treatments-xml/data/03/B7/D0/03B7D02CFFFEFFD6FF1FA080FD121A0E.xml

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<mods:title id="BCAFF2C5A76C0E829E9D2380437A7931">Hippopotamodon erymanthius (Suidae, Mammalia) from Mahmutgazi, Denizli-Çal basin, Turkey</mods:title>
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Species 
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<emphasis id="B96ABD28FFFEFFDFFEE4A081FDB21BF5" bold="true" box="[302,638,1684,1708]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="186">Hippopotamodon erymanthius</emphasis>
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(ROTH et 
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, 1854)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<typeStatus id="54A5DF98FFFEFFDFFF5AA0F6FEDB1BA3" box="[144,279,1763,1786]" pageId="3" pageNumber="186" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
. 
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illustrated by 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F1CCBFFFEFFDFFDF9A0F6FE8C1A40" author="Roth, J. &amp; Wagner, A." journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen der Koniglich bayerischen Akademie des Wissenschaften, Mathematischphysikalische Classe" pageId="3" pageNumber="186" pagination="371 - 464" part="7" refId="ref9374" refString="Roth, J., Wagner, A. (1854): Die fossilen Knochenuberreste von Pikermi in Greichenland. - Abhandlungen der Koniglich bayerischen Akademie des Wissenschaften, Mathematischphysikalische Classe, 7 (2): 371 - 464." title="Die fossilen Knochenuberreste von Pikermi in Greichenland" type="journal article" year="1854">Roth and Wagner (1854: pl. 5, fig. 1)</bibRefCitation>
. The whereabouts of the fossil are not known, although a cast is reported to be preserved in the 
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, London (Van der 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F1CCBFFFEFFDFFE5DA154FD831A01" author="Van der Made, J. &amp; Gulec, E. &amp; Erkman, A. C." box="[407,591,1857,1880]" journalOrPublisher="Turkish Journal of Zoology" pageId="3" pageNumber="186" pagination="106 - 122" part="37" refId="ref10061" refString="Van der Made, J., Gulec, E., Erkman, A. C. (2013): Microstonyx (Suidae, Artiodactyla) from the Upper Miocene of Hayranli-Haliminhani, Turkey. - Turkish Journal of Zoology, 37: 106 - 122." title="Microstonyx (Suidae, Artiodactyla) from the Upper Miocene of Hayranli-Haliminhani, Turkey" type="journal article" year="2013">
Made et al. 
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).
</paragraph>
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locality. Pikermi, Greece.
</paragraph>
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Diagnosis. Large species of 
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<emphasis id="B96ABD28FFFEFFDFFDC0A18BFD041AEC" box="[522,712,1950,1973]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="186">Hippopotamodon</emphasis>
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in which the length of m/3 ranges between 40.5 and 51.6 mm, and M3/ from 
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. Tendency for P1/ and p/1 to be suppressed. Adult males have a prominent supra-canine flange with rugose lateral and dorsal surfaces.
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<emphasis id="B96ABD28FFFEFFDFFCFEA295FC1E19C4" bold="true" box="[820,978,1152,1181]" pageId="3" pageNumber="186">Description</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B96ABD28FFFEFFDFFCFEA2A8FCA3198C" bold="true" box="[820,879,1213,1237]" pageId="3" pageNumber="186">Skull</emphasis>
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In the Karlsruhe collection of 
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E1AB9FFFEFFDFFB77A2FDFAB719A6" baseAuthorityName="Pickford" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[1213,1403,1256,1279]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Hippopotamodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="186" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hippopotamodon</taxonomicName>
erymanthius
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from Mahmutgazi, there is a partial skull, and several mandible fragments, including parts of a juvenile maxilla and mandibles.
</paragraph>
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The most complete skull fragment in the sample is a right maxilla (
<figureCitation id="13257DBFFFFEFFDFFC52A390FBD418C5" box="[920,1048,1413,1436]" captionStart="Text-fig. 2" captionStartId="3.[106,189,1016,1037]" captionTargetBox="[105,1461,150,984]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[105,1461,150,984]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Text-fig. 2. SMNK Ma1 MP8, right maxilla of Hippopotamodon erymanthius from Mahmutgazi, Turkey. A) stereo occlusal view, B) stereo dorsal view (scale 10 cm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1432668/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="186">Text-figs 2</figureCitation>
, 
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) of a fully adult individual (M1/ deeply worn, M3/ in moderate wear) (SMNK 
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Ma1 
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8
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). Almost none of the zygomatic or frontal bones is preserved. There is a large supra-canine flange above and behind the level of the canine, which has highly rugose lateral and dorsal surfaces, which indicate that the specimen is likely to represent a male individual. Dorsally, the rugose part of the canine flange is separated from the facial part of the maxilla by a deep, smooth, groove via which passed the tendons of the snout musculature. The area of the origins of the snout musculature are large, that for the levator rostri occupying a large area of the zygomatic process of the maxilla above the facial crest, beneath which is an extensive zone for the depressor rostri and dilatator nasalis lateralis musculature.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA1613AFFFEFFD8FC90A129FD9D18BB" blockId="3.[820,1460,1256,2099]" lastBlockId="4.[129,768,1419,1506]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="187" pageId="3" pageNumber="186">In ventral view, the front of the canine flange ends above the canine, and the rear edge terminates opposite the level of the P2/, forming a right angle with the facial process of the maxilla. There is an alveolar ridge in front of the P2/, which curves slightly laterally as it courses anteriorly, and in the preserved part there is no sign of a P1/ alveolus. The leading edge of the zygomatic arch flares laterally at an angle of about 45°, its anterior root being opposite the front of M2/ and the maxillary recess lying opposite the rear loph of the M3/. A small part of the anterior edge of the orbit is preserved above and well behind the level of the M3/.</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B96ABD28FFF9FFD8FF4BA2E6FB26187C" bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="187">
<figureCitation id="13257DBFFFF9FFD8FF4BA2E6FF201851" box="[129,236,1267,1288]" captionStart="Text-fig. 3" captionStartId="4.[129,212,1267,1288]" captionTargetBox="[127,1482,150,1233]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[127,1482,150,1233]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Text-fig. 3. SMNK Ma1 MP 8, right maxilla and parts of the zygomatic and frontal bones of Hippopotamodon erymanthius from Mahmutgazi, Turkey. A) lingual view, B) lateral view (arrow shows the leading edge of the orbit) (scale 10 cm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1432670/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="187">Text-fig. 3</figureCitation>
. 
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Ma1 
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8, right maxilla and parts of the zygomatic and frontal bones of 
<emphasis id="B96ABD28FFF9FFD8FB93A2E6FA431850" bold="true" box="[1113,1423,1267,1289]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="187">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E1AB9FFF9FFD8FB93A2E6FAC41850" baseAuthorityName="Pickford" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[1113,1288,1267,1289]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Hippopotamodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hippopotamodon</taxonomicName>
erymanthius
</emphasis>
from Mahmutgazi, Turkey. A) lingual view, B) lateral view (arrow shows the leading edge of the orbit) (scale 
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).
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</caption>
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<emphasis id="B96ABD28FFF9FFD8FF4BA012FF231B46" bold="true" box="[129,239,1543,1567]" pageId="4" pageNumber="187">Mandible</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA1613AFFF9FFD8FF6CA026FD2E1AFE" blockId="4.[129,768,1587,1959]" pageId="4" pageNumber="187">
The lower jaw of 
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<emphasis id="B96ABD28FFF9FFD8FEB9A026FD0D1B13" box="[371,705,1587,1610]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="187">Hippopotamodon erymanthius</emphasis>
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from Mahmutgazi (SMNK 
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) shows a long diastema between the canine and the p/2 occupied by a sharp alveolar ridge (
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). There is no sign of the p/1 or of an alveolus for this tooth. There is a short gap between the 
<date id="FFA047FAFFF9FFD8FD29A0A7FD331B90" box="[739,767,1714,1737]" bridgedPair="/" pageId="4" pageNumber="187">i/3</date>
and the canine. The rear of the symphysis extends as far back as the level of the front of p/2. The incisor battery is proclive and lies well beneath the occlusal surface of the cheek teeth. The lower canine is short and stubby, and projects laterally and anteriorly only slightly. The left mandible and symphysis from the site (SMNK 
<materialsCitation id="3B766B67FFF9FFD8FEBFA165FDCA1ADE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1913359905" bfaMax="MN12" bfaMin="MN 11" box="[373,518,1904,1927]" collectionCode="SMNK" country="Greece" geologicalContext="Turolian, Late Miocene" geologicalContextId="Miocene" latitude="38.024" location="Mahmutgazi" longitude="29.409" pageId="4" pageNumber="187" preperations="left mandible and symphysis, lacking the ascending ramus" specimenCode="Ma1-Gips17">Ma1 Gips 17</materialsCitation>
) shows essentially the same morphology as the previous specimen (
<figureCitation id="13257DBFFFF9FFD8FDAAA185FD181AFE" box="[608,724,1936,1959]" captionStart="Text-fig. 5" captionStartId="6.[129,211,1632,1653]" captionTargetBox="[127,1483,150,1598]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[127,1483,150,1598]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Text-fig. 5. SMNK Ma1 Gips 17, left mandible and symphysis of Hippopotamodon erymanthius lacking the ascending ramus, from Mahmutgazi, Turkey. A) left lateral view, B) stereo occlusal view (note the d/2 between the p/2 and p/3 (scale 10 cm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1432674/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="187">Text-fig. 5</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA1613AFFF9FFD8FF4BA1D8FEFA1ABC" blockId="4.[129,310,1997,2021]" box="[129,310,1997,2021]" pageId="4" pageNumber="187">
<heading id="D0E9D656FFF9FFD8FF4BA1D8FEFA1ABC" bold="true" box="[129,310,1997,2021]" fontSize="10" level="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="187" reason="2">
<emphasis id="B96ABD28FFF9FFD8FF4BA1D8FEFA1ABC" bold="true" box="[129,310,1997,2021]" pageId="4" pageNumber="187">Deciduous teeth</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA1613AFFF9FFD8FF6CA1EDFB8D18B8" blockId="4.[129,767,2040,2095]" lastBlockId="4.[843,1482,1419,2104]" pageId="4" pageNumber="187">
There are two juvenile mandibles and a maxilla in the collection at Karlsruhe. 
<materialsCitation id="3B766B67FFF9FFD8FEB3AE0DFE2A1576" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1913359904" bfaMax="MN12" bfaMin="MN 11" box="[377,486,2072,2095]" collectionCode="SMNK" country="Greece" geologicalContext="Turolian, Late Miocene" geologicalContextId="Miocene" latitude="38.024" location="Mahmutgazi" longitude="29.409" pageId="4" pageNumber="187" preperations="left maxilla containing D3/-D4 and M1/" specimenCode="Ma1-Gips5">Ma1 MP 5</materialsCitation>
is a left maxilla containing D3/–D4/ and M1/ (
<figureCitation id="13257DBFFFF9FFD8FBD0A39EFB5618FB" box="[1050,1178,1419,1442]" captionStart="Text-fig. 6" captionStartId="7.[106,188,1575,1596]" captionTargetBox="[105,1461,150,1538]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[105,1461,150,1538]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Text-fig. 6. Juvenile specimens of Hippopotamodon erymanthius from Mahmutgazi, Turkey. A) Ma1 MP 5, left maxilla containing D3/–D4/ and M1/ (A1 – stereo occlusal, A2 – lingual, A3 – buccal views), B) Ma Nr 196, right mandible containing d/2–d/4 and m/1 (B1 – stereo occlusal, B2 – lingual, B3 – buccal views) (scale 5 cm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1432676/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="187">Text-fig. 6a</figureCitation>
), and 
<materialsCitation id="3B766B67FFF9FFD8FB14A39EFAAE18FB" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1913359902" bfaMax="MN12" bfaMin="MN 11" box="[1246,1378,1419,1442]" collectionCode="SMNK" country="Greece" geologicalContext="Turolian, Late Miocene" geologicalContextId="Miocene" latitude="38.024" location="Mahmutgazi" longitude="29.409" pageId="4" pageNumber="187" preperations="right mandible containing d/2-d/4 and m/1" specimenCode="Ma1-Nr196">Ma1 Nr 196</materialsCitation>
is a right mandible containing d/2–d/4, m/1 and a left mandible with d/4–m/1 (
<figureCitation id="13257DBFFFF9FFD8FC78A3DFFBF918B8" box="[946,1077,1482,1505]" captionStart="Text-fig. 6" captionStartId="7.[106,188,1575,1596]" captionTargetBox="[105,1461,150,1538]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[105,1461,150,1538]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Text-fig. 6. Juvenile specimens of Hippopotamodon erymanthius from Mahmutgazi, Turkey. A) Ma1 MP 5, left maxilla containing D3/–D4/ and M1/ (A1 – stereo occlusal, A2 – lingual, A3 – buccal views), B) Ma Nr 196, right mandible containing d/2–d/4 and m/1 (B1 – stereo occlusal, B2 – lingual, B3 – buccal views) (scale 5 cm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1432676/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="187">Text-fig. 6b</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA1613AFFF9FFD8FCBBA3FFFC661BC6" blockId="4.[843,1482,1419,2104]" pageId="4" pageNumber="187">In occlusal view, the outline of the D3/ is triangular with rounded corners, with a large mesial cusp and a pair of distal cusps forming the rear loph. There are weak mesial distal cingula, as well as small cingular tubercles on the inner face of the mesial cusp. The main cusps are indented by Fürchen.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA1613AFFF9FFD8FCBBA0BDFAD71AE1" blockId="4.[843,1482,1419,2104]" pageId="4" pageNumber="187">The D4/ is tetracuspid, like the permanent molars, but the mesial pair of cusps is slightly narrower than the distal pair, which imparts a trapezoidal occlusal outline to the tooth. In the centre-line of the tooth there are small, low, anterior, median and posterior accessory cusplets. The mesial and distal cingula are well formed but do not extend onto the buccal or lingual surface. There is a low tubercle in the lingual end of the median transverse valley. The Fürchen pattern is like that in the permanent molars.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA1613AFFF9FFD8FCBBA1D4FA521561" blockId="4.[843,1482,1419,2104]" pageId="4" pageNumber="187">The d/2 is triangular in buccal view with the mesial and distal cusplets about half the height of the main cusp, and it is sectorial in occlusal view. It is narrower mesially than distally. The two roots are splayed apart anteriorly and posteriorly.</paragraph>
<caption id="DF6131B2FFF8FFD9FFA0A356FD76182C" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1432672/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="188" startId="5.[106,187,1347,1368]" targetBox="[105,1461,150,1313]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="8BA1613AFFF8FFD9FFA0A356FD76182C" blockId="5.[106,1459,1346,1397]" pageId="5" pageNumber="188">
<emphasis id="B96ABD28FFF8FFD9FFA0A356FD76182C" bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="188">
<figureCitation id="13257DBFFFF8FFD9FFA0A356FF181801" box="[106,212,1347,1368]" captionStart="Text-fig. 4" captionStartId="5.[106,187,1347,1368]" captionTargetBox="[105,1461,150,1313]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[105,1461,150,1313]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Text-fig. 4. SMNK Ma1 Gips 6, mandible of Hippopotamodon erymanthius lacking the ascending rami, from Mahmutgazi, Turkey. A) stereo occlusal view, B) right lateral view (scale 10 cm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1432672/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="188">Text-fig. 4</figureCitation>
. 
<collectionCode id="ED0FF9FFFFF8FFD9FF2AA356FEE41801" box="[224,296,1347,1368]" collectionName="Germany, Karlsruhe, Staatliches Museum fuer Naturkunde Karlsruhe" pageId="5" pageNumber="188">SMNK</collectionCode>
Ma1 Gips 6, mandible of 
<emphasis id="B96ABD28FFF8FFD9FDF1A357FCA01801" bold="true" box="[571,876,1346,1368]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="188">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E1AB9FFF8FFD9FDF1A357FD241801" baseAuthorityName="Pickford" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[571,744,1346,1368]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Hippopotamodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="188" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hippopotamodon</taxonomicName>
erymanthius
</emphasis>
lacking the ascending rami, from Mahmutgazi, Turkey. A) stereo occlusal view, B) right lateral view (scale 
<quantity id="4CE6CCDFFFF8FFD9FDA5A375FD62182C" box="[623,686,1376,1397]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="188" unit="cm" value="10.0">10 cm</quantity>
).
