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<document ID-DOI="10.14446/FI.2016.53" ID-ISSN="2533-4069" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4586149" approvalRequired="14" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="1" approvalRequired_for_textStreams="12" approvalRequired_for_treatments="1" checkinTime="1614968823112" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Rage, Jean-Claude" docDate="2016" docId="039987DFFFEEC7527D57C7A6FD94F9A2" docLanguage="en" docName="FossilImprint.72.1-2.53-66.pdf" docOrigin="Fossil Imprint 72 (1 - 2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:0EC54BF35E227CA4627F894F6BA30634.2:FossilImprint.2016-.journal_article" docStyleId="0EC54BF35E227CA4627F894F6BA30634" docStyleName="FossilImprint.2016-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Thaumastosaurus DE STEFANO 1903" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="60" masterDocId="FFA0FFA7FFE8C7557C1EC22FFF80FFE1" masterDocTitle="Frogs (Amphibia, Anura) From The Eocene And Oligocene Of The Phosphorites Du Quercy (France). An Overview" masterLastPageNumber="66" masterPageNumber="53" pageNumber="59" updateTime="1614971427795" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-ND-3.0">
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<mods:title>Frogs (Amphibia, Anura) From The Eocene And Oligocene Of The Phosphorites Du Quercy (France). An Overview</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Rage, Jean-Claude</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date>2016</mods:date>
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<mods:number>2016-08-15</mods:number>
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<mods:number>72</mods:number>
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<mods:number>1 - 2</mods:number>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039987DFFFEEC7527D57C7A6FD94F9A2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039987DFFFEEC7527D57C7A6FD94F9A2" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="60" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">
<subSubSection box="[329,566,1417,1440]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph blockId="6.[329,566,1417,1440]" box="[329,566,1417,1440]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">
<heading box="[329,566,1417,1440]" centered="true" fontSize="8" level="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" reason="2">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[329,566,1417,1440]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">
<taxonomicName authorityName="DE STEFANO" authorityYear="1903" box="[329,528,1417,1440]" class="Reptilia" genus="Thaumastosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[329,528,1417,1440]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Thaumastosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="60" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="6.[360,536,1465,1487]" box="[360,536,1465,1487]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">
(
<figureCitation box="[367,479,1465,1487]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="7.[106,187,1091,1112]" captionTargetBox="[106,1459,152,1048]" captionTargetId="figure-360@7.[106,1460,152,1047]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Text-fig. 4. Ranoids from the Phosphorites du Quercy. 1: Thaumastosaurus gezei, urostyle in left lateral (a), dorsal (b), and anterior (c) views. 2: T. gezei, left coracoid in medial view (the urostyle and coracoid are parts of the ‘mummy’ MNHN.F.QU17279). 3: Thaumastosaurus sp., left scapula UM-ECA 2537, from the late Eocene of Escamps (MP 19), in lateral (a) and medial (b) views. 4: Thaumastosaurus sp., left humerus UM-MAL 619, from the late Eocene of Malpérié (MP 17), in ventral (a) and medial (b) views. 5: Ranoid indeterminate, small-sized form, right humerus UM-LAV 1280, from the late Eocene of Lavergne (MP 16), in ventral view. 6: Ranoid indeterminate, mid-sized form, left humerus UM-ECA 2558, from the late Eocene of Escamps (MP 19), in ventral view. 7: Ranoid indeterminate, large sized form, left humerus UM-ECA 2557, from the late Eocene of Escamps (MP 19), in ventral (a) and medial (b) views. 8: Ranoid indeterminate, mid-sized form, left scapula UM-ECA 2560, from the late Eocene of Escamps (MP 19), in lateral (a) and medial (b) views. 9: Ranoid indeterminate, large-sized form, left coracoid UM-ECA 2559, from the late Eocene of Escamps (MP 19), in medial view. (1 and 2, redrawn from images segmented by F. Laloy in 2012). Each scale bar = 3 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4586159" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4586159/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Text-fig. 4</figureCitation>
: 3, 4)
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="6.[128,768,1511,1824]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">
Among specimens referable to
<taxonomicName authorityName="DE STEFANO" authorityYear="1903" box="[501,691,1511,1534]" class="Reptilia" genus="Thaumastosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[501,691,1511,1534]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Thaumastosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. are a humerus, a 8
<superScript attach="left" box="[282,294,1542,1556]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">th</superScript>
presacral and a sacral vertebrae that were all regarded as belonging to a large
<taxonomicName authority="RAFINESQUE, 1814" authorityName="RAFINESQUE" authorityYear="1814" box="[477,767,1576,1599]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
Ranidae
<bibRefCitation author="Rafinesque, C. S." box="[572,767,1576,1599]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" pagination="102 - 104" refId="ref13610" refString="Rafinesque, C. S. (1814): Fine del prodromo d'erpetologia siciliana [Final part of the study on Sicilian herpetology]. - Specchio delle Scienze, o, Giornale Enciclopedico di Sicilia, 2: 102 - 104. (in Italian)" type="journal article" year="1814">RAFINESQUE, 1814</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation author="Rage, J. - C." box="[172,329,1608,1631]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" pagination="281 - 288" refId="ref13785" refString="Rage, J. - C. (1984 b): Are the Ranidae (Anura, Amphibia) known prior to the Oligocene? - Amphibia-Reptilia, 5: 281 - 288." type="journal article" year="1984">Rage (1984b</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 2A, C, D). During the recent excavations, specimens referable to
<taxonomicName authorityName="DE STEFANO" authorityYear="1903" box="[533,726,1640,1663]" class="Reptilia" genus="Thaumastosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[533,726,1640,1663]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Thaumastosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. were recovered in localities ranging from MP 16 (localities of Le Bretou and Lavergne; late middle Eocene) to MP 19, perhaps MP 20 (latest Eocene); the youngest specimen is a fragment of maxilla from Tabarly (MP 20) that is tentatively assigned to the genus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="6.[307,589,1883,1909]" box="[307,589,1883,1909]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[307,589,1883,1909]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Indeterminate ranoids</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="6.[360,535,1937,1959]" box="[360,535,1937,1959]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">
(
<figureCitation box="[367,479,1937,1959]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="7.[106,187,1091,1112]" captionTargetBox="[106,1459,152,1048]" captionTargetId="figure-360@7.[106,1460,152,1047]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Text-fig. 4. Ranoids from the Phosphorites du Quercy. 1: Thaumastosaurus gezei, urostyle in left lateral (a), dorsal (b), and anterior (c) views. 2: T. gezei, left coracoid in medial view (the urostyle and coracoid are parts of the ‘mummy’ MNHN.F.QU17279). 3: Thaumastosaurus sp., left scapula UM-ECA 2537, from the late Eocene of Escamps (MP 19), in lateral (a) and medial (b) views. 4: Thaumastosaurus sp., left humerus UM-MAL 619, from the late Eocene of Malpérié (MP 17), in ventral (a) and medial (b) views. 5: Ranoid indeterminate, small-sized form, right humerus UM-LAV 1280, from the late Eocene of Lavergne (MP 16), in ventral view. 6: Ranoid indeterminate, mid-sized form, left humerus UM-ECA 2558, from the late Eocene of Escamps (MP 19), in ventral view. 7: Ranoid indeterminate, large sized form, left humerus UM-ECA 2557, from the late Eocene of Escamps (MP 19), in ventral (a) and medial (b) views. 8: Ranoid indeterminate, mid-sized form, left scapula UM-ECA 2560, from the late Eocene of Escamps (MP 19), in lateral (a) and medial (b) views. 9: Ranoid indeterminate, large-sized form, left coracoid UM-ECA 2559, from the late Eocene of Escamps (MP 19), in medial view. (1 and 2, redrawn from images segmented by F. Laloy in 2012). Each scale bar = 3 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4586159" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4586159/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Text-fig. 4</figureCitation>
: 5–9)
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="6.[129,769,1983,2099]" lastBlockId="6.[843,1483,152,2099]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">
Indeterminate ranoids from the Phosphorites include part of the ‘Ranidae’ reported by
<bibRefCitation author="Rage, J. - C." box="[435,584,2014,2037]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" pagination="281 - 288" refId="ref13785" refString="Rage, J. - C. (1984 b): Are the Ranidae (Anura, Amphibia) known prior to the Oligocene? - Amphibia-Reptilia, 5: 281 - 288." type="journal article" year="1984">Rage (1984b)</bibRefCitation>
. These ‘Ranidae’ are all represented by isolated bones. At that time, the concept of
<taxonomicName authorityName="RAFINESQUE" authorityYear="1814" box="[157,244,2076,2099]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Ranidae</taxonomicName>
was broader than it is today. The available bones closely resemble those of Recent European ranids and, therefore, they were assigned to the
<taxonomicName authority="(Rage 1984 b)" baseAuthorityName="Rage" baseAuthorityYear="1984" box="[1233,1478,183,206]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
Ranidae (
<bibRefCitation author="Rage, J. - C." box="[1336,1470,183,206]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" pagination="281 - 288" refId="ref13785" refString="Rage, J. - C. (1984 b): Are the Ranidae (Anura, Amphibia) known prior to the Oligocene? - Amphibia-Reptilia, 5: 281 - 288." type="journal article" year="1984">Rage 1984b</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation author="Sanchiz, B." box="[843,1007,214,237]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" refId="ref14914" refString="Sanchiz, B. (1998): Salientia. Handbuch der Palaoherpetologie, Part 4. - Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munchen, 275 pp." type="book" year="1998">Sanchiz (1998)</bibRefCitation>
even suggested they probably represent the genus
<taxonomicName authority="LINNAEUS, 1758" authorityName="LINNAEUS" authorityYear="1758" box="[914,1155,246,269]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[914,971,246,269]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Rana</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Linnaeus, C." box="[980,1155,246,269]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" refId="ref13024" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758): Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. 10 th Edition. Volume 1. - Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 824 pp." type="book" year="1758">LINNAEUS, 1758</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName authority="FITZINGER, 1843" authorityName="FITZINGER" authorityYear="1843" box="[1173,1482,246,269]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Pelophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1173,1295,246,269]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Pelophylax</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Fitzinger, L. J." box="[1303,1482,246,269]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" refId="ref11494" refString="Fitzinger, L. J. (1843): Systema reptilium. Fasciculus primus. - Braumuller et Seidel, Vienna, 106 pp." type="book" year="1843">FITZINGER, 1843</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
included in Sanchiz’s concept of a broader
<taxonomicName authorityName="LINNAEUS" authorityYear="1758" box="[1300,1356,277,300]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1300,1356,277,300]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Rana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). However, it does not seem possible to demonstrate that these remains all belong to the
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Rage" baseAuthorityYear="1984" box="[1021,1108,339,362]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Ranidae</taxonomicName>
sensu stricto, as that family is now defined by
<bibRefCitation author="Frost, D. R. &amp; Grant, T. &amp; Faivovich, J. &amp; Bain, R. H. &amp; Haas, A. &amp; Haddad, C. F. B. &amp; de Sa, R. O. &amp; Channing, A. &amp; Wilkinson, M. &amp; Donnellan, S. C. &amp; Raxworthy, C. J. &amp; Campbell, J. A. &amp; Blotto, B. &amp; Moler, P. &amp; Drewes, R. C. &amp; Nussbaum, R. A. &amp; Lynch, J. D. &amp; Green, D. M. &amp; Wheeler, W. C." box="[966,1166,370,393]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" pagination="1 - 370" refId="ref11629" refString="Frost, D. R., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Bain, R. H., Haas, A., Haddad, C. F. B., de Sa, R. O., Channing, A., Wilkinson, M., Donnellan, S. C., Raxworthy, C. J., Campbell, J. A., Blotto, B., Moler, P., Drewes, R. C., Nussbaum, R. A., Lynch, J. D., Green, D. M., Wheeler, W. C. (2006): The amphibian tree of life. - Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 297: 1 - 370. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1206 / 0003 - 0090 (2006) 297 [0001: TA" type="journal article" year="2006">Frost et al. (2006)</bibRefCitation>
. In addition, as stated above, some bones (but not all) allocated to the ‘large form’ by
<bibRefCitation author="Rage, J. - C." pageId="6" pageNumber="59" pagination="281 - 288" refId="ref13785" refString="Rage, J. - C. (1984 b): Are the Ranidae (Anura, Amphibia) known prior to the Oligocene? - Amphibia-Reptilia, 5: 281 - 288." type="journal article" year="1984">Rage (1984b)</bibRefCitation>
actually belong to
<taxonomicName authorityName="DE STEFANO" authorityYear="1903" box="[1132,1322,433,456]" class="Reptilia" genus="Thaumastosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1132,1322,433,456]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Thaumastosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="6.[843,1483,152,2099]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">
In addition to
<taxonomicName authorityName="DE STEFANO" authorityYear="1903" box="[1042,1235,464,487]" class="Reptilia" genus="Thaumastosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1042,1235,464,487]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Thaumastosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, at least three taxa of ranoids are present in the Phosphorites. This number of taxa is based on humeri. Indeed, three clearly distinct sizes are recognized. These specimens may be regarded as humeri of adult individuals (
<figureCitation box="[1033,1150,591,614]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="7.[106,187,1091,1112]" captionTargetBox="[106,1459,152,1048]" captionTargetId="figure-360@7.[106,1460,152,1047]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Text-fig. 4. Ranoids from the Phosphorites du Quercy. 1: Thaumastosaurus gezei, urostyle in left lateral (a), dorsal (b), and anterior (c) views. 2: T. gezei, left coracoid in medial view (the urostyle and coracoid are parts of the ‘mummy’ MNHN.F.QU17279). 3: Thaumastosaurus sp., left scapula UM-ECA 2537, from the late Eocene of Escamps (MP 19), in lateral (a) and medial (b) views. 4: Thaumastosaurus sp., left humerus UM-MAL 619, from the late Eocene of Malpérié (MP 17), in ventral (a) and medial (b) views. 5: Ranoid indeterminate, small-sized form, right humerus UM-LAV 1280, from the late Eocene of Lavergne (MP 16), in ventral view. 6: Ranoid indeterminate, mid-sized form, left humerus UM-ECA 2558, from the late Eocene of Escamps (MP 19), in ventral view. 7: Ranoid indeterminate, large sized form, left humerus UM-ECA 2557, from the late Eocene of Escamps (MP 19), in ventral (a) and medial (b) views. 8: Ranoid indeterminate, mid-sized form, left scapula UM-ECA 2560, from the late Eocene of Escamps (MP 19), in lateral (a) and medial (b) views. 9: Ranoid indeterminate, large-sized form, left coracoid UM-ECA 2559, from the late Eocene of Escamps (MP 19), in medial view. (1 and 2, redrawn from images segmented by F. Laloy in 2012). Each scale bar = 3 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4586159" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4586159/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Text-fig. 4</figureCitation>
: 5–7), on the basis that for each morph the articular ball is entirely preserved and well shaped.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="6.[843,1483,152,2099]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">
The small-sized ranoid (
<figureCitation box="[1138,1255,654,677]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="7.[106,187,1091,1112]" captionTargetBox="[106,1459,152,1048]" captionTargetId="figure-360@7.[106,1460,152,1047]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Text-fig. 4. Ranoids from the Phosphorites du Quercy. 1: Thaumastosaurus gezei, urostyle in left lateral (a), dorsal (b), and anterior (c) views. 2: T. gezei, left coracoid in medial view (the urostyle and coracoid are parts of the ‘mummy’ MNHN.F.QU17279). 3: Thaumastosaurus sp., left scapula UM-ECA 2537, from the late Eocene of Escamps (MP 19), in lateral (a) and medial (b) views. 4: Thaumastosaurus sp., left humerus UM-MAL 619, from the late Eocene of Malpérié (MP 17), in ventral (a) and medial (b) views. 5: Ranoid indeterminate, small-sized form, right humerus UM-LAV 1280, from the late Eocene of Lavergne (MP 16), in ventral view. 6: Ranoid indeterminate, mid-sized form, left humerus UM-ECA 2558, from the late Eocene of Escamps (MP 19), in ventral view. 7: Ranoid indeterminate, large sized form, left humerus UM-ECA 2557, from the late Eocene of Escamps (MP 19), in ventral (a) and medial (b) views. 8: Ranoid indeterminate, mid-sized form, left scapula UM-ECA 2560, from the late Eocene of Escamps (MP 19), in lateral (a) and medial (b) views. 9: Ranoid indeterminate, large-sized form, left coracoid UM-ECA 2559, from the late Eocene of Escamps (MP 19), in medial view. (1 and 2, redrawn from images segmented by F. Laloy in 2012). Each scale bar = 3 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4586159" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4586159/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Text-fig. 4</figureCitation>
: 5) apparently occurs only in Eocene localities, from MP 16 (Lavergne) to MP 18 (Sainte-Néboule). In addition to humeri, at least one ilium, one scapula and some vertebrae may be referred to this small ranoid (
<bibRefCitation author="Rage, J. - C." box="[928,1066,780,803]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" pagination="281 - 288" refId="ref13785" refString="Rage, J. - C. (1984 b): Are the Ranidae (Anura, Amphibia) known prior to the Oligocene? - Amphibia-Reptilia, 5: 281 - 288." type="journal article" year="1984">Rage 1984b</bibRefCitation>
). The size and the morphology of the bones are homogenous, which suggests that this small form likely represents a single taxon.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="6.[843,1483,152,2099]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">The mid-sized ranoid is present in the Eocene (Textfig. 4: 6) and Oligocene. Bones are rare and scattered in various localities. It is not possible to determine whether only one taxon is represented.</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="6.[843,1483,152,2099]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">
The size of the large form is similar to that of
<taxonomicName authorityName="DE STEFANO" authorityYear="1903" class="Reptilia" genus="Thaumastosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Thaumastosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Humeri are distinguished from those of
<taxonomicName authorityName="DE STEFANO" authorityYear="1903" class="Reptilia" genus="Thaumastosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Thaumastosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by their more projecting articular ball, more developed lateral epicondyle and less slender diaphysis (
<figureCitation box="[850,972,1127,1150]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="7.[106,187,1091,1112]" captionTargetBox="[106,1459,152,1048]" captionTargetId="figure-360@7.[106,1460,152,1047]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Text-fig. 4. