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<mods:title id="28B4BF616EA8013A6D1F8493F188B8C9">Sponges associated with octocorals in the Indo-Pacific, with the description of four new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1E1832D32F1556DD598640659B60E975">Bavestrello, Giorgio</mods:namePart>
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E14F98A0FF857FF38C45BFD9AC3B9" ID-CoL="73QRS" authority="Gray, 1867" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[151,595,1659,1686]" class="Demospongiae" family="Mycalidae" genus="Mycale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="grandis" subGenus="Mycale">
<emphasis id="B96AB3688A0FF857FF38C45BFD9AC3B9" bold="true" box="[151,595,1659,1686]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="B96AB3688A0FF857FF38C45BFE0DC3BA" bold="true" box="[151,452,1660,1686]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Mycale (Mycale) grandis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F128B8A0FF857FE64C45CFD9AC3B9" author="Gray" box="[459,595,1659,1685]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refString="Gray, J. E. (1867) Notes on the Arrangement of Sponges, with the Descriptions of some New Genera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1867 (2), 492 - 558." type="journal article" year="1867">Gray, 1867</bibRefCitation>
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<paragraph id="8BA16F7A8A0FF857FF38C4B9FE45C39A" blockId="32.[151,595,1555,1718]" box="[151,396,1694,1718]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
(
<figureCitation id="132573FF8A0FF857FF30C4B9FF27C39A" box="[159,238,1694,1718]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="33.[151,250,1936,1959]" captionTargetBox="[191,1394,193,1915]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[191,1396,193,1915]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURE 21. Mycale (Mycale) grandis Gray, 1867. A, Specimen on Carijoa riisei; B, Examined specimen; C, Ectosome; D E, Choanosomal skeleton of multispicular ascending tracts; F, Mycalostyle; G, Anisochela I with close up of the basal extremity; H, Anisochela II; I, Anisochela III; J, Sigmas I; K, Sigma II; L, Raphides in trichodragma." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/248171/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
AL) (
<tableCitation id="C69C5AC18A0FF857FE94C4B9FE4AC39A" box="[315,387,1694,1718]" captionStart="TABLE 9" captionStartId="34.[151,239,799,823]" captionTargetBox="[165,1414,944,1365]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="TABLE 9. Spicule dimensions in µm of Mycale (Mycale) grandis Gray, 1867 and of M. (M.) armata Thiele, 1903." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF613FF28A0DF855FF38C138FAA9C61B" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" tableUuid="DF613FF28A0DF855FF38C138FAA9C61B">Tab. 9</tableCitation>
)
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA16F7A8A0FF857FF38C4F8FAA0C3DB" blockId="32.[151,1436,1759,2037]" box="[151,1385,1759,1784]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
Examined material. Sample
<collectingCountry id="F3092FEA8A0FF857FE7BC4F8FDC8C3DB" box="[468,513,1759,1783]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">HK</collectingCountry>
9: Hawaii, Oahu
<collectingCountry id="F3092FEA8A0FF857FD60C4F8FCDFC3DB" box="[719,790,1759,1783]" name="Iceland" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Island</collectingCountry>
, Hawaii Kai, depth between
<quantity id="4CE6C29F8A0FF857FBCDC4F8FB09C3DB" box="[1122,1216,1759,1783]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" unit="m" value="1.75" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="0.5">0.53 m</quantity>
,
<date id="FFA049BA8A0FF857FB63C4F8FAACC3DB" box="[1228,1381,1759,1784]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" value="2007-05-31">31 May 2007</date>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA16F7A8A0FF857FF68C523FD53C2AB" blockId="32.[151,1436,1759,2037]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
Description. The sponge, about
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thick, grew around the basal portion of a colony of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E14F98A0FF857FB6BC522FA97C230" box="[1220,1374,1797,1820]" class="Anthozoa" family="Clavulariidae" genus="Carijoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="riisei">
<emphasis id="B96AB3688A0FF857FB6BC522FA97C230" box="[1220,1374,1797,1820]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Carijoa riisei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="132573FF8A0FF857FAC1C523FF7DC213" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="33.[151,250,1936,1959]" captionTargetBox="[191,1394,193,1915]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[191,1396,193,1915]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURE 21. Mycale (Mycale) grandis Gray, 1867. A, Specimen on Carijoa riisei; B, Examined specimen; C, Ectosome; D E, Choanosomal skeleton of multispicular ascending tracts; F, Mycalostyle; G, Anisochela I with close up of the basal extremity; H, Anisochela II; I, Anisochela III; J, Sigmas I; K, Sigma II; L, Raphides in trichodragma." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/248171/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
A). The examined fragment is a small portion of the colony,
<quantity id="4CE6C29F8A0FF857FCCDC500FC53C213" box="[866,922,1831,1855]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" unit="cm" value="3.0">3 cm</quantity>
long (
<figureCitation id="132573FF8A0FF857FC4BC500FBFEC213" box="[996,1079,1831,1855]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1851,1874]" captionTargetBox="[232,1350,182,1823]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[232,1351,179,1825]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 12. Hymedesmia (Hymedesmia) spinata n. sp. A, Sponge covering a colony of Carijoa riisei in situ (holotype); B, Holotype encrusting several fragments of C. riisei; C, Close up of the sponge showing the octocoral completely encrusted with only polyp openings free; D, Dermal membrane with scattered tornotes and chelae; E, Choanosomal skeleton hymedesmioid with acanthostyle heads on the substrate and scattered tornotes and chelae; F, Isotornote with close up of the acerate tip; G, Strongly spined acanthostyle and detail of the head and the spined tip; H, Acanthostyle with smooth extremity; I, Arcuate chela I; J, Arcuate chela II. (F J, paratype)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/248162/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
B). Consistency is compact, but compressible. The surface is smooth with rare, small, scattered oscules (&lt;
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).
<taxonomicName id="4C1E14F98A0FF857FBEFC56AFB40C248" box="[1088,1161,1869,1892]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Iophon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="situ">
<emphasis id="B96AB3688A0FF857FBEFC56AFB40C248" box="[1088,1161,1869,1892]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">In situ</emphasis>
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the sponge is vivid red (
<figureCitation id="132573FF8A0FF857FF30C548FF39C2AB" box="[159,240,1903,1927]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="33.[151,250,1936,1959]" captionTargetBox="[191,1394,193,1915]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[191,1396,193,1915]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURE 21. Mycale (Mycale) grandis Gray, 1867. A, Specimen on Carijoa riisei; B, Examined specimen; C, Ectosome; D E, Choanosomal skeleton of multispicular ascending tracts; F, Mycalostyle; G, Anisochela I with close up of the basal extremity; H, Anisochela II; I, Anisochela III; J, Sigmas I; K, Sigma II; L, Raphides in trichodragma." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/248171/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
A), grey-beige in formalin (
<figureCitation id="132573FF8A0FF857FD89C548FDB0C2AB" box="[550,633,1903,1927]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="33.[151,250,1936,1959]" captionTargetBox="[191,1394,193,1915]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[191,1396,193,1915]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURE 21. Mycale (Mycale) grandis Gray, 1867. A, Specimen on Carijoa riisei; B, Examined specimen; C, Ectosome; D E, Choanosomal skeleton of multispicular ascending tracts; F, Mycalostyle; G, Anisochela I with close up of the basal extremity; H, Anisochela II; I, Anisochela III; J, Sigmas I; K, Sigma II; L, Raphides in trichodragma." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/248171/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
B).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA16F7A8A0FF857FF68C5B3FB1FC2D8" blockId="32.[151,1436,1759,2037]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
Skeleton. Ectosomal skeleton consisting of tangential, intersecting megascleres and scattered microscleres (
<figureCitation id="132573FF8A0FF857FF30C59FFF38C2FC" box="[159,241,1976,2000]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="33.[151,250,1936,1959]" captionTargetBox="[191,1394,193,1915]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[191,1396,193,1915]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURE 21. Mycale (Mycale) grandis Gray, 1867. A, Specimen on Carijoa riisei; B, Examined specimen; C, Ectosome; D E, Choanosomal skeleton of multispicular ascending tracts; F, Mycalostyle; G, Anisochela I with close up of the basal extremity; H, Anisochela II; I, Anisochela III; J, Sigmas I; K, Sigma II; L, Raphides in trichodragma." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/248171/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
C). Choanosomal skeleton plumoreticulate of multispicular ascending tracts of mycalostyles, opening upon reaching the sponge surface; scarce spongin and scattered microscleres in between (
<figureCitation id="132573FF8A0FF857FBEDC5FBFB5BC2D8" box="[1090,1170,2012,2036]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="33.[151,250,1936,1959]" captionTargetBox="[191,1394,193,1915]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[191,1396,193,1915]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURE 21. Mycale (Mycale) grandis Gray, 1867. A, Specimen on Carijoa riisei; B, Examined specimen; C, Ectosome; D E, Choanosomal skeleton of multispicular ascending tracts; F, Mycalostyle; G, Anisochela I with close up of the basal extremity; H, Anisochela II; I, Anisochela III; J, Sigmas I; K, Sigma II; L, Raphides in trichodragma." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/248171/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
D, E).
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA16F7A8A0EF856FF38C5B7FBE2C2C7" blockId="33.[151,1436,1936,2027]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="B96AB3688A0EF856FF38C5B7FED6C28A" bold="true" box="[151,287,1936,1959]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">FIGURE 21.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C1E14F98A0EF856FE8AC5B7FD55C28A" authority="Gray, 1867" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[293,668,1936,1958]" class="Demospongiae" family="Mycalidae" genus="Mycale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="grandis" subGenus="Mycale">
<emphasis id="B96AB3688A0EF856FE8AC5B7FDEAC28A" box="[293,547,1936,1958]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Mycale (Mycale) grandis</emphasis>
Gray, 1867
</taxonomicName>
. A, Specimen on
<taxonomicName id="4C1E14F98A0EF856FCE2C5B6FC1FC28B" box="[845,982,1937,1959]" class="Anthozoa" family="Clavulariidae" genus="Carijoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="riisei">
<emphasis id="B96AB3688A0EF856FCE2C5B6FC1FC28B" box="[845,982,1937,1959]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Carijoa riisei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; B, Examined specimen; C, Ectosome; DE, Choanosomal skeleton of multispicular ascending tracts; F, Mycalostyle; G, Anisochela I with close up of the basal extremity; H, Anisochela II; I, Anisochela III; J, Sigmas I; K, Sigma II; L, Raphides in trichodragma.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BA16F7A8A0DF855FF68C2B0FBE5C4FC" blockId="34.[151,1437,151,751]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
Spicules. Mycalostyles straight 445 (537.2 ± 77.8) 650
<date id="FFA049BA8A0DF855FCD1C2BFFC6DC583" box="[894,932,151,175]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">x 5</date>
(11.9 ± 6.9) 20 µm, slightly curved or sinuous (
<figureCitation id="132573FF8A0DF855FF53C29BFE85C5F8" box="[252,332,188,212]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="33.[151,250,1936,1959]" captionTargetBox="[191,1394,193,1915]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[191,1396,193,1915]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURE 21. Mycale (Mycale) grandis Gray, 1867. A, Specimen on Carijoa riisei; B, Examined specimen; C, Ectosome; D E, Choanosomal skeleton of multispicular ascending tracts; F, Mycalostyle; G, Anisochela I with close up of the basal extremity; H, Anisochela II; I, Anisochela III; J, Sigmas I; K, Sigma II; L, Raphides in trichodragma." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/248171/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
F) without the typical subterminal constriction and sharp pointed extremities. Anisochelae in three size classes. Anisochelae I (
<figureCitation id="132573FF8A0DF855FE61C2F8FDD6C5DB" box="[462,543,223,247]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="33.[151,250,1936,1959]" captionTargetBox="[191,1394,193,1915]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[191,1396,193,1915]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURE 21. Mycale (Mycale) grandis Gray, 1867. A, Specimen on Carijoa riisei; B, Examined specimen; C, Ectosome; D E, Choanosomal skeleton of multispicular ascending tracts; F, Mycalostyle; G, Anisochela I with close up of the basal extremity; H, Anisochela II; I, Anisochela III; J, Sigmas I; K, Sigma II; L, Raphides in trichodragma." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/248171/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
G), with very long and straight shaft and different extremities, 140 (146 ± 4.7) 155
<date id="FFA049BA8A0DF855FF74C322FEC5C430" box="[219,268,260,284]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" value="2010-10">x 10</date>
(12.2 ± 0.9) 13.7 µm. The upper alae are arcuate with three teeth (two lateral longer than the frontal); at the other end, only one frontal ala is well developed, while the lateral alae are reduced. Anisochelae II palmate (
<figureCitation id="132573FF8A0DF855FF30C36BFF26C448" box="[159,239,332,356]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="33.[151,250,1936,1959]" captionTargetBox="[191,1394,193,1915]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[191,1396,193,1915]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURE 21. Mycale (Mycale) grandis Gray, 1867. A, Specimen on Carijoa riisei; B, Examined specimen; C, Ectosome; D E, Choanosomal skeleton of multispicular ascending tracts; F, Mycalostyle; G, Anisochela I with close up of the basal extremity; H, Anisochela II; I, Anisochela III; J, Sigmas I; K, Sigma II; L, Raphides in trichodragma." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/248171/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
H) with long upper alae and short shaft, 22.5 (30.1 ± 5.3)
<date id="FFA049BA8A0DF855FC31C36BFC06C448" box="[926,975,332,356]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" value="1945-10">45 x</date>
2.5 (2.6 ± 0.8) 5 µm. Anisochelae III palmate (
<figureCitation id="132573FF8A0DF855FF51C348FE87C4AB" box="[254,334,367,391]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="33.[151,250,1936,1959]" captionTargetBox="[191,1394,193,1915]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[191,1396,193,1915]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURE 21. Mycale (Mycale) grandis Gray, 1867. A, Specimen on Carijoa riisei; B, Examined specimen; C, Ectosome; D E, Choanosomal skeleton of multispicular ascending tracts; F, Mycalostyle; G, Anisochela I with close up of the basal extremity; H, Anisochela II; I, Anisochela III; J, Sigmas I; K, Sigma II; L, Raphides in trichodragma." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/248171/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
Fig.
<date id="FFA049BA8A0DF855FE9DC348FE87C4AB" box="[306,334,367,391]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" value="1921-01">21</date>
</figureCitation>
I) with reduced basal alae and a spur, 15 (18.4 ± 1.5) 20 µm. Sigmas in two size classes; sigmas I “C” and “S” shaped (
<figureCitation id="132573FF8A0DF855FE3AC3B3FE2FC480" box="[405,486,404,428]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="33.[151,250,1936,1959]" captionTargetBox="[191,1394,193,1915]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[191,1396,193,1915]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURE 21. Mycale (Mycale) grandis Gray, 1867. A, Specimen on Carijoa riisei; B, Examined specimen; C, Ectosome; D E, Choanosomal skeleton of multispicular ascending tracts; F, Mycalostyle; G, Anisochela I with close up of the basal extremity; H, Anisochela II; I, Anisochela III; J, Sigmas I; K, Sigma II; L, Raphides in trichodragma." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/248171/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
J), 42.5 (52.7 ± 5.4) 62.5 µm; sigmas II “C” shaped (
<figureCitation id="132573FF8A0DF855FBF1C3B3FB66C480" box="[1118,1199,404,428]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="33.[151,250,1936,1959]" captionTargetBox="[191,1394,193,1915]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[191,1396,193,1915]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURE 21. Mycale (Mycale) grandis Gray, 1867. A, Specimen on Carijoa riisei; B, Examined specimen; C, Ectosome; D E, Choanosomal skeleton of multispicular ascending tracts; F, Mycalostyle; G, Anisochela I with close up of the basal extremity; H, Anisochela II; I, Anisochela III; J, Sigmas I; K, Sigma II; L, Raphides in trichodragma." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/248171/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
K), 7.5 (16.5 ± 3.2) 22.5 µm. Raphides in trichodragmas (
<figureCitation id="132573FF8A0DF855FDFCC390FD6CC4E3" box="[595,677,439,463]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="33.[151,250,1936,1959]" captionTargetBox="[191,1394,193,1915]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[191,1396,193,1915]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURE 21. Mycale (Mycale) grandis Gray, 1867. A, Specimen on Carijoa riisei; B, Examined specimen; C, Ectosome; D E, Choanosomal skeleton of multispicular ascending tracts; F, Mycalostyle; G, Anisochela I with close up of the basal extremity; H, Anisochela II; I, Anisochela III; J, Sigmas I; K, Sigma II; L, Raphides in trichodragma." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/248171/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
L), 27.5 (56.3 ± 13.1) 72.5 µm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA16F7A8A0DF855FF68C3FBFA95C4D8" blockId="34.[151,1437,151,751]" box="[199,1372,476,500]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
Distribution and remarks. Red Sea, Indian Ocean (van
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F128B8A0DF855FC82C3FBFC2FC4D8" author="Soest" box="[813,998,476,500]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refString="Soest, R. W. M van, Boury-Esnault, N., Hooper, J. N. A., Rutzler, K., Voogd, N. J. de, Alvarez, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A. B., Vacelet, J., Manconi, R., Schoenberg, C., Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K. R. &amp; Klautau, M. (2011) World Porifera database. Available online from http: // www. marinespecies. org / porifera (accessed 2011)." type="book chapter" year="2011">Soest et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
) and Hawaii (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F128B8A0DF855FB21C3FBFA99C4D8" author="Coles" box="[1166,1360,476,500]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refString="Coles, S. L., DeFelice, R. C., Eldredge, L. G. &amp; Carlton, J. T. (1999) Historical and recent introductions of nonindigenous marine species into Pearl Harbor, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. Marine Biology, 135, 147 - 158. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 002270050612" type="journal article" year="1999">Coles et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA16F7A8A0DF855FF68C027FDFEC7C3" blockId="34.[151,1437,151,751]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
Because of the brevity of the original description, numerous authors considered
<taxonomicName id="4C1E14F98A0DF855FBFEC026FB04C734" box="[1105,1229,512,536]" class="Demospongiae" family="Mycalidae" genus="Mycale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="grandis">
<emphasis id="B96AB3688A0DF855FBFEC026FB04C734" box="[1105,1229,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">M. grandis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
a senior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E14F98A0DF855FF19C002FE0AC710" authority="Thiele, 1903" authorityName="Thiele" authorityYear="1903" box="[182,451,548,572]" class="Demospongiae" family="Mycalidae" genus="Mycale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="armata">
<emphasis id="B96AB3688A0DF855FF19C002FEE4C710" box="[182,301,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">M. armata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F128B8A0DF855FE9BC003FE0AC710" author="Thiele" box="[308,451,548,572]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refString="Thiele, J. (1903) Kieselschwamme von Ternate. II. Abhandlungen herausgegeben von der Senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 25, 933 - 968." type="journal article" year="1903">Thiele, 1903</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(see van
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F128B8A0DF855FD80C003FD24C710" author="Soest" box="[559,749,548,572]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refString="Soest, R. W. M van, Boury-Esnault, N., Hooper, J. N. A., Rutzler, K., Voogd, N. J. de, Alvarez, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A. B., Vacelet, J., Manconi, R., Schoenberg, C., Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K. R. &amp; Klautau, M. (2011) World Porifera database. Available online from http: // www. marinespecies. org / porifera (accessed 2011)." type="book chapter" year="2011">Soest et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F128B8A0DF855FCAEC003FC52C710" author="Thiele" box="[769,923,548,572]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refString="Thiele, J. (1903) Kieselschwamme von Ternate. II. Abhandlungen herausgegeben von der Senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 25, 933 - 968." type="journal article" year="1903">Thiele (1903)</bibRefCitation>
did not describe raphides and anisochelae III with the typical spur (
<tableCitation id="C69C5AC18A0DF855FE23C060FE1FC773" box="[396,470,583,607]" captionStart="TABLE 9" captionStartId="34.[151,239,799,823]" captionTargetBox="[165,1414,944,1365]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="TABLE 9. Spicule dimensions in µm of Mycale (Mycale) grandis Gray, 1867 and of M. (M.) armata Thiele, 1903." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF613FF28A0DF855FF38C138FAA9C61B" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" tableUuid="DF613FF28A0DF855FF38C138FAA9C61B">Tab. 9</tableCitation>
); in contrast, our specimen and previous records of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E14F98A0DF855FBB2C06EFB50C74C" box="[1053,1177,584,608]" class="Demospongiae" family="Mycalidae" genus="Mycale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="grandis">
<emphasis id="B96AB3688A0DF855FBB2C06EFB50C74C" box="[1053,1177,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">M. grandis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
possess these features. For example
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F128B8A0DF855FE9CC04BFE30C7A8" author="Hentschel" box="[307,505,620,644]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refString="Hentschel, E. (1912) Kiesel- und Hornschwamme der Aru- und Kei-Inseln. Abhandlungen herausgegeben von der Senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 34 (3), 293 - 448." type="journal article" year="1912">Hentschel (1912)</bibRefCitation>
described a specimen of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E14F98A0DF855FC85C04AFC63C7A8" box="[810,938,620,644]" class="Demospongiae" family="Mycalidae" genus="Mycale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="grandis">
<emphasis id="B96AB3688A0DF855FC85C04AFC63C7A8" box="[810,938,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">M. grandis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Aru Islands (
<collectingCountry id="F3092FEA8A0DF855FB20C04BFB36C7A8" box="[1167,1279,620,644]" name="Indonesia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
) with a third category of anisochelae, bearing a characteristic spur, that he defined as anisochelae of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E14F98A0DF855FBD4C0B7FB03C784" box="[1147,1226,656,680]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Iophon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AB3688A0DF855FBD4C0B7FB03C784" box="[1147,1226,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Iophon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<tableCitation id="C69C5AC18A0DF855FB74C0A8FAECC78B" box="[1243,1317,655,679]" captionStart="TABLE 9" captionStartId="34.[151,239,799,823]" captionTargetBox="[165,1414,944,1365]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="TABLE 9. Spicule dimensions in µm of Mycale (Mycale) grandis Gray, 1867 and of M. (M.) armata Thiele, 1903." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF613FF28A0DF855FF38C138FAA9C61B" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" tableUuid="DF613FF28A0DF855FF38C138FAA9C61B">Tab. 9</tableCitation>
). Pulitzer-
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F128B8A0DF855FF38C093FEE3C7E0" author="Finali" box="[151,298,692,716]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refString="Pulitzer-Finali, G. (1993) A collection of marine sponges from East Africa. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia naturale ' Giacomo Doria', 89, 247 - 350." type="journal article" year="1993">Finali (1993)</bibRefCitation>
described
<taxonomicName id="4C1E14F98A0DF855FE0AC092FDEBC7E0" box="[421,546,692,716]" class="Demospongiae" family="Mycalidae" genus="Mycale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="grandis">
<emphasis id="B96AB3688A0DF855FE0AC092FDEBC7E0" box="[421,546,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">M. grandis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="F3092FEA8A0DF855FDC8C092FD79C7E1" box="[615,688,693,717]" name="Kenya" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Kenya</collectingCountry>
with the same spicule complement that was comparable in size to that of the present specimen (
<tableCitation id="C69C5AC18A0DF855FE4FC0F0FDE0C7C3" box="[480,553,727,751]" captionStart="TABLE 9" captionStartId="34.[151,239,799,823]" captionTargetBox="[165,1414,944,1365]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="TABLE 9. Spicule dimensions in µm of Mycale (Mycale) grandis Gray, 1867 and of M. (M.) armata Thiele, 1903." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF613FF28A0DF855FF38C138FAA9C61B" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" tableUuid="DF613FF28A0DF855FF38C138FAA9C61B">Tab. 9</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF613FF28A0DF855FF38C138FAA9C61B" ID-Table-UUID="DF613FF28A0DF855FF38C138FAA9C61B" box="[151,1376,799,823]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF613FF28A0DF855FF38C138FAA9C61B" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" targetBox="[165,1414,944,1365]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="34">
<paragraph id="8BA16F7A8A0DF855FF38C138FAA9C61B" blockId="34.[151,1376,799,823]" box="[151,1376,799,823]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis id="B96AB3688A0DF855FF38C138FEC0C61B" bold="true" box="[151,265,799,823]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">TABLE 9.</emphasis>
Spicule dimensions in µm of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E14F98A0DF855FDE5C107FC1DC61B" authority="Gray, 1867" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[586,980,800,823]" class="Demospongiae" family="Mycalidae" genus="Mycale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="grandis" subGenus="Mycale">
<emphasis id="B96AB3688A0DF855FDE5C107FC9EC61B" box="[586,855,800,823]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Mycale (Mycale) grandis</emphasis>
Gray, 1867
</taxonomicName>
and of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E14F98A0DF855FB8AC107FA92C61B" authority="Thiele, 1903" authorityName="Thiele" authorityYear="1903" box="[1061,1371,800,823]" class="Demospongiae" family="Mycalidae" genus="Mycale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="armata" subGenus="Mycale">
<emphasis id="B96AB3688A0DF855FB8AC107FB02C61B" box="[1061,1227,800,823]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">M. (M.) armata</emphasis>
Thiele, 1903
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BA16F7A8A0DF855FDE3C17FFB04C642" blockId="34.[181,1358,856,922]" box="[588,1229,856,878]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Anisochelae Sigmas Raphides</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA16F7A8A0DF855FF1AC149FEF5C6A8" blockId="34.[181,1358,856,922]" box="[181,316,878,900]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Mycalostyles</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA16F7A8A0DF855FD20C1A2FB69C0DB" blockId="34.[181,1358,856,922]" lastBlockId="34.[151,1436,1431,1528]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
I II III I II This species was probably introduced to Hawaii, where it was discovered in
<quantity id="4CE6C29F8A0DF855FB8AC7B0FBB3C083" box="[1061,1146,1431,1455]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.06984" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" unit="in" value="1996.0">1996 in</quantity>
Pearl Harbor (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F128B8A0DF855FAB1C7B0FF1AC0FF" author="Coles" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refString="Coles, S. L., DeFelice, R. C., Eldredge, L. G. &amp; Carlton, J. T. (1999) Historical and recent introductions of nonindigenous marine species into Pearl Harbor, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. Marine Biology, 135, 147 - 158. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 002270050612" type="journal article" year="1999">Coles et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
). Later it was recorded in other localities of Hawaii (as
<taxonomicName id="4C1E14F98A0DF855FCE0C79CFB03C0FF" authority="Coles et al. 2006" authorityName="Coles et al." authorityYear="2006" box="[847,1226,1467,1491]" class="Demospongiae" family="Mycalidae" genus="Mycale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="armata">
<emphasis id="B96AB3688A0DF855FCE0C79CFC30C0FF" box="[847,1017,1467,1491]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Mycale armata</emphasis>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F128B8A0DF855FBA7C79CFB03C0FF" author="Coles" box="[1032,1226,1467,1491]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refString="Coles, S. L., Kandel, F. L. M., Reath, P. A., Longenecker, K. &amp; Eldredge, L. G (2006) Rapid Assessment of Nonindigenous Marine Species on Coral Reefs in the Main Hawaiian Islands. Pacific Science, 60 (4), 483 - 507. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1353 / psc. 2006.0026" type="journal article" year="2006">Coles et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
); recently
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F128B8A0DF855FA90C79CFEFAC0DB" author="Coles" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refString="Coles, S. L. &amp; Bolick, H. (2007) Invasive introduced sponge Mycale grandis overgrows reef corals in Kane'ohe Bay, O'ahu, Hawai'i. Coral Reefs, 26, 911. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00338 - 007 - 0295 - x" type="journal article" year="2007">Coles &amp; Bolick (2007)</bibRefCitation>
noted it is able to aggressively overgrow and smother native Hawaiian corals.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>