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BA1613AFFF8FFD9FF5AA3DFFDD618B8" blockId="5.[106,745,1482,1697]" box="[144,538,1482,1505]" pageId="5" pageNumber="188">The d/3 is a larger version of the d/2.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA1613AFFF8FFD9FF5AA3FFFECA1BF8" blockId="5.[106,745,1482,1697]" pageId="5" pageNumber="188">
The d/ 
<quantity id="4CE6CCDFFFF8FFD9FF16A3FFFEC61B58" box="[220,266,1514,1537]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.016" pageId="5" pageNumber="188" unit="in" value="4.0">4 in</quantity>
contrast is molariform, with six cusplets arranged in three lophids, as is usual in artiodactyls. The root arrangement is the usual one found in suids, with splayed mesial and distal roots supporting the anterior and posterior lophids, and a single buccal root under the protoconid of the second lophid.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA1613AFFF8FFD9FFA0A0D2FEEA1B86" blockId="5.[106,294,1735,1759]" box="[106,294,1735,1759]" pageId="5" pageNumber="188">
<heading id="D0E9D656FFF8FFD9FFA0A0D2FEEA1B86" bold="true" box="[106,294,1735,1759]" fontSize="10" level="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="188" reason="2">
<emphasis id="B96ABD28FFF8FFD9FFA0A0D2FEEA1B86" bold="true" box="[106,294,1735,1759]" pageId="5" pageNumber="188">Permanent teeth</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA1613AFFF8FFD9FF5AA0E7FD541AB0" blockId="5.[106,745,1778,2091]" pageId="5" pageNumber="188">
The upper right central incisor from Mahmutgazi (SMNK 
<materialsCitation id="3B766B67FFF8FFD9FFA0A107FF3D1A70" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1913359912" bfaMax="MN12" bfaMin="MN 11" box="[106,241,1810,1833]" collectionCode="SMNK" country="Greece" geologicalContext="Turolian, Late Miocene" geologicalContextId="Miocene" latitude="38.024" location="Mahmutgazi" longitude="29.409" pageId="5" pageNumber="188" preperations="upper incisors, right I1/" specimenCode="Ma1-Nr176">Ma1 Nr 176</materialsCitation>
) is unworn and shows a prominent cusplet on the lingual part of the tooth (
<figureCitation id="13257DBFFFF8FFD9FE5FA127FDDA1A10" box="[405,534,1842,1865]" captionStart="Text-fig. 7" captionStartId="8.[129,208,1159,1180]" captionTargetBox="[127,768,150,1125]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[127,768,150,1125]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Text-fig. 7. Upper incisors of Hippopotamodon erymanthius from Mahmutgazi, Turkey. A) SMNK Ma1 Nr 176, right I1/ (A1 – distal, A2 – stereo lingual, A3 – mesial, A4 – labial views), B) SMNK Ma1 MP6, right I3/, stereo lingual view (scale 10 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1432678/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="188">Text-fig. 7a</figureCitation>
). This tubercle is an enlarged bead of the lingual cingulum. The cusplet is confluent with the rest of the lingual cingulum and walls off a capacious lingual fossa. The labial side of the crown is bulbous. There is a shallow slit apically, and the distal edge of the crown is beaded, markedly so near the cervix.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA1613AFFF8FFD9FF5AA1E6FD241572" blockId="5.[106,745,1778,2091]" pageId="5" pageNumber="188">
SMNK 
<materialsCitation id="3B766B67FFF8FFD9FF2DA1E6FEAA1553" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1913359911" bfaMax="MN12" bfaMin="MN 11" box="[231,358,2035,2058]" collectionCode="SMNK" country="Greece" geologicalContext="Turolian, Late Miocene" geologicalContextId="Miocene" latitude="38.024" location="Mahmutgazi" longitude="29.409" pageId="5" pageNumber="188" preperations="upper incisors, right I3/" specimenCode="Ma1-MP6">Ma1 MP 6,</materialsCitation>
is a worn right 
<date id="FFA047FAFFF8FFD9FDD7A1E6FDFF1553" box="[541,563,2035,2058]" pageId="5" pageNumber="188">I3</date>
/ with a swollen lingual cingulum interrupted distally by a slit (
<figureCitation id="13257DBFFFF8FFD9FD93AE01FD101572" box="[601,732,2068,2091]" captionStart="Text-fig. 7" captionStartId="8.[129,208,1159,1180]" captionTargetBox="[127,768,150,1125]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[127,768,150,1125]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Text-fig. 7. Upper incisors of Hippopotamodon erymanthius from Mahmutgazi, Turkey. A) SMNK Ma1 Nr 176, right I1/ (A1 – distal, A2 – stereo lingual, A3 – mesial, A4 – labial views), B) SMNK Ma1 MP6, right I3/, stereo lingual view (scale 10 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1432678/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="188">Text-fig. 7b</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA1613AFFF8FFD9FC90A3DFFCBC1A96" blockId="5.[820,1460,1482,2095]" pageId="5" pageNumber="188">
The upper premolars and molars of 
<emphasis id="B96ABD28FFF8FFD9FB38A3DFFC731B5B" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="188">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E1AB9FFF8FFD9FB38A3DFFA7F18B8" baseAuthorityName="Pickford" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[1266,1459,1482,1505]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Hippopotamodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="188" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hippopotamodon</taxonomicName>
erymanthius
</emphasis>
were described by 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F1CCBFFF8FFD9FB72A3FEFABA1B5B" author="Pickford, M." box="[1208,1398,1515,1538]" journalOrPublisher="Munchner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen" pageId="5" pageNumber="188" pagination="1 - 126" part="42" refId="ref9308" refString="Pickford, M. (2015): Late Miocene Suidae from Eurasia: The Hippopotamodon and Microstonyx problem revisited. - Munchner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, 42: 1 - 126." title="Late Miocene Suidae from Eurasia: The Hippopotamodon and Microstonyx problem revisited" type="journal article" year="2015">Pickford (2015)</bibRefCitation>
. The Mahmutgazi specimens are typical of the species (
<figureCitation id="13257DBFFFF8FFD9FA99A019FC881B1D" captionStart="Text-fig. 8" captionStartId="8.[843,931,788,809]" captionTargetBox="[842,1483,150,755]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[842,1483,150,755]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Text-fig. 8. Stereo occlusal views of upper premolars of Hippopotamodon erymanthius from Mahmutgazi, Turkey. A) SMNK Ma1 Nr 180, left P3/, B) SMNK Ma1 Nr 190, left P4/ (scale 10 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1432680/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="188">Text-fig. 8</figureCitation>
). Although the evidence is weak, the only available maxilla suggests that the P1/ was suppressed, which indicates a derived species of the genus. The P2/ has a diminutive disto-lingual tubercle, as in material from Pikermi. The 
<materialsCitation id="3B766B67FFF8FFD9FC10A0A4FBCC1B91" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1913359907" bfaMax="MN12" bfaMin="MN 11" box="[986,1024,1713,1736]" collectionCode="SMNK" country="Greece" geologicalContext="Turolian, Late Miocene" geologicalContextId="Miocene" latitude="38.024" location="Mahmutgazi" longitude="29.409" pageId="5" pageNumber="188" preperations="upper premolar, P3/" specimenCode="Ma1-Nr180">P3/</materialsCitation>
possesses a thick lingual cingulum, closing off a small mesial fovea, and a capacious distal lingual basin. The rear of the tooth is broad, due to the well-developed disto-lingual cusp. The 
<materialsCitation id="3B766B67FFF8FFD9FB37A101FAEF1A72" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1913359913" bfaMax="MN12" bfaMin="MN 11" box="[1277,1315,1812,1835]" collectionCode="SMNK" country="Greece" geologicalContext="Turolian, Late Miocene" geologicalContextId="Miocene" latitude="38.024" location="Mahmutgazi" longitude="29.409" pageId="5" pageNumber="188" preperations="upper premolar, P4/" specimenCode="Ma1-Nr190">P4/</materialsCitation>
is tricuspid, with a pair of sagittal cusplets in the valley between the protocone on the one hand and the paracone-metacone on the other. The incision between the paracone and metacone is relatively shallow, and becomes obsolete in medium wear.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA1613AFFF8FFDAFC90A1CDFE851A4C" blockId="5.[820,1460,1482,2095]" lastBlockId="6.[129,768,1758,2100]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="189" pageId="5" pageNumber="188">
The 
<materialsCitation id="3B766B67FFF8FFD9FC46A1CDFB941AB6" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1913359901" bfaMax="MN12" bfaMin="MN 11" box="[908,1112,2008,2031]" collectionCode="SMNK" country="Greece" geologicalContext="Turolian, Late Miocene" geologicalContextId="Miocene" latitude="38.024" location="Mahmutgazi" longitude="29.409" pageId="5" pageNumber="188" preperations="upper third molars, right M3/; left M2/-M3/" specimenCode="Ma1-Nr181, Ma1-Nr190">upper third molars</materialsCitation>
from Mahmutgazi have a short lingually positioned talon (
<figureCitation id="13257DBFFFF8FFD9FB9DA1EDFB391556" box="[1111,1269,2040,2063]" captionStart="Text-fig. 9" captionStartId="9.[106,189,1752,1773]" captionTargetBox="[105,1461,150,1718]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[105,1461,150,1718]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Text-fig. 9. Stereo occlusal views of upper and lower molars of Hippopotamodon erymanthius from Mahmutgazi, Turkey. A) Ma1 Nr 181, deeply worn right M3/, B) Ma1 Nr 190, deeply worn left M2/–M3/, C) Ma1 Nr 131, left m/3 in fragment of mandible, D) Ma1 Nr 176, left m/3, E) Ma1 Nr 145, right m/2–m/3 in mandible fragment (scale 5 cm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1432682/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="188">Text-fig. 9a, b</figureCitation>
), while the 
<materialsCitation id="3B766B67FFF8FFD9FABCA1EDFC7B1576" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1913359899" bfaMax="MN12" bfaMin="MN 11" collectionCode="SMNK" country="Greece" geologicalContext="Turolian, Late Miocene" geologicalContextId="Miocene" latitude="38.024" location="Mahmutgazi" longitude="29.409" pageId="5" pageNumber="188" preperations="lower third molars, left m/3; left m/3; right m/2-m/3" specimenCode="Ma1-Nr131, Ma1-Nr176, Ma1-Nr145">lower third molars</materialsCitation>
have a double-cusped talonid, with the lingual cuspid usually smaller and lower than the buccal one (
<figureCitation id="13257DBFFFFBFFDAFF42A0EBFEF71A4C" box="[136,315,1790,1813]" captionStart="Text-fig. 9" captionStartId="9.[106,189,1752,1773]" captionTargetBox="[105,1461,150,1718]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[105,1461,150,1718]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Text-fig. 9. Stereo occlusal views of upper and lower molars of Hippopotamodon erymanthius from Mahmutgazi, Turkey. A) Ma1 Nr 181, deeply worn right M3/, B) Ma1 Nr 190, deeply worn left M2/–M3/, C) Ma1 Nr 131, left m/3 in fragment of mandible, D) Ma1 Nr 176, left m/3, E) Ma1 Nr 145, right m/2–m/3 in mandible fragment (scale 5 cm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1432682/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="189">Text-fig. 9c, d, e</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF6131B2FFFBFFDAFF4BA075FAED1BCB" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1432674/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="189" startId="6.[129,211,1632,1653]" targetBox="[127,1483,150,1598]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8BA1613AFFFBFFDAFF4BA075FAED1BCB" blockId="6.[129,1481,1631,1682]" pageId="6" pageNumber="189">
<emphasis id="B96ABD28FFFBFFDAFF4BA075FAED1BCB" bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="189">
<figureCitation id="13257DBFFFFBFFDAFF4BA075FF271B2C" box="[129,235,1632,1653]" captionStart="Text-fig. 5" captionStartId="6.[129,211,1632,1653]" captionTargetBox="[127,1483,150,1598]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[127,1483,150,1598]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Text-fig. 5. SMNK Ma1 Gips 17, left mandible and symphysis of Hippopotamodon erymanthius lacking the ascending ramus, from Mahmutgazi, Turkey. A) left lateral view, B) stereo occlusal view (note the d/2 between the p/2 and p/3 (scale 10 cm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1432674/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="189">Text-fig. 5</figureCitation>
. 
<collectionCode id="ED0FF9FFFFFBFFDAFF3DA075FEF31B2C" box="[247,319,1632,1653]" collectionName="Germany, Karlsruhe, Staatliches Museum fuer Naturkunde Karlsruhe" pageId="6" pageNumber="189">SMNK</collectionCode>
Ma1 Gips 17, left mandible and symphysis of 
<emphasis id="B96ABD28FFFBFFDAFCEDA04AFB951B2C" bold="true" box="[807,1113,1631,1653]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="189">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E1AB9FFFBFFDAFCEDA04AFC181B2C" baseAuthorityName="Pickford" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[807,980,1631,1653]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Hippopotamodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="189" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hippopotamodon</taxonomicName>
erymanthius
</emphasis>
lacking the ascending ramus, from Mahmutgazi, Turkey. A) left lateral view, B) stereo occlusal view (note the d/2 between the p/2 and p/3 (scale 
<quantity id="4CE6CCDFFFFBFFDAFB1CA068FAD91BCB" box="[1238,1301,1661,1682]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="189" unit="cm" value="10.0">10 cm</quantity>
).
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BA1613AFFFBFFDAFF6CA10BFF1C1AAD" blockId="6.[129,768,1758,2100]" pageId="6" pageNumber="189">
The central and second lower 
<materialsCitation id="3B766B67FFFBFFDAFE2FA10BFDF41A6C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1913359906" bfaMax="MN12" bfaMin="MN 11" box="[485,568,1822,1845]" collectionCode="SMNK" country="Greece" geologicalContext="Turolian, Late Miocene" geologicalContextId="Miocene" latitude="38.024" location="Mahmutgazi" longitude="29.409" pageId="6" pageNumber="189" preperations="lower incisor-canine battery" specimenCode="Ma1-Gips6">incisors</materialsCitation>
are extremely tall, and even the 
<date id="FFA047FAFFFBFFDAFEDBA12BFEE11A0C" box="[273,301,1854,1877]" bridgedPair="/" pageId="6" pageNumber="189">i/3</date>
is elongated and barely separated from the canine (
<figureCitation id="13257DBFFFFBFFDAFF19A148FE9B1A2D" box="[211,343,1885,1908]" captionStart="Text-fig. 10" captionStartId="10.[129,212,1467,1488]" captionTargetBox="[127,1483,150,1433]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[127,1483,150,1433]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Text-fig. 10. The lower incisor-canine battery of Hippopotamodon erymanthius from Mahmutgazi, Turkey. A) SMNK Ma1 Gips 6 (A1 – oblique stereo anterior view, A2 – anterior view); B) SMNK Ma1 Gips 17, oblique stereo anterior view (scales 10 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1432684/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="189">Text-figs 10</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13257DBFFFFBFFDAFEABA148FEB11A2D" box="[353,381,1885,1908]" captionStart="Text-fig. 11" captionStartId="11.[106,187,1060,1081]" captionTargetBox="[105,1461,150,1025]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[105,1461,150,1025]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Text-fig. 11. SMNK Ma1 200, mandibular symphysis of Hippopotamodon erymanthius with all incisors and canines from Mahmutgazi, Turkey. A) stereo occlusal view, B) stereo ventral view, C) left lateral view, D) right lateral view (scale 5 cm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1432686/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="189">11</figureCitation>
). The 
<materialsCitation id="3B766B67FFFBFFDAFE75A148FDDE1A2D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1913359900" bfaMax="MN12" bfaMin="MN 11" box="[447,530,1885,1908]" collectionCode="SMNK" country="Greece" geologicalContext="Turolian, Late Miocene" geologicalContextId="Miocene" latitude="38.024" location="Mahmutgazi" longitude="29.409" pageId="6" pageNumber="189" preperations="lower incisor-canine battery" specimenCode="Ma1-Gips17">incisors</materialsCitation>
are arranged such that they comprise a continuous occlusal surface which wears almost flat. The 
<materialsCitation id="3B766B67FFFBFFDAFE8BA188FE441AED" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1913359898" bfaMax="MN12" bfaMin="MN 11" box="[321,392,1949,1972]" collectionCode="SMNK" country="Greece" geologicalContext="Turolian, Late Miocene" geologicalContextId="Miocene" latitude="38.024" location="Mahmutgazi" longitude="29.409" pageId="6" pageNumber="189" preperations="mandibular symphysis" specimenCode="Ma1-Gips200">canine</materialsCitation>
extends only slightly above this occlusal surface, and is functionally linked to the same dental battery.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA1613AFFFBFFDAFF6CA1E8FAF41A0C" blockId="6.[129,768,1758,2100]" lastBlockId="6.[843,1482,1758,1877]" pageId="6" pageNumber="189">
The 
<materialsCitation id="3B766B67FFFBFFDAFF1FA1E8FE1B154D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1913359908" bfaMax="MN12" bfaMin="MN 11" box="[213,471,2045,2068]" collectionCode="SMNK" country="Greece" geologicalContext="Turolian, Late Miocene" geologicalContextId="Miocene" latitude="38.024" location="Mahmutgazi" longitude="29.409" pageId="6" pageNumber="189" preperations="Left mandible, p/2-m/3" specimenCode="Ma1-Gips2">anterior lower premolars</materialsCitation>
are sectorial with the mesial and distal tubercles about half the height of the main cusp. The p/4 has a clear inner cusp and a large posterior cusplet (
<figureCitation id="13257DBFFFFBFFDAFC98A0EBFC161A4C" box="[850,986,1790,1813]" captionStart="Text-fig. 12" captionStartId="11.[106,187,2049,2070]" captionTargetBox="[105,1461,1179,2015]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[105,1461,1179,2015]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Text-fig. 12. Left mandible of Hippopotamodon erymanthius, SMNK Ma1 Gips 2, from Mahmutgazi, Turkey, containing lightly worn p/2–m/3. A) buccal view, B) stereo occlusal view, C) lingual view (scale 5 cm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1432688/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="189">Text-figs 12</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13257DBFFFFBFFDAFC2DA0EBFBC81A4C" box="[999,1028,1790,1813]" captionStart="Text-fig. 13" captionStartId="12.[129,206,1061,1082]" captionTargetBox="[128,1483,151,1027]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[128,1483,151,1027]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Text-fig. 13. SMNK Ma1 Gips 13, right mandible of Hippopotamodon erymanthius from Mahmutgazi, Turkey, with worn p/3–m/3. A) lingual view, B) stereo occlusal view, C) buccal view. This mandible may represent the same individual as the maxilla Ma1 MP 8 (scale 5 cm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1432690/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="189">13</figureCitation>
). The p/1 is absent in all three mandibles that preserve the requisite part of the jaw, which indicates a derived species of the genus (
<figureCitation id="13257DBFFFFBFFDAFB52A12BFAC31A0C" box="[1176,1295,1854,1877]" captionStart="Text-fig. 4" captionStartId="5.[106,187,1347,1368]" captionTargetBox="[105,1461,150,1313]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[105,1461,150,1313]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Text-fig. 4. SMNK Ma1 Gips 6, mandible of Hippopotamodon erymanthius lacking the ascending rami, from Mahmutgazi, Turkey. A) stereo occlusal view, B) right lateral view (scale 10 cm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1432672/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="189">Text-figs 4</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13257DBFFFFBFFDAFAD1A12BFAE61A0C" box="[1307,1322,1854,1877]" captionStart="Text-fig. 5" captionStartId="6.[129,211,1632,1653]" captionTargetBox="[127,1483,150,1598]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[127,1483,150,1598]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Text-fig. 5. SMNK Ma1 Gips 17, left mandible and symphysis of Hippopotamodon erymanthius lacking the ascending ramus, from Mahmutgazi, Turkey. A) left lateral view, B) stereo occlusal view (note the d/2 between the p/2 and p/3 (scale 10 cm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1432674/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="189">5</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA1613AFFFBFFDAFC81A16EFBD01ACA" blockId="6.[843,1052,1915,1939]" box="[843,1052,1915,1939]" pageId="6" pageNumber="189">
<heading id="D0E9D656FFFBFFDAFC81A16EFBD01ACA" bold="true" box="[843,1052,1915,1939]" fontSize="10" level="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="189" reason="2">
<emphasis id="B96ABD28FFFBFFDAFC81A16EFBD01ACA" bold="true" box="[843,1052,1915,1939]" pageId="6" pageNumber="189">Post-cranial bones</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA1613AFFFBFFDAFCBBA1B2FA061546" blockId="6.[843,1482,1959,2079]" pageId="6" pageNumber="189">
The only suid post-cranial element in the Mahmutgazi collection in Karlsruhe is a proximal left radio-ulna (
<materialsCitation id="3B766B67FFFBFFDAFA5DA1D2FC511AA6" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1913359903" bfaMax="MN12" bfaMin="MN 11" collectionCode="SMNK" country="Greece" geologicalContext="Turolian, Late Miocene" geologicalContextId="Miocene" latitude="38.024" location="Mahmutgazi" longitude="29.409" pageId="6" pageNumber="189" preperations="proximal left radio-ulna" specimenCode="Ma1-Gips12">Ma1 Gips 12</materialsCitation>
) (
<figureCitation id="13257DBFFFFBFFDAFC7BA1FDFBFC1AA6" box="[945,1072,2024,2047]" captionStart="Text-fig. 14" captionStartId="12.[129,210,2048,2069]" captionTargetBox="[128,1483,1178,2014]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[128,1483,1178,2014]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Text-fig. 14. SMNK Ma1 Gips 12, proximal left radio-ulna of Hippopotamodon erymanthius from Mahmutgazi, Turkey. A) medial, B) stereo cranial, C) lateral views (scale 5 cm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1432692/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="189">Text-fig. 14</figureCitation>
). The radius is solidly fused to the ulna, even though the sutures between the bones are clearly visible.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF6131B2FFFAFFDBFFA0A032FCC11B2F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1432676/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="190" startId="7.[106,188,1575,1596]" targetBox="[105,1461,150,1538]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8BA1613AFFFAFFDBFFA0A032FCC11B2F" blockId="7.[106,1460,1575,1654]" pageId="7" pageNumber="190">
<emphasis id="B96ABD28FFFAFFDBFFA0A032FCC11B2F" bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="190">
<figureCitation id="13257DBFFFFAFFDBFFA0A032FF191B65" box="[106,213,1575,1596]" captionStart="Text-fig. 6" captionStartId="7.[106,188,1575,1596]" captionTargetBox="[105,1461,150,1538]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[105,1461,150,1538]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Text-fig. 6. Juvenile specimens of Hippopotamodon erymanthius from Mahmutgazi, Turkey. A) Ma1 MP 5, left maxilla containing D3/–D4/ and M1/ (A1 – stereo occlusal, A2 – lingual, A3 – buccal views), B) Ma Nr 196, right mandible containing d/2–d/4 and m/1 (B1 – stereo occlusal, B2 – lingual, B3 – buccal views) (scale 5 cm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1432676/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="190">Text-fig. 6</figureCitation>
. Juvenile specimens of 
<emphasis id="B96ABD28FFFAFFDBFE06A032FCCC1B64" bold="true" box="[460,768,1575,1597]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="190">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E1AB9FFFAFFDBFE06A032FDB61B64" baseAuthorityName="Pickford" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[460,634,1575,1597]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Hippopotamodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="190" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hippopotamodon</taxonomicName>
erymanthius
</emphasis>
from Mahmutgazi, Turkey. A) Ma1 MP 5, left maxilla containing D3/–D4/ and M1/ (A1 – stereo occlusal, A2 – lingual, A3 – buccal views), B) Ma Nr 196, right mandible containing d/2–d/4 and m/1 (B1 – stereo occlusal, B2 – lingual, B3 – buccal views) (scale 
<quantity id="4CE6CCDFFFFAFFDBFD04A074FCCD1B2F" box="[718,769,1633,1654]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="190" unit="cm" value="5.0">5 cm</quantity>
).
