427 lines
69 KiB
XML
427 lines
69 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="BD7C0C9E5EE2A766169F7D19C64E149F">Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="CB81954F7F753F7E442090D68366284A">Gentis, Nicolas</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8ED3484F4370DC7A80700D786ABEA5AD">Licht, Alexis</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5CF56B17BCE57C2A688A603AC3DBDA2D">Boura, Anaïs</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5310CC50BC9BE1197DDA77234A688BEA">Aung, Dario De Franceschi Zaw Win Day Wa</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F52FDEF3B825B439379933C723744C07">Dupont-Nivet, Guillaume</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="96856A5D20F0C3896D30C2FF539AB5F8">Geodiversitas</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="2B59F8829ADAECCB4A1D233ABEE8F89F">2022</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03B787F6A21FFF9188A1FCC8E5C9EC6E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7157567" ID-GBIF-Taxon="202152113" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7157567" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B787F6A21FFF9188A1FCC8E5C9EC6E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B787F6A21FFF9188A1FCC8E5C9EC6E" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="884" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">
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<subSubSection id="C304656BA21FFFAF88A1FCC8E6BFE913" pageId="31" pageNumber="882" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA136E0A21FFFAF88A1FCC8E6BFE913" blockId="31.[197,710,789,848]" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A21FFFAF88A1FCC8E58DE96C" authority="Prakash & Awasthi" authorityName="Prakash & Awasthi" box="[197,710,789,816]" class="Magnoliopsida" genus="Shoreoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="31" pageNumber="882" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="deomaliense">
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A21FFFAF88A1FCC8E60CE973" bold="true" box="[197,327,789,816]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">Shoreoxylon</emphasis>
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cf.
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A21FFFAF890BFCC8E6BAE973" bold="true" box="[367,497,789,816]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">deomaliense</emphasis>
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Prakash & Awasthi
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="13252A65A21FFFAF89C4FCE8E6A0E913" box="[416,491,821,848]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="31.[132,157,1963,1980]" captionTargetId="figure-27@32.[698,1267,768,1324]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIG. 15. — Shoreoxylon cf. deomaliense Prakash & Awasthi, MNHN.F.50192: A, Ts, mostly solitary vessels and long tangential line of secretory canals embedded in parenchyma bands (arrow); B, Ts, zoom in on solitary vessels, mostly aliform parenchyma as well as some diffuse parenchyma (arrow); C, D, Tls, long 1-6-seriate rays with end-to-end fusion (arrow); E, Rls, crystals in chambered parenchyma cells; F, Tls, vasicentric tracheids (black arrow) and tylose in vessel (white arrow); G, Rls, heterocellular ray with upright marginal cells; H, Ts, synthetic drawing of the transversal section (with only some vessels and rays displayed); visible bands of parenchyma are shown as grey lines and secretory canals as red dots (orange when their identification is less clear), arranged mostly in long tangential lines; I, Ts, zoom in on secretory canals embedded in parenchyma; J, Ts, thin-to-thick walled fibres; K, Ts, diffuse parenchyma (arrows). Scale bars: H, 1 cm; A, 1 mm; B, D, I, 250 µm; C, G, 200 µm; F, K, 100 µm; E, J, 50 µm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7154259" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7154259/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C304656BA21FFFAF88E0FCB3E44CE9C5" box="[132,775,878,902]" pageId="31" pageNumber="882" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BA136E0A21FFFAF88E0FCB3E44CE9C5" blockId="31.[132,775,878,902]" box="[132,775,878,902]" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB0E11CEA21FFFAF88E0FCB3E44CE9C5" box="[132,775,878,902]" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">
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<treatmentCitation id="0ABF10F1A21FFFAF88E0FCB3E5CBE9C5" author="PRAKASH U. & AWASTHI N." box="[132,640,878,902]" page="219" pageId="31" pageNumber="882" year="1971">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A21FFFAF88E0FCB3E5CBE9C5" authority="Prakash & Awasthi, 1971: 219" authorityName="Prakash & Awasthi" authorityPageNumber="219" authorityYear="1971" box="[132,640,878,902]" class="Magnoliopsida" genus="Shoreoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="31" pageNumber="882" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="deomaliense">
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A21FFFAF88E0FCB3E615E9C5" box="[132,350,878,902]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">Shoreoxylon deomaliense</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11A21FFFAF8907FCB3E5CBE9C5" author="PRAKASH U. & AWASTHI N." box="[355,640,878,902]" pageId="31" pageNumber="882" pagination="219 - 225" refId="ref46255" refString="PRAKASH U. & AWASTHI N. 1971. - Fossil woods from the Tertiary of Eastern India, 2. The Palaeobotanist 18 (3): 219 - 225 (1969). https: // doi. org / 10.54991 / jop. 1969.839" type="journal article" year="1971">Prakash & Awasthi, 1971: 219</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, pl. 1, figs 3-4.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C304656BA21FFFAF88E0FC43E59AEE09" pageId="31" pageNumber="882" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BA136E0A21FFFAF88E0FC43E6DFE993" blockId="31.[132,777,926,976]" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">
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<materialsCitation id="3B763CBDA21FFFAF88E0FC43E6DFE993" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3921372328" country="India" location="Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences Museum" pageId="31" pageNumber="882" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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<typeStatus id="54A58842A21FFFAF88E0FC43E7A4E9F6" box="[132,239,926,949]" pageId="31" pageNumber="882" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
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. —
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<location id="8EC1603BA21FFFAF8944FC43E44EE9F6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B787F6A21FFF9188A1FCC8E5C9EC6E:8EC1603BA21FFFAF8944FC43E44EE9F6" box="[288,773,926,950]" country="India" name="Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences Museum" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences Museum</location>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F3097670A21FFFAF88E2FC65E7F7E993" box="[134,188,952,976]" name="India" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">India</collectingCountry>
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, specimen no. 34050.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA136E0A21FFFAF88E0FC35E6A2EE59" blockId="31.[132,775,1000,1050]" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">
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MATERIAL. —
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<materialsCitation id="3B763CBDA21FFFAF897CFC35E6A2EE59" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3921372318" collectionCode="MNHN" pageId="31" pageNumber="882" specimenCode="MNHN.F.50192" specimenCount="1">
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<specimenCode id="DBB89E9BA21FFFAF897CFC35E689EE43" box="[280,450,1000,1024]" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">MNHN.F.50192</specimenCode>
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(field number: NAT17-4). Estimated minimal diameter:
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<quantity id="4CE69B05A21FFFAF89E7FBDFE6AEEE59" box="[387,485,1026,1050]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" metricValueMax="3.7" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="31" pageNumber="882" unit="cm" value="31.0" valueMax="37.0" valueMin="25.0">25-37 cm</quantity>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA136E0A21FFFAF88E0FBEFE59AEE09" blockId="31.[132,721,1074,1098]" box="[132,721,1074,1098]" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">
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LOCALITY. — Kalewa Township,
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<collectingRegion id="49DAF802A21FFFAF89ACFBEFE52AEE09" box="[456,609,1074,1098]" country="Myanmar" name="Sagaing" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">Sagaing Region</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F3097670A21FFFAF8A0FFBEFE586EE09" box="[619,717,1074,1098]" name="Myanmar" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C304656BA21FFFAF88E0FBBFE39DE8D3" pageId="31" pageNumber="882" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BA136E0A21FFFAF88E0FBBFE5C3EE3A" blockId="31.[132,648,1121,1146]" box="[132,648,1121,1146]" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">AGE. — Upper lower to lowermost middle Miocene.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA136E0A21FFFAF88E0FB69E65EEE8D" blockId="31.[130,777,1204,1900]" box="[132,277,1204,1230]" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">DESCRIPTION</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA136E0A21FFFAF88E0FB09E39DE8D3" blockId="31.[130,777,1204,1900]" lastBlockId="31.[811,1457,215,656]" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">
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Wood diffuse-porous, showing lateral compression. Growth limits marked by tangential canal lines. Vessels about 77-90% solitary (
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<figureCitation id="13252A65A21FFFAF8880FACEE60EEF6D" box="[228,325,1299,1326]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="31.[132,157,1963,1980]" captionTargetId="figure-27@32.[698,1267,768,1324]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIG. 15. — Shoreoxylon cf. deomaliense Prakash & Awasthi, MNHN.F.50192: A, Ts, mostly solitary vessels and long tangential line of secretory canals embedded in parenchyma bands (arrow); B, Ts, zoom in on solitary vessels, mostly aliform parenchyma as well as some diffuse parenchyma (arrow); C, D, Tls, long 1-6-seriate rays with end-to-end fusion (arrow); E, Rls, crystals in chambered parenchyma cells; F, Tls, vasicentric tracheids (black arrow) and tylose in vessel (white arrow); G, Rls, heterocellular ray with upright marginal cells; H, Ts, synthetic drawing of the transversal section (with only some vessels and rays displayed); visible bands of parenchyma are shown as grey lines and secretory canals as red dots (orange when their identification is less clear), arranged mostly in long tangential lines; I, Ts, zoom in on secretory canals embedded in parenchyma; J, Ts, thin-to-thick walled fibres; K, Ts, diffuse parenchyma (arrows). Scale bars: H, 1 cm; A, 1 mm; B, D, I, 250 µm; C, G, 200 µm; F, K, 100 µm; E, J, 50 µm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7154259" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7154259/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">Fig. 15A</figureCitation>
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) and in radial groups of 2-4, oval due to lateral compression, 4-13 per mm² (average: 8; likely overestimated due to compression); tangential diameter 120-200 µm (average: 150 µm; likely underestimated due to compression). Tyloses present (
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<figureCitation id="13252A65A21FFFAF8954FA4EE6C1EFED" box="[304,394,1427,1454]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="31.[132,157,1963,1980]" captionTargetId="figure-27@32.[698,1267,768,1324]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIG. 15. — Shoreoxylon cf. deomaliense Prakash & Awasthi, MNHN.F.50192: A, Ts, mostly solitary vessels and long tangential line of secretory canals embedded in parenchyma bands (arrow); B, Ts, zoom in on solitary vessels, mostly aliform parenchyma as well as some diffuse parenchyma (arrow); C, D, Tls, long 1-6-seriate rays with end-to-end fusion (arrow); E, Rls, crystals in chambered parenchyma cells; F, Tls, vasicentric tracheids (black arrow) and tylose in vessel (white arrow); G, Rls, heterocellular ray with upright marginal cells; H, Ts, synthetic drawing of the transversal section (with only some vessels and rays displayed); visible bands of parenchyma are shown as grey lines and secretory canals as red dots (orange when their identification is less clear), arranged mostly in long tangential lines; I, Ts, zoom in on secretory canals embedded in parenchyma; J, Ts, thin-to-thick walled fibres; K, Ts, diffuse parenchyma (arrows). Scale bars: H, 1 cm; A, 1 mm; B, D, I, 250 µm; C, G, 200 µm; F, K, 100 µm; E, J, 50 µm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7154259" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7154259/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">Fig. 15F</figureCitation>
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). Vessel elements 140-460 µm (average: 330 µm) long. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate. Vessel-ray pits not preserved. Vasicentric tracheids present (
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<figureCitation id="13252A65A21FFFAF8880FA2EE60FEC4E" box="[228,324,1522,1549]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="31.[132,157,1963,1980]" captionTargetId="figure-27@32.[698,1267,768,1324]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIG. 15. — Shoreoxylon cf. deomaliense Prakash & Awasthi, MNHN.F.50192: A, Ts, mostly solitary vessels and long tangential line of secretory canals embedded in parenchyma bands (arrow); B, Ts, zoom in on solitary vessels, mostly aliform parenchyma as well as some diffuse parenchyma (arrow); C, D, Tls, long 1-6-seriate rays with end-to-end fusion (arrow); E, Rls, crystals in chambered parenchyma cells; F, Tls, vasicentric tracheids (black arrow) and tylose in vessel (white arrow); G, Rls, heterocellular ray with upright marginal cells; H, Ts, synthetic drawing of the transversal section (with only some vessels and rays displayed); visible bands of parenchyma are shown as grey lines and secretory canals as red dots (orange when their identification is less clear), arranged mostly in long tangential lines; I, Ts, zoom in on secretory canals embedded in parenchyma; J, Ts, thin-to-thick walled fibres; K, Ts, diffuse parenchyma (arrows). Scale bars: H, 1 cm; A, 1 mm; B, D, I, 250 µm; C, G, 200 µm; F, K, 100 µm; E, J, 50 µm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7154259" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7154259/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">Fig. 15F</figureCitation>
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). Parenchyma mostly vasicentric and aliform with short wings, sometimes confluent (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13252A65A21FFFAF8A1BF9CFE594EC6E" box="[639,735,1554,1581]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="31.[132,157,1963,1980]" captionTargetId="figure-27@32.[698,1267,768,1324]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIG. 15. — Shoreoxylon cf. deomaliense Prakash & Awasthi, MNHN.F.50192: A, Ts, mostly solitary vessels and long tangential line of secretory canals embedded in parenchyma bands (arrow); B, Ts, zoom in on solitary vessels, mostly aliform parenchyma as well as some diffuse parenchyma (arrow); C, D, Tls, long 1-6-seriate rays with end-to-end fusion (arrow); E, Rls, crystals in chambered parenchyma cells; F, Tls, vasicentric tracheids (black arrow) and tylose in vessel (white arrow); G, Rls, heterocellular ray with upright marginal cells; H, Ts, synthetic drawing of the transversal section (with only some vessels and rays displayed); visible bands of parenchyma are shown as grey lines and secretory canals as red dots (orange when their identification is less clear), arranged mostly in long tangential lines; I, Ts, zoom in on secretory canals embedded in parenchyma; J, Ts, thin-to-thick walled fibres; K, Ts, diffuse parenchyma (arrows). Scale bars: H, 1 cm; A, 1 mm; B, D, I, 250 µm; C, G, 200 µm; F, K, 100 µm; E, J, 50 µm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7154259" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7154259/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">Fig. 15B</figureCitation>
|
||
) or rarely forming thin bands from several rays to rays; diffuse parenchyma with cells larger than fibres ones (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13252A65A21FFFAF8AF7F98FE5B1EC2E" box="[659,762,1618,1645]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="31.[132,157,1963,1980]" captionTargetId="figure-27@32.[698,1267,768,1324]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIG. 15. — Shoreoxylon cf. deomaliense Prakash & Awasthi, MNHN.F.50192: A, Ts, mostly solitary vessels and long tangential line of secretory canals embedded in parenchyma bands (arrow); B, Ts, zoom in on solitary vessels, mostly aliform parenchyma as well as some diffuse parenchyma (arrow); C, D, Tls, long 1-6-seriate rays with end-to-end fusion (arrow); E, Rls, crystals in chambered parenchyma cells; F, Tls, vasicentric tracheids (black arrow) and tylose in vessel (white arrow); G, Rls, heterocellular ray with upright marginal cells; H, Ts, synthetic drawing of the transversal section (with only some vessels and rays displayed); visible bands of parenchyma are shown as grey lines and secretory canals as red dots (orange when their identification is less clear), arranged mostly in long tangential lines; I, Ts, zoom in on secretory canals embedded in parenchyma; J, Ts, thin-to-thick walled fibres; K, Ts, diffuse parenchyma (arrows). Scale bars: H, 1 cm; A, 1 mm; B, D, I, 250 µm; C, G, 200 µm; F, K, 100 µm; E, J, 50 µm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7154259" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7154259/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">Fig. 15K</figureCitation>
|
||
), sometimes gathered in small groups; thin bands of parenchyma are tangentially crossing the section at regular intervals (
|
||
<quantity id="4CE69B05A21FFFAF88EFF96FE7A3EC8E" box="[139,232,1714,1741]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="31" pageNumber="882" unit="mm" value="6.0" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="5.0">5-7 mm</quantity>
|
||
). They can contain secretory canals but these ones are not always visible (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13252A65A21FFFAF8912F90FE690ECAF" box="[374,475,1746,1773]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="31.[132,157,1963,1980]" captionTargetId="figure-27@32.[698,1267,768,1324]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIG. 15. — Shoreoxylon cf. deomaliense Prakash & Awasthi, MNHN.F.50192: A, Ts, mostly solitary vessels and long tangential line of secretory canals embedded in parenchyma bands (arrow); B, Ts, zoom in on solitary vessels, mostly aliform parenchyma as well as some diffuse parenchyma (arrow); C, D, Tls, long 1-6-seriate rays with end-to-end fusion (arrow); E, Rls, crystals in chambered parenchyma cells; F, Tls, vasicentric tracheids (black arrow) and tylose in vessel (white arrow); G, Rls, heterocellular ray with upright marginal cells; H, Ts, synthetic drawing of the transversal section (with only some vessels and rays displayed); visible bands of parenchyma are shown as grey lines and secretory canals as red dots (orange when their identification is less clear), arranged mostly in long tangential lines; I, Ts, zoom in on secretory canals embedded in parenchyma; J, Ts, thin-to-thick walled fibres; K, Ts, diffuse parenchyma (arrows). Scale bars: H, 1 cm; A, 1 mm; B, D, I, 250 µm; C, G, 200 µm; F, K, 100 µm; E, J, 50 µm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7154259" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7154259/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">Fig. 15H</figureCitation>
|
||
). When no canal is present, the bands are only 1-4 cells wide. Parenchyma cells 50-90 µm long (average: 70 µm), 15-35 µm wide (average: 25 µm) in tangential section; sometimes crystals in chambered cells (up to 8 crystals per strand seen) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13252A65A21FFFAF89B0F88CE57DED2F" box="[468,566,1873,1900]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="31.[132,157,1963,1980]" captionTargetId="figure-27@32.[698,1267,768,1324]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIG. 15. — Shoreoxylon cf. deomaliense Prakash & Awasthi, MNHN.F.50192: A, Ts, mostly solitary vessels and long tangential line of secretory canals embedded in parenchyma bands (arrow); B, Ts, zoom in on solitary vessels, mostly aliform parenchyma as well as some diffuse parenchyma (arrow); C, D, Tls, long 1-6-seriate rays with end-to-end fusion (arrow); E, Rls, crystals in chambered parenchyma cells; F, Tls, vasicentric tracheids (black arrow) and tylose in vessel (white arrow); G, Rls, heterocellular ray with upright marginal cells; H, Ts, synthetic drawing of the transversal section (with only some vessels and rays displayed); visible bands of parenchyma are shown as grey lines and secretory canals as red dots (orange when their identification is less clear), arranged mostly in long tangential lines; I, Ts, zoom in on secretory canals embedded in parenchyma; J, Ts, thin-to-thick walled fibres; K, Ts, diffuse parenchyma (arrows). Scale bars: H, 1 cm; A, 1 mm; B, D, I, 250 µm; C, G, 200 µm; F, K, 100 µm; E, J, 50 µm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7154259" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7154259/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">Fig. 15E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Parenchyma cells can be more or less enlarged in the form of idioblasts. Rays 1- to 5-(6-)seriate (mainly 4) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13252A65A21FFFAF8CE6FF2AE3ACEB52" box="[1154,1255,247,274]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="31.[132,157,1963,1980]" captionTargetId="figure-27@32.[698,1267,768,1324]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIG. 15. — Shoreoxylon cf. deomaliense Prakash & Awasthi, MNHN.F.50192: A, Ts, mostly solitary vessels and long tangential line of secretory canals embedded in parenchyma bands (arrow); B, Ts, zoom in on solitary vessels, mostly aliform parenchyma as well as some diffuse parenchyma (arrow); C, D, Tls, long 1-6-seriate rays with end-to-end fusion (arrow); E, Rls, crystals in chambered parenchyma cells; F, Tls, vasicentric tracheids (black arrow) and tylose in vessel (white arrow); G, Rls, heterocellular ray with upright marginal cells; H, Ts, synthetic drawing of the transversal section (with only some vessels and rays displayed); visible bands of parenchyma are shown as grey lines and secretory canals as red dots (orange when their identification is less clear), arranged mostly in long tangential lines; I, Ts, zoom in on secretory canals embedded in parenchyma; J, Ts, thin-to-thick walled fibres; K, Ts, diffuse parenchyma (arrows). Scale bars: H, 1 cm; A, 1 mm; B, D, I, 250 µm; C, G, 200 µm; F, K, 100 µm; E, J, 50 µm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7154259" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7154259/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">Fig. 15C</figureCitation>
|
||
), uniseriate about 15% of the rays, non-storied, 5-10 rays per mm (average: 8), 270-1600 µm (average: 650 µm) or up to 30-40 (even 70) cells high, heterocellular made of procumbent cells with 1-4 or more upright cells at the ends (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13252A65A21FFFAF8CA5FEAAE268EBD2" box="[1217,1315,374,401]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="31.[132,157,1963,1980]" captionTargetId="figure-27@32.[698,1267,768,1324]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIG. 15. — Shoreoxylon cf. deomaliense Prakash & Awasthi, MNHN.F.50192: A, Ts, mostly solitary vessels and long tangential line of secretory canals embedded in parenchyma bands (arrow); B, Ts, zoom in on solitary vessels, mostly aliform parenchyma as well as some diffuse parenchyma (arrow); C, D, Tls, long 1-6-seriate rays with end-to-end fusion (arrow); E, Rls, crystals in chambered parenchyma cells; F, Tls, vasicentric tracheids (black arrow) and tylose in vessel (white arrow); G, Rls, heterocellular ray with upright marginal cells; H, Ts, synthetic drawing of the transversal section (with only some vessels and rays displayed); visible bands of parenchyma are shown as grey lines and secretory canals as red dots (orange when their identification is less clear), arranged mostly in long tangential lines; I, Ts, zoom in on secretory canals embedded in parenchyma; J, Ts, thin-to-thick walled fibres; K, Ts, diffuse parenchyma (arrows). Scale bars: H, 1 cm; A, 1 mm; B, D, I, 250 µm; C, G, 200 µm; F, K, 100 µm; E, J, 50 µm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7154259" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7154259/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">Fig. 15G</figureCitation>
|
||
), end-to-end fusion possible resulting in very high rays (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13252A65A21FFFAF8C93FE4BE211EBF2" box="[1271,1370,406,433]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="31.[132,157,1963,1980]" captionTargetId="figure-27@32.[698,1267,768,1324]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIG. 15. — Shoreoxylon cf. deomaliense Prakash & Awasthi, MNHN.F.50192: A, Ts, mostly solitary vessels and long tangential line of secretory canals embedded in parenchyma bands (arrow); B, Ts, zoom in on solitary vessels, mostly aliform parenchyma as well as some diffuse parenchyma (arrow); C, D, Tls, long 1-6-seriate rays with end-to-end fusion (arrow); E, Rls, crystals in chambered parenchyma cells; F, Tls, vasicentric tracheids (black arrow) and tylose in vessel (white arrow); G, Rls, heterocellular ray with upright marginal cells; H, Ts, synthetic drawing of the transversal section (with only some vessels and rays displayed); visible bands of parenchyma are shown as grey lines and secretory canals as red dots (orange when their identification is less clear), arranged mostly in long tangential lines; I, Ts, zoom in on secretory canals embedded in parenchyma; J, Ts, thin-to-thick walled fibres; K, Ts, diffuse parenchyma (arrows). Scale bars: H, 1 cm; A, 1 mm; B, D, I, 250 µm; C, G, 200 µm; F, K, 100 µm; E, J, 50 µm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7154259" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7154259/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">Fig. 15D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Fibres non-septate, 5-19 µm (average: 12 µm) wide, thin-to-thick walled (lumina 1 time the double wall thickness in average) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13252A65A21FFFAF8B51FE2BE4C2E852" box="[821,905,502,529]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="31.[132,157,1963,1980]" captionTargetId="figure-27@32.[698,1267,768,1324]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIG. 15. — Shoreoxylon cf. deomaliense Prakash & Awasthi, MNHN.F.50192: A, Ts, mostly solitary vessels and long tangential line of secretory canals embedded in parenchyma bands (arrow); B, Ts, zoom in on solitary vessels, mostly aliform parenchyma as well as some diffuse parenchyma (arrow); C, D, Tls, long 1-6-seriate rays with end-to-end fusion (arrow); E, Rls, crystals in chambered parenchyma cells; F, Tls, vasicentric tracheids (black arrow) and tylose in vessel (white arrow); G, Rls, heterocellular ray with upright marginal cells; H, Ts, synthetic drawing of the transversal section (with only some vessels and rays displayed); visible bands of parenchyma are shown as grey lines and secretory canals as red dots (orange when their identification is less clear), arranged mostly in long tangential lines; I, Ts, zoom in on secretory canals embedded in parenchyma; J, Ts, thin-to-thick walled fibres; K, Ts, diffuse parenchyma (arrows). Scale bars: H, 1 cm; A, 1 mm; B, D, I, 250 µm; C, G, 200 µm; F, K, 100 µm; E, J, 50 µm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7154259" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7154259/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">Fig. 15J</figureCitation>
|
||
). Secretory canals in long tangential lines surrounded by parenchyma (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13252A65A21FFFAF8B84FDCBE331E872" box="[992,1146,534,561]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="31.[132,157,1963,1980]" captionTargetId="figure-27@32.[698,1267,768,1324]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIG. 15. — Shoreoxylon cf. deomaliense Prakash & Awasthi, MNHN.F.50192: A, Ts, mostly solitary vessels and long tangential line of secretory canals embedded in parenchyma bands (arrow); B, Ts, zoom in on solitary vessels, mostly aliform parenchyma as well as some diffuse parenchyma (arrow); C, D, Tls, long 1-6-seriate rays with end-to-end fusion (arrow); E, Rls, crystals in chambered parenchyma cells; F, Tls, vasicentric tracheids (black arrow) and tylose in vessel (white arrow); G, Rls, heterocellular ray with upright marginal cells; H, Ts, synthetic drawing of the transversal section (with only some vessels and rays displayed); visible bands of parenchyma are shown as grey lines and secretory canals as red dots (orange when their identification is less clear), arranged mostly in long tangential lines; I, Ts, zoom in on secretory canals embedded in parenchyma; J, Ts, thin-to-thick walled fibres; K, Ts, diffuse parenchyma (arrows). Scale bars: H, 1 cm; A, 1 mm; B, D, I, 250 µm; C, G, 200 µm; F, K, 100 µm; E, J, 50 µm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7154259" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7154259/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">Fig. 15A, H, I</figureCitation>
|
||
), but also in seemingly short lines probably due to compression in concentric parenchyma bands, or very rarely scattered by
|
||
<quantity id="4CE69B05A21FFFAF8CECFD8BE3FAE833" box="[1160,1201,598,624]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="31" pageNumber="882" unit="in" value="2.0">2 in</quantity>
|
||
the section, 30-100 µm in tangential diameter (average 60 µm).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C304656BA21FFF918B49FD6BE5C9EC6E" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="884" pageId="31" pageNumber="882" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA136E0A21FFFAF8B49FD6BE4E5E893" blockId="31.[811,1457,694,1900]" box="[813,942,694,720]" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">DISCUSSION</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA136E0A21FFFAF8B49FD08E494EC2F" blockId="31.[811,1457,694,1900]" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">
|
||
This specimen is characterized by: 1) diffuse-porous wood; 2) mostly solitary vessels as well as in radial groups; 3) crystalliferous and mostly aliform parenchyma, as well as diffuse; 4) 1-6-seriate heterocellular rays; 5) long tangential lines of secretory canals; and 6) vasicentric tracheids. As for our previous specimens (start p. 878), these features are diagnostic of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A21FFFAF8B31FC48E35BE9EC" baseAuthorityName="Metcalfe & Chalk" baseAuthorityYear="1950" box="[853,1040,917,943]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dipterocarpaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="31" pageNumber="882" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Dipterocarpaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
family. According to the identification key of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11A21FFFAF8B12FC68E377E98C" author="SCHWEITZER H. - J." box="[886,1084,948,975]" pageId="31" pageNumber="882" pagination="1 - 66" refId="ref47790" refString="SCHWEITZER H. - J. 1958. - Die fossilen Dipterocarpaceen-Holzer. Palaeontographica Abteilung B 105 (1 - 4): 1 - 66." type="journal article" year="1958">Schweitzer (1958)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, long tangential lines of canals are found in the genera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A21FFFAF8C6CFC09E306E9AD" box="[1032,1101,980,1006]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dipterocarpaceae" genus="Shorea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="31" pageNumber="882" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A21FFFAF8C6CFC09E306E9AD" box="[1032,1101,980,1006]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">Shorea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A21FFFAF8C3EFC09E3A3E9AD" baseAuthorityName="Schweitzer" baseAuthorityYear="1958" box="[1114,1256,980,1006]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dipterocarpaceae" genus="Dryobalanops" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="31" pageNumber="882" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A21FFFAF8C3EFC09E3A3E9AD" box="[1114,1256,980,1006]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">Dryobalanops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A21FFFAF8C93FC08E271E9AD" authorityName="Roxb. (Soerianegara & Lemmens" authorityYear="1993" box="[1271,1338,981,1006]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dipterocarpaceae" genus="Hopea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="31" pageNumber="882" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A21FFFAF8C93FC08E271E9AD" box="[1271,1338,981,1006]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">Hopea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A21FFFAF8D13FC08E4E3EE4C" authority="Kurz" authorityName="Kurz" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dipterocarpaceae" genus="Parashorea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="31" pageNumber="882" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A21FFFAF8D13FC08E427EE4D" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">Parashorea</emphasis>
|
||
Kurz
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but the latter three can be dismissed: the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A21FFFAF8B49FBC9E4F0EE6D" baseAuthorityName="Schweitzer" baseAuthorityYear="1958" box="[813,955,1044,1070]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dipterocarpaceae" genus="Dryobalanops" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="31" pageNumber="882" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A21FFFAF8B49FBC9E4F0EE6D" box="[813,955,1044,1070]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">Dryobalanops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has exclusively solitary vessels and visible fibretracheids,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A21FFFAF8BF8FBE8E494EE0D" authorityName="Roxb. (Soerianegara & Lemmens" authorityYear="1993" box="[924,991,1077,1102]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dipterocarpaceae" genus="Hopea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="31" pageNumber="882" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A21FFFAF8BF8FBE8E494EE0D" box="[924,991,1077,1102]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">Hopea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has smaller and more frequent vessels (less than 200 µm in average diameter for 10-20 or more vessels per mm²), while
