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<document id="072DAD8AC374392EC39DBC5762CB7EEF" ID-CLB-Dataset="21272" ID-DOI="10.1080/00222933.2015.1091106" ID-GBIF-Dataset="05d1bac2-fe53-42ba-a04d-bc4828adaf4e" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3990100" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1597771971732" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Liseki, Steven D. &amp; Vane-Wright, Richard I." docDate="2015" docId="03E687FCFFA5FF864998FF52FEDCFB1F" docLanguage="en" docName="JNATHIST.50.13-14.865-904.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 50" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2015.1091106" docStyle="DocumentStyle:3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62.3:JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62" docStyleName="JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Tirumala formosa subsp. formosa formosa Godman 1880" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="870" masterDocId="FFDFFF84FFA0FF834804FFE3FFBEFFB1" masterDocTitle="Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamilies Libytheinae, Danainae, Satyrinae and Charaxinae" masterLastPageNumber="904" masterPageNumber="865" pageNumber="870" updateTime="1698844713879" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="E61011F151D9EED4524FC18F97FC6BFB">Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamilies Libytheinae, Danainae, Satyrinae and Charaxinae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="17C76DB30EFA4E0E65906F94DD238DFB">Liseki, Steven D.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="5458B853BA633F66E21875EF9AEEA01A">Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, Arusha, Tanzania; &amp; Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="994626E35F9890762CBF057657337E5F">Vane-Wright, Richard I.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="4D58770D3A310B42C172794B6FF72C15">Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK; &amp; Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK; &amp; School of Human and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, UK</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="03E687FCFFA5FF864998FF52FEDCFB1F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4339064" ID-GBIF-Taxon="167186746" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4339064" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E687FCFFA5FF864998FF52FEDCFB1F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E687FCFFA5FF864998FF52FEDCFB1F" lastPageNumber="870" pageId="5" pageNumber="870">
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<heading id="D0B88186FFA5FF864998FF52FC39FF7B" box="[412,903,177,202]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="870" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D69FFA5FF864998FF52FC39FF7B" ID-CoL="957N2" authority="formosa Godman, 1880" authorityName="formosa Godman" authorityYear="1880" box="[412,903,177,202]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Tirumala" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="870" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="formosa" subSpecies="formosa">
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFA5FF864998FF52FD6EFF7B" box="[412,720,177,202]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="870">Tirumala formosa formosa</emphasis>
Godman, 1880
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</heading>
</paragraph>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFA5FF8648A4FF05FE97FF4F" author="Larsen TB" box="[160,297,230,254]" pageId="5" pageNumber="870" refId="ref22516" refString="Larsen TB. 1996. The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. 2 nd ed. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press." type="book" year="1996">Larsen 1996</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 27, fig. 387 i. d
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFA5FF864A01FF05FDB4FF4F" box="[517,522,230,254]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="870"></emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFA5FF864A0EFF05FD72FF4F" author="Abrera B" box="[522,716,230,254]" pageId="5" pageNumber="870" refId="ref21924" refString="d ' Abrera B. 1997. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region (2 nd edn). Part I. Papilionidae, Pieridae, Acraeidae, Danaidae &amp; Satyridae. Melbourne: Hill House." type="book" year="1997">Abrera 1997: 187</bibRefCitation>
(1 fig.). SI: Figure 3a
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFA5FF864BBCFF05FC7BFF4F" box="[952,965,230,254]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="870"></emphasis>
d.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3556561FFA5FF8648A4FEEBFEDCFB1F" pageId="5" pageNumber="870" type="description">
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Forewing length: male
<quantity id="4CB79B0FFFA5FF8649ACFEEBFD8AFE91" box="[424,564,264,288]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.775" metricValueMax="5.2" metricValueMin="4.35" pageId="5" pageNumber="870" unit="mm" value="47.75" valueMax="52.0" valueMin="43.5">
43.5
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52 mm
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[mean (
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFA5FF864A90FEEBFD1CFE91" box="[660,674,264,288]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="870">n</emphasis>
= 9)
<quantity id="4CB79B0FFFA5FF864AE5FEEBFCEBFE91" box="[737,853,264,288]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.718999999999999" pageId="5" pageNumber="870" unit="mm" value="47.19">47.19 mm</quantity>
, SD = 2.072]; female
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43.5
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50.5 mm
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[mean (
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFA5FF864980FEC8FE2CFEF2" box="[388,402,299,323]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="870">n</emphasis>
= 11)
<quantity id="4CB79B0FFFA5FF8649DBFEC8FDEDFEF2" box="[479,595,299,323]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.71" pageId="5" pageNumber="870" unit="mm" value="47.1">47.10 mm</quantity>
, SD = 1.507].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF036EAFFA5FF8648A4FE94FF42FE20" blockId="5.[160,1156,375,1198]" box="[160,252,375,401]" pageId="5" pageNumber="870">
<heading id="D0B88186FFA5FF8648A4FE94FF42FE20" box="[160,252,375,401]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="870" reason="5">
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Highland forest, forest edges and forest mosaic up to
<quantity id="4CB79B0FFFA5FF864B37FE7FFC33FE05" box="[819,909,412,436]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="5" pageNumber="870" unit="m" value="2300.0">2300 m</quantity>
in north and northeastern
<collectingCountry id="F358767AFFA5FF864901FE5DFED0FE67" box="[261,366,446,470]" name="Tanzania" pageId="5" pageNumber="870">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
, south to Mufindi, and inland to the Rubeho Mountains, with disjunct populations to the west in Mpanda and
<collectingRegion id="498BF808FFA5FF864AF1FE02FCF1FE48" box="[757,847,481,505]" country="Tanzania" name="Kigoma" pageId="5" pageNumber="870">Kigoma</collectingRegion>
; also in lowland forest at Kasoge and Sanje, and common in semi-evergreen bush near Lufusi River, in the Rubehos (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFA5FF864911FDC5FE08FD8F" author="Kielland J" box="[277,438,550,574]" pageId="5" pageNumber="870" refId="ref22372" refString="Kielland J. 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania. Melbourne: Hill House." type="book" year="1990">Kielland 1990</bibRefCitation>
, p. 73). Although not specifically recorded from
<collectingRegion id="498BF808FFA5FF864C05FDC5FB3DFD8F" box="[1025,1155,550,574]" country="Tanzania" name="Kilimanjaro" pageId="5" pageNumber="870">Kilimanjaro</collectingRegion>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFA5FF8648CDFDAAFEC2FDD0" author="Kielland J" box="[201,380,585,609]" pageId="5" pageNumber="870" refId="ref22372" refString="Kielland J. 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania. Melbourne: Hill House." type="book" year="1990">Kielland (1990)</bibRefCitation>
, and not found there by
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFA5FF864ABAFDAAFCEAFDD0" author="Liseki SD" box="[702,852,585,609]" pageId="5" pageNumber="870" refId="ref22668" refString="Liseki SD 2009. Butterfly diversity and its relevance to conservation in north-eastern Tanzania [PhD thesis]. Canterbury (UK): University of Kent." type="book" year="2009">Liseki (2009)</bibRefCitation>
, it is included here as a member of the lower slopes fauna based on Rogers
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFA5FF864B07FD8FFCB7FD35" box="[771,777,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="870"></emphasis>
(1908, p. 494) record for Taveta (a corresponding specimen is extant in OUMNH), and Aurivillius
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFA5FF864BC1FD6DFC75FD17" box="[965,971,654,678]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="870"></emphasis>
s (1910a, p. 2) records for the cultivated area and slopes of
<collectingRegion id="498BF808FFA5FF864AC9FD52FCECFD78" box="[717,850,689,713]" country="Tanzania" name="Kilimanjaro" pageId="5" pageNumber="870">Kilimanjaro</collectingRegion>
. Three female specimens in OUMNH were collected by W.A. Lamborn,
<date id="FFF1102AFFA5FF864AABFD37FCF6FD5D" box="[687,840,724,748]" pageId="5" pageNumber="870" value="1916-05-16">16 May 1916</date>
, from
<collectingRegion id="498BF808FFA5FF864B97FD37FC5DFD5D" box="[915,995,724,748]" country="Tanzania" name="Arusha" pageId="5" pageNumber="870">Arusha</collectingRegion>
at c.
<quantity id="4CB79B0FFFA5FF864C22FD37FB3EFD5D" box="[1062,1152,724,748]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="5" pageNumber="870" unit="m" value="1400.0">1400 m</quantity>
, in
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFA5FF8648BAFD15FF7AFCBF" box="[190,196,758,782]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="870"></emphasis>
dense evergreen forest
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFA5FF8649D5FD15FE69FCBF" box="[465,471,758,782]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="870"></emphasis>
. The BMNH has at least nine specimens collected on West
<collectingRegion id="498BF808FFA5FF8648A4FCFAFE9CFC80" box="[160,290,793,817]" country="Tanzania" name="Kilimanjaro" pageId="5" pageNumber="870">Kilimanjaro</collectingRegion>
by B. Cooper, at heights up to
<quantity id="4CB79B0FFFA5FF864A8BFCFAFD5CFC80" box="[655,738,793,817]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.524" pageId="5" pageNumber="870" unit="ft" value="5000.0">5000 ft</quantity>
, and a pair from Moshi collected by Selous. Cooper also collected this butterfly on Mt Meru, including a female at
<quantity id="4CB79B0FFFA5FF864C36FCDFFB3AFCE5" box="[1074,1156,828,852]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9812" pageId="5" pageNumber="870" unit="ft" value="6500.0">6500 ft</quantity>
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFA5FF8648A4FCBDFF13FCC7" box="[160,173,862,886]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="870"></emphasis>
so it is possible this species could extend into the lower levels of the
<collectingRegion id="498BF808FFA5FF864C05FCBDFB3DFCC7" box="[1025,1155,862,886]" country="Tanzania" name="Kilimanjaro" pageId="5" pageNumber="870">Kilimanjaro</collectingRegion>
protected forest.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF036EAFFA5FF8648C4FC47FEDCFB1F" blockId="5.[160,1156,375,1198]" pageId="5" pageNumber="870">
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Beyond
<collectingCountry id="F358767AFFA5FF864918FC47FEC1FC0D" box="[284,383,932,956]" name="Tanzania" pageId="5" pageNumber="870">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
this subspecies occurs in
<collectingCountry id="F358767AFFA5FF864AA0FC47FD56FC0D" box="[676,744,932,956]" name="Kenya" pageId="5" pageNumber="870">Kenya</collectingCountry>
(highlands east of
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central highlands, Nairobi,
<collectingRegion id="498BF808FFA5FF864978FC25FE0CFC6F" box="[380,434,966,990]" country="Kenya" name="Taita/Taveta" pageId="5" pageNumber="870">Taita</collectingRegion>
Hills, Chyulu Hills, Namanga,
<location id="8E906031FFA5FF864B02FC25FCC5FC6F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E687FCFFA5FF864998FF52FEDCFB1F:8E906031FFA5FF864B02FC25FCC5FC6F" box="[774,891,966,990]" country="Tanzania" municipality="Rift Valley" name="Mt Sagala" pageId="5" pageNumber="870" stateProvince="Taita/Taveta">Mt Sagala</location>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="3B273CB7FFA5FF864B8FFC25FE49FB95" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2832026343" collectingDate="1981-09" collectorName="Heath" country="Zambia" location="Mafinga Mountains" municipality="In" pageId="5" pageNumber="870" specimenCount="1">
<collectingMunicipality id="6B94AC90FFA5FF864B8FFC25FC1EFC6F" box="[907,928,966,990]" pageId="5" pageNumber="870">In</collectingMunicipality>
<collectingCountry id="F358767AFFA5FF864BADFC25FC43FC6F" box="[937,1021,966,990]" name="Zambia" pageId="5" pageNumber="870">Zambia</collectingCountry>
it is known from a single specimen from the
<location id="8E906031FFA5FF864A2AFC0AFCB3FBB0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E687FCFFA5FF864998FF52FEDCFB1F:8E906031FFA5FF864A2AFC0AFCB3FBB0" box="[558,781,1001,1025]" country="Zambia" municipality="In" name="Mafinga Mountains" pageId="5" pageNumber="870">Mafinga Mountains</location>
, collected by
<collectorName id="26BA533CFFA5FF864BB0FC0AFC44FBB0" box="[948,1018,1001,1025]" pageId="5" pageNumber="870">Heath</collectorName>
,
<date id="FFF1102AFFA5FF864C0CFC0AFF69FB95" pageId="5" pageNumber="870" value="1981-09">
<collectingDate id="EFB5E9C2FFA5FF864C0CFC0AFF69FB95" pageId="5" pageNumber="870" value="1981-09">September 1981</collectingDate>
</date>
(
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, p. 47)
</materialsCitation>
. The collective species comprises in total four recognized subspecies, ranging from
<collectingCountry id="F358767AFFA5FF8649D4FBCDFD9EFBF7" box="[464,544,1070,1094]" name="Nigeria" pageId="5" pageNumber="870">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F358767AFFA5FF864A67FBCDFD10FBF7" box="[611,686,1070,1094]" name="Gabon" pageId="5" pageNumber="870">Gabon</collectingCountry>
east to
<collectingCountry id="F358767AFFA5FF864B13FBCDFCCDFBF7" box="[791,883,1070,1094]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="5" pageNumber="870">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F358767AFFA5FF864BB2FBCDFBAFFBF7" box="[950,1041,1070,1094]" name="Somalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="870">Somalia</collectingCountry>
, south to
<collectingCountry id="F358767AFFA5FF8648A4FBB2FF4AFBD8" box="[160,244,1105,1129]" name="Zambia" pageId="5" pageNumber="870">Zambia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFA5FF864902FBB2FE61FBD8" author="Ackery PR &amp; Smith CR &amp; Vane-Wright RI" box="[262,479,1105,1129]" pageId="5" pageNumber="870" refId="ref20969" refString="Ackery PR, Smith CR, Vane-Wright RI, editors. 1995. Carcasson ' s African Butterflies: an annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. East Melbourne: CSIRO." type="book" year="1995">Ackery et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
, p. 270).
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D69FFA5FF864A50FBB2FCA4FBD8" baseAuthorityName="Godman" baseAuthorityYear="1880" box="[596,794,1105,1129]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Tirumala" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="870" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosa">
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFA5FF864A50FBB2FCA4FBD8" box="[596,794,1105,1129]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="870">Tirumala formosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is very distinct from all other members of the genus (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFA5FF8649B4FB97FCBAFB3D" author="Ackery PR &amp; Vane-Wright RI" box="[432,772,1140,1164]" pageId="5" pageNumber="870" refId="ref21006" refString="Ackery PR, Vane-Wright RI. 1984. Milkweed Butterflies. Ithaca: Cornell University Press." type="book" year="1984">Ackery and Vane-Wright 1984</bibRefCitation>
), including the only other African species included.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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