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BA1613AFFFAFFDBFFA0A0C1FE1F1557" blockId="7.[106,745,1748,2062]" pageId="7" pageNumber="190">The olecranon process is relatively short and medio-laterally robust (broken caudally). In the radius, the articular surface for the distal epiphysis of the humerus shows a broad medial basin, a relatively prominent central groove and a deep but small lateral basin. The articular part of the medial edge of the sigmoid notch in the ulna is expansive. The corresponding part on the lateral side is less expansive. The sigmoid notch extends over more than a semi-circle, all of which indicates an elbow in which joint movements were constrained to the para-sagittal plane.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA1613AFFFAFFDBFCFEA0C1FB3F1A52" blockId="7.[820,1459,1748,2102]" pageId="7" pageNumber="190">
<emphasis id="B96ABD28FFFAFFDBFCFEA0C1FB3F1A52" bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="190">
Metric analysis of the teeth of 
<emphasis id="B96ABD28FFFAFFDBFB46A0C1FC721A55" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="190">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E1AB9FFFAFFDBFB46A0C1FA871BB5" baseAuthorityName="Pickford" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[1164,1355,1748,1772]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Hippopotamodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="190" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hippopotamodon</taxonomicName>
erymanthius
</emphasis>
from Mahmutgazi, Turkey
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA1613AFFFAFFD4FC90A10AFCCC1B4C" blockId="7.[820,1459,1748,2102]" lastBlockId="8.[129,768,1342,2101]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="191" pageId="7" pageNumber="190">
The dimensions of the dental sample of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1E1AB9FFFAFFDBFB30A10AFA7F1A6F" baseAuthorityName="Pickford" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[1274,1459,1823,1846]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Hippopotamodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="190" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96ABD28FFFAFFDBFB30A10AFA7F1A6F" box="[1274,1459,1823,1846]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="190">Hippopotamodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Mahmutgazi (
<tableCitation id="C69C5481FFFAFFDBFBD9A12AFB931A0F" box="[1043,1119,1855,1878]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="13.[106,162,154,175]" captionTargetBox="[832,1422,237,1729]" captionTargetId="graphics@13.[820,1459,228,1734]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Table 2. Measurements (in mm) of the teeth of Hippopotamodon erymanthius from Mahmutgazi, Turkey (MD: mesio-distal length, BL: bucco-lingual breadth, lt: left, rt: right, CM: male’s C1/)." pageId="7" pageNumber="190">Tab. 2</tableCitation>
) are smaller than any of the specimens from Luberon, France, the 
<typeStatus id="54A5DF98FFFAFFDBFB37A14AFAE01A2F" box="[1277,1324,1887,1910]" pageId="7" pageNumber="190">type</typeStatus>
locality of 
<emphasis id="B96ABD28FFFAFFDBFCFEA16AFBFB1ACF" box="[820,1079,1919,1942]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="190">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E1AB9FFFAFFDBFCFEA16AFC231ACF" baseAuthorityName="Pickford" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[820,1007,1919,1942]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Hippopotamodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="190" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hippopotamodon</taxonomicName>
major
</emphasis>
(basal MN 13), and are smaller on average than the mean of the Pikermi (MN 12) and Samos (MN 11 + MN 12 or MN 13) samples of 
<emphasis id="B96ABD28FFFAFFDBFB32A1AAFC741AAF" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="190">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E1AB9FFFAFFDBFB32A1AAFA7F1A8F" baseAuthorityName="Pickford" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[1272,1459,1983,2006]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Hippopotamodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="190" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hippopotamodon</taxonomicName>
erymanthius
</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13257DBFFFFAFFDBFC0FA1CAFB891AAF" box="[965,1093,2015,2038]" captionStart="Text-fig. 15" captionStartId="14.[128,207,559,580]" captionTargetBox="[131,767,153,515]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[118,777,131,521]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Text-fig. 15. Bivariate plots of upper and lower fourth premolars and third molars of Hippopotamodon erymanthius and Hippopotamodon major (stars: Luberon, dots: Pikermi and open squares: Mahmutgazi)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1432694/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="190">Text-fig. 15</figureCitation>
). They are similar to the collection from Akkaşdağı, Turkey, (
<figureCitation id="13257DBFFFFAFFDBFB81A1EAFB07154F" box="[1099,1227,2047,2070]" captionStart="Text-fig. 16" captionStartId="14.[843,926,559,580]" captionTargetBox="[843,1479,151,515]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[843,1489,131,521]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Text-fig. 16. Metric comparisons of upper and lower fourth premolars and third molars of Hippopotamodon erymanthius from Mahmutgazi (open squares) and Akkaşdaği (dots), Turkey. The two samples are metrically closely similar." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1432698/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="190">Text-fig. 16</figureCitation>
) correlated to MN 12 by 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F1CCBFFFAFFDBFC9FAE0AFBC9156F" author="Liu Liping &amp; Kostopoulos, D. S. &amp; Fortelius, M." box="[853,1029,2079,2102]" editor="Sen, S." journalOrPublisher="Geodiversitas" pageId="7" pageNumber="190" pagination="715 - 733" part="27" refId="ref8797" refString="Liu Liping, Kostopoulos, D. S., Fortelius, M. (2005): Suidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the late Miocene of Akkasdagi, Turkey. - In: Sen, S. (ed.), Geology, mammals and environments at Akkasdagi, late Miocene of Central Anatolia. Geodiversitas, 27 (4): 715 - 733." title="Suidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the late Miocene of Akkasdagi, Turkey" type="journal article" volumeTitle="Geology, mammals and environments at Akkasdagi, late Miocene of Central Anatolia" year="2005">Liu et al. (2005)</bibRefCitation>
, and to the large sample from Maragheh (= Maragha) (Iran) correlated to MN 11 by 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F1CCBFFF5FFD4FD85A32BFD30180C" author="Pickford, M." box="[591,764,1342,1365]" journalOrPublisher="Munchner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen" pageId="8" pageNumber="191" pagination="1 - 126" part="42" refId="ref9308" refString="Pickford, M. (2015): Late Miocene Suidae from Eurasia: The Hippopotamodon and Microstonyx problem revisited. - Munchner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, 42: 1 - 126." title="Late Miocene Suidae from Eurasia: The Hippopotamodon and Microstonyx problem revisited" type="journal article" year="2015">Pickford (2015)</bibRefCitation>
. Overall the Mahmutgazi specimens are similar in dimensions to the comprehensive sample from Dorn-Dürkheim 1, Germany (Van der 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F1CCBFFF5FFD4FE9AA38BFE0218EC" author="Van der Made, J." box="[336,462,1438,1461]" journalOrPublisher="Courrier Forschungs- Institut Senckenberg" pageId="8" pageNumber="191" pagination="205 - 230" part="197" refId="ref10026" refString="Van der Made, J. (1997): The fossil pig from the late Miocene of Dorn-Durkheim 1 in Germany. - Courrier Forschungs- Institut Senckenberg, 197: 205 - 230." title="The fossil pig from the late Miocene of Dorn-Durkheim 1 in Germany" type="journal article" year="1997">Made 1997</bibRefCitation>
), which is correlated to MN 11, but are on average smaller than the material from Kalimantsi (Kotopoulos et al. 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F1CCBFFF5FFD4FE7DA3CBFE2218AC" author="Kostopoulos, D. S. &amp; Spassov, N. &amp; Kovachev, D." box="[439,494,1502,1525]" journalOrPublisher="Geodiversitas" pageId="8" pageNumber="191" pagination="411 - 437" part="23" refId="ref8645" refString="Kostopoulos, D. S., Spassov, N., Kovachev, D. (2001): Contribution to the study of Microstonyx: evidence from Bulgaria and the SE European populations. - Geodiversitas, 23 (3): 411 - 437." title="Contribution to the study of Microstonyx: evidence from Bulgaria and the SE European populations" type="journal article" year="2001">2001</bibRefCitation>
), although there is overlap in the ranges of variation of the fossils from the two localities.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30432B1FFF5FFD4FC81A501FC121ED9" pageId="8" pageNumber="191" type="multiple">
<caption id="DF6131B2FFF5FFD4FC81A501FC121ED9" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1432680/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="191" startId="8.[843,931,788,809]" targetBox="[842,1483,150,755]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="8BA1613AFFF5FFD4FC81A501FC121ED9" blockId="8.[843,1483,788,896]" pageId="8" pageNumber="191">
<emphasis id="B96ABD28FFF5FFD4FC81A501FC121ED9" bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="191">
<figureCitation id="13257DBFFFF5FFD4FC81A501FC0C1E70" box="[843,960,788,809]" captionStart="Text-fig. 8" captionStartId="8.[843,931,788,809]" captionTargetBox="[842,1483,150,755]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[842,1483,150,755]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Text-fig. 8. Stereo occlusal views of upper premolars of Hippopotamodon erymanthius from Mahmutgazi, Turkey. A) SMNK Ma1 Nr 180, left P3/, B) SMNK Ma1 Nr 190, left P4/ (scale 10 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1432680/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="191">Text-fig. 8</figureCitation>
. Stereo occlusal views of upper premolars of 
<emphasis id="B96ABD28FFF5FFD4FC81A524FB5D1E1E" bold="true" box="[843,1169,817,839]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="191">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E1AB9FFF5FFD4FC81A524FBCF1E1E" baseAuthorityName="Pickford" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[843,1027,817,839]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Hippopotamodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="191" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hippopotamodon</taxonomicName>
erymanthius
</emphasis>
from Mahmutgazi, Turkey. A) 
<collectionCode id="ED0FF9FFFFF5FFD4FCA0A55BFC7E1E3A" box="[874,946,846,867]" collectionName="Germany, Karlsruhe, Staatliches Museum fuer Naturkunde Karlsruhe" pageId="8" pageNumber="191">SMNK</collectionCode>
Ma1 Nr 180, left P3/, B) 
<collectionCode id="ED0FF9FFFFF5FFD4FB64A55BFB3A1E3A" box="[1198,1270,846,867]" collectionName="Germany, Karlsruhe, Staatliches Museum fuer Naturkunde Karlsruhe" pageId="8" pageNumber="191">SMNK</collectionCode>
Ma1 Nr 190, left P4/ (scale 
<quantity id="4CE6CCDFFFF5FFD4FC40A57EFC1F1ED9" box="[906,979,875,896]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="191" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
).
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF6131B2FFF5FFD4FF4BA292FD3419AB" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1432678/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="191" startId="8.[129,208,1159,1180]" targetBox="[127,768,150,1125]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="8BA1613AFFF5FFD4FF4BA292FD3419AB" blockId="8.[129,767,1158,1266]" pageId="8" pageNumber="191">
<emphasis id="B96ABD28FFF5FFD4FF4BA292FD3419AB" bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="191">
<figureCitation id="13257DBFFFF5FFD4FF4BA292FF2A19C5" box="[129,230,1159,1180]" captionStart="Text-fig. 7" captionStartId="8.[129,208,1159,1180]" captionTargetBox="[127,768,150,1125]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[127,768,150,1125]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Text-fig. 7. Upper incisors of Hippopotamodon erymanthius from Mahmutgazi, Turkey. A) SMNK Ma1 Nr 176, right I1/ (A1 – distal, A2 – stereo lingual, A3 – mesial, A4 – labial views), B) SMNK Ma1 MP6, right I3/, stereo lingual view (scale 10 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1432678/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="191">Text-fig. 7</figureCitation>
. Upper incisors of 
<emphasis id="B96ABD28FFF5FFD4FE6AA293FD0419C5" bold="true" box="[416,712,1158,1180]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="191">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E1AB9FFF5FFD4FE6AA293FD8519C5" baseAuthorityName="Pickford" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[416,585,1158,1180]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Hippopotamodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="191" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hippopotamodon</taxonomicName>
erymanthius
</emphasis>
from Mahmutgazi, Turkey. A) 
<collectionCode id="ED0FF9FFFFF5FFD4FE41A2B1FE1819E0" box="[395,468,1188,1209]" collectionName="Germany, Karlsruhe, Staatliches Museum fuer Naturkunde Karlsruhe" pageId="8" pageNumber="191">SMNK</collectionCode>
Ma1 Nr 176, right 
<date id="FFA047FAFFF5FFD4FD68A2B1FD7919E0" box="[674,693,1188,1209]" pageId="8" pageNumber="191">I1</date>
/ (A1 – distal, A2 – stereo lingual, A3 – mesial, A4 – labial views), B) 
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Ma1 MP6, right 
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/, stereo lingual view (scale 
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).
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C30432B1FFF5FFD4FF6CA00BFDCB156C" pageId="8" pageNumber="191" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BA1613AFFF5FFD4FF6CA00BFDCB156C" blockId="8.[129,768,1342,2101]" pageId="8" pageNumber="191">
Concerning Turkish samples of 
<emphasis id="B96ABD28FFF5FFD4FDEDA00BFD331B6C" box="[551,767,1566,1589]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="191">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E1AB9FFF5FFD4FDEDA00BFD621B6C" authorityName="Pilgrim" authorityYear="1926" box="[551,686,1566,1589]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Microstonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="191" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Microstonyx</taxonomicName>
major
</emphasis>
(which according to 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F1CCBFFF5FFD4FE94A02BFDDC1B0C" author="Liu Liping &amp; Kostopoulos, D. S. &amp; Fortelius, M." box="[350,528,1598,1621]" editor="Sen, S." journalOrPublisher="Geodiversitas" pageId="8" pageNumber="191" pagination="715 - 733" part="27" refId="ref8797" refString="Liu Liping, Kostopoulos, D. S., Fortelius, M. (2005): Suidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the late Miocene of Akkasdagi, Turkey. - In: Sen, S. (ed.), Geology, mammals and environments at Akkasdagi, late Miocene of Central Anatolia. Geodiversitas, 27 (4): 715 - 733." title="Suidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the late Miocene of Akkasdagi, Turkey" type="journal article" volumeTitle="Geology, mammals and environments at Akkasdagi, late Miocene of Central Anatolia" year="2005">Liu et al. (2005)</bibRefCitation>
, includes 
<emphasis id="B96ABD28FFF5FFD4FDB1A02BFEC91B2C" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="191">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E1AB9FFF5FFD4FDB1A02BFD331B0C" authorityName="Pilgrim" authorityYear="1926" box="[635,767,1598,1621]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Microstonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="191" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Microstonyx</taxonomicName>
erymanthius
</emphasis>
), the authors wrote that “we usually deal with faunal lists or fragmentary and isolated specimens which preclude a direct comparison with the Akkaşdağı form”. This concern can now be partly addressed (see measurements and descriptions of Turkish suids from many localities published by 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F1CCBFFF5FFD4FF6BA0EBFE991A4C" author="Pickford, M." box="[161,341,1790,1813]" journalOrPublisher="Munchner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen" pageId="8" pageNumber="191" pagination="1 - 126" part="42" refId="ref9308" refString="Pickford, M. (2015): Late Miocene Suidae from Eurasia: The Hippopotamodon and Microstonyx problem revisited. - Munchner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, 42: 1 - 126." title="Late Miocene Suidae from Eurasia: The Hippopotamodon and Microstonyx problem revisited" type="journal article" year="2015">Pickford (2015))</bibRefCitation>
, and it is clear that the cranial and dental suid specimens from Akkaşdağı and Mahmutgazi are metrically closely similar to each other, suggesting similar chronological and/or palaeoecological contexts. The fact that both of these localities have yielded material that is on average smaller than the samples from Pikermi and Samos (Greece) suggests either that the latter two localities are not the same age as Mahmutgazi and Akkaşdağı, or that their palaeoenvironments may have differed, or that they comprise multiple levels (the case for Samos).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30432B1FFF5FFD4FC81A5DEFC651BF2" pageId="8" pageNumber="191" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BA1613AFFF5FFD4FC81A5DEFB64195B" blockId="8.[843,1397,971,1026]" pageId="8" pageNumber="191">
<emphasis id="B96ABD28FFF5FFD4FC81A5DEFB64195B" bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="191">
Specimens of 
<emphasis id="B96ABD28FFF5FFD4FC2CA5DEFAFA1EBA" bold="true" box="[998,1334,971,995]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="191">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E1AB9FFF5FFD4FC2CA5DEFB691EBA" baseAuthorityName="Pickford" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[998,1189,971,995]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Hippopotamodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="191" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hippopotamodon</taxonomicName>
erymanthius
</emphasis>
from Pikermi, Greece, in the 
<collectionCode id="ED0FF9FFFFF5FFD4FB92A5FEFB64195B" box="[1112,1192,1003,1026]" collectionName="Germany, Karlsruhe, Staatliches Museum fuer Naturkunde Karlsruhe" pageId="8" pageNumber="191">SMNK</collectionCode>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA1613AFFF5FFD4FCBBA203FAEA19F2" blockId="8.[843,1483,1046,1707]" pageId="8" pageNumber="191">
The 
<collectionCode id="ED0FF9FFFFF5FFD4FC61A203FC351974" box="[939,1017,1046,1069]" collectionName="Germany, Karlsruhe, Staatliches Museum fuer Naturkunde Karlsruhe" pageId="8" pageNumber="191">SMNK</collectionCode>
possesses two dentognathic specimens (containing 12 teeth) of 
<emphasis id="B96ABD28FFF5FFD4FB81A223FA5C1914" box="[1099,1424,1078,1101]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="191">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E1AB9FFF5FFD4FB81A223FACA1914" baseAuthorityName="Pickford" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[1099,1286,1078,1101]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Hippopotamodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="191" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hippopotamodon</taxonomicName>
erymanthius
</emphasis>
from Pikermi, Greece (
<tableCitation id="C69C5481FFF5FFD4FBC7A240FB991935" box="[1037,1109,1109,1132]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="14.[129,185,1591,1612]" captionTargetBox="[140,724,1702,2091]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Table 3. Measurements (in mm) of the teeth of Hippopotamodon erymanthius from Pikermi, Greece, housed in the SMNK (MD: mesio-distal length, BL: bucco-lingual breadth, lt: left, rt: right)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6131B2FFF3FFD2FF4BA022FD331BDF" pageId="8" pageNumber="191" tableUuid="DF6131B2FFF3FFD2FF4BA022FD331BDF">Tab. 3</tableCitation>
). This sample augments the large amount of material that has been described from Pikermi (now standing at 358 teeth) (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F1CCBFFF5FFD4FBB6A281FAD719F2" author="Pickford, M." box="[1148,1307,1172,1195]" journalOrPublisher="Munchner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen" pageId="8" pageNumber="191" pagination="1 - 126" part="42" refId="ref9308" refString="Pickford, M. (2015): Late Miocene Suidae from Eurasia: The Hippopotamodon and Microstonyx problem revisited. - Munchner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, 42: 1 - 126." title="Late Miocene Suidae from Eurasia: The Hippopotamodon and Microstonyx problem revisited" type="journal article" year="2015">Pickford 2015</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA1613AFFF5FFD4FCBBA2A1FBE818F2" blockId="8.[843,1483,1046,1707]" pageId="8" pageNumber="191">
The snout (
<collectionCode id="ED0FF9FFFFF5FFD4FC3AA2A1FB8C1992" box="[1008,1088,1204,1227]" collectionName="Germany, Karlsruhe, Staatliches Museum fuer Naturkunde Karlsruhe" pageId="8" pageNumber="191">SMNK</collectionCode>
MP3) is interesting, as it probably represents a young adult female individual, with no sign of a supra-canine flange, only a bowing out of the maxilla behind the level of the canine (
<figureCitation id="13257DBFFFF5FFD4FB4DA301FAC91872" box="[1159,1285,1300,1323]" captionStart="Text-fig. 17" captionStartId="14.[129,211,1463,1484]" captionTargetBox="[127,1482,742,1429]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[127,1482,742,1429]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Text-fig. 17. SMNK MP 3, probable female snout of Hippopotamodon erymanthius from Pikermi. A) stereo occlusal view of snout, B) close-up stereo occlusal view of right upper cheek tooth row (scales 5 cm and 10 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1432700/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="191">Text-fig. 17</figureCitation>
). The left and right 
<date id="FFA047FAFFF5FFD4FC81A321FCAC1812" box="[843,864,1332,1355]" pageId="8" pageNumber="191">I2</date>
/s are in their crypts, but show the serrated postcrista typical of the genus, and the right P2/–M2/ are fully erupted. The only teeth showing light wear at the apices of the cusps are the M1/ and the P3/.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA1613AFFF5FFD4FCBBA3A1FC221B52" blockId="8.[843,1483,1046,1707]" pageId="8" pageNumber="191">
The P4/ shows well-formed sagittal cusplets attached to the buccal cusps and strong mesial and distal cingula (
<figureCitation id="13257DBFFFF5FFD4FC98A3E1FC2D1B52" box="[850,993,1524,1547]" captionStart="Text-fig. 17" captionStartId="14.[129,211,1463,1484]" captionTargetBox="[127,1482,742,1429]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[127,1482,742,1429]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Text-fig. 17. SMNK MP 3, probable female snout of Hippopotamodon erymanthius from Pikermi. A) stereo occlusal view of snout, B) close-up stereo occlusal view of right upper cheek tooth row (scales 5 cm and 10 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1432700/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="191">Text-fig. 17b</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA1613AFFF5FFD4FCBBA001FC651BF2" blockId="8.[843,1483,1046,1707]" pageId="8" pageNumber="191">
The second specimen of 
<emphasis id="B96ABD28FFF5FFD4FB57A001FC4C1B12" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="191">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E1AB9FFF5FFD4FB57A001FAAD1B72" baseAuthorityName="Pickford" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[1181,1377,1556,1579]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Hippopotamodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="191" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hippopotamodon</taxonomicName>
erymanthius
</emphasis>
in the Karlsruhe collection is a left mandible fragment with moderately worn m/1–m/2 and the front lophid of m/3. Measurements of the teeth are provided below (
<tableCitation id="C69C5481FFF5FFD4FC99A081FC561BF2" box="[851,922,1684,1707]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="14.[129,185,1591,1612]" captionTargetBox="[140,724,1702,2091]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Table 3. Measurements (in mm) of the teeth of Hippopotamodon erymanthius from Pikermi, Greece, housed in the SMNK (MD: mesio-distal length, BL: bucco-lingual breadth, lt: left, rt: right)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6131B2FFF3FFD2FF4BA022FD331BDF" pageId="8" pageNumber="191" tableUuid="DF6131B2FFF3FFD2FF4BA022FD331BDF">Tab. 3</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30432B1FFF5FFD6FC81A0DEFD121A0E" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="193" pageId="8" pageNumber="191" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BA1613AFFF5FFD4FC81A0DEFA501BBA" blockId="8.[843,1482,1739,2089]" box="[843,1436,1739,1763]" pageId="8" pageNumber="191">
<emphasis id="B96ABD28FFF5FFD4FC81A0DEFA501BBA" bold="true" box="[843,1436,1739,1763]" pageId="8" pageNumber="191">
Sexual dimorphism in 
<emphasis id="B96ABD28FFF5FFD4FB86A0DEFA501BBA" bold="true" box="[1100,1436,1739,1763]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="191">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E1AB9FFF5FFD4FB86A0DEFAC71BBA" baseAuthorityName="Pickford" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[1100,1291,1739,1763]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Hippopotamodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="191" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hippopotamodon</taxonomicName>
erymanthius
</emphasis>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA1613AFFF5FFD4FCBBA0E1FAB01A9F" blockId="8.[843,1482,1739,2089]" pageId="8" pageNumber="191">
The fossil record of 
<emphasis id="B96ABD28FFF5FFD4FB89A0E1FAB11A52" box="[1091,1405,1780,1803]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="191">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E1AB9FFF5FFD4FB89A0E1FB341A52" baseAuthorityName="Pickford" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[1091,1272,1780,1803]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Hippopotamodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="191" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hippopotamodon</taxonomicName>
erymanthius
</emphasis>
is now comprehensive enough to indicate that the species was sexually dimorphic in the area of the upper canine. There seems to be no bimodality in dental dimensions, save for the fact that males seem to have a slightly larger upper canines than females. The incisors and cheek teeth appear to be metrically unimodal. This finding agrees with the discussion by 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F1CCBFFF5FFD4FB05A1BAFAB41A9F" author="Liu Liping &amp; Kostopoulos, D. S. &amp; Fortelius, M." box="[1231,1400,1967,1990]" editor="Sen, S." journalOrPublisher="Geodiversitas" pageId="8" pageNumber="191" pagination="715 - 733" part="27" refId="ref8797" refString="Liu Liping, Kostopoulos, D. S., Fortelius, M. (2005): Suidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the late Miocene of Akkasdagi, Turkey. - In: Sen, S. (ed.), Geology, mammals and environments at Akkasdagi, late Miocene of Central Anatolia. Geodiversitas, 27 (4): 715 - 733." title="Suidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the late Miocene of Akkasdagi, Turkey" type="journal article" volumeTitle="Geology, mammals and environments at Akkasdagi, late Miocene of Central Anatolia" year="2005">Liu et al. (2005)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA1613AFFF5FFD6FCBBA1C5FD121A0E" blockId="8.[843,1482,1739,2089]" lastBlockId="10.[129,768,1596,1879]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="193" pageId="8" pageNumber="191">
The most obvious sexual character is the supra-canine flange, which is large in males and is adorned with rugose lateral and dorsal surfaces, almost like the rugose surface of cauliflowers. Females show a bowing out of the maxilla behind the upper canine, but there is little or no development of a flange (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F1CCBFFF4FFD5FF21A1ACFE501A89" author="Liu Liping &amp; Kostopoulos, D. S. &amp; Fortelius, M." box="[235,412,1977,2000]" editor="Sen, S." journalOrPublisher="Geodiversitas" pageId="9" pageNumber="192" pagination="715 - 733" part="27" refId="ref8797" refString="Liu Liping, Kostopoulos, D. S., Fortelius, M. (2005): Suidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the late Miocene of Akkasdagi, Turkey. - In: Sen, S. (ed.), Geology, mammals and environments at Akkasdagi, late Miocene of Central Anatolia. Geodiversitas, 27 (4): 715 - 733." title="Suidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the late Miocene of Akkasdagi, Turkey" type="journal article" volumeTitle="Geology, mammals and environments at Akkasdagi, late Miocene of Central Anatolia" year="2005">Liu et al. (2005)</bibRefCitation>
thought that females also have supra-canine flanges). In males, the supra-canine flange extends from above the canine backwards to the level of the P2/, corresponding to the diastema between the canine and P2/. In the Mahmutgazi specimen, the flange is 
<quantity id="4CE6CCDFFFF4FFD5FA8EA162FAB71AD7" box="[1348,1403,1911,1934]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="192" unit="cm" value="7.0">7 cm</quantity>
long and adds ca. 
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to the breadth of the snout on each side. The contrast between males and females is well shown in the Karlsruhe collection by a male specimen from Mahmutgazi and a female individual from Pikermi. The presence of a large supra-canine flange in males suggests that it served as a weapon during male-on-male combat, or perhaps for protection during such encounters. The canines in 
<emphasis id="B96ABD28FFF7FFD6FD4EA049FE9F1BCD" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="193">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E1AB9FFF7FFD6FD4EA049FF061BCD" baseAuthorityName="Pickford" baseAuthorityYear="2015" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Hippopotamodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="193" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hippopotamodon</taxonomicName>
erymanthius
</emphasis>
are reduced in dimensions and probably played little if any role in intraspecific combat. The canine flanges in contrast are strong in males, and were probably covered in thick skin, perhaps with bristles emerging from them, in which case pushing, shoving and butting the opponent with the side of the snout was probably the main form of combat between males during the rutting period.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>