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A21FFFAF8B8AFBA9E315EECD" box="[1006,1118,1140,1166]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dipterocarpaceae" genus="Parashorea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="31" pageNumber="882" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A21FFFAF8B8AFBA9E315EECD" box="[1006,1118,1140,1166]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">Parashorea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has less vessels and larger rays (up to 7-seriate) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11A21FFFAF8B81FB49E3A8EEEC" author="METCALFE C. R. & CHALK L." box="[997,1251,1172,1199]" pageId="31" pageNumber="882" refId="ref44633" refString="METCALFE C. R. & CHALK L. 1950. - Anatomy of the Dicotyledons Vol. 1 & 2. Oxford, Clarendon Press. 1500 p. http: // www. worldcat. org / oclc / 489685836" type="book" year="1950">Metcalfe & Chalk 1950</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11A21FFFAF8C94FB49E49DEE8D" author="GOTTWALD H. P. J. & PARAMESWARAN N." pageId="31" pageNumber="882" pagination="410 - 508" refId="ref41541" refString="GOTTWALD H. P. J. & PARAMESWARAN N. 1966. - Das sekundare Xylem der Familie Dipterocarpaceae, anatomische Untersuchungen zur Taxonomie und Phylogenie. Botanische Jarbucher fur Systematik 85 (3): 410 - 508." type="journal article" year="1966">Gottwald & Parameswaran 1966</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11A21FFFAF8B87FB69E27EEE8D" author="SOERIANEGARA I. & LEMMENS R. H. M. J." box="[995,1333,1204,1230]" pageId="31" pageNumber="882" refId="ref47964" refString="SOERIANEGARA I. & LEMMENS R. H. M. J. (eds) 1993. - Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen, 610 p. (Plant resources of South-East Asia [PRO- SEA], 5 [1]). https: // www. sudoc. fr / 013093835" type="book" year="1993">Soerianegara & Lemmens 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11A21FFFAF8D26FB69E48DEEAD" author="RICHTER H. G. & DALLWITZ M. J." pageId="31" pageNumber="882" refId="ref47428" refString="RICHTER H. G. & DALLWITZ M. J. 2000 - onward. - Commercial timbers: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. In English, French, German, Portuguese, and Spanish. Version: 9 th April 2019. DELTA - DEscription Language for TAxonomy. Available from https: // www. delta-intkey. com /" type="url" year="2000">Richter & Dallwitz 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
-onward;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11A21FFFAF8C49FB09E3A8EEAD" author="OGATA K. & FUJII T. & ABE H. & BAAS P." box="[1069,1251,1236,1262]" pageId="31" pageNumber="882" refId="ref45115" refString="OGATA K., FUJII T., ABE H. & BAAS P. 2008. - Identification of the Timbers of Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific. Kaiseisha Press, Otsu-shi, 408 p. http: // www. worldcat. org / oclc / 1087889669" type="book" year="2008">
|
||
Ogata
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A21FFFAF8C10FB09E3EDEEAD" box="[1140,1190,1236,1262]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A21FFFAF8D0DFB09E2E5EEAD" box="[1385,1454,1236,1262]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dipterocarpaceae" genus="Shorea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="31" pageNumber="882" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A21FFFAF8D0DFB09E2E5EEAD" box="[1385,1454,1236,1262]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">Shorea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is divided into several sections that are more or less phylogenetically supported and roughly characterized by few features: section ‘Pentacme’ by big vessels, section ‘Richetioides’ (or ‘Richetia’) by the presence of radial canals, section ‘Anthoshorea’ by the presence of silica bodies in ray cells as well as short rays, thin-walled fibres and rare crystals in parenchyma, sections ‘Rubroshorea’ by solitary crystals or in short chain of non-chambered (or chambered) parenchyma cells and idioblasts, section ‘Shorea’ by short rays, few marginal ray cells and crystals in long chains of chambered parenchyma cells and idioblasts. The present wood would thus be close to the section ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A21FFFAF8BE7F98FE499EC2F" box="[899,978,1618,1644]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dipterocarpaceae" genus="Shorea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="31" pageNumber="882" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Shorea</taxonomicName>
|
||
”.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA136E0A21FFFAF8B27F9AFE3D0ED2F" blockId="31.[811,1457,694,1900]" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">
|
||
Among
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A21FFFAF8BF3F9AFE491ECCF" box="[919,986,1650,1676]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dipterocarpaceae" genus="Shorea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="31" pageNumber="882" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A21FFFAF8BF3F9AFE491ECCF" box="[919,986,1650,1676]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">Shorea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
extant species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A21FFFAF8C10F9AFE266ECCF" authority="Ridl." authorityName="Ridl." box="[1140,1325,1650,1676]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dipterocarpaceae" genus="Shorea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="31" pageNumber="882" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laevis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A21FFFAF8C10F9AFE3BAECCF" box="[1140,1265,1650,1676]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">Shorea laevis</emphasis>
|
||
Ridl.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shares many features of our fossil including the aliform parenchyma (but without crystals), the vessel size and density, the similar rays (mostly 3-5-seriate) with few marginal cells and few uniseriate rays. The same arrangement of crystalliferous parenchyma and ray size is found in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A21FFFAF8C41F8CFE3A8ED6F" authority="Dyer" authorityName="Dyer" box="[1061,1251,1810,1836]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dipterocarpaceae" genus="Shorea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="31" pageNumber="882" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="parvifolia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A21FFFAF8C41F8CFE3EFED6F" box="[1061,1188,1810,1836]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">S. parvifolia</emphasis>
|
||
Dyer
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A21FFFAF8C88F8CFE2E0ED6F" authority="King" authorityName="King" box="[1260,1451,1810,1836]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dipterocarpaceae" genus="Shorea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="31" pageNumber="882" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pauciflora">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A21FFFAF8C88F8CFE226ED6F" box="[1260,1389,1810,1836]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">S. pauciflora</emphasis>
|
||
King
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A21FFFAF8B49F8EFE30BED08" authority="Symington." authorityName="Symington." box="[813,1088,1841,1868]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dipterocarpaceae" genus="Shorea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="31" pageNumber="882" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="atrinervosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A21FFFAF8B49F8EFE4F3ED08" box="[813,952,1842,1868]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">S. atrinervosa</emphasis>
|
||
Symington.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and with a lesser extent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A21FFFAF8D3AF8EFE48AED28" authority="King" authorityName="King" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dipterocarpaceae" genus="Shorea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="31" pageNumber="882" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maxwelliana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A21FFFAF8D3AF8EFE4CEED28" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">S. maxwelliana</emphasis>
|
||
King
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A21FFFAF8B93F88FE3D0ED2F" authority="Foxw." authorityName="Foxw." box="[1015,1179,1873,1900]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dipterocarpaceae" genus="Shorea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="31" pageNumber="882" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="almon">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A21FFFAF8B93F88FE31FED28" box="[1015,1108,1873,1900]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">S. almon</emphasis>
|
||
Foxw.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF616668A21FFF9088E0F876E49AEDAA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7154259" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7154259" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7154259/files/figure.png" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="883" pageId="31" pageNumber="882" startId="31.[132,157,1963,1980]" targetBox="[132,1455,215,1878]" targetPageId="32">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA136E0A21FFFAF88E0F876E2E4EDAA" blockId="31.[132,1455,1963,2025]" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">
|
||
FIG. 15. —
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A21FFFAF88BBF876E581EDFF" authority="Prakash & Awasthi, MNHN. F." authorityName="Prakash & Awasthi, MNHN. F." box="[223,714,1963,1980]" class="Magnoliopsida" genus="Shoreoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="31" pageNumber="882" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="deomaliense">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A21FFFAF88BBF876E60DEDFF" box="[223,326,1963,1980]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">Shoreoxylon</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A21FFFAF8903F876E69BEDFF" box="[359,464,1963,1980]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">deomaliense</emphasis>
|
||
Prakash & Awasthi, MNHN.F.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
50192:
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A21FFFAF8B6DF876E45DEDFF" bold="true" box="[777,790,1963,1980]" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">A</emphasis>
|
||
, Ts, mostly solitary vessels and long tangential line of secretory canals embedded in parenchyma bands (
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A21FFFAF890DF81FE6D6ED90" bold="true" box="[361,413,1986,2003]" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">arrow</emphasis>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A21FFFAF89C9F81FE6F1ED90" bold="true" box="[429,442,1986,2003]" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">B</emphasis>
|
||
, Ts, zoom in on solitary vessels, mostly aliform parenchyma as well as some diffuse parenchyma (
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A21FFFAF8C97F81FE26CED90" bold="true" box="[1267,1319,1986,2003]" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">arrow</emphasis>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A21FFFAF8D53F81FE20EED90" bold="true" box="[1335,1349,1986,2003]" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">C</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A21FFFAF8D34F81FE215ED90" bold="true" box="[1360,1374,1986,2003]" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">D</emphasis>
|
||
, Tls, long 1-6-seriate rays with end-to-end fusion (
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A21FFFAF89B0F805E543EDAA" bold="true" box="[468,520,2008,2025]" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">arrow</emphasis>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A21FFFAF8A73F805E568EDAA" bold="true" box="[535,547,2008,2025]" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">E</emphasis>
|
||
, Rls, crystals in chambered parenchyma cells;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A21FFFAF8BCFF805E4FDEDAA" bold="true" box="[939,950,2008,2025]" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">F</emphasis>
|
||
, Tls, vasicentric tracheids (
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A21FFFAF8CFDF805E249EDAA" bold="true" box="[1177,1282,2008,2025]" pageId="31" pageNumber="882">black arrow</emphasis>
|
||
) and tylose in vessel
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA136E0A220FF9088E0F849E49AEDAA" blockId="32.[132,1457,1940,2025]" pageId="32" pageNumber="883">
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A220FF9088EDF849E7BAEDE6" bold="true" box="[137,241,1940,1957]" pageId="32" pageNumber="883">white arrow</emphasis>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A220FF90889BF849E646EDE6" bold="true" box="[255,269,1940,1957]" pageId="32" pageNumber="883">G</emphasis>
|
||
, Rls, heterocellular ray with upright marginal cells;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A220FF908ACFF849E5F2EDE6" bold="true" box="[683,697,1940,1957]" pageId="32" pageNumber="883">H</emphasis>
|
||
, Ts, synthetic drawing of the transversal section (with only some vessels and rays displayed); visible bands of parenchyma are shown as grey lines and secretory canals as red dots (orange when their identification is less clear), arranged mostly in long tangential lines;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A220FF90896FF81FE65AED90" bold="true" box="[267,273,1986,2003]" pageId="32" pageNumber="883">I</emphasis>
|
||
, Ts, zoom in on secretory canals embedded in parenchyma;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A220FF908B6AF81FE453ED90" bold="true" box="[782,792,1986,2003]" pageId="32" pageNumber="883">J</emphasis>
|
||
, Ts, thin-to-thick walled fibres;
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A220FF908C44F81FE366ED90" bold="true" box="[1056,1069,1986,2003]" pageId="32" pageNumber="883">K</emphasis>
|
||
, Ts, diffuse parenchyma (
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A220FF908D61F81FE208ED90" bold="true" box="[1285,1347,1986,2003]" pageId="32" pageNumber="883">arrows</emphasis>
|
||
). Scale bars: H,
|
||
<quantity id="4CE69B05A220FF9088F8F805E782EDAA" box="[156,201,2008,2025]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="32" pageNumber="883" unit="cm" value="1.0">1 cm</quantity>
|
||
; A,
|
||
<quantity id="4CE69B05A220FF908883F805E653EDAA" box="[231,280,2008,2025]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="32" pageNumber="883" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
||
; B, D, I, 250 µm; C, G, 200 µm; F, K, 100 µm; E, J, 50 µm. Abbreviations: see
|
||
<figureCitation id="13252A65A220FF908BF9F805E480EDAA" box="[925,971,2008,2025]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[132,157,1567,1584]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1531]" captionTargetId="figure-228@6.[699,1268,778,1344]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 2. — Cupressinoxylon sp. MNHN.F.50171: A, transverse section (Ts), growth limits (white arrows), diffuse parenchyma (grey arrows) and zonate parenchyma (black arrows), large black areas are cells filled with deposit material; B, Ts, growth limit with gradual transition from earlywood to latewood; C, tangential longitudinal section (Tls), 1- sometimes 2-seriate rays and parenchyma lines (arrow); D, Tls, detail of 1- sometimes 2-seriate rays; E, Tls, smooth longitudinal parenchyma walls (arrows); F, Tls, 1-2-seriate rays and tangential pits (arrows); G, radial longitudinal section (Rls), possibly cupressoid and/or podocarpoid crossfield pits (arrow); H, Rls, uniseriate radial pits; I, Rls, smooth parenchyma cell walls.Scale bars: A, C, 1 mm; B, 200 µm; E-F, H, 100 µm; G, 50 µm; I, 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7145309" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7145309/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="883">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA136E0A221FF9188FFFF0AE699EEAD" blockId="33.[130,777,215,1582]" pageId="33" pageNumber="884">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A221FF9188FFFF0AE653EAB2" box="[155,280,215,241]" class="Magnoliopsida" genus="Shoreoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="33" pageNumber="884" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A221FF9188FFFF0AE653EAB2" box="[155,280,215,241]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="884">Shoreoxylon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
groups the fossil specimens close to all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A221FF918ADBFF0AE44EEAB2" box="[703,773,215,241]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dipterocarpaceae" genus="Shorea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="33" pageNumber="884" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A221FF918ADBFF0AE44EEAB2" box="[703,773,215,241]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="884">Shorea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A221FF9188D6FF2AE66BEB52" box="[178,288,247,273]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dipterocarpaceae" genus="Parashorea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="33" pageNumber="884" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A221FF9188D6FF2AE66BEB52" box="[178,288,247,273]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="884">Parashorea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A221FF9189FFFF25E542EB52" box="[411,521,248,273]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dipterocarpaceae" genus="Hopenium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="33" pageNumber="884" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A221FF9189FFFF25E542EB52" box="[411,521,248,273]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="884">Hopenium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was instituted (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11A221FF918AD6FF2AE7F7EB72" author="AWASTHI N." pageId="33" pageNumber="884" pagination="248 - 258" refId="ref38380" refString="AWASTHI N. 1980. - Two new Dipterocarpaceous woods from the Cuddalore series near Pondicherry. The Palaeobotanist 26 (3): 248 - 258 (1977). https: // doi. org / 10.54991 / jop. 1977.1068" type="journal article" year="1980">Awasthi 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) for woods resembling
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A221FF9189D3FEC5E6B1EB72" authorityName="Roxb. (Soerianegara & Lemmens" authorityYear="1993" box="[439,506,280,305]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dipterocarpaceae" genus="Hopea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="33" pageNumber="884" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A221FF9189D3FEC5E6B1EB72" box="[439,506,280,305]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="884">Hopea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with upright ray cells in the middle of the rays. Species descriptions in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A221FF918AEDFEEAE44CEB12" box="[649,775,311,337]" class="Magnoliopsida" genus="Shoreoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="33" pageNumber="884" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A221FF918AEDFEEAE44CEB12" box="[649,775,311,337]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="884">Shoreoxylon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are often overlapping and rarely consider inter- and intraspecific variations. In addition, they sometimes lack diagnostic characters or qualitative illustrations. Consequently, it is difficult to identify a unique species that could be attributed to our specimen. Some species display features that are close to our fossil (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13252A65A221FF9189E5FE2BE548E853" box="[385,515,502,528]" captionStart="APPENDIX" captionStartId="55.[61,73,447,464]" captionTargetPageId="55" captionText="APPENDIX 1. — Synthetic summary of main characters of the Dipterocarp fossil woods mentioned in the article, as described by the original authors (first name), the authors who redescribed a specimen of the same species or emmended the original diagnosis (second name), or as extracted from another publication (in parenthesis). Features in parenthesis are less commun." pageId="33" pageNumber="884">Appendix 1</figureCitation>
|
||
):
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A221FF918A78FE2BE791E873" authority="Prakash" authorityName="Prakash" class="Magnoliopsida" genus="Shoreoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="33" pageNumber="884" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="burmense">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A221FF918A78FE2BE44CE853" box="[540,775,502,528]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="884">Shoreoxylon burmense</emphasis>
|
||
Prakash
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11A221FF91888EFDCBE6C7E872" author="PRAKASH U." box="[234,396,534,561]" pageId="33" pageNumber="884" pagination="181 - 182" refId="ref45731" refString="PRAKASH U. 1965 a. - Fossil wood of Dipterocarpaceae from the Tertiary of Burma. Current Science 34 (6): 181 - 182. https: // www. jstor. org / stable / 24062074" type="journal article" year="1965">Prakash 1965a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11A221FF9189FDFDCBE69EE873" author="PRAKASH U." box="[409,469,534,560]" pageId="33" pageNumber="884" pagination="48 - 70" refId="ref45991" refString="PRAKASH U. 1973. - Fossil woods from the Tertiary of Burma. The Palaeobotanist 20 (1): 48 - 70 (1971). https: // doi. org / 10.54991 / jop. 1971.887" type="journal article" year="1973">1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11A221FF918984FDCBE5DEE873" author="LICHT A. & BOURA A. & DE FRANCESCHI D. & DUCROCQ S. & AUNG NAING SOE & JAEGER J. - J." box="[480,661,534,560]" pageId="33" pageNumber="884" pagination="29 - 46" refId="ref43664" refString="LICHT A., BOURA A., DE FRANCESCHI D., DUCROCQ S., AUNG NAING SOE & JAEGER J. - J. 2014. - Fossil woods from the late middle Eocene Pondaung Formation, Myanmar. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 202: 29 - 46. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. revpalbo. 2013.12.002" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Licht
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A221FF918A46FDCAE51DE873" box="[546,598,534,560]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="884">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) share the same
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A58842A221FF9188A4FDEAE7A4E812" box="[192,239,567,593]" pageId="33" pageNumber="884">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of rays, the parenchyma is also quite similar, but the secretory canals are grouped in very close lines, from 2 to 4, which is not the case in our fossil, and it has no crystal in parenchyma.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A221FF91891AFD4BE44CE8F3" authority="Awasthi (1974)" authorityName="Awasthi" authorityYear="1974" box="[382,775,662,688]" class="Magnoliopsida" genus="Shoreoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="33" pageNumber="884" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="indicum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A221FF91891AFD4BE513E8F3" box="[382,600,662,688]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="884">Shoreoxylon indicum</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11A221FF918A3BFD4BE44CE8F3" author="AWASTHI N." box="[607,775,662,688]" pageId="33" pageNumber="884" pagination="339 - 351" refId="ref38244" refString="AWASTHI N. 1974. - Occurance of some dipterocarpaceous woods in the Cuddalore series of South India. The Palaeobotanist 21 (3): 339 - 351 (1972). https: // doi. org / 10.54991 / jop. 1972.1496" type="journal article" year="1974">Awasthi (1974)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has the same vessel and ray distribution, crystals in parenchyma cells, but its apotracheal and confluent parenchyma are more developed whith only 5 crystals per parenchyma strands (up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CE69B05A221FF918948FCC8E612E96C" box="[300,345,789,815]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.032" pageId="33" pageNumber="884" unit="in" value="8.0">8 in</quantity>
|
||
our fossil).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A221FF918981FCC8E66BE913" authority="Schweitzer (1958)" authorityName="Schweitzer" authorityYear="1958" class="Magnoliopsida" genus="Shoreoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="33" pageNumber="884" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="posthumi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A221FF918981FCC8E585E96C" box="[485,718,789,815]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="884">Shoreoxylon posthumi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11A221FF918AB1FCC8E66BE913" author="SCHWEITZER H. - J." pageId="33" pageNumber="884" pagination="1 - 66" refId="ref47790" refString="SCHWEITZER H. - J. 1958. - Die fossilen Dipterocarpaceen-Holzer. Palaeontographica Abteilung B 105 (1 - 4): 1 - 66." type="journal article" year="1958">Schweitzer (1958)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has crystals in parenchyma as well as enlarged parenchyma cells, but it has much developed apotracheal parenchyma and its canal lines are irregularly distributed or superimposed.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A221FF918922FC48E784E98C" authority="Prakash & Awasthi (1970)" authorityName="Prakash & Awasthi" authorityYear="1970" class="Magnoliopsida" genus="Shoreoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="33" pageNumber="884" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tipamense">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A221FF918922FC48E57AE9EC" box="[326,561,917,943]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="884">Shoreoxylon tipamense</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11A221FF918A5CFC48E784E98C" author="PRAKASH U. & AWASTHI N." pageId="33" pageNumber="884" pagination="32 - 44" refId="ref46208" refString="PRAKASH U. & AWASTHI N. 1970. - Fossil woods from the Tertiary of Eastern India. 1. The Palaeobotanist 18 (1): 32 - 44 (1969). https: // doi. org / 10.54991 / jop. 1969.816" type="journal article" year="1970">Prakash & Awasthi (1970)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has similar vessel, parenchyma and ray arrangement, but it also has bigger vessels, larger canals, thinner fibres cell walls and sheath cells.