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<document id="D77066BBD3E88CD357239AD142C2E34A" ID-CLB-Dataset="21272" ID-DOI="10.1080/00222933.2015.1091106" ID-GBIF-Dataset="05d1bac2-fe53-42ba-a04d-bc4828adaf4e" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3990100" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1597771971732" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Liseki, Steven D. &amp; Vane-Wright, Richard I." docDate="2015" docId="03E687FCFFA9FF8A4995FD81FC48FBFE" docLanguage="en" docName="JNATHIST.50.13-14.865-904.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 50" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2015.1091106" docStyle="DocumentStyle:3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62.3:JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62" docStyleName="JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Gnophodes betsimena subsp. diversa" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="874" masterDocId="FFDFFF84FFA0FF834804FFE3FFBEFFB1" masterDocTitle="Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamilies Libytheinae, Danainae, Satyrinae and Charaxinae" masterLastPageNumber="904" masterPageNumber="865" pageNumber="874" updateTime="1698844713879" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="C474A5D829C951612ADC478C1067414F">Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamilies Libytheinae, Danainae, Satyrinae and Charaxinae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="47538B7B0827D185AF4838FAA7660ADE">Liseki, Steven D.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="2C0ED67436DCCA94080AA7EA965D19F0">Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, Arusha, Tanzania; &amp; Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="AD2BBFB0BC2BE1B3E43BBD747967551F">Vane-Wright, Richard I.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="7975860FF815887D1A57E1DD94E5576F">Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK; &amp; Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK; &amp; School of Human and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, UK</mods:affiliation>
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<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D69FFA9FF8A4995FD81FC2CFDCA" ID-CoL="953F2" authority="(Butler, 1880)" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1880" box="[401,914,610,635]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Gnophodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="874" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="betsimena" subSpecies="diversa">
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFA9FF8A4995FD81FD55FDCA" box="[401,747,610,635]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="874">Gnophodes betsimena diversa</emphasis>
(Butler, 1880)
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFA9FF8A48A4FD74FE97FD1E" author="Larsen TB" box="[160,297,663,687]" pageId="9" pageNumber="874" refId="ref22516" refString="Larsen TB. 1996. The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. 2 nd ed. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press." type="book" year="1996">Larsen 1996</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 28, fig. 396 i. d
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFA9FF8A4A01FD74FDB4FD1E" box="[517,522,663,687]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="874"></emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFA9FF8A4A0EFD74FD72FD1E" author="Abrera B" box="[522,716,663,687]" pageId="9" pageNumber="874" refId="ref21924" refString="d ' Abrera B. 1997. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region (2 nd edn). Part I. Papilionidae, Pieridae, Acraeidae, Danaidae &amp; Satyridae. Melbourne: Hill House." type="book" year="1997">Abrera 1997: 197</bibRefCitation>
(1 fig.). SI: Figure 7a
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFA9FF8A4BBCFD74FC7BFD1E" box="[952,965,663,687]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="874"></emphasis>
d.
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Forewing length: male
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31.5
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37 mm
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[mean (
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= 8)
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, SD = 1.170]; female 32.0
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[mean (
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= 8)
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, SD = 2.579].
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFA9FF8A48A4FCC3FF42FC8B" bold="true" box="[160,252,800,826]" inLineHeading="true" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="874" reason="3">Records</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFA9FF8A48A4FCA6FEFFFCEC" author="Kielland J" box="[160,321,837,861]" pageId="9" pageNumber="874" refId="ref22372" refString="Kielland J. 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania. Melbourne: Hill House." type="book" year="1990">Kielland (1990</bibRefCitation>
, p. 77) stated that this subspecies occurs in the north, east and south of
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, at altitudes up to
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and
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occasionally to
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. Not found at
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or above by
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFA9FF8A4914FC69FE22FC13" author="Liseki SD" box="[272,412,906,930]" pageId="9" pageNumber="874" refId="ref22668" refString="Liseki SD 2009. Butterfly diversity and its relevance to conservation in north-eastern Tanzania [PhD thesis]. Canterbury (UK): University of Kent." type="book" year="2009">Liseki (2009)</bibRefCitation>
, but included here as a member of the lower slopes fauna on the basis of three male and three female specimens in BMNH from Moshi, New Moshi and Engare-Nairobi (where it was collected at
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4000
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5000 ft
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), and a single female from
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, c.
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, in OUMNH. More widely subspecies
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFA9FF8A4B21FC11FCCCFBBB" box="[805,882,1010,1034]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="874">diversa</emphasis>
extends from northern
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(
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) south to the Cape, with the species as a whole found throughout the Afrotropics, including
<collectingCountry id="F358767AFFA9FF8A4998FBD4FD9CFBFE" box="[412,546,1079,1103]" name="Madagascar" pageId="9" pageNumber="874">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFA9FF8A4A34FBD4FD04FBFE" author="Smiles RL" box="[560,698,1079,1103]" pageId="9" pageNumber="874" pagination="172 - 182" refId="ref23534" refString="Smiles RL. 1973. Revisional notes on the genera Cyllogenes Butler, Gnophodes Doubleday, and Parantirrhoea Wood-Mason (Lepidoptera: Satyridae). Entomologist. 106: 172 - 182." type="journal article" year="1973">Smiles 1973</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFA9FF8A4ACCFBD4FC2DFBFE" author="Ackery PR &amp; Smith CR &amp; Vane-Wright RI" box="[712,915,1079,1103]" pageId="9" pageNumber="874" refId="ref20969" refString="Ackery PR, Smith CR, Vane-Wright RI, editors. 1995. Carcasson ' s African Butterflies: an annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. East Melbourne: CSIRO." type="book" year="1995">Ackery et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
, p. 280).
</paragraph>
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