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<document id="0F9E7B1B85A151DFCEEDF47810462BD0" ID-CLB-Dataset="39041" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3617.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6174b35e-3228-4d50-a6ed-844e244f8b64" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="248150" ID-ZooBank="4DCCD152-65DA-44A3-AB19-59811384E1E7" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1463638623780" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Calcinai, Barbara, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Bertolino, Marco, Pica, Daniela, Wagner, Daniel &amp; Cerrano, Carlo" docDate="2013" docId="03B7DE6C8A26F87CFF38C4F0FDF2C5FE" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03617p061.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3617 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Batzella Topsent 1893" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="11" masterDocId="FF8EA6148A2FF877FFAFC227FFC9C52C" masterDocTitle="Sponges associated with octocorals in the Indo-Pacific, with the description of four new species" masterLastPageNumber="61" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="10" updateTime="1698662548627" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="247B8339336F94F69FE3F39CA8570663">Sponges associated with octocorals in the Indo-Pacific, with the description of four new species</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="8BA16F7A8A26F87EFF38C4F0FDCBC3DD" blockId="9.[151,825,1647,1844]" box="[151,514,1751,1777]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<heading id="D0E9D8168A26F87EFF38C4F0FDCBC3DD" bold="true" box="[151,514,1751,1777]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" reason="1">
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Genus
<taxonomicName id="4C1E14F98A26F87EFF41C4F0FDCBC3DD" ID-CoL="84LS7" authority="Topsent, 1893" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1893" box="[238,514,1751,1777]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chondropsidae" genus="Batzella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AB3688A26F87EFF41C4F0FE99C3DD" bold="true" box="[238,336,1751,1777]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Batzella</emphasis>
Topsent, 1893
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<paragraph id="8BA16F7A8A26F87EFF38C4DEFDD6C23F" blockId="9.[151,825,1647,1844]" box="[151,543,1785,1811]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E14F98A26F87EFF38C4DEFDD6C23F" ID-CoL="L3NC" authority="Levi, 1958" authorityName="Levi" authorityYear="1958" box="[151,543,1785,1811]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chondropsidae" genus="Batzella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aurantiaca">
<emphasis id="B96AB3688A26F87EFF38C4DEFDD6C23F" bold="true" box="[151,543,1785,1811]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B96AB3688A26F87EFF38C4DEFE4DC23F" bold="true" box="[151,388,1785,1811]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Batzella aurantiaca</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F128B8A26F87EFE3CC4DEFDDEC23F" author="Levi" box="[403,535,1785,1811]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Levi, C. (1958) Resultats scientifiques des Campagnes de la ' Calypso'. Campagne 1951 - 1952 en Mer Rouge (suite). 11. Spongiaires de Mer Rouge recueillis par la ' Calypso' (1951 - 1952). Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique, 34 (3), 3 - 46." type="journal article" year="1958">Lévi, 1958</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8BA16F7A8A26F87EFF38C53BFEE9C218" blockId="9.[151,825,1647,1844]" box="[151,288,1820,1844]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
(
<figureCitation id="132573FF8A26F87EFF30C53BFF28C218" box="[159,225,1820,1844]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1193,1216]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,183,1172]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,183,1172]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Batzella arauntiaca (Lévi, 1958). A, Sponge on Carijoa riisei in situ. B, Choanosomal skeleton of small bundles of strongyles; C, Straight and very thin strongyle, with close up of the tips." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/248155/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
AC)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3043CF18A26F87CFF38C543FDF2C5FE" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BA16F7A8A26F87EFF38C543FABBC250" blockId="9.[151,1435,1892,2024]" box="[151,1394,1892,1916]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Examined material. Sample SC1: Hawaii, Oahu
<collectingCountry id="F3092FEA8A26F87EFD67C543FCC6C250" box="[712,783,1892,1916]" name="Iceland" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Island</collectingCountry>
, Sharks Cove, depths between
<quantity id="4CE6C29F8A26F87EFBDCC543FB03C250" box="[1139,1226,1892,1916]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="m" value="12.0" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="9.0">915 m</quantity>
,
<date id="FFA049BA8A26F87EFB79C543FAA7C250" box="[1238,1390,1892,1916]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="2007-06-11">11 June 2007</date>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA16F7A8A26F87EFF68C5AFFED5C2C4" blockId="9.[151,1435,1892,2024]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Description. Encrusting sponges &lt;
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thick, covering two small portions of a colony of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E14F98A26F87EFB70C5AEFAB3C28C" box="[1247,1402,1929,1952]" class="Anthozoa" family="Clavulariidae" genus="Carijoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="riisei">
<emphasis id="B96AB3688A26F87EFB70C5AEFAB3C28C" box="[1247,1402,1929,1952]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Carijoa riisei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of about
<quantity id="4CE6C29F8A26F87EFF73C58BFEDBC2E8" box="[220,274,1964,1988]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="cm" value="2.0">2 cm</quantity>
in length. The anthocodiae are free to expand and retract (
<figureCitation id="132573FF8A26F87EFC32C58BFC29C2E8" box="[925,992,1964,1988]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1193,1216]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,183,1172]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,183,1172]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Batzella arauntiaca (Lévi, 1958). A, Sponge on Carijoa riisei in situ. B, Choanosomal skeleton of small bundles of strongyles; C, Straight and very thin strongyle, with close up of the tips." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/248155/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
A). Yellow
<taxonomicName id="4C1E14F98A26F87EFBCEC589FB6CC2E9" box="[1121,1189,1966,1989]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Iophon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="situ">
<emphasis id="B96AB3688A26F87EFBCEC589FB6CC2E9" box="[1121,1189,1966,1989]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">in situ</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="132573FF8A26F87EFB1BC58BFB3CC2E8" box="[1204,1269,1964,1988]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1193,1216]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,183,1172]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,183,1172]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Batzella arauntiaca (Lévi, 1958). A, Sponge on Carijoa riisei in situ. B, Choanosomal skeleton of small bundles of strongyles; C, Straight and very thin strongyle, with close up of the tips." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/248155/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
A) and whitish in formalin.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF613FF28A25F87DFF38C68EFC42C1F2" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/248155/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" targetBox="[151,1435,183,1172]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="8BA16F7A8A25F87DFF38C68EFC42C1F2" blockId="10.[151,1436,1193,1246]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B96AB3688A25F87DFF38C68EFEDAC193" bold="true" box="[151,275,1193,1216]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C1E14F98A25F87DFEB5C68DFDA4C1EC" authority="Levi, 1958" authorityName="Levi" authorityYear="1958" box="[282,621,1194,1216]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chondropsidae" genus="Batzella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="arauntiaca">
<emphasis id="B96AB3688A25F87DFEB5C68DFE2AC1EC" box="[282,483,1194,1216]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Batzella arauntiaca</emphasis>
(Lévi, 1958)
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. A, Sponge on
<emphasis id="B96AB3688A25F87DFCA5C68CFC10C1EC" box="[778,985,1195,1216]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E14F98A25F87DFCA5C68CFC5DC1EC" box="[778,916,1195,1216]" class="Anthozoa" family="Clavulariidae" genus="Carijoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="riisei">Carijoa riisei</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C1E14F98A25F87DFC34C68CFC10C1EC" box="[923,985,1195,1216]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Iophon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="situ">in situ</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
. B, Choanosomal skeleton of small bundles of strongyles; C, Straight and very thin strongyle, with close up of the tips.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BA16F7A8A25F87DFF68C72CFECBC06A" blockId="10.[151,1437,1291,2008]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Skeleton. No ectosomal skeleton. Choanosomal skeleton of small bundles of strongyles, not bound by spongin (
<figureCitation id="132573FF8A25F87DFF30C709FF29C06A" box="[159,224,1326,1350]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1193,1216]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,183,1172]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,183,1172]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Batzella arauntiaca (Lévi, 1958). A, Sponge on Carijoa riisei in situ. B, Choanosomal skeleton of small bundles of strongyles; C, Straight and very thin strongyle, with close up of the tips." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/248155/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
B).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA16F7A8A25F87DFF68C777FC27C0A0" blockId="10.[151,1437,1291,2008]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Spicules. Straight and very thin strongyles, sometimes with slightly different extremities (
<figureCitation id="132573FF8A25F87DFB14C777FB37C044" box="[1211,1278,1360,1384]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1193,1216]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,183,1172]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,183,1172]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Batzella arauntiaca (Lévi, 1958). A, Sponge on Carijoa riisei in situ. B, Choanosomal skeleton of small bundles of strongyles; C, Straight and very thin strongyle, with close up of the tips." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/248155/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
C) and with a black axial canal evident microscopically, 180 (194.5 ± 2.3) 205 x 2.5 µm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA16F7A8A25F87DFF68C7B1FB57C370" blockId="10.[151,1437,1291,2008]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Distribution and remarks. Red Sea. This is a new record for Hawaii. Like
<taxonomicName id="4C1E14F98A25F87DFB9BC7B0FAA3C082" authority="Levi, 1958" authorityName="Levi" authorityYear="1958" box="[1076,1386,1430,1454]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chondropsidae" genus="Batzella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aurantiaca">
<emphasis id="B96AB3688A25F87DFB9BC7B0FB06C082" box="[1076,1231,1431,1454]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B. aurantiaca</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F128B8A25F87DFB4CC7B1FAABC082" author="Levi" box="[1251,1378,1430,1454]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Levi, C. (1958) Resultats scientifiques des Campagnes de la ' Calypso'. Campagne 1951 - 1952 en Mer Rouge (suite). 11. Spongiaires de Mer Rouge recueillis par la ' Calypso' (1951 - 1952). Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique, 34 (3), 3 - 46." type="journal article" year="1958">Lévi, 1958</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, the congeneric species
<taxonomicName id="4C1E14F98A25F87DFEC3C79DFD7BC0FC" authority="Pulitzer-Finali, 1982" authorityName="Pulitzer-Finali" authorityYear="1982" box="[364,690,1464,1489]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chondropsidae" genus="Batzella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="frutex">
<emphasis id="B96AB3688A25F87DFEC3C79DFE03C0FD" box="[364,458,1465,1489]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B. frutex</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F128B8A25F87DFE7FC79FFD7BC0FC" author="Pulitzer-Finali" box="[464,690,1464,1488]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Pulitzer-Finali, G. (1982) Some shallow-water sponges from Hong Kong. In: B. S. Morton &amp; C. K. Tseng, (Eds). The Marine Flora and Fauna of Hong Kong and Southern China. Proceedings 1 st International Marine Biolology Workshop, pp. 97 - 110." type="book chapter" year="1982">Pulitzer-Finali, 1982</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1E14F98A25F87DFD48C79DFB90C0FC" authority="de Laubenfels, 1954" authorityName="de Laubenfels" authorityYear="1954" box="[743,1113,1464,1489]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chondropsidae" genus="Batzella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="melanos">
<emphasis id="B96AB3688A25F87DFD48C79DFCA9C0FD" box="[743,864,1465,1489]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B. melanos</emphasis>
(de
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F128B8A25F87DFC3DC79FFB98C0FC" author="Laubenfels" box="[914,1105,1464,1488]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Laubenfels, M. W. de (1954) The sponges of the West-Central Pacific. Oregon State Monographs. Studies in Zoology, 7, 1 - 306." type="journal article" year="1954">Laubenfels, 1954</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
were also described from the Indo-Pacific.
<taxonomicName id="4C1E14F98A25F87DFE84C7FCFE02C0DF" box="[299,459,1499,1523]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chondropsidae" genus="Batzella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="frutex">
<emphasis id="B96AB3688A25F87DFE84C7FCFE02C0DF" box="[299,459,1499,1523]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Batzella frutex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is an erect sponge, composed of numerous branches, with a minutely spined surface. The skeleton consists of spongin fibres of 35 µm in diameter and strongyles of two kinds (regular strongyles 230 280
<date id="FFA049BA8A25F87DFAD5C7D8FA55C33A" box="[1402,1436,1534,1558]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">x 3</date>
μm, strongyles with a blunt or mucronate extremity 125 175
<date id="FFA049BA8A25F87DFCE0C406FCBBC314" box="[847,882,1568,1592]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">x 3</date>
µm).
<taxonomicName id="4C1E14F98A25F87DFC19C406FBBBC315" box="[950,1138,1569,1593]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chondropsidae" genus="Batzella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="melanos">
<emphasis id="B96AB3688A25F87DFC19C406FBBBC315" box="[950,1138,1569,1593]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Batzella melanos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="F3092FEA8A25F87DFB17C407FAA7C314" box="[1208,1390,1568,1592]" name="Marshall Islands" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Marshall Islands</collectingCountry>
is a black, encrusting species, with skeleton confusedly arranged and straight strongyles (227 µm).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA16F7A8A25F87DFF68C441FECAC224" blockId="10.[151,1437,1291,2008]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Lévi described
<taxonomicName id="4C1E14F98A25F87DFED7C440FDDAC352" box="[376,531,1639,1662]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chondropsidae" genus="Batzella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="arauntiaca">
<emphasis id="B96AB3688A25F87DFED7C440FDDAC352" box="[376,531,1639,1662]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B. arauntiaca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(as
<taxonomicName id="4C1E14F98A25F87DFDE6C440FD69C352" box="[585,672,1639,1662]" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Prianos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Axinellida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AB3688A25F87DFDE6C440FD69C352" box="[585,672,1639,1662]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Prianos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) from the Red Sea as encrusting, orange-brownish in colour, with irregular tracts of straight strongyles (180 190 x 1.5 µm) often characterised by an evident central canal. Later,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F128B8A25F87DFF38C48CFE66C3EF" author="Vacelet" box="[151,431,1707,1731]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Vacelet, J. &amp; Vasseur, P. (1971) Eponges des recifs coralliens de Tulear (Madagascar). Tethys, Supplement 1, 51 - 126." type="book chapter" year="1971">Vacelet &amp; Vasseur (1971)</bibRefCitation>
found other specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E14F98A25F87DFD7DC48BFCA0C3EF" box="[722,873,1708,1731]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chondropsidae" genus="Batzella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aurantiaca">
<emphasis id="B96AB3688A25F87DFD7DC48BFCA0C3EF" box="[722,873,1708,1731]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B. aurantiaca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
encrusting massive corals in Tulear (South West of
<collectingCountry id="F3092FEA8A25F87DFF38C4E9FEE9C3CA" box="[151,288,1742,1766]" name="Madagascar" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
), with larger strongyles (230 290 x 2.5 4 µm). The specimens from Tulear vary in colour from orange to mauve.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA16F7A8A25F87CFF68C534FDF2C5FE" blockId="10.[151,1437,1291,2008]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1436,151,211]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
The specimen growing on
<taxonomicName id="4C1E14F98A25F87DFE54C533FD9EC207" box="[507,599,1812,1835]" class="Anthozoa" family="Clavulariidae" genus="Carijoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="riisei">
<emphasis id="B96AB3688A25F87DFE54C533FD9EC207" box="[507,599,1812,1835]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. riisei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
fits well with these previous descriptions of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E14F98A25F87DFBCEC533FB32C207" box="[1121,1275,1812,1835]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chondropsidae" genus="Batzella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aurantiaca">
<emphasis id="B96AB3688A25F87DFBCEC533FB32C207" box="[1121,1275,1812,1835]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B. aurantiaca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; in particular, strongyles have the same shape and comparable size, and the skeletal organisation is similar. Several hypotheses may explain this record from Hawaii, geographically distant from the
<typeStatus id="54A5D1D88A25F87DFCCDC57EFC58C25D" box="[866,913,1881,1905]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">type</typeStatus>
locality of the species.
<taxonomicName id="4C1E14F98A25F87DFB20C57EFAAFC25D" box="[1167,1382,1881,1905]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chondropsidae" genus="Batzella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aurantiaca">
<emphasis id="B96AB3688A25F87DFB20C57EFAAFC25D" box="[1167,1382,1881,1905]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Batzella aurantiaca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may be a new introduction to Hawaii much like many other recent records in the archipelago (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F128B8A25F87DFBDBC55CFA59C2BF" author="Carlton" box="[1140,1424,1915,1939]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Carlton, J. T. &amp; Eldredge, L. (2009) Marine bioinvasions of Hawai'i: the introduced and cryptogenic marine and estuarine animals and plants of the Hawaiian archipelago. Bishop Museum Bulletins in Cultural and Environmental Studies, 4, 1 - 202." type="journal article" year="2009">Carlton &amp; Eldredge 2009</bibRefCitation>
). Alternatively, it may have been overlooked by previous surveys (de
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F128B8A25F87DFC23C5B9FB9DC29A" author="Laubenfels" box="[908,1108,1950,1974]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Laubenfels, M. W. de (1950 a) The Sponges of Kane'ohe Bay, O'ahu. Pacific Science, 4 (1), 3 - 36." type="journal article" year="1950" yearSuffix="a">Laubenfels 1950a</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F128B8A25F87DFBCFC5B9FB53C29A" author="Laubenfels" box="[1120,1178,1950,1974]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Laubenfels, M. W. de (1951) The Sponges of the Islands of Hawai'i. Pacific Science, 5, 256 - 271." type="journal article" year="1951">1951</bibRefCitation>
; 1957;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F128B8A25F87DFB43C5B9FA51C29A" author="Bergquist" box="[1260,1432,1950,1974]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Bergquist, P. R. (1967) Additions to the Sponge Fauna of the Hawaiian Islands. Micronesica, 3 (2), 159 - 174." type="journal article" year="1967">Bergquist 1967</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F128B8A25F87DFF38C5E7FF1BC2F4" author="Bergquist" box="[151,210,1984,2008]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Bergquist, P. R. (1977) Porifera. Reef and shore fauna of Hawaii. Section 1: Protozoa through Ctenophora. In: Devaney, D. M. &amp; Eldredge L. G. (Eds.), Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, pp. 53 - 69." type="book chapter" year="1977">1977</bibRefCitation>
). Great help in clarifying the cryptogenic nature of species with such a wide geographical distribution could come from molecular studies, as already happened for
<taxonomicName id="4C1E14F98A24F87CFCA0C2BFFC6EC59C" box="[783,935,152,176]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="celata">
<emphasis id="B96AB3688A24F87CFCA0C2BFFC6EC59C" box="[783,935,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Cliona celata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F128B8A24F87CFC15C2B0FB46C583" author="Xavier" box="[954,1167,151,175]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Xavier, J. R., Rachello-Dolmena, V., Parra-Velandia, F., Schonberg, C. H. L, Breeuwera, J. A. J. &amp; van Soest, R. W. M. (2010) Molecular evidence of cryptic speciation in the &quot; cosmopolitan &quot; excavating sponge Cliona celata (Porifera, Clionaidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 56, 13 - 20. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2010.03.030" type="journal article" year="2010">Xavier et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F128B8A24F87CFB31C2B0FAABC583" author="Paula" box="[1182,1378,151,175]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Paula, T. S. de, Zilberberg, C., Hajdu, E. &amp; Lobo-Hajdu G. (2012) Morphology and molecules on opposite sides of the diversity gradient: Four cryptic species of the Cliona celata (Porifera, Demospongiae) complex in South America revealed by mitochondrial and nuclear markers. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 62, 529 - 541. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2011.11.001" type="journal article" year="2012">Paula et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4C1E14F98A24F87CFF38C29CFDFEC5FE" authority="Usher et al. 2004" authorityName="Usher et al." authorityYear="2004" box="[151,567,186,211]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chondrillidae" genus="Chondrilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nucula">
<emphasis id="B96AB3688A24F87CFF38C29CFEA8C5FF" box="[151,353,187,211]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Chondrilla nucula</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F128B8A24F87CFEC1C29DFDE6C5FE" author="Usher" box="[366,559,186,210]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Usher, K. M., Sutton, D. C., Toze, S. Kuo, J., Fromont J. (2004) Biogeography and phylogeny of Chondrilla species (Demospongiae) in Australia. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 270, 117 - 127. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3354 / meps 270117" type="journal article" year="2004">Usher et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>