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A221FF9189DEFC29E58AEE4D" box="[442,705,1012,1038]" class="Magnoliopsida" genus="Shoreoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="33" pageNumber="884" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="deomaliense">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A221FF9189DEFC29E58AEE4D" box="[442,705,1012,1038]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="884">Shoreoxylon deomaliense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the closest fossil species to our specimen (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11A221FF918A55FBC9E7F5EE0D" author="PRAKASH U. & AWASTHI N." pageId="33" pageNumber="884" pagination="219 - 225" refId="ref46255" refString="PRAKASH U. & AWASTHI N. 1971. - Fossil woods from the Tertiary of Eastern India, 2. The Palaeobotanist 18 (3): 219 - 225 (1969). https: // doi. org / 10.54991 / jop. 1969.839" type="journal article" year="1971">Prakash & Awasthi 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11A221FF9188ABFBE9E6C4EE0D" author="LICHT A. & BOURA A. & DE FRANCESCHI D. & DUCROCQ S. & AUNG NAING SOE & JAEGER J. - J." box="[207,399,1076,1102]" pageId="33" pageNumber="884" pagination="29 - 46" refId="ref43664" refString="LICHT A., BOURA A., DE FRANCESCHI D., DUCROCQ S., AUNG NAING SOE & JAEGER J. - J. 2014. - Fossil woods from the late middle Eocene Pondaung Formation, Myanmar. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 202: 29 - 46. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. revpalbo. 2013.12.002" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Licht
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A221FF918970FBE8E607EE0D" box="[276,332,1076,1102]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="884">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), though the present fossil has a lesser frequency of vessels, more aliform parenchyma and slightly thinner rays (up to 6-seriate, compared to 7-seriate for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A221FF9188BEFB49E63EEEED" box="[218,373,1172,1198]" class="Magnoliopsida" genus="Shoreoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="33" pageNumber="884" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="deomaliense">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A221FF9188BEFB49E63EEEED" box="[218,373,1172,1198]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="884">S. deomaliense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) with shorter rows of marginal ray cells. Considering its preservation, we attribute our fossil to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A221FF9188C7FB09E681EEAD" box="[163,458,1236,1262]" class="Magnoliopsida" genus="Shoreoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="33" pageNumber="884" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="deomaliense">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A221FF9188C7FB09E66AEEAD" box="[163,289,1236,1262]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="884">Shoreoxylon</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A221FF91892FFB09E681EEAD" box="[331,458,1236,1262]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="884">deomaliense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA136E0A221FF9188FFFB29E5C9EC6E" blockId="33.[130,777,215,1582]" pageId="33" pageNumber="884">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A221FF9188FFFB29E7ABEF4D" box="[155,224,1268,1294]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dipterocarpaceae" genus="Shorea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="33" pageNumber="884" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A221FF9188FFFB29E7ABEF4D" box="[155,224,1268,1294]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="884">Shorea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a genus of tropical Asian trees growing in humid lowland areas, on podzols and peat swamps, mostly below
|
||
<quantity id="4CE69B05A221FF9188E2FAE9E796EF0C" box="[134,221,1332,1359]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="884" unit="m" value="1000.0">1000 m</quantity>
|
||
altitude (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11A221FF91892EFAE9E692EF0D" author="ASHTON P. S." box="[330,473,1332,1358]" pageId="33" pageNumber="884" pagination="237 - 552" refId="ref37953" refString="ASHTON P. S. 1982. - Dipterocarpaceae, in VAN STEENIS C. G. G. J. (ed.), Flora Malesiana, Series 1, Spermatophyta 9 (2): 237 - 552. https: // repository. naturalis. nl / pub / 532631" type="journal article" year="1982">Ashton 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11A221FF91898EFAE9E7F0EF2D" author="SOERIANEGARA I. & LEMMENS R. H. M. J." pageId="33" pageNumber="884" refId="ref47964" refString="SOERIANEGARA I. & LEMMENS R. H. M. J. (eds) 1993. - Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen, 610 p. (Plant resources of South-East Asia [PRO- SEA], 5 [1]). https: // www. sudoc. fr / 013093835" type="book" year="1993">Soerianegara & Lemmens 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A221FF9188B4FA89E61BEF2D" box="[208,336,1364,1390]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dipterocarpaceae" genus="Shorea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="33" pageNumber="884" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laevis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A221FF9188B4FA89E61BEF2D" box="[208,336,1364,1390]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="884">Shorea laevis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
mostly grows on well-drained to dry soils, on ridges or hillsides up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CE69B05A221FF9189FDFAA9E6A5EFCD" box="[409,494,1396,1422]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="884" unit="m" value="1000.0">1000 m</quantity>
|
||
. It is also found in lowland mixed dipterocarp forests and on alluvial sites (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11A221FF918A11FA49E44BEFED" author="ASHTON P. S." box="[629,768,1428,1454]" pageId="33" pageNumber="884" pagination="237 - 552" refId="ref37953" refString="ASHTON P. S. 1982. - Dipterocarpaceae, in VAN STEENIS C. G. G. J. (ed.), Flora Malesiana, Series 1, Spermatophyta 9 (2): 237 - 552. https: // repository. naturalis. nl / pub / 532631" type="journal article" year="1982">Ashton 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11A221FF9188E0FA69E692EF8D" author="SOERIANEGARA I. & LEMMENS R. H. M. J." box="[132,473,1460,1486]" pageId="33" pageNumber="884" refId="ref47964" refString="SOERIANEGARA I. & LEMMENS R. H. M. J. (eds) 1993. - Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen, 610 p. (Plant resources of South-East Asia [PRO- SEA], 5 [1]). https: // www. sudoc. fr / 013093835" type="book" year="1993">Soerianegara & Lemmens 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11A221FF918982FA69E5E3EF8D" author="POOMA R. & NEWMAN M. F. & BARSTOW M." box="[486,680,1460,1486]" pageId="33" pageNumber="884" pagination="2833046" refId="ref45635" refString="POOMA R., NEWMAN M. F. & BARSTOW M. 2017. - Shorea laevis. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e. T 33121 A 2833046. https: // doi. org / 10. 2305 / IUCN. UK. 2017 - 3. RLTS. T 33121 A 2833046. en" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Pooma
|
||
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A221FF918A53FA69E521EF8D" box="[567,618,1460,1486]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="884">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). All the other species cited above are found in mixed dipterocarp forests in lowlands or on rolling hills, on well-drained soils at up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CE69B05A221FF918885F9CEE67DEC6D" box="[225,310,1555,1582]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="884" unit="m" value="1000.0">1000 m</quantity>
|
||
altitude (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11A221FF9189FAF9CEE560EC6E" author="ASHTON P. S." box="[414,555,1555,1581]" pageId="33" pageNumber="884" pagination="237 - 552" refId="ref37953" refString="ASHTON P. S. 1982. - Dipterocarpaceae, in VAN STEENIS C. G. G. J. (ed.), Flora Malesiana, Series 1, Spermatophyta 9 (2): 237 - 552. https: // repository. naturalis. nl / pub / 532631" type="journal article" year="1982">Ashton 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11A221FF918A5DF9CEE53DEC6E" author="ASHTON P. S." box="[569,630,1555,1581]" pageId="33" pageNumber="884" pagination="63 - 388" refId="ref37898" refString="ASHTON P. S. 2004. - Dipterocarpaceae, in SOEPADMO L. G., SAW L. G. & CHUNG R. C. K. (eds), Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak Vol. 5. Forest Research Institute, Kuala Lumpur: 63 - 388." type="book chapter" year="2004">2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |