415 lines
60 KiB
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415 lines
60 KiB
XML
<document id="40CFC16656DABF4722C41FB2A3EE3C60" ID-CLB-Dataset="160069" ID-DOI="10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a28" ID-GBIF-Dataset="72def8b5-32ce-44ea-9b40-28a3d239c00c" ID-ISSN="1638-9395" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7145305" ID-ZooBank="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:2611B0BC-F569-4135-A09C-6E527C2565A4" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1664918879762" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Gentis, Nicolas, Licht, Alexis, Boura, Anaïs, Aung, Dario De Franceschi Zaw Win Day Wa & Dupont-Nivet, Guillaume" docDate="2022" docId="03B787F6A214FFA58B33F98FE35DEDAF" docLanguage="en" docName="Geodiversitas.44.28.853-909.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Geodiversitas 44 (28)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:F830B10FF475E64C1F1601E3B32DDC00.4:Geodiversitas.2018-.journal_article" docStyleId="F830B10FF475E64C1F1601E3B32DDC00" docStyleName="Geodiversitas.2018-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Artocarpoxylon kartikcherraensis Prakash & Lalitha" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="872" masterDocId="FF8EFF8EA200FFB08864FFDDE74BEA43" masterDocTitle="Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications" masterLastPageNumber="909" masterPageNumber="853" pageNumber="871" updateTime="1699387669439" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC0-1.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC0-1.0">
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<mods:titleInfo id="E14F684BB9560DF13E6663A5D63382C1">
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<mods:title id="A261372393E281AA45C60E24510DB9F7">Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="71E4BB5B04377CAE11E732BFBAD9EBDC">Gentis, Nicolas</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8667CAC7A33DBDCF262ABA4ED8EBB271">Licht, Alexis</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F64353F060D3BB3FBF39B388BE9BFCCC">Boura, Anaïs</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="AB351C2852278813C410FB2EF11E2386">Aung, Dario De Franceschi Zaw Win Day Wa</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0AA0AFAC48BD52F17059D3C41DB96806">Dupont-Nivet, Guillaume</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="A8C164DD3A11C8E28C9EC375714CBCA5">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="E6D266B95A8B81B6D7D3E24DD0F2E0CD">Geodiversitas</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="FD46A61CA092803EDE8F120249FE1A0E">
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<mods:date id="569DBBFC246283C8851B5C579EE09FA4">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="3943FFA6DB03EA24C2B11006AEC552BC">2022-09-29</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="583CF550077D242C132DBDE3EACD2399">44</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03B787F6A214FFA58B33F98FE35DEDAF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7154280" ID-GBIF-Taxon="202152124" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7154280" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B787F6A214FFA58B33F98FE35DEDAF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B787F6A214FFA58B33F98FE35DEDAF" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="872" pageId="20" pageNumber="871">
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<subSubSection id="C304656BA214FFA48B33F98FE3D6ECCE" pageId="20" pageNumber="871" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA136E0A214FFA48B33F98FE3D6ECCE" blockId="20.[855,1413,1618,1677]" pageId="20" pageNumber="871">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A214FFA48B33F98FE2CEEC2F" authority="Prakash & Lalitha" authorityName="Prakash & Lalitha" box="[855,1413,1618,1645]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Artocarpoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="20" pageNumber="871" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kartikcherraensis">
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A214FFA48B33F98FE3F1EC2E" bold="true" box="[855,1210,1618,1645]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="871">Artocarpoxylon kartikcherraensis</emphasis>
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Prakash & Lalitha
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="13252A65A214FFA48C2CF9AFE3DFECCF" box="[1096,1172,1650,1676]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="22.[132,157,1366,1383]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1324]" captionTargetId="figure-254@22.[698,1267,213,770]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIG. 10. — Artocarpoxylon kartikcherraensis Prakash & Lalitha, MNHN.F.50187: A, Ts, sparse vessels, vasicentric parenchyma sometimes slightly aliform; B: Ts, detail of vasicentric parenchyma and vessels plugged with tyloses; C, Tls, alternate intervessel pits with lenticular appertures; D, Tls,1-6 seriate rays with upright marginal cells; E, Tls, 1-6 seriate rays with sheath cells (black arrow) and end-to-end fusions (white arrow); F, Tls, latex tube in ray, mostly of the same size as ray cells (arrow); G, Rls, view of a latex tube in ray, recognizable as a continuous black line in radial section; H, Rls, heterocellular ray with 1-4 rows of marginal cells, sometimes appearing with upright and procumbent cells mixed due to sheath cells or end-to-end fusions. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; D, 500 µm; B, E, G-H, 200 µm; F, 100 µm; C, 50µm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7145323" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7145323/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="871">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C304656BA214FFA48B49F969E2E4EC8F" box="[813,1455,1716,1740]" pageId="20" pageNumber="871" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BA136E0A214FFA48B49F969E2E4EC8F" blockId="20.[813,1455,1716,1740]" box="[813,1455,1716,1740]" pageId="20" pageNumber="871">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB0E11CEA214FFA48B49F969E2E4EC8F" box="[813,1455,1716,1740]" pageId="20" pageNumber="871">
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<treatmentCitation id="0ABF10F1A214FFA48B49F969E23AEC8F" author="PRAKASH U. & LALITHA C." box="[813,1393,1716,1740]" page="132" pageId="20" pageNumber="871" year="1978">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A214FFA48B49F969E23AEC8F" authority="Prakash & Lalitha, 1978: 132" authorityName="Prakash & Lalitha" authorityPageNumber="132" authorityYear="1978" box="[813,1393,1716,1740]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Artocarpoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="20" pageNumber="871" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kartikcherraensis">
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<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A214FFA48B49F969E31FEC8F" box="[813,1108,1716,1740]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="871">Artocarpoxylon kartikcherraensis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11A214FFA48C3CF969E23AEC8F" author="PRAKASH U. & LALITHA C." box="[1112,1393,1716,1740]" pageId="20" pageNumber="871" pagination="132 - 133" refId="ref46350" refString="PRAKASH U. & LALITHA C. 1978. - Fossil wood of Artocarpus from the Tertiary of Assam. Geophytology 8 (1): 132 - 133." type="journal article" year="1978">Prakash & Lalitha, 1978: 132</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, fig. 1.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C304656BA214FFA48B49F932E232EDAF" pageId="20" pageNumber="871" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BA136E0A214FFA48B49F932E4BCED62" blockId="20.[813,1455,1775,1825]" pageId="20" pageNumber="871">
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<materialsCitation id="3B763CBDA214FFA48B49F932E4BCED62" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3921372310" location="Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences Museum" pageId="20" pageNumber="871" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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ORIGINAL
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<typeStatus id="54A58842A214FFA48BF2F929E4B0ED46" box="[918,1019,1780,1797]" pageId="20" pageNumber="871" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
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. —
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<location id="8EC1603BA214FFA48C4FF932E4CFED62" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B787F6A214FFA58B33F98FE35DEDAF:8EC1603BA214FFA48C4FF932E4CFED62" name="Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences Museum" pageId="20" pageNumber="871">Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences Museum</location>
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no. 35317.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA136E0A214FFA48B49F899E3D9ED35" blockId="20.[813,1455,1860,1910]" pageId="20" pageNumber="871">
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MATERIAL. —
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<materialsCitation id="3B763CBDA214FFA48BA5F899E3D9ED35" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3921372323" collectionCode="MNHN" pageId="20" pageNumber="871" specimenCode="MNHN.F.50187" specimenCount="1">
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<specimenCode id="DBB89E9BA214FFA48BA5F899E321ED1F" box="[961,1130,1860,1884]" pageId="20" pageNumber="871">MNHN.F.50187</specimenCode>
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(field number: NAT17-2). Estimated minimal diameter:
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<quantity id="4CE69B05A214FFA48C4FF883E3C6ED35" box="[1067,1165,1886,1910]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" metricValueMax="3.7" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="20" pageNumber="871" unit="cm" value="31.0" valueMax="37.0" valueMin="25.0">25-37 cm</quantity>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA136E0A214FFA48B49F844E27BEDF2" blockId="20.[813,1328,1945,1969]" box="[813,1328,1945,1969]" pageId="20" pageNumber="871">AGE. — Upper lower to lowermost middle Miocene.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA136E0A214FFA48B49F809E232EDAF" blockId="20.[813,1401,2003,2028]" box="[813,1401,2003,2028]" pageId="20" pageNumber="871">
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LOCALITY. — Kalewa Township,
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<collectingRegion id="49DAF802A214FFA48C14F80EE242EDA8" box="[1136,1289,2003,2027]" country="Myanmar" name="Sagaing" pageId="20" pageNumber="871">Sagaing Region</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F3097670A214FFA48D77F809E23EEDAF" box="[1299,1397,2004,2028]" name="Myanmar" pageId="20" pageNumber="871">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C304656BA215FFA588E0FF05E573EE0C" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BA136E0A215FFA588E0FF05E65EEAB1" blockId="21.[130,777,216,1103]" box="[132,277,216,242]" pageId="21" pageNumber="872">DESCRIPTION</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA136E0A215FFA588E0FF2AE573EE0C" blockId="21.[130,777,216,1103]" pageId="21" pageNumber="872">
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Wood diffuse-porous. Growth rings absent. Vessels solitary (70%) as well as in groups of 2 to 6, evenly distributed (
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<figureCitation id="13252A65A215FFA588E9FEEAE7A1EB12" box="[141,234,311,337]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="22.[132,157,1366,1383]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1324]" captionTargetId="figure-254@22.[698,1267,213,770]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIG. 10. — Artocarpoxylon kartikcherraensis Prakash & Lalitha, MNHN.F.50187: A, Ts, sparse vessels, vasicentric parenchyma sometimes slightly aliform; B: Ts, detail of vasicentric parenchyma and vessels plugged with tyloses; C, Tls, alternate intervessel pits with lenticular appertures; D, Tls,1-6 seriate rays with upright marginal cells; E, Tls, 1-6 seriate rays with sheath cells (black arrow) and end-to-end fusions (white arrow); F, Tls, latex tube in ray, mostly of the same size as ray cells (arrow); G, Rls, view of a latex tube in ray, recognizable as a continuous black line in radial section; H, Rls, heterocellular ray with 1-4 rows of marginal cells, sometimes appearing with upright and procumbent cells mixed due to sheath cells or end-to-end fusions. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; D, 500 µm; B, E, G-H, 200 µm; F, 100 µm; C, 50µm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7145323" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7145323/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="872">Fig. 10A</figureCitation>
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), oval, 0-8 per mm² (average: 3); tangential diameter 85-300 µm (average: 180 µm).Tyloses present (
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<figureCitation id="13252A65A215FFA58A0AFE8AE581EB32" box="[622,714,343,369]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="22.[132,157,1366,1383]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1324]" captionTargetId="figure-254@22.[698,1267,213,770]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIG. 10. — Artocarpoxylon kartikcherraensis Prakash & Lalitha, MNHN.F.50187: A, Ts, sparse vessels, vasicentric parenchyma sometimes slightly aliform; B: Ts, detail of vasicentric parenchyma and vessels plugged with tyloses; C, Tls, alternate intervessel pits with lenticular appertures; D, Tls,1-6 seriate rays with upright marginal cells; E, Tls, 1-6 seriate rays with sheath cells (black arrow) and end-to-end fusions (white arrow); F, Tls, latex tube in ray, mostly of the same size as ray cells (arrow); G, Rls, view of a latex tube in ray, recognizable as a continuous black line in radial section; H, Rls, heterocellular ray with 1-4 rows of marginal cells, sometimes appearing with upright and procumbent cells mixed due to sheath cells or end-to-end fusions. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; D, 500 µm; B, E, G-H, 200 µm; F, 100 µm; C, 50µm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7145323" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7145323/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="872">Fig. 10B</figureCitation>
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). Vessel elements 130-430 µm (average: 260 µm) long. Perforation plates simple.Intervessel pits alternate, 3-9 µm diameter (mean 6 µm) (
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<figureCitation id="13252A65A215FFA588B1FE6BE67DEB92" box="[213,310,438,465]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="22.[132,157,1366,1383]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1324]" captionTargetId="figure-254@22.[698,1267,213,770]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIG. 10. — Artocarpoxylon kartikcherraensis Prakash & Lalitha, MNHN.F.50187: A, Ts, sparse vessels, vasicentric parenchyma sometimes slightly aliform; B: Ts, detail of vasicentric parenchyma and vessels plugged with tyloses; C, Tls, alternate intervessel pits with lenticular appertures; D, Tls,1-6 seriate rays with upright marginal cells; E, Tls, 1-6 seriate rays with sheath cells (black arrow) and end-to-end fusions (white arrow); F, Tls, latex tube in ray, mostly of the same size as ray cells (arrow); G, Rls, view of a latex tube in ray, recognizable as a continuous black line in radial section; H, Rls, heterocellular ray with 1-4 rows of marginal cells, sometimes appearing with upright and procumbent cells mixed due to sheath cells or end-to-end fusions. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; D, 500 µm; B, E, G-H, 200 µm; F, 100 µm; C, 50µm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7145323" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7145323/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="872">Fig. 10C</figureCitation>
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). Vessel-ray pits not preserved. Parenchyma paratracheal in vasicentric sheath, broad to aliform with no distinct limit between parenchyma and fibres (
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<figureCitation id="13252A65A215FFA58A1FFE2BE5B1E852" box="[635,762,502,529]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="22.[132,157,1366,1383]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1324]" captionTargetId="figure-254@22.[698,1267,213,770]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIG. 10. — Artocarpoxylon kartikcherraensis Prakash & Lalitha, MNHN.F.50187: A, Ts, sparse vessels, vasicentric parenchyma sometimes slightly aliform; B: Ts, detail of vasicentric parenchyma and vessels plugged with tyloses; C, Tls, alternate intervessel pits with lenticular appertures; D, Tls,1-6 seriate rays with upright marginal cells; E, Tls, 1-6 seriate rays with sheath cells (black arrow) and end-to-end fusions (white arrow); F, Tls, latex tube in ray, mostly of the same size as ray cells (arrow); G, Rls, view of a latex tube in ray, recognizable as a continuous black line in radial section; H, Rls, heterocellular ray with 1-4 rows of marginal cells, sometimes appearing with upright and procumbent cells mixed due to sheath cells or end-to-end fusions. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; D, 500 µm; B, E, G-H, 200 µm; F, 100 µm; C, 50µm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7145323" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7145323/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="872">Fig. 10A, B</figureCitation>
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), maybe diffuse and rarely confluent; parenchyma cells 45-160 µm high (average: 90 µm), 10-45 µm wide (average: 25 µm) in tangential section; 4-8 cells per parenchyma strands. Rays 1- to 6-seriate, mostly 5-seriate (
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<figureCitation id="13252A65A215FFA589A6FDABE50FE8D3" box="[450,580,630,656]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="22.[132,157,1366,1383]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1324]" captionTargetId="figure-254@22.[698,1267,213,770]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIG. 10. — Artocarpoxylon kartikcherraensis Prakash & Lalitha, MNHN.F.50187: A, Ts, sparse vessels, vasicentric parenchyma sometimes slightly aliform; B: Ts, detail of vasicentric parenchyma and vessels plugged with tyloses; C, Tls, alternate intervessel pits with lenticular appertures; D, Tls,1-6 seriate rays with upright marginal cells; E, Tls, 1-6 seriate rays with sheath cells (black arrow) and end-to-end fusions (white arrow); F, Tls, latex tube in ray, mostly of the same size as ray cells (arrow); G, Rls, view of a latex tube in ray, recognizable as a continuous black line in radial section; H, Rls, heterocellular ray with 1-4 rows of marginal cells, sometimes appearing with upright and procumbent cells mixed due to sheath cells or end-to-end fusions. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; D, 500 µm; B, E, G-H, 200 µm; F, 100 µm; C, 50µm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7145323" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7145323/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="872">Fig. 10D, E</figureCitation>
|
|
), non-storied, 4-7 rays per mm (average: 5), 190-950 µm (average: 480 µm) or up to 50 cells high with end-to-end fusion possible (
|
|
<figureCitation id="13252A65A215FFA58AFAFD68E5B1E893" box="[670,762,693,720]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="22.[132,157,1366,1383]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1324]" captionTargetId="figure-254@22.[698,1267,213,770]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIG. 10. — Artocarpoxylon kartikcherraensis Prakash & Lalitha, MNHN.F.50187: A, Ts, sparse vessels, vasicentric parenchyma sometimes slightly aliform; B: Ts, detail of vasicentric parenchyma and vessels plugged with tyloses; C, Tls, alternate intervessel pits with lenticular appertures; D, Tls,1-6 seriate rays with upright marginal cells; E, Tls, 1-6 seriate rays with sheath cells (black arrow) and end-to-end fusions (white arrow); F, Tls, latex tube in ray, mostly of the same size as ray cells (arrow); G, Rls, view of a latex tube in ray, recognizable as a continuous black line in radial section; H, Rls, heterocellular ray with 1-4 rows of marginal cells, sometimes appearing with upright and procumbent cells mixed due to sheath cells or end-to-end fusions. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; D, 500 µm; B, E, G-H, 200 µm; F, 100 µm; C, 50µm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7145323" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7145323/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="872">Fig. 10E</figureCitation>
|
|
), 1-seriate and some 2-seriate rays made of upright cells only or mixed with procumbent cells, other multiseriate rays heterocellular made of procumbent cells with 1-4 upright marginal cells (
|
|
<figureCitation id="13252A65A215FFA588A4FCE8E66FE913" box="[192,292,821,848]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="22.[132,157,1366,1383]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1324]" captionTargetId="figure-254@22.[698,1267,213,770]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIG. 10. — Artocarpoxylon kartikcherraensis Prakash & Lalitha, MNHN.F.50187: A, Ts, sparse vessels, vasicentric parenchyma sometimes slightly aliform; B: Ts, detail of vasicentric parenchyma and vessels plugged with tyloses; C, Tls, alternate intervessel pits with lenticular appertures; D, Tls,1-6 seriate rays with upright marginal cells; E, Tls, 1-6 seriate rays with sheath cells (black arrow) and end-to-end fusions (white arrow); F, Tls, latex tube in ray, mostly of the same size as ray cells (arrow); G, Rls, view of a latex tube in ray, recognizable as a continuous black line in radial section; H, Rls, heterocellular ray with 1-4 rows of marginal cells, sometimes appearing with upright and procumbent cells mixed due to sheath cells or end-to-end fusions. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; D, 500 µm; B, E, G-H, 200 µm; F, 100 µm; C, 50µm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7145323" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7145323/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="872">Fig. 10H</figureCitation>
|
|
). Some sheath cells present (
|
|
<figureCitation id="13252A65A215FFA58A31FCE8E5FFE913" box="[597,692,821,848]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="22.[132,157,1366,1383]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1324]" captionTargetId="figure-254@22.[698,1267,213,770]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIG. 10. — Artocarpoxylon kartikcherraensis Prakash & Lalitha, MNHN.F.50187: A, Ts, sparse vessels, vasicentric parenchyma sometimes slightly aliform; B: Ts, detail of vasicentric parenchyma and vessels plugged with tyloses; C, Tls, alternate intervessel pits with lenticular appertures; D, Tls,1-6 seriate rays with upright marginal cells; E, Tls, 1-6 seriate rays with sheath cells (black arrow) and end-to-end fusions (white arrow); F, Tls, latex tube in ray, mostly of the same size as ray cells (arrow); G, Rls, view of a latex tube in ray, recognizable as a continuous black line in radial section; H, Rls, heterocellular ray with 1-4 rows of marginal cells, sometimes appearing with upright and procumbent cells mixed due to sheath cells or end-to-end fusions. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; D, 500 µm; B, E, G-H, 200 µm; F, 100 µm; C, 50µm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7145323" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7145323/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="872">Fig. 10E</figureCitation>
|
|
). Fibres non-septate, 6-30 µm (average: 15 µm) wide, thin-to-thick walled (lumina 1.46 times the double wall thickness) with visible lumen sometimes wide. Radial laticifer tubes present in rays, of the same size as ray cells, visible when filled with black content (
|
|
<figureCitation id="13252A65A215FFA58944FC09E6D3E9AC" box="[288,408,980,1007]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="22.[132,157,1366,1383]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1324]" captionTargetId="figure-254@22.[698,1267,213,770]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIG. 10. — Artocarpoxylon kartikcherraensis Prakash & Lalitha, MNHN.F.50187: A, Ts, sparse vessels, vasicentric parenchyma sometimes slightly aliform; B: Ts, detail of vasicentric parenchyma and vessels plugged with tyloses; C, Tls, alternate intervessel pits with lenticular appertures; D, Tls,1-6 seriate rays with upright marginal cells; E, Tls, 1-6 seriate rays with sheath cells (black arrow) and end-to-end fusions (white arrow); F, Tls, latex tube in ray, mostly of the same size as ray cells (arrow); G, Rls, view of a latex tube in ray, recognizable as a continuous black line in radial section; H, Rls, heterocellular ray with 1-4 rows of marginal cells, sometimes appearing with upright and procumbent cells mixed due to sheath cells or end-to-end fusions. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; D, 500 µm; B, E, G-H, 200 µm; F, 100 µm; C, 50µm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7145323" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7145323/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="872">Fig. 10F, G</figureCitation>
|
|
). In tangential section, much larger or longer cells are visible, with a non-circular shape in the flank of vessels, sometimes even modifying the shape of the rays or between two ray ends (
|
|
<figureCitation id="13252A65A215FFA589A8FBE9E560EE0C" box="[460,555,1076,1103]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="22.[132,157,1366,1383]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1324]" captionTargetId="figure-254@22.[698,1267,213,770]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIG. 10. — Artocarpoxylon kartikcherraensis Prakash & Lalitha, MNHN.F.50187: A, Ts, sparse vessels, vasicentric parenchyma sometimes slightly aliform; B: Ts, detail of vasicentric parenchyma and vessels plugged with tyloses; C, Tls, alternate intervessel pits with lenticular appertures; D, Tls,1-6 seriate rays with upright marginal cells; E, Tls, 1-6 seriate rays with sheath cells (black arrow) and end-to-end fusions (white arrow); F, Tls, latex tube in ray, mostly of the same size as ray cells (arrow); G, Rls, view of a latex tube in ray, recognizable as a continuous black line in radial section; H, Rls, heterocellular ray with 1-4 rows of marginal cells, sometimes appearing with upright and procumbent cells mixed due to sheath cells or end-to-end fusions. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; D, 500 µm; B, E, G-H, 200 µm; F, 100 µm; C, 50µm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7145323" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7145323/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="872">Fig. 10E</figureCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="C304656BA215FFA588E0FBA8E35DEDAF" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" type="discussion">
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA136E0A215FFA588E0FBA8E64DEECC" blockId="21.[130,777,1141,2028]" box="[132,262,1141,1167]" pageId="21" pageNumber="872">DISCUSSION</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA136E0A215FFA588E0FB49E3F9E973" blockId="21.[130,777,1141,2028]" lastBlockId="21.[811,1457,215,2028]" pageId="21" pageNumber="872">
|
|
This specimen is characterized by: 1) diffuse-porous wood; 2) scattered vessels; 3) up to 6-seriate and heterocellular rays, occasionally with sheath cells; 4) diffuse and broad sheath vasicentric to aliform parenchyma; 5) no growth rings; 6) abundant tylose; and 7) radial latificer tubes of the same size as ray cells. These features are characteristic of the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A215FFA58AF8FAE9E44EEF0D" box="[668,773,1332,1358]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
|
|
family (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11A215FFA588BEFA8EE6EAEF2E" author="INSIDEWOOD" box="[218,417,1363,1389]" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" refId="ref42546" refString="INSIDEWOOD 2004 - onward. - Published on the Internet. Available from http: // insidewood. lib. ncsu. edu / search" type="url" year="2004">InsideWood 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
|
-onward).
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A215FFA58A77FA8EE5E6EF2E" box="[531,685,1363,1389]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tetramelaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cucurbitales" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Tetramelaceae</taxonomicName>
|
|
are also anatomically close but can have growth rings, parenchyma strands or fibres storied, no laticifer tubes and no tyloses (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11A215FFA588E9FA6EE61FEF8E" author="INSIDEWOOD" box="[141,340,1459,1485]" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" refId="ref42546" refString="INSIDEWOOD 2004 - onward. - Published on the Internet. Available from http: // insidewood. lib. ncsu. edu / search" type="url" year="2004">InsideWood 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
|
-onward). Most of the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A215FFA58A2BFA6EE5F3EF8E" box="[591,696,1459,1485]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
|
|
genera can be ruled out based upon some diagnostic characters: the presence of septate fibres, banded parenchyma (58% of the specimens described on
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11A215FFA589A6F9CFE5DAEC6E" author="INSIDEWOOD" box="[450,657,1554,1581]" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" refId="ref42546" refString="INSIDEWOOD 2004 - onward. - Published on the Internet. Available from http: // insidewood. lib. ncsu. edu / search" type="url" year="2004">InsideWood [2004</bibRefCitation>
|
|
-onward]), frequent homocellular rays, no diffuse-porous wood, often unilateral parenchyma or almost never sheath cells. One genus is clearly apart from other
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A215FFA58991F9AEE515ECCE" box="[501,606,1651,1677]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
|
|
genera because of the absence of any crystal in any
|
|
<typeStatus id="54A58842A215FFA58A6CF94EE57CECEE" box="[520,567,1683,1709]" pageId="21" pageNumber="872">type</typeStatus>
|
|
of cells:
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A215FFA58AF2F94FE63FEC8F" authority="J. R. Forst. & G. Forst." authorityName="J. R. Forst. & G. Forst." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Artocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A215FFA58AF2F94FE44CECEF" box="[662,775,1682,1708]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="872">Artocarpus</emphasis>
|
|
J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
This feature is also observed in our specimen. Among
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A215FFA58936F90FE688ECAF" box="[338,451,1746,1772]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Artocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A215FFA58936F90FE688ECAF" box="[338,451,1746,1772]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="872">Artocarpus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, 5 species have at least sometimes laticifers according to
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11A215FFA589ACF92FE5D2ED4F" author="INSIDEWOOD" box="[456,665,1778,1804]" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" refId="ref42546" refString="INSIDEWOOD 2004 - onward. - Published on the Internet. Available from http: // insidewood. lib. ncsu. edu / search" type="url" year="2004">InsideWood (2004</bibRefCitation>
|
|
-onward), and three with sheath cells in addition:
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A215FFA58A29F8CFE44BED6F" authority="Buch." authorityName="Buch." box="[589,768,1810,1836]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Artocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="chama">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A215FFA58A29F8CFE5FEED6F" box="[589,693,1810,1836]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="872">A. chama</emphasis>
|
|
Buch.
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
- Ham. (although it is unclear and varies among publications
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11A215FFA588E7F88FE6C1ED2F" author="PEARSON R. & BROWN H." box="[131,394,1874,1900]" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" refId="ref45272" refString="PEARSON R. & BROWN H. 1932. - Commercial Timbers of India: Their Distribution, Supplies, Anatomical Structure, Physical and Mechanical Properties and Uses. Vol. 1 & 2. Government of India, Calcutta, 1150 p. http: // www. worldcat. org / oclc / 830775997" type="book" year="1932">Pearson & Brown 1932</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11A215FFA589FFF88CE5D5ED28" author="PURKAYASTHA S. K. & JUNEJA K. B. S. & KAZMI H. S. M." box="[411,670,1873,1899]" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" refId="ref46971" refString="PURKAYASTHA S. K., JUNEJA K. B. S. & KAZMI H. S. M. 1976. - Anatomy of More Important Andaman Commercial Timbers: (with Notes on their Supply, Properties & Uses). Vol. 2. Controller of Publications, Delhi, 48 p. (Indian forest records [new series], Wood anatomy; 1). http: // www. worldcat. org / oclc / 25375036" type="book" year="1976">
|
|
Purkayastha
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A215FFA58A43F88FE516ED28" box="[551,605,1873,1899]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="872">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
1976
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11A215FFA58AC9F88CE7A8EDC8" author="SINGH M. K. & SHARMA C. L. & SHARMA M." pageId="21" pageNumber="872" pagination="73 - 81" refId="ref47817" refString="SINGH M. K., SHARMA C. L. & SHARMA M. 2017. - Comparative wood anatomy of four Artocarpus species of North East India with reference to theiridentification, in PANDEY K. K., RAMAKANTHA V., CHAUHAN S. S. & ARUN KUMAR A. N. (eds), Wood is Good. Springer, Singapore: 73 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 981 - 10 - 3115 - 1 _ 8" type="book chapter" year="2017">
|
|
Singh
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A215FFA58A91F88FE7EBEDC8" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="872">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
2017
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
),
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A215FFA58899F8AFE6EDEDC8" authority="Miq." authorityName="Miq." box="[253,422,1905,1932]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Artocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dadah">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A215FFA58899F8AFE629EDC8" box="[253,354,1905,1932]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="872">A. dadah</emphasis>
|
|
Miq.
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A215FFA5898DF8AFE44CEDCF" authority="(Thunb.) Merr." authorityName="Merr." baseAuthorityName="Thunb." box="[489,775,1905,1932]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Artocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="integer">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A215FFA5898DF8AFE518EDC8" box="[489,595,1906,1932]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="872">A. integer</emphasis>
|
|
(Thunb.) Merr.
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(which has no tylosis). According toTer
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11A215FFA58A53F84CE44AEDEF" author="TER WELLE B. J. H. & NOORMAN J. & TOPPER S. M. C." box="[567,769,1937,1964]" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" pagination="175 - 193" refId="ref48323" refString="TER WELLE B. J. H., KOEK- NOORMAN J. & TOPPER S. M. C. 1986. - The systematic wood anatomy of the Moraceae (Urticales) V. Genera of the tribe Moreae without urticaceous stamens. IAWA Journal 7 (3): 175 - 193. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 22941932 - 90000983" type="journal article" year="1986">
|
|
Welle
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A215FFA58A1EF84FE5E6EDE8" box="[634,685,1937,1963]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="872">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
(1986)
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A215FFA588E0F86CE7B9ED88" box="[132,242,1969,1995]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Artocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A215FFA588E0F86CE7B9ED88" box="[132,242,1969,1995]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="872">Artocarpus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
has common tyloses, non-septate fibres, heterocellular mostly 3-5-seriate rays with 1-2 (5) upright or square marginal cells, sometimes few sheath cells. Parenchyma is mostly aliform, sometimes confluent. Radial latex tube are common, and axial latex tubes can sometimes be present.
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11A215FFA58B4AFEEAE343EB12" author="SINGH M. K. & SHARMA C. L. & SHARMA M." box="[814,1032,311,337]" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" pagination="73 - 81" refId="ref47817" refString="SINGH M. K., SHARMA C. L. & SHARMA M. 2017. - Comparative wood anatomy of four Artocarpus species of North East India with reference to theiridentification, in PANDEY K. K., RAMAKANTHA V., CHAUHAN S. S. & ARUN KUMAR A. N. (eds), Wood is Good. Springer, Singapore: 73 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 981 - 10 - 3115 - 1 _ 8" type="book chapter" year="2017">
|
|
Singh
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A215FFA58B1CFEE5E4FAEB12" box="[888,945,311,337]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="872">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
(2017)
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
described four species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A215FFA58D58FEEAE2FAEB12" box="[1340,1457,311,337]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Artocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A215FFA58D58FEEAE2FAEB12" box="[1340,1457,311,337]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="872">Artocarpus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and mention laticifers in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A215FFA58C2EFE8AE3E5EB32" box="[1098,1198,343,369]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Artocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="chama">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A215FFA58C2EFE8AE3E5EB32" box="[1098,1198,343,369]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="872">A. chama</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A215FFA58CDAFE8AE2E0EB32" authority="Lam." authorityName="Lam." box="[1214,1451,343,369]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Artocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="heterophyllus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A215FFA58CDAFE8AE22DEB32" box="[1214,1382,343,369]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="872">A. heterophyllus</emphasis>
|
|
Lam.
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A215FFA58B4AFEAAE342EBD2" authority="Blanco" authorityName="Blanco" box="[814,1033,375,401]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Artocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lamellosus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A215FFA58B4AFEAAE4FCEBD2" box="[814,951,375,401]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="872">A. lamellosus</emphasis>
|
|
Blanco
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A215FFA58C26FEAAE222EBD2" authority="Roxb. Ex Buch." authorityName="Roxb. Ex Buch." box="[1090,1385,375,401]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Artocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lacucha">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A215FFA58C26FEAAE3FAEBD2" box="[1090,1201,375,401]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="872">A. lacucha</emphasis>
|
|
Roxb. Ex Buch.
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
-Ham. Unfortunately, the figure does not provide clear illustrations (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11A215FFA58B52FE6BE350EB93" author="SINGH M. K. & SHARMA C. L. & SHARMA M." box="[822,1051,438,465]" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" pagination="73 - 81" refId="ref47817" refString="SINGH M. K., SHARMA C. L. & SHARMA M. 2017. - Comparative wood anatomy of four Artocarpus species of North East India with reference to theiridentification, in PANDEY K. K., RAMAKANTHA V., CHAUHAN S. S. & ARUN KUMAR A. N. (eds), Wood is Good. Springer, Singapore: 73 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 981 - 10 - 3115 - 1 _ 8" type="book chapter" year="2017">
|
|
Singh
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A215FFA58B1FFE6AE4E4EB93" box="[891,943,438,464]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="872">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
2017: 76
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
, fig. 1). Latex tubes usually appear in radial section as long lines inside rays (which is the case in our fossil) or among fibres, sometimes irregularly crossing both of them; their walls are irregular and the lumina bigger than that of parenchyma cells (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11A215FFA58CD2FDEBE23DE813" author="FARIAS F. R. & WILLIAMSON J. S. & RODRIGUEZ S. V. & ANGELES G. & PORTUGAL V. O." box="[1206,1398,566,592]" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" pagination="2155 - 2167" refId="ref40853" refString="FARIAS F. R., WILLIAMSON J. S., RODRIGUEZ S. V., ANGELES G. & PORTUGAL V. O. 2009. - Bark anatomy in Croton draco var. draco (Euphorbiaceae). American Journal of Botany 96 (12): 2155 - 2167. https: // doi. org / 10.3732 / ajb. 0900035" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
|
Farías
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A215FFA58C9AFDEAE27FE813" box="[1278,1332,566,592]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="872">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
2009
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). All of these species are quite similar, and their characters (i.e. non-septate fibres, sheath cells, tyloses, confluent parenchyma and laticifers) seem to vary from authors to others. However, given the descriptions provided in references cited above and figures in
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11A215FFA58C6FFD08E393E8B3" author="INSIDEWOOD" box="[1035,1240,725,752]" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" refId="ref42546" refString="INSIDEWOOD 2004 - onward. - Published on the Internet. Available from http: // insidewood. lib. ncsu. edu / search" type="url" year="2004">InsideWood (2004</bibRefCitation>
|
|
-onward),
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A215FFA58D28FD0BE2E4E8AC" box="[1356,1455,725,752]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Artocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="chama">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A215FFA58D28FD0BE2E4E8AC" box="[1356,1455,725,752]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="872">A. chama</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
appears the most anatomically close species to our fossil, as well as
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A215FFA58B18FCCBE4A0E96C" box="[892,1003,789,816]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Artocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lacucha">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A215FFA58B18FCCBE4A0E96C" box="[892,1003,789,816]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="872">A. lacucha</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A215FFA58C46FCCBE3E0E96C" box="[1058,1195,789,816]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Artocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lamellosus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A215FFA58C46FCCBE3E0E96C" box="[1058,1195,789,816]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="872">A. lamellosus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA136E0A215FFA58B27FCE8E238EF8E" blockId="21.[811,1457,215,2028]" pageId="21" pageNumber="872">
|
|
Fossil
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A215FFA58BE2FCEBE4A5E913" box="[902,1006,822,848]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
|
|
are mainly represented by the genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A215FFA58D1EFCEBE3F0E933" authority="Kaiser (Gregory et al. 2009)" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Ficoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A215FFA58D1EFCEBE42CE92C" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="872">Ficoxylon</emphasis>
|
|
Kaiser (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11A215FFA58BA8FC88E3FAE92C" author="GREGORY M. & POOLE I. & WHEELER E. A." box="[972,1201,853,879]" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" pagination="1 - 220" refId="ref41582" refString="GREGORY M., POOLE I. & WHEELER E. A. 2009. - Fossil dicot wood names: An annotated list with full bibliography. IAWA Journal Supplement 6: 1 - 220. http: // www. worldcat. org / oclc / 717995010" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
|
Gregory
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A215FFA58C57FC8BE326E92C" box="[1075,1133,853,879]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="872">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
2009
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
which shows mostly banded parenchyma. The fossil genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A215FFA58CBDFCA8E23EE9CC" box="[1241,1397,885,911]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Artocarpoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A215FFA58CBDFCA8E23EE9CC" box="[1241,1397,885,911]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="872">Artocarpoxylon</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, also in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A215FFA58B2AFC48E4F1E9EC" box="[846,954,917,943]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
|
|
, groups fossils resembling modern
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A215FFA58D25FC48E308E98C" authority="(Prakash & Lalitha 1978)" baseAuthorityName="Prakash & Lalitha" baseAuthorityYear="1978" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Artocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A215FFA58D25FC48E2FAE9EC" box="[1345,1457,917,943]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="872">Artocarpus</emphasis>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11A215FFA58B52FC68E371E98C" author="PRAKASH U. & LALITHA C." box="[822,1082,949,975]" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" pagination="132 - 133" refId="ref46350" refString="PRAKASH U. & LALITHA C. 1978. - Fossil wood of Artocarpus from the Tertiary of Assam. Geophytology 8 (1): 132 - 133." type="journal article" year="1978">Prakash & Lalitha 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
|
)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. It displays close similarities with our specimen as it shows no growth rings, mostly solitary vessels, tyloses, vasicentric to aliform parenchyma, 1-6 seriate heterocellular rays and some sheath cells. It also sometimes displays horizontal latex tubes, as in our specimen. Fossil remains related to modern
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A215FFA58C04FB89E39AEE2D" baseAuthorityName="Prakash & Lalitha" baseAuthorityYear="1978" box="[1120,1233,1108,1134]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Artocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A215FFA58C04FB89E39AEE2D" box="[1120,1233,1108,1134]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="872">Artocarpus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
are known as far as the Cretaceous from Asia to North America, Europe and even
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3097670A215FFA58B03FB49E492EEED" box="[871,985,1172,1198]" name="Greenland" pageId="21" pageNumber="872">Greenland</collectingCountry>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11A215FFA58B83FB49E31BEEED" author="BALL O. M." box="[999,1104,1172,1198]" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" pagination="312 - 325" refId="ref38693" refString="BALL O. M. 1930. - A partial revision of fossil forms of Artocarpus. Botanical Gazette 90 (3): 312 - 325. https: // www. jstor. org / stable / 2471090" type="journal article" year="1930">Ball 1930</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11A215FFA58C3BFB49E274EEED" author="MEHROTRA R. C. & PRAKASH U. & BANDE M. B." box="[1119,1343,1172,1198]" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" pagination="310 - 320" refId="ref44490" refString="MEHROTRA R. C., PRAKASH U. & BANDE M. B. 1984. - Fossil woods of Lophopetalum and Artocarpus from the Deccan Intertrappean beds of Mandla District, Madhya Pradesh, India. The Palaeobotanist 32 (3): 310 - 320 (1983). https: // doi. org / 10.54991 / jop. 1984.1385" type="journal article" year="1984">
|
|
Mehrotra
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A215FFA58CA9FB48E24AEEED" box="[1229,1281,1172,1198]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="872">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
1984
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11A215FFA58D29FB49E4D5EE8D" author="WILLIAMS E. W. & GARDNER E. M. & HARRIS R. & III & CHAVEERACH A. & PEREIRA J. T. & ZEREGA N. J. C." pageId="21" pageNumber="872" pagination="611 - 627" refId="ref49426" refString="WILLIAMS E. W., GARDNER E. M., HARRIS R. III, CHAVEERACH A., PEREIRA J. T. & ZEREGA N. J. C. 2017. - Out of Borneo: biogeography, phylogeny and divergence date estimates of Artocarpus (Moraceae). Annals of Botany 119 (4): 611 - 627. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aob / mcw 249" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
|
Williams
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A215FFA58B49FB68E42BEE8D" box="[813,864,1204,1230]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="872">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
2017
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). Two species of this genus are described:
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A215FFA58D01FB69E4F3EEAD" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Artocarpoxylon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kartikcherraensis">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A215FFA58D01FB69E4F3EEAD" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="872">A. kartikcherraensis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A215FFA58B8FFB09E36BEF4D" authority="Mehrotra, Prakash & Bande (Mehrotra et al. 1984)" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Artocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="deccanensis">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A215FFA58B8FFB09E330EEAD" box="[1003,1147,1236,1262]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="872">A. deccanensis</emphasis>
|
|
Mehrotra, Prakash & Bande (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11A215FFA58B52FB2EE35FEF4D" author="MEHROTRA R. C. & PRAKASH U. & BANDE M. B." box="[822,1044,1267,1294]" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" pagination="310 - 320" refId="ref44490" refString="MEHROTRA R. C., PRAKASH U. & BANDE M. B. 1984. - Fossil woods of Lophopetalum and Artocarpus from the Deccan Intertrappean beds of Mandla District, Madhya Pradesh, India. The Palaeobotanist 32 (3): 310 - 320 (1983). https: // doi. org / 10.54991 / jop. 1984.1385" type="journal article" year="1984">
|
|
Mehrotra
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A215FFA58BC7FB29E49DEF4E" box="[931,982,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="872">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
1984
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. They both have laticifers in rays and strongly resemble our fossil.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A215FFA58C36FAC9E27EEF6E" box="[1106,1333,1299,1326]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Artocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="deccanensis">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A215FFA58C36FAC9E27EEF6E" box="[1106,1333,1299,1326]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="872">Artocarpus deccanensis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
has smaller and more numerous vessels (80-180 µm and 9-20/mm²) and narrower sheath of vasicentric parenchyma than our fossil.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A215FFA58B4AFAAEE319EFCE" box="[814,1106,1395,1421]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Artocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kartikcherraensis">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A215FFA58B4AFAAEE319EFCE" box="[814,1106,1395,1421]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="872">Artocarpus kartikcherraensis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
has vessel diameter and density closer to our fossil (105-315 µm and 2-3/mm²). The present fossil is thus attributed to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A215FFA58C2CFA6EE226EF8E" box="[1096,1389,1459,1485]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Artocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kartikcherraensis">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A215FFA58C2CFA6EE226EF8E" box="[1096,1389,1459,1485]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="872">Artocarpus kartikcherraensis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA136E0A215FFA58B27FA0EE35DEDAF" blockId="21.[811,1457,215,2028]" pageId="21" pageNumber="872">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A215FFA58B27FA0EE4F9EFAE" baseAuthorityName="Prakash & Lalitha" baseAuthorityYear="1978" box="[835,946,1491,1517]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Artocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A215FFA58B27FA0EE4F9EFAE" box="[835,946,1491,1517]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="872">Artocarpus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is a genus of Asian (also in Pacific and
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3097670A215FFA58D23FA0EE2E3EFAD" box="[1351,1448,1491,1518]" name="Australia" pageId="21" pageNumber="872">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
|
) tropical trees growing in everwet climate or with a short dry season, in evergreen forests or in areas with mild monsoon climate, usually scattered in lowland dipterocarp forests below
|
|
<quantity id="4CE69B05A215FFA58B4FF98FE4C9EC2E" box="[811,898,1618,1645]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" unit="m" value="1000.0">1000 m</quantity>
|
|
altitude (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11A215FFA58B97F98EE397EC2E" author="LEMMENS R. H. M. J. & SOERIANEGARA I. & WONG W. C." box="[1011,1244,1618,1645]" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" refId="ref43308" refString="LEMMENS R. H. M. J., SOERIANEGARA I. & WONG W. C. (eds) 1995. - Timber Trees: Minor Commercial Timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, 655 p. (Plant resources of South-East Asia [PROSEA]; 5 [2]). https: // www. sudoc. fr / 046600140" type="book" year="1995">
|
|
Lemmens
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A215FFA58C02F98EE3D7EC2F" box="[1126,1180,1618,1644]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="872">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
1995
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11A215FFA58C89F98EE2D5EC2F" author="BERG C. C. & CORNER E. J. H. & JARRETT F. M." box="[1261,1438,1618,1645]" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" pagination="1 - 146" refId="ref39327" refString="BERG C. C., CORNER E. J. H. & JARRETT F. M. 2006. - Moraceae genera other than Ficus. Flora Malesiana, Series 1, Spermatophyta 17 (1): 1 - 146. https: // repository. naturalis. nl / pub / 579344" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
|
Berg
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A215FFA58D4CF98EE215EC2F" box="[1320,1374,1618,1644]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="872">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
2006
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A215FFA58B49F9AEE343ECCF" box="[813,1032,1650,1677]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Artocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lamellosus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A215FFA58B49F9AEE343ECCF" box="[813,1032,1650,1677]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="872">Artocarpus lamellosus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
lives in evergreen forests, rarely in semideciduous forests or savanna woodlands, commonly found in mixed dipterocarp and sub-montane forests up to
|
|
<quantity id="4CE69B05A215FFA58D39F96FE2FBEC8E" box="[1373,1456,1714,1741]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" unit="m" value="1500.0">1500 m</quantity>
|
|
altitude, on hillsides and ridges (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11A215FFA58CE4F90FE217ECAE" author="LEMMENS R. H. M. J. & SOERIANEGARA I. & WONG W. C." box="[1152,1372,1746,1773]" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" refId="ref43308" refString="LEMMENS R. H. M. J., SOERIANEGARA I. & WONG W. C. (eds) 1995. - Timber Trees: Minor Commercial Timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, 655 p. (Plant resources of South-East Asia [PROSEA]; 5 [2]). https: // www. sudoc. fr / 046600140" type="book" year="1995">
|
|
Lemmens
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A215FFA58C8AF90EE254ECAF" box="[1262,1311,1746,1772]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="872">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
1995
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11A215FFA58D03F90FE4CFED4F" author="BERG C. C. & CORNER E. J. H. & JARRETT F. M." pageId="21" pageNumber="872" pagination="1 - 146" refId="ref39327" refString="BERG C. C., CORNER E. J. H. & JARRETT F. M. 2006. - Moraceae genera other than Ficus. Flora Malesiana, Series 1, Spermatophyta 17 (1): 1 - 146. https: // repository. naturalis. nl / pub / 579344" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
|
Berg
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A215FFA58DFAF90EE40CED4F" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="872">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
2006
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11A215FFA58BEBF92FE39AED4F" author="TROPICAL PLANTS DATABASE" box="[911,1233,1778,1804]" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" refId="ref48619" refString="TROPICAL PLANTS DATABASE 2014 - onward. - Ken Fern. Available from https: // tropical. theferns. info." type="url" year="2014">Tropical Plants Database 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
|
-onward).
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A215FFA58D25F92FE43BED6F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Artocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="chama">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A215FFA58D25F92FE43BED6F" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="872">Artocarpus chama</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
lives in evergreen, semi-evergreen and moist deciduous forests up to
|
|
<quantity id="4CE69B05A215FFA58BDDF8ECE344ED0F" box="[953,1039,1841,1868]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" unit="m" value="1500.0">1500 m</quantity>
|
|
attitude, in areas with a monsoon climate and rainfall of at least
|
|
<quantity id="4CE69B05A215FFA58C31F88FE38BED2F" box="[1109,1216,1874,1900]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" unit="mm" value="2000.0">2000 mm</quantity>
|
|
a year (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11A215FFA58D77F88CE2E3ED2F" author="GAMBLE J. S." box="[1299,1448,1873,1900]" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" refId="ref41087" refString="GAMBLE J. S. 1902. - A Manual of Indian Timbers. Sampson Low, Marston & Company, London, 856 p." type="book" year="1902">Gamble 1902</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11A215FFA58B49F8AFE4F8EDCF" author="JARRETT F. M." box="[813,947,1905,1932]" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" pagination="113 - 155" refId="ref42694" refString="JARRETT F. M. 1959. - Studies in Artocarpus and allied genera, III. A revision of Artocarpus subgenus Artocarpus. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 40 (2): 113 - 155. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / p. 186026" type="journal article" year="1959">Jarrett 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63A215FFA58BA9F8AFE3DDEDC8" box="[973,1174,1905,1932]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Artocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lacucha">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2A215FFA58BA9F8AFE3DDEDC8" box="[973,1174,1905,1932]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="872">Artocarpus lacucha</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
lives up to
|
|
<quantity id="4CE69B05A215FFA58D7AF8ACE2E4EDC8" box="[1310,1455,1905,1931]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" unit="m" value="1500.0" valueMax="1800.0" valueMin="1200.0">1200-1800m</quantity>
|
|
of attitude (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11A215FFA58BCAF84CE308EDE8" author="GAMBLE J. S." box="[942,1091,1937,1963]" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" refId="ref41087" refString="GAMBLE J. S. 1902. - A Manual of Indian Timbers. Sampson Low, Marston & Company, London, 856 p." type="book" year="1902">Gamble 1902</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11A215FFA58C35F84FE398EDE8" author="JARRETT F. M." box="[1105,1235,1937,1964]" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" pagination="111 - 140" refId="ref42744" refString="JARRETT F. M. 1960. - Studies in Artocarpus and allied genera, IV. A revision of Artocarpus subgenus Pseudojaca. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 41 (2): 111 - 140. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / p. 185817" type="journal article" year="1960">Jarrett 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
|
) in evergreen, semievergreen and moist deciduous forests, with a distinct dry season (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11A215FFA58BE7F80FE34EEDA8" author="JARRETT F. M." box="[899,1029,2001,2028]" pageId="21" pageNumber="872" pagination="111 - 140" refId="ref42744" refString="JARRETT F. M. 1960. - Studies in Artocarpus and allied genera, IV. A revision of Artocarpus subgenus Pseudojaca. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 41 (2): 111 - 140. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / p. 185817" type="journal article" year="1960">Jarrett 1960</bibRefCitation>
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|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |