treatments-xml/data/03/B7/DE/03B7DE6C8A2AF871FF38C6F7FF16C296.xml

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<mods:title id="4D3EE1DC96101309173885EF64A12457">Sponges associated with octocorals in the Indo-Pacific, with the description of four new species</mods:title>
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<heading id="D0E9D8168A2AF872FF38C6F7FD57C1C6" bold="true" box="[151,670,1232,1259]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" reason="1">
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Genus 
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<emphasis id="B96AB3688A2AF872FF41C6F6FE55C1C7" bold="true" box="[238,412,1233,1259]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Protosuberites</emphasis>
Swartshewsky, 1905
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E14F98A2AF872FF38C6D4FD6BC021" authority="Lamarck, 1815" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1815" box="[151,674,1267,1293]" class="Demospongiae" family="Suberitidae" genus="Protosuberites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="epiphytum">
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<emphasis id="B96AB3688A2AF872FF38C6D4FE02C021" bold="true" box="[151,459,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Protosuberites epiphytum</emphasis>
(
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)
</emphasis>
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(
<figureCitation id="132573FF8A2AF872FF30C731FF2BC002" box="[159,226,1302,1326]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1352,1375]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1329]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1331]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Protosuberites epiphytum (Lamarck, 1815). A, Sponge on Carijoa riisei in situ; B – C, Skeletal organisation; D, Characteristic flattened, lobed heads of tylostyles." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/248152/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
A–D) (
<tableCitation id="C69C5AC18A2AF872FE9FC731FEBCC002" box="[304,373,1302,1326]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,239,1751,1775]" captionTargetBox="[165,1266,1852,2006]" captionText="TABLE 1. Spicule dimensions in µm of Protosuberites epiphytum (Lamarck, 1815)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF613FF28A2AF872FF38C4F0FBD4C3C2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" tableUuid="DF613FF28A2AF872FF38C4F0FBD4C3C2">Tab. 1</tableCitation>
)
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA16F7A8A2AF872FF38C770FE91C09A" blockId="5.[151,1436,1367,1712]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Examined material. Sample 
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4 and sample 
<collectingCountry id="F3092FEA8A2AF872FD0EC77FFD00C043" box="[673,713,1368,1391]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">HK</collectingCountry>
O’ahu: Hawai’i, O’ahu 
<collectingCountry id="F3092FEA8A2AF872FC73C770FBEAC043" box="[988,1059,1367,1391]" name="Iceland" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Island</collectingCountry>
, about 
<quantity id="4CE6C29F8A2AF872FBDBC770FB68C043" box="[1140,1185,1367,1391]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
, 
<date id="FFA049BA8A2AF872FB02C77FFA88C043" box="[1197,1345,1367,1392]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" value="2003-08">August 2003</date>
; sample 
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O’ahu 2006: Hawai’i, O’ahu 
<collectingCountry id="F3092FEA8A2AF872FDA0C75CFD9EC0BF" box="[527,599,1403,1427]" name="Iceland" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Island</collectingCountry>
; sample 
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7: Hawai’i, O’ahu 
<collectingCountry id="F3092FEA8A2AF872FC17C75CFC36C0BF" box="[952,1023,1403,1427]" name="Iceland" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Island</collectingCountry>
, Hawai’i Kay, depth between 
<quantity id="4CE6C29F8A2AF872FAFFC75CFF66C09A" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="m" value="1.25" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="0.5">0.5 – 2 m</quantity>
, 
<date id="FFA049BA8A2AF872FF14C7B9FE9DC09A" box="[187,340,1438,1463]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" value="2007-05-31">31 May 2007</date>
.
</paragraph>
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Description. Encrusting sponge, about 
<quantity id="4CE6C29F8A2AF872FDD5C7E5FD19C0F6" box="[634,720,1474,1498]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
thick covering the branches and the body walls of the polyps of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1E14F98A2AF872FF38C7C1FEE7C0D2" box="[151,302,1510,1534]" class="Anthozoa" family="Clavulariidae" genus="Carijoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="riisei">
<emphasis id="B96AB3688A2AF872FF38C7C1FEE7C0D2" box="[151,302,1510,1534]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Carijoa riisei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="132573FF8A2AF872FE92C7C2FEB6C0D1" box="[317,383,1509,1533]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1352,1375]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1329]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1331]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Protosuberites epiphytum (Lamarck, 1815). A, Sponge on Carijoa riisei in situ; B – C, Skeletal organisation; D, Characteristic flattened, lobed heads of tylostyles." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/248152/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
A). Several branches of the coral, up to 
<quantity id="4CE6C29F8A2AF872FC97C7C2FCB4C0D1" box="[824,893,1509,1533]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="cm" value="10.0">10 cm</quantity>
long, were examined. 
<taxonomicName id="4C1E14F98A2AF872FBD5C7C0FB09C0D2" box="[1146,1216,1511,1534]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Iophon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="situ">
<emphasis id="B96AB3688A2AF872FBD5C7C0FB09C0D2" box="[1146,1216,1511,1534]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">In situ</emphasis>
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sponges are yellow (
<figureCitation id="132573FF8A2AF872FF30C42EFF2AC30D" box="[159,227,1545,1569]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1352,1375]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1329]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1331]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Protosuberites epiphytum (Lamarck, 1815). A, Sponge on Carijoa riisei in situ; B – C, Skeletal organisation; D, Characteristic flattened, lobed heads of tylostyles." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/248152/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
A), pale yellow in ethanol.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA16F7A8A2AF872FF68C40BFCB0C34B" blockId="5.[151,1436,1367,1712]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Skeleton. A layer of echinating tylostyles with the head in contact with the octocoral surface; above this a second layer of tylostyles producing a hispid surface (
<figureCitation id="132573FF8A2AF872FD5DC468FCFFC34B" box="[754,822,1615,1639]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1352,1375]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1329]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1331]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Protosuberites epiphytum (Lamarck, 1815). A, Sponge on Carijoa riisei in situ; B – C, Skeletal organisation; D, Characteristic flattened, lobed heads of tylostyles." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/248152/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
B, C).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA16F7A8A2AF872FF68C454FB33C383" blockId="5.[151,1436,1367,1712]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Spicules. Tylostyles, numerous with a characteristic flattened and lobed head (up to 4 projections per tyle) (
<figureCitation id="132573FF8A2AF872FF30C4B0FF2AC383" box="[159,227,1687,1711]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1352,1375]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1329]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1331]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Protosuberites epiphytum (Lamarck, 1815). A, Sponge on Carijoa riisei in situ; B – C, Skeletal organisation; D, Characteristic flattened, lobed heads of tylostyles." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/248152/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
D), in a large size range 22.5 – 350 
<date id="FFA049BA8A2AF872FDDEC4BFFD5DC383" box="[625,660,1687,1711]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">x 2</date>
– 7.5 µm. Refer to 
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for complete measurements.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B96AB3688A2AF872FF38C4F0FEC3C3C3" bold="true" box="[151,266,1751,1775]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
Spicule dimensions in µm of 
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<emphasis id="B96AB3688A2AF872FDE5C4FFFC95C3C3" box="[586,860,1752,1775]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Protosuberites epiphytum</emphasis>
(Lamarck, 1815)
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.
</paragraph>
</caption>
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<tableNote id="76F86EF48A2AF872FC13C537FBECC20A" box="[956,1061,1808,1830]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" targetBox="[165,1266,1852,2006]" targetPageId="5">Tylostyles</tableNote>
</paragraph>
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4
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22.5 – (154.5 ± 86.1) – 310 
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– (4.4 ± 1.7) – 7.5
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</tr>
<tr id="352E6D388A2A0788FF0AC54FFB3BC252" box="[165,1266,1896,1918]" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td id="76FF04448A2A0788FF0AC54FFE89C252" box="[165,320,1896,1918]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<collectingCountry id="F3092FEA8A2AF872FF0AC54EFF00C252" box="[165,201,1897,1918]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">HK</collectingCountry>
Oahu
</td>
<td id="76FF04448A2A0788FD41C54FFB3BC252" box="[750,1266,1896,1918]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
40 – (192.5 ± 97.3) – 350 
<date id="FFA049BA8A2AF872FBA9C54EFBEFC251" box="[1030,1062,1896,1918]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">x 2</date>
– (4.4 ± 1.8) – 7.5
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352E6D388A2A0788FF0AC5B3FB3BC286" box="[165,1266,1940,1962]" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td id="76FF04448A2A0788FF0AC5B3FE89C286" box="[165,320,1940,1962]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<collectingCountry id="F3092FEA8A2AF872FF0AC5B2FF00C286" box="[165,201,1941,1962]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">HK</collectingCountry>
Oahu 2006
</td>
<td id="76FF04448A2A0788FD41C5B3FB3BC286" box="[750,1266,1940,1962]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">100 – (211 ± 81.2) – 345 x 2.5 – (5.2 ± 1.1) – 7.5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352E6D388A2A0788FF0AC5E7FB3BC2FA" box="[165,1266,1984,2006]" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td id="76FF04448A2A0788FF0AC5E7FE89C2FA" box="[165,320,1984,2006]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<collectingCountry id="F3092FEA8A2AF872FF0AC5E6FF02C2FA" box="[165,203,1985,2006]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">HK</collectingCountry>
7
</td>
<td id="76FF04448A2A0788FD41C5E7FB3BC2FA" box="[750,1266,1984,2006]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">102.5 – (167.1 ± 55.4) – 275 x 2.5 – (3.7 ± 0.9) – 5</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF613FF28A29F871FF38C76FFD58C051" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/248152/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" targetBox="[151,1435,193,1329]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8BA16F7A8A29F871FF38C76FFD58C051" blockId="6.[151,1436,1352,1405]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B96AB3688A29F871FF38C76FFEDDC072" bold="true" box="[151,276,1352,1375]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C1E14F98A29F871FEB2C76FFD12C072" authority="Lamarck, 1815" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1815" box="[285,731,1352,1374]" class="Demospongiae" family="Suberitidae" genus="Protosuberites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="epiphytum">
<emphasis id="B96AB3688A29F871FEB2C76FFDEAC072" box="[285,547,1352,1374]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Protosuberites epiphytum</emphasis>
(Lamarck, 1815)
</taxonomicName>
. A, Sponge on 
<emphasis id="B96AB3688A29F871FCD2C76EFB98C073" box="[893,1105,1353,1375]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E14F98A29F871FCD2C76EFBC1C073" box="[893,1032,1353,1375]" class="Anthozoa" family="Clavulariidae" genus="Carijoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="riisei">Carijoa riisei</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C1E14F98A29F871FBBFC76DFB98C073" box="[1040,1105,1354,1375]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Iophon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="6" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="situ">in situ</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
; B–C, Skeletal organisation; D, Characteristic flattened, lobed heads of tylostyles.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BA16F7A8A29F871FF68C7E9FABAC35A" blockId="6.[151,1436,1486,1978]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
Distribution and remarks. 
<collectingCountry id="F3092FEA8A29F871FE44C7E9FD9BC0CA" box="[491,594,1486,1510]" name="Australia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Australia</collectingCountry>
(see van 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F128B8A29F871FD14C7E9FCBFC0CA" author="Soest" box="[699,886,1486,1510]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Soest, R. W. M van, Boury-Esnault, N., Hooper, J. N. A., Rutzler, K., Voogd, N. J. de, Alvarez, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A. B., Vacelet, J., Manconi, R., Schoenberg, C., Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K. R. &amp; Klautau, M. (2011) World Porifera database. Available online from http: // www. marinespecies. org / porifera (accessed 2011)." type="book chapter" year="2011">Soest et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
). This is a new record for Hawai’i. The Hawaiian specimens fit well with 
<taxonomicName id="4C1E14F98A29F871FE01C7D4FD8BC326" box="[430,578,1522,1546]" class="Demospongiae" family="Suberitidae" genus="Protosuberites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="epiphytum">
<emphasis id="B96AB3688A29F871FE01C7D4FD8BC326" box="[430,578,1522,1546]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">P. epiphytum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
described by 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F128B8A29F871FD48C7D6FC68C325" author="Lamarck" box="[743,929,1521,1545]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Lamarck, J. B. P. de Monet, Comte de (1815) Suite des polypiers empates. Memoires du Museum d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 1, 69 - 80, 162 - 168, 331 - 340." type="journal article" year="1815">Lamarck (1815)</bibRefCitation>
, in terms of general morphology as well as spicule and skeleton features. This species was considered cosmopolitan but van Soest &amp; de 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F128B8A29F871FB47C431FA55C302" author="Kluijver" box="[1256,1436,1558,1582]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Soest, R. W. M. van &amp; de Kluijver, M. J. (2003) Protosuberites denhartogi spec. nov., a new name for European ' Prosuberites epiphytum' (Demospongiae, Hadromerida). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 345, 401 - 407." type="journal article" year="2003">Kluijver (2003)</bibRefCitation>
pointed out that the records from the Atlantic-Mediterranean area have to be considered as a distinct species (
<taxonomicName id="4C1E14F98A29F871FA28C41CFDB9C35A" authority="van Soest &amp; de Kluijver, 2003" authorityName="van Soest &amp; de Kluijver" authorityYear="2003" class="Demospongiae" family="Suberitidae" genus="Protosuberites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="denhartogi">
<emphasis id="B96AB3688A29F871FA28C41CFEDBC35A" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">P. denhartogi</emphasis>
van Soest &amp; de 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F128B8A29F871FE65C479FDB9C35A" author="Kluijver" box="[458,624,1630,1654]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Soest, R. W. M. van &amp; de Kluijver, M. J. (2003) Protosuberites denhartogi spec. nov., a new name for European ' Prosuberites epiphytum' (Demospongiae, Hadromerida). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 345, 401 - 407." type="journal article" year="2003">Kluijver, 2003</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
), thus suggesting that 
<emphasis id="B96AB3688A29F871FCC6C478FC3FC35A" box="[873,1014,1630,1654]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">P. e p i p h y t u m</emphasis>
is restricted to the Pacific Ocean.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA16F7A8A29F871FF68C4A6FCE3C3CD" blockId="6.[151,1436,1486,1978]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
Inside the family 
<taxonomicName id="4C1E14F98A29F871FE3EC4A6FDD8C3B5" box="[401,529,1665,1689]" class="Demospongiae" family="Suberitidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Suberitidae</taxonomicName>
the presence of tylostyles with flattened lobate tyles is considered a diagnostic element of the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C1E14F98A29F871FE28C480FD79C392" authority="van Soest 2002a" authorityName="van Soest" authorityYear="2002" box="[391,688,1702,1726]" class="Demospongiae" family="Suberitidae" genus="Terpios" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AB3688A29F871FE28C480FE1EC392" box="[391,471,1703,1726]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Terpios</emphasis>
(van Soest 2002a)
</taxonomicName>
; the species of this genus are characterised by the lack of a special ectosomal skeleton and by choanosomal tylostyles strands.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA16F7A8A29F871FF68C4C9FEF7C262" blockId="6.[151,1436,1486,1978]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
On the contrary the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C1E14F98A29F871FE59C4C9FD53C22A" box="[502,666,1774,1798]" class="Demospongiae" family="Suberitidae" genus="Protosuberites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AB3688A29F871FE59C4C9FD53C22A" box="[502,666,1774,1798]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Protosuberites</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a choanosomal skeleton of tylostyles erect on the substrate and ectosomal tylostyles in brushes. Tylostyles are often in a large size range, but have no characteristic flattened or wrinkled tyles.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA16F7A8A29F871FF68C57DFF16C296" blockId="6.[151,1436,1486,1978]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
We prefer to attribute this species to the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C1E14F98A29F871FD74C57DFCB6C25E" box="[731,895,1882,1906]" class="Demospongiae" family="Suberitidae" genus="Protosuberites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AB3688A29F871FD74C57DFCB6C25E" box="[731,895,1882,1906]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Protosuberites</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
mainly on the base of the skeletal organisation, considering the choanosomal architecture characters as the trustworthiest in systematic studies (Hajdu &amp; van 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F128B8A29F871FAF7C559FF1AC296" author="Soest" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Hajdu, E., van Soest, R. W. M. (1996) Choosing among Poriferan morphological characters within the cladistic paradigm. In: Willenz, Ph. (Ed.), Recent Advances in Sponge Biodiversity Inventory and Documentation. Bulletin de l'Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Biologie, 66 (supplement), pp. 81 - 88." type="journal article" year="1996">Soest, 1996</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>