBFF9848A4FAF6FED4FA9C" author="Henning SF" box="[160,362,1301,1325]" pageId="27" pageNumber="892" refId="ref22224" refString="Henning SF. 1989. The Charaxinae Butterflies of Africa. Johannesburg: Aloe." type="book" year="1989">Henning 1989: 37</bibRefCitation>
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,38 (4 figs).
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFBBFF9849E9FAF6FDCBFA9C" author="Larsen TB" box="[493,629,1301,1325]" pageId="27" pageNumber="892" refId="ref22516" refString="Larsen TB. 1996. The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. 2 nd ed. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press." type="book" year="1996">Larsen 1996</bibRefCitation>
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||
: pl. 31, fig. 447 i,ii. d
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<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFBBFF984B66FAF6FCD6FA9C" box="[866,872,1301,1325]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">’</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFBBFF984B63FAF6FB96FA9C" author="Abrera B" box="[871,1064,1301,1325]" pageId="27" pageNumber="892" refId="ref21960" refString="d ' Abrera B. 2004. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region (2 nd edn). Part II. Nymphalidae, Libytheidae. Melbourne: Hill House." type="book" year="2004">Abrera 2004: 516</bibRefCitation>
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||
(2 figs). SI: Figure 20e
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<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFBBFF98495EFAD4FED9FAFE" box="[346,359,1335,1359]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">–</emphasis>
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||
h.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3556561FFBBFF9F48A4FAB9FDB2FDF7" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="893" pageId="27" pageNumber="892" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BF036EAFFBBFF9848A4FAB9FCBBFA09" blockId="27.[160,1156,1301,1464]" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">
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Forewing length: male
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||
<quantity id="4CB79B0FFFBBFF9849A2FAB9FD8FFAC3" box="[422,561,1370,1394]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.125" metricValueMax="4.6" metricValueMin="3.65" pageId="27" pageNumber="892" unit="mm" value="41.25" valueMax="46.0" valueMin="36.5">
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||
36.5
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||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFBBFF9849D0FAB9FE5FFAC3" box="[468,481,1370,1394]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">–</emphasis>
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||
46 mm
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||
</quantity>
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||
[mean (
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||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFBBFF984A8BFAB9FD23FAC3" box="[655,669,1370,1394]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">n</emphasis>
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||
= 13)
|
||
<quantity id="4CB79B0FFFBBFF984AE3FAB9FCE4FAC3" box="[743,858,1370,1394]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.196" pageId="27" pageNumber="892" unit="mm" value="41.96">41.96 mm</quantity>
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, SD = 2.155]; female
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||
<quantity id="4CB79B0FFFBBFF984C43FAB9FE9BFA24" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.4" metricValueMax="4.95" metricValueMin="3.85" pageId="27" pageNumber="892" unit="mm" value="44.0" valueMax="49.5" valueMin="38.5">
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||
38.5
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||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFBBFF984C72FAB9FB3DFAC3" box="[1142,1155,1370,1394]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">–</emphasis>
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||
49.5 mm
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||
</quantity>
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||
[mean (
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||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFBBFF98498DFA9EFE29FA24" box="[393,407,1405,1429]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 13)
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||
<quantity id="4CB79B0FFFBBFF9849EDFA9EFDE1FA24" box="[489,607,1405,1429]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.52" pageId="27" pageNumber="892" unit="mm" value="45.2">45.20 mm</quantity>
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||
, SD = 2.839].
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFBBFF984B07FA9EFC5AFA24" author="van Someren VGL" box="[771,996,1405,1429]" pageId="27" pageNumber="892" pagination="415 - 487" refId="ref24246" refString="van Someren VGL. 1974. Revisional notes on African Charaxes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Part IX. Bull Br Mus (Nat Hist) Entomol. 29: 415 - 487, 18 pls." type="book chapter" year="1974">van Someren (1974</bibRefCitation>
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||
, p. 478) gave male forewing length as
|
||
<quantity id="4CB79B0FFFBBFF9849DBFA43FDE4FA09" box="[479,602,1439,1464]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="4.5" metricValueMin="3.5" pageId="27" pageNumber="892" unit="mm" value="40.0" valueMax="45.0" valueMin="35.0">
|
||
35
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||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFBBFF9849FEFA7CFDB9FA06" box="[506,519,1439,1463]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">–</emphasis>
|
||
45 mm
|
||
</quantity>
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||
, female 45
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||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFBBFF984AD2FA7CFD5DFA06" box="[726,739,1439,1463]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">–</emphasis>
|
||
51.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF036EAFFBBFF9848A4FA31FC06FA5B" blockId="27.[160,952,1490,1514]" box="[160,952,1490,1514]" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">Note: the underside of both sexes is dead-leaf-like, and very variable.</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BF036EAFFBBFF9848A4F9F8FF42F984" blockId="27.[160,1156,1563,1727]" box="[160,252,1563,1589]" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">
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<heading id="D0B88186FFBBFF9848A4F9F8FF42F984" box="[160,252,1563,1589]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="27" pageNumber="892" reason="5">
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<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFBBFF9848A4F9F8FF42F984" bold="true" box="[160,252,1563,1589]" inLineHeading="true" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="892" reason="3">Records</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF036EAFFBBFF9F48A4F9DCFDB2FDF7" blockId="27.[160,1156,1563,1727]" lastBlockId="28.[160,1156,142,582]" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="893" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFBBFF9848A4F9DCFEFDF9E6" author="Kielland J" box="[160,323,1599,1623]" pageId="27" pageNumber="892" refId="ref22372" refString="Kielland J. 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania. Melbourne: Hill House." type="book" year="1990">Kielland (1990</bibRefCitation>
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, p. 110) records
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<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D69FFBBFF984A0AF9DCFD4BF9E6" baseAuthorityName="Mabille" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[526,757,1599,1623]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Charaxes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="892" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="varanes" subSpecies="vologeses">
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||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFBBFF984A0AF9DCFD4BF9E6" box="[526,757,1599,1623]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">C. varanes vologeses</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from woodlands and open areas, thickets, and occasionally forests and montane forests, up to
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<quantity id="4CB79B0FFFBBFF984B8CF981FC5CF9CB" box="[904,994,1634,1658]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="27" pageNumber="892" unit="m" value="2300.0">2300 m</quantity>
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||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFBBFF984BF4F981FC43F9CB" box="[1008,1021,1634,1658]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">–</emphasis>
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||
apparently throughout
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||
<collectingCountry id="F358767AFFBBFF984928F966FE31F92C" box="[300,399,1669,1693]" name="Tanzania" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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||
(mentioning the possibility of a separate subspecies on
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<collectingRegion id="498BF808FFBBFF984C2CF966FBC4F92C" box="[1064,1146,1669,1693]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Pemba" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">Pemba</collectingRegion>
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||
). There does not appear to be any
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||
<collectingRegion id="498BF808FFBBFF984A2FF944FD17F90E" box="[555,681,1703,1727]" country="Tanzania" name="Kilimanjaro" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">Kilimanjaro</collectingRegion>
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||
area material of this common species in OUMNH, but the BMNH has a male collected
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||
<quantity id="4CB79B0FFFBCFF9F4A98FF6DFD55FF17" box="[668,747,142,166]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.656064" pageId="28" pageNumber="893" unit="mi" value="6.0">6 miles</quantity>
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||
northwest of Moshi, a pair from Old Moshi collected by Selous, and a pair from
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||
<collectingRegion id="498BF808FFBCFF9F4A8AFF52FD61FF78" box="[654,735,177,201]" country="Tanzania" name="Arusha" pageId="28" pageNumber="893">Arusha</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CB79B0FFFBCFF9F4AEEFF52FC85FF78" box="[746,827,177,201]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3716" pageId="28" pageNumber="893" unit="ft" value="4500.0">4500 ft</quantity>
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||
, collected by Rydon. In 1982 the late Ivan Bampton observed
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D69FFBCFF9F4A19FF37FD00FF5D" baseAuthorityName="Mabille" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[541,702,212,236]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Charaxes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="893" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="varanes" variety="vologeses">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFBCFF9F4A19FF37FD00FF5D" box="[541,702,212,236]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="893">C. v. vologeses</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
migrating in numbers, travelling up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CB79B0FFFBCFF9F48A4FF15FF4DFEBF" box="[160,243,246,270]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" pageId="28" pageNumber="893" unit="km" value="480.0">480 km</quantity>
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||
through central and northern
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||
<collectingCountry id="F358767AFFBCFF9F4A48FF15FD11FEBF" box="[588,687,246,270]" name="Tanzania" pageId="28" pageNumber="893">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFBCFF9F4AB8FF15FCE2FEBF" author="Henning SF" box="[700,860,246,270]" pageId="28" pageNumber="893" refId="ref22224" refString="Henning SF. 1989. The Charaxinae Butterflies of Africa. Johannesburg: Aloe." type="book" year="1989">Henning 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 40; repeated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFBCFF9F4C3EFF15FF69FE80" author="Larsen TB" pageId="28" pageNumber="893" refId="ref22516" refString="Larsen TB. 1996. The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. 2 nd ed. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press." type="book" year="1996">Larsen 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 282). On this basis it is included here as a member of the lower slopes fauna. While not encountered by
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFBCFF9F49E6FEDFFDCCFEE5" author="Liseki SD" box="[482,626,316,340]" pageId="28" pageNumber="893" refId="ref22668" refString="Liseki SD 2009. Butterfly diversity and its relevance to conservation in north-eastern Tanzania [PhD thesis]. Canterbury (UK): University of Kent." type="book" year="2009">Liseki (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, evidently this butterfly has the potential to move into the lower levels of the main forest, and should be looked for.
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<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D69FFBCFF9F4C24FEBDFE1BFE28" authority="(Cramer, 1777)" baseAuthorityName="Cramer" baseAuthorityYear="1777" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Charaxes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="893" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="varanes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFBCFF9F4C24FEBDFF4BFE28" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="893">Charaxes varanes</emphasis>
|
||
(Cramer, 1777)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
, which occurs throughout almost the whole of Africa, is divided into three named subspecies: one occurs only in southern Arabia, the nominate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D69FFBCFF9F4C50FE47FF57FE6F" pageId="28" pageNumber="893" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="occurs">race occurs</taxonomicName>
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||
in
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||
<collectingCountry id="F358767AFFBCFF9F4918FE25FE35FE6F" box="[284,395,454,478]" name="Botswana" pageId="28" pageNumber="893">Botswana</collectingCountry>
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,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F358767AFFBCFF9F4999FE25FD8EFE6F" box="[413,560,454,478]" name="Mozambique" pageId="28" pageNumber="893">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
|
||
and most of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F358767AFFBCFF9F4AE2FE25FCC4FE6F" box="[742,890,454,478]" name="South Africa" pageId="28" pageNumber="893">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
, while
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D69FFBCFF9F4BD3FE25FB3DFE6F" baseAuthorityName="Mabille" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[983,1155,454,478]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Charaxes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="893" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="varanes" variety="vologeses">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFBCFF9F4BD3FE25FB3DFE6F" box="[983,1155,454,478]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="893">C. v. vologeses</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occupies a vast range, north to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F358767AFFBCFF9F4A15FE0AFDE1FDB0" box="[529,607,489,513]" name="Yemen" pageId="28" pageNumber="893">Yemen</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFBCFF9F4A6BFE0AFCACFDB0" author="Henning SF" box="[623,786,489,513]" pageId="28" pageNumber="893" refId="ref22224" refString="Henning SF. 1989. The Charaxinae Butterflies of Africa. Johannesburg: Aloe." type="book" year="1989">Henning 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 36
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFBCFF9F4B5EFE0AFCD9FDB0" box="[858,871,489,513]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="893">–</emphasis>
|
||
40;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFBCFF9F4B96FE0AFBDEFDB0" author="Ackery PR & Smith CR & Vane-Wright RI" box="[914,1120,489,513]" pageId="28" pageNumber="893" refId="ref20969" refString="Ackery PR, Smith CR, Vane-Wright RI, editors. 1995. Carcasson ' s African Butterflies: an annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. East Melbourne: CSIRO." type="book" year="1995">Ackery et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 460). However, the Yemeni population appears distinct, and has since been named as a further subspecies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFBCFF9F497AFDCDFDBEFDF7" author="Turlin B" box="[382,512,558,582]" pageId="28" pageNumber="893" pagination="171 - 182" refId="ref23919" refString="Turlin B. 1999. Observations sur les especes insulaires Africaines de la sous-famille des Charaxinae. Lambillionea. 99: 171 - 182." type="journal article" year="1999">Turlin 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |