534 lines
50 KiB
XML
534 lines
50 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.3897/zookeys.9.149" ID-GBIF-Dataset="710c183e-b0f2-4955-8985-cd90a15a4ac2" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163969957" ID-ISSN="1313–2970" ID-Zenodo-Dep="576452" ID-ZooBank="0B7144FA-80DE-4D12-9456-1434A3FDEA25" checkinTime="1587959421942" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Schmidt, Christian" docDate="2009" docId="03B70122EC67FF82FF453BD192D1FA65" docLanguage="en" docName="ZK_article_1986.pdf" docOrigin="ZooKeys 9 (9)" docStyle="DocumentStylede.uka.ipd.idaho.easyIO.settings.Settings@52c7884c" docStyleName="zookeys.2008.journal_article" docTitle="Aemilia Kirby 1892" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="67" masterDocId="FF8E795AEC64FF86FFC93B3C936CFFD1" masterDocTitle="Revision of the " Aemilia " ambigua (Strecker) species-group (Noctuidae, Arctiinae)" masterLastPageNumber="78" masterPageNumber="63" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" updateTime="1643567368241" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-3.0">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Revision of the " Aemilia " ambigua (Strecker) species-group (Noctuidae, Arctiinae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Schmidt, Christian</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa ,, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2009</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2009-05-12</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>9</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>9</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>63</mods:start>
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<mods:end>78</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.3897/zookeys.9.149</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">710c183e-b0f2-4955-8985-cd90a15a4ac2</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1313–2970</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">576452</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">0B7144FA-80DE-4D12-9456-1434A3FDEA25</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<subSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" type="multiple">
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="163969957" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B70122EC67FF82FF453BD192D1FA65" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B70122EC67FF82FF453BD192D1FA65" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">
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<subSubSection box="[140,760,236,263]" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="3.[140,760,236,263]" box="[140,760,236,263]" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">
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<heading box="[140,760,236,263]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" reason="3">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,760,236,263]" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">
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Generic placement of the “
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Kirby" authorityYear="1892" box="[461,554,236,263]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Aemilia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[461,554,236,263]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">Aemilia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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”
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[574,688,236,263]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">ambigua-</emphasis>
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group
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="3.[140,1108,307,1672]" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">
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The unnatural placement of
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<taxonomicName box="[491,687,307,333]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Aemilia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ambigua">
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<emphasis box="[491,687,307,333]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">Aemilia ambigua</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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within
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Kirby" authorityYear="1892" box="[789,875,307,333]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Aemilia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[789,875,307,333]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">Aemilia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was recognized by
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<bibRefCitation author="Watson and Goodger" box="[140,475,343,370]" firstAuthor="Watson" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" pagination="1 - 71" refId="ref6533" refString="Watson A, Goodger DT (1986) Catalogue of the Neotropical tiger moths. Occasional Papers on Systematic Entomology: 1 - 71." type="book chapter" year="1986">Watson and Goodger (1986)</bibRefCitation>
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, who placed this taxon within
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Kirby" authorityYear="1892" box="[831,917,343,369]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Aemilia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="lato">
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<emphasis box="[831,917,343,369]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">Aemilia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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“
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[935,1051,343,369]" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" sensu="lato">sensu lato</taxonomicNameLabel>
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.” An additional
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Kirby" authorityYear="1892" box="[262,348,378,404]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Aemilia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[262,348,378,404]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">Aemilia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species,
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<taxonomicName authority="Schaus" authorityName="Schaus" authorityYear="1920" box="[445,643,378,404]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Aemilia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carmen">
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<emphasis box="[445,462,378,404]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">A</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis box="[476,556,379,404]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">carmen</emphasis>
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Schaus
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</taxonomicName>
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, was inadvertently omitted by these same authors. While investigating the generic placement of
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<taxonomicName box="[751,879,413,440]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Aemilia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ambigua">
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<emphasis box="[751,768,413,439]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">A</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis box="[783,879,413,439]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">ambigua</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, it became apparent that the male genitalic structure of
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<taxonomicName box="[539,667,448,475]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Aemilia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ambigua">
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<emphasis box="[539,556,449,475]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">A</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis box="[571,667,448,474]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">ambigua</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is virtually identical in gross morphology to that of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Schaus" authorityYear="1920" box="[307,420,484,510]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Aemilia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carmen">
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<emphasis box="[307,324,484,510]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">A</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis box="[340,420,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">carmen</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(illustrated in
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<bibRefCitation author="Watson" box="[592,749,484,510]" firstAuthor="Watson" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" pagination="1 - 361" refId="ref6495" refString="Watson A (1971) An illustrated catalogue of the Neotropic Arctiinae types in the United States National Museum (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). Part 1. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 50: 1 - 361." type="journal article" year="1971">Watson 1971</bibRefCitation>
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), despite marked differences in wing pattern.
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<emphasis box="[305,499,519,545]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">
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“
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Kirby" authorityYear="1892" box="[314,399,519,545]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Aemilia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aemilia</taxonomicName>
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”
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Schaus" authorityYear="1920" box="[419,499,519,544]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Aemilia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carmen">carmen</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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and the
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<emphasis box="[607,712,519,545]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">ambigua-</emphasis>
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group are very similar structurally to
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<taxonomicName authority="(Druce)" baseAuthorityName="Druce" box="[173,555,554,580]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Pseudohemihyalea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="daraba">
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<emphasis box="[173,455,554,580]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">Pseudohemihyalea daraba</emphasis>
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(Druce)
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName authority="(Rothschild)" baseAuthorityName="Rothschild" box="[616,933,554,581]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Pseudohemihyalea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anapheoides">
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<emphasis box="[616,632,555,580]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">P</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis box="[649,780,554,580]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">anapheoides</emphasis>
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(Rothschild)
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</taxonomicName>
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and to a lesser extent also to
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<taxonomicName authority="(Rothschild)" baseAuthorityName="Rothschild" box="[300,564,589,616]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Pseudohemihyalea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="testacea">
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<emphasis box="[300,316,590,615]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">P</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis box="[331,413,590,615]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">testacea</emphasis>
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(Rothschild)
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName authority="(Rothschild)" baseAuthorityName="Rothschild" box="[622,900,589,616]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Pseudohemihyalea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ochracea">
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<emphasis box="[622,638,590,615]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">P</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis box="[653,745,589,615]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">ochracea</emphasis>
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(Rothschild)
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</taxonomicName>
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. Furthermore, the phenotype of
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<taxonomicName box="[296,457,624,651]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Pseudohemihyalea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anapheoides">
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<emphasis box="[296,312,625,650]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">P</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis box="[326,457,624,650]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">anapheoides</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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shows characters transitional between those of the typical banded
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Rego-Barros" authorityYear="1956" box="[234,431,659,685]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Pseudohemihyalea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[234,431,659,685]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">Pseudohemihyalea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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pattern and that of the
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<taxonomicName box="[718,814,659,685]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Aemilia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ambigua">
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<emphasis box="[718,814,659,685]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">ambigua</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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-group in that the forewing banding is highly reduced, the ground colour is whitish yellow, and the veins are outlined in rusty brown. The pink colouration of the dorsal abdomen is shared among
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<taxonomicName box="[225,354,765,792]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Aemilia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ambigua">
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<emphasis box="[225,241,766,791]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">P</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis box="[255,354,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">ambigua</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis box="[354,358,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">,</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Rothschild. Based" authorityYear="1935" box="[365,475,765,792]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Pseudohemihyalea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schausi">
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<emphasis box="[365,381,766,791]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">P</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis box="[396,475,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">schausi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis box="[475,479,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">,</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName box="[486,601,766,792]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Pseudohemihyalea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="testacea">
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<emphasis box="[486,502,766,791]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">P</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis box="[516,601,766,791]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">testacea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis box="[601,605,766,791]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">,</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName box="[612,718,765,792]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Pseudohemihyalea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="daraba">
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<emphasis box="[612,628,766,791]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">P</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis box="[642,718,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">daraba</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName box="[775,936,765,792]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Pseudohemihyalea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anapheoides">
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<emphasis box="[775,791,766,791]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">P</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis box="[805,936,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">anapheoides</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. The following structural characters are shared between
|
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Schaus" authorityYear="1920" box="[596,708,801,827]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Aemilia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carmen">
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<emphasis box="[596,613,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">A</emphasis>
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||
.
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<emphasis box="[628,708,801,826]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">carmen</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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, the
|
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<taxonomicName box="[765,861,800,826]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Aemilia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ambigua">
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<emphasis box="[765,861,800,826]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">ambigua</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
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-group,
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<taxonomicName box="[951,1058,800,827]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Pseudohemihyalea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="daraba">
|
||
<emphasis box="[951,967,801,826]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[982,1058,800,826]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">daraba</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[140,302,835,862]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Pseudohemihyalea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anapheoides">
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,156,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[171,302,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">anapheoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
: base of uncus broad and lobe-like (deeply excavated in
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||
<emphasis box="[948,964,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">P</emphasis>
|
||
. s
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||
<emphasis box="[989,1057,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">chausi</emphasis>
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||
and the
|
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Packard" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[184,321,871,897]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Pseudohemihyalea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="edwardsii">
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||
<emphasis box="[184,200,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
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||
<emphasis box="[216,321,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">edwardsii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group), apex of uncus tapering to a point (bifid in
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Packard" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[911,1016,871,897]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Pseudohemihyalea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="edwardsii">
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||
<emphasis box="[911,1016,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">edwardsii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
group), process of transtilla relatively small and scobinate (with large cornuti in some
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pseudohemihylea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">Pseudohemihylea</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
species; transtilla elongate, large and finger-like in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[830,920,941,967]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Amastus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[830,920,941,967]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">Amastus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); valve flattened and lobate overall, divided into two lobes beyond apical third or less (deeply divided and/or with a third, costal process in some
|
||
<emphasis box="[641,838,1011,1037]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">Pseudohemihylaea</emphasis>
|
||
and most
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[963,1053,1012,1038]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Amastus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[963,1053,1012,1038]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">Amastus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species). Wing venation, palp structure and structure of the spines on the legs are fairly constant across
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[323,413,1082,1108]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Amastus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[323,413,1082,1108]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">Amastus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[475,672,1082,1108]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">Pseudohemihylaea</emphasis>
|
||
, and are consistent with those of the
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,245,1117,1143]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">ambigua-</emphasis>
|
||
group and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schaus" authorityYear="1920" box="[370,482,1117,1144]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Aemilia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carmen">
|
||
<emphasis box="[370,387,1117,1143]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[402,482,1118,1143]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">carmen</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[140,1108,307,1672]" lastBlockId="4.[140,1108,167,1460]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">
|
||
The close relationship between
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[538,634,1152,1178]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Aemilia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ambigua">
|
||
<emphasis box="[538,634,1152,1178]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">ambigua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schaus" authorityYear="1920" box="[690,770,1153,1178]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Aemilia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carmen">
|
||
<emphasis box="[690,770,1153,1178]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">carmen</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as indicated by male genitalic morphology (female
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schaus" authorityYear="1920" box="[387,467,1188,1213]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Aemilia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carmen">
|
||
<emphasis box="[387,467,1188,1213]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">carmen</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were unavailable for study) is also supported by molecular data (mtDNA
|
||
<emphasis box="[396,445,1223,1249]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">cox1</emphasis>
|
||
gene), with the two clustering together (4 % divergence) in a neighbour-joining tree containing representatives of most Central and North American arctiine genera (C. Schmidt, M. Laguerre, B. Vincent, unpubl. data). Both
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[140,236,1328,1354]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Aemilia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ambigua">
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,236,1328,1354]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">ambigua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schaus" authorityYear="1920" box="[291,371,1329,1354]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Aemilia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carmen">
|
||
<emphasis box="[291,371,1329,1354]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">carmen</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group within the current concept of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rego-Barros" authorityYear="1956" box="[788,985,1328,1354]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Pseudohemihyalea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[788,985,1328,1354]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">Pseudohemihyalea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, including the
|
||
<typeStatus box="[186,235,1364,1390]" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Rothschild. Based" authorityName="Rothschild. Based" authorityYear="1935" box="[339,666,1363,1390]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Pseudohemihyalea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schausi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[339,355,1364,1389]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[373,449,1363,1389]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">schausi</emphasis>
|
||
Rothschild. Based
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on this morphological and molecular evidence,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="2009" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[252,539,1399,1425]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pseudohemihylea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ambigua" status="comb. n.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[252,539,1399,1425]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">Pseudohemihylea ambigua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[546,651,1399,1425]" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[546,651,1399,1425]" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" rank="species">comb. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="2009" box="[707,817,1399,1425]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Aemilia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carmen" status="comb. n.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[707,723,1399,1424]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[737,817,1399,1424]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">carmen</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[824,930,1399,1425]" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[824,930,1399,1425]" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" rank="species">comb. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
are accordingly transferred to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rego-Barros" authorityYear="1956" box="[302,499,1434,1460]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Pseudohemihyalea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[302,499,1434,1460]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">Pseudohemihyalea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[515,800,1434,1460]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Pseudohemihyalea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carmen">
|
||
<emphasis box="[515,800,1434,1460]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">Pseudohemihyalea carmen</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[859,966,1434,1460]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Pseudohemihyalea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="daraba">
|
||
<emphasis box="[859,875,1435,1460]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[890,966,1434,1460]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">daraba</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are possibly the sister group to the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="2009" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[420,516,1469,1495]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pseudohemihylea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ambigua">
|
||
<emphasis box="[420,516,1469,1495]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">ambigua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-group, as suggested by morphology and mtDNA sequence data (
|
||
<emphasis box="[316,366,1505,1531]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">COI</emphasis>
|
||
barcode fragment). The striate forewing pattern of the
|
||
<emphasis box="[1002,1107,1504,1530]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">ambiguagroup</emphasis>
|
||
appears to be a derived trait, likely linked with a larval host shift to conifers from the broad-leaved trees utilized by other
|
||
<emphasis box="[676,873,1575,1601]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">Pseudohemihylaea</emphasis>
|
||
species (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Packard" baseAuthorityYear="1864" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Pseudohemihyalea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="edwardsii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1039,1055,1575,1600]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">edwardsii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[263,352,1610,1636]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[263,352,1610,1636]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">Quercus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="McFarland" box="[449,643,1610,1637]" firstAuthor="McFarland" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" pagination="112 - 125" refId="ref6134" refString="McFarland N (1975) Larval foodplant records for 106 species of North American moths. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 29: 112 - 125." type="journal article" year="1975">McFarland 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="2009" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[773,894,1610,1636]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pseudohemihylea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ambigua">
|
||
<emphasis box="[773,894,1610,1636]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">P. ambigua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
feed on Ponderosa pine (
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Dougl. ex Lawson" authorityName="Lawson" box="[207,601,1645,1672]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ponderosa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[207,383,1645,1671]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">Pinus ponderosa</emphasis>
|
||
Dougl. ex Lawson
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (R. Nagle, pers. comm.), and it is probable that other species of the
|
||
<emphasis box="[420,525,167,193]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">ambigua-</emphasis>
|
||
group also feed on pines. The striate white-and-tan wing pattern (mimicking dead pine needles) is an interesting example of convergent evolution in cryptic colouration in pine-feeding
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[694,835,237,263]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as a similar pattern occurs also in such unrelated groups as the
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Leach" baseAuthorityYear="1815" box="[621,773,272,298]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Geometridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, such as the
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Pack.)" baseAuthorityName="Pack." class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Caripeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="piniata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[923,1107,273,299]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Caripeta piniata</emphasis>
|
||
(Pack.)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group and particularly
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Cockerell, 1894)" baseAuthorityName="Cockerell" baseAuthorityYear="1894" box="[497,956,307,334]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Sabulodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niveostriata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[497,740,307,333]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Sabulodes niveostriata</emphasis>
|
||
(Cockerell, 1894)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which often occurs in strict sympatry with
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="2009" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[484,605,343,369]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pseudohemihylea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ambigua">
|
||
<emphasis box="[484,605,343,369]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">P. ambigua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A parallel (but evolutionarily independent) host switch has occurred (possibly multiple times) in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Harris" authorityName="Harris" authorityYear="1841" box="[754,977,378,404]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Lophocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[754,893,378,404]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Lophocampa</emphasis>
|
||
Harris
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, where two lineages (
|
||
<emphasis box="[247,263,414,439]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[279,363,414,439]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">roseata-</emphasis>
|
||
group and
|
||
<emphasis box="[490,506,414,439]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[522,634,414,439]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">argentata-</emphasis>
|
||
group) feed on conifers, compared to deciduous trees for most congeners.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[140,1108,167,1460]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rego-Barros" authorityYear="1956" box="[185,385,483,509]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Pseudohemihyalea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,385,483,509]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Pseudohemihyalea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a long and confusing taxonomic history, primarily a result of confusion with the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[481,573,519,545]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Amastus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[481,573,519,545]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Amastus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In describing
|
||
<taxonomicName authority=", Hampson (1901)" authorityName=", Hampson" authorityYear="1901" box="[754,1108,519,545]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Hemihyalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[754,886,519,545]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Hemihyalea</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hampson" box="[904,1108,519,545]" firstAuthor="Hampson" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" pagination="36 - 54" refId="ref5898" refString="Hampson G (1901) Catalogue of the Arctiadae (Arctianae) and Agaristidae in the collection of the British Museum (Natural History) In: Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the collection of the British Museum (Natural History). London. Vol. 3, 12 + 609 pp., plates 36 - 54." type="book chapter" year="1901">Hampson (1901)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
distinguished this genus from
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[491,583,554,580]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Amastus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[491,583,554,580]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Amastus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by differences in the branching of the forewing radial veins. As noted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dyar" box="[482,632,589,616]" firstAuthor="Dyar" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" pagination="146 - 151" refId="ref5854" refString="Dyar HG (1914) Notes on Hemihyalea and some species of Amastus. Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus 2: 146 - 151." type="journal article" year="1914">Dyar (1914)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the branching pattern of the radial vein is highly variable in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Hampson" authorityYear="1901" box="[379,511,624,650]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Hemihyalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[379,511,624,650]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Hemihyalea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[572,664,625,651]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Amastus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[572,664,625,651]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Amastus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as it is in a number of other arctiine genera such as
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[313,421,660,686]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Grammia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[313,421,660,686]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Grammia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[437,539,660,686]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Apantesis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[437,539,660,686]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Apantesis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[599,755,659,685]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Phragmatobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[599,755,659,685]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Phragmatobia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), so this character is not diagnostic. In reviewing
|
||
<taxonomicName authority=", Rego-Barros (1956)" authorityName=", Rego-Barros" authorityYear="1956" box="[373,747,694,721]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Hemihyalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[373,505,695,721]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Hemihyalea</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Rego-Barros" box="[519,747,694,721]" firstAuthor="Rego-Barros" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" pagination="1 - 65" refId="ref6161" refString="Rego-Barros AR, do (1956) Contribucao ao estudio da familia Arctiidae. Boletim do Museu Nacional Rio de Janeiro (Nova Serie) (Zool.) 134: 1 - 65." type="journal article" year="1956">Rego-Barros (1956)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
recognized two additional genera,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Rego-Barros" authorityName="Rego-Barros" box="[192,469,730,756]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Machadoia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[192,317,730,756]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Machadoia</emphasis>
|
||
Rego-Barros
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rego-Barros" authorityYear="1956" box="[533,733,730,756]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Pseudohemihyalea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[533,733,730,756]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Pseudohemihyalea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although only six species were examined.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rego-Barros" authorityYear="1956" box="[268,468,765,791]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Pseudohemihyalea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[268,468,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Pseudohemihyalea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was later placed into synonymy under
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Rego-Barros" authorityYear="1956" box="[938,1070,765,791]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Hemihyalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[938,1070,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Hemihyalea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Watson and Goodger" box="[140,478,800,827]" firstAuthor="Watson" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" pagination="1 - 71" refId="ref6533" refString="Watson A, Goodger DT (1986) Catalogue of the Neotropical tiger moths. Occasional Papers on Systematic Entomology: 1 - 71." type="book chapter" year="1986">Watson and Goodger (1986)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Toulgoet" box="[488,678,800,826]" firstAuthor="Toulgoet" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" pagination="363 - 368" refId="ref6228" refString="Toulgoet H, de ([1988] 1987) Note pour servir a la revision du genre Amastus Walker 1855 avec examen critique du genre Hemihyalea Hamspon 1901 (24 e note) (Lepidoptera Arctiidae). Nouvelle Revue d'Entomologie (N. S.) 4: 363 - 368." type="journal article" year="1988">Toulgoët (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
considered the
|
||
<typeStatus box="[861,911,801,827]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Rego-Barros" authorityYear="1956" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Hemihyalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Hemihyalea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Herrich-Schaffer, 1853" authorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" authorityYear="1853" box="[230,727,835,862]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Phaegoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cornea">
|
||
<emphasis box="[230,446,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Phaegoptera cornea</emphasis>
|
||
Herrich-Schäffer, 1853
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) to be congeneric with
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1016,1107,836,862]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Amastus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1016,1107,836,862]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Amastus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and accordingly synonymized the two, subsequently raising
|
||
<emphasis box="[842,1042,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Pseudohemihylaea</emphasis>
|
||
from synonymy (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Toulgoet" box="[276,452,906,932]" firstAuthor="Toulgoet" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" pagination="259 - 265" refId="ref6282" refString="Toulgoet H, de ([1992] 1991) Reclassification d'arctiides neotropicales actuellement rangees dans les genres Hemihyalea Hampson 1901 et Amastus Walker 1855 (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae) (39 eme note). Nouvelle Revue d'Entomologie 8: 259 - 265." type="journal article" year="1992">Toulgoët 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and providing a review of the genus (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Toulgoet" box="[916,1094,906,932]" firstAuthor="Toulgoet" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" pagination="121 - 135" refId="ref6327" refString="Toulgoet H, de (1994) Revision du genre Pseudohemihyalea Rego Barros, 1956 (olim Hemihyalea Hampson, 1901) et description de deux especes nouvelles (46 e note) (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae, Arctiinae). Revue Francaise d'Entomologie (Nouvelle Serie) 16: 121 - 135." type="journal article" year="1994">Toulgoët 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), consisting primarily of those species treated as
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Rego-Barros" authorityYear="1956" box="[683,815,941,967]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Hemihyalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[683,815,941,967]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Hemihyalea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Watson and Goodger" firstAuthor="Watson" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" pagination="1 - 71" refId="ref6533" refString="Watson A, Goodger DT (1986) Catalogue of the Neotropical tiger moths. Occasional Papers on Systematic Entomology: 1 - 71." type="book chapter" year="1986">Watson and Goodger (1986)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. To complicate matters further, when describing
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rego-Barros" authorityYear="1956" box="[820,1020,976,1002]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Pseudohemihyalea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[820,1020,976,1002]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Pseudohemihyalea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Rego- Barros believed the type-species to be
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Druce, 1894" authorityName="Druce" authorityYear="1894" box="[574,933,1011,1038]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Phaegoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rhoda">
|
||
<emphasis box="[574,779,1011,1037]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Phaegoptera rhoda</emphasis>
|
||
Druce, 1894
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but the species he diagnoses and illustrates is
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Rothschild, 1909" authorityName="Rothschild" authorityYear="1909" box="[482,905,1047,1073]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Hemihyalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schausi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[482,698,1047,1073]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Hemihyalea schausi</emphasis>
|
||
Rothschild, 1909
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Toulgoet" box="[919,1095,1047,1073]" firstAuthor="Toulgoet" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" pagination="121 - 135" refId="ref6327" refString="Toulgoet H, de (1994) Revision du genre Pseudohemihyalea Rego Barros, 1956 (olim Hemihyalea Hampson, 1901) et description de deux especes nouvelles (46 e note) (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae, Arctiinae). Revue Francaise d'Entomologie (Nouvelle Serie) 16: 121 - 135." type="journal article" year="1994">Toulgoët 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Following
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Toulgoet's" box="[261,465,1082,1108]" firstAuthor="Toulgoet's" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" pagination="121 - 135" refId="ref6327" refString="Toulgoet H, de (1994) Revision du genre Pseudohemihyalea Rego Barros, 1956 (olim Hemihyalea Hampson, 1901) et description de deux especes nouvelles (46 e note) (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae, Arctiinae). Revue Francaise d'Entomologie (Nouvelle Serie) 16: 121 - 135." type="journal article" year="1994">Toulgoët’s (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
review, several additional taxa were described or revised (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Toulgoet" box="[189,363,1117,1143]" firstAuthor="Toulgoet" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" pagination="179 - 184" refId="ref6381" refString="Toulgoet H, de (1996) Contribution a la connaissance du genre Pseudohemihyalea Rego Barros avec description de deux taxons nouveaux d'Amerique centrale (Lepidopteres Arctiidae, Arctiinae) (49 e note). Nouvelle Revue d'Entomologie (N. S.) 13: 179 - 184." type="journal article" year="1996">Toulgoët 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Toulgoet" box="[375,439,1117,1143]" firstAuthor="Toulgoet" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" pagination="399 - 402" refId="ref6465" refString="Toulgoet H, de (2001) Description de nouvelles arctiides Neotropicales (Lepidoptera Arctiidae Arctiinae) (69 eme note). Lambillionea 101: 399 - 402." type="journal article" year="2001">2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[140,1108,167,1460]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">
|
||
In summary,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rego-Barros" authorityYear="1956" box="[340,535,1152,1178]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Pseudohemihyalea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[340,535,1152,1178]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Pseudohemihyalea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as currently defined is a relatively small group of about 30 species restricted to Central America and southern North America.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Toulgoet" firstAuthor="Toulgoet" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" pagination="121 - 135" refId="ref6327" refString="Toulgoet H, de (1994) Revision du genre Pseudohemihyalea Rego Barros, 1956 (olim Hemihyalea Hampson, 1901) et description de deux especes nouvelles (46 e note) (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae, Arctiinae). Revue Francaise d'Entomologie (Nouvelle Serie) 16: 121 - 135." type="journal article" year="1994">Toulgoët (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
arranged 20 species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rego-Barros" authorityYear="1956" box="[495,690,1223,1249]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Pseudohemihyalea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[495,690,1223,1249]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Pseudohemihyalea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
into three groups, but provided no diagnostic characters or synapomorphies for the genus or for the three species-groups. Genitalic structure is very diverse in the
|
||
<emphasis box="[601,704,1294,1319]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">mansueta</emphasis>
|
||
-group (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Toulgoet" box="[796,966,1293,1319]" firstAuthor="Toulgoet" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" pagination="121 - 135" refId="ref6327" refString="Toulgoet H, de (1994) Revision du genre Pseudohemihyalea Rego Barros, 1956 (olim Hemihyalea Hampson, 1901) et description de deux especes nouvelles (46 e note) (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae, Arctiinae). Revue Francaise d'Entomologie (Nouvelle Serie) 16: 121 - 135." type="journal article" year="1994">Toulgoët 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) which may prove to be a polyphyletic assemblage. In addition, at least one species likely does not belong to
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Toulgoet 1994)" baseAuthorityName="Toulgoet" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[253,644,1363,1390]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Pseudohemihyalea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[253,448,1363,1389]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Pseudohemihyalea</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Toulgoet" box="[463,635,1363,1390]" firstAuthor="Toulgoet" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" pagination="121 - 135" refId="ref6327" refString="Toulgoet H, de (1994) Revision du genre Pseudohemihyalea Rego Barros, 1956 (olim Hemihyalea Hampson, 1901) et description de deux especes nouvelles (46 e note) (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae, Arctiinae). Revue Francaise d'Entomologie (Nouvelle Serie) 16: 121 - 135." type="journal article" year="1994">Toulgoët 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, so much work is still needed to establish relationships among
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Toulgoet" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[373,568,1399,1425]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Pseudohemihyalea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[373,568,1399,1425]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Pseudohemihyalea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and related genera, and to objectively define the generic limits of the genus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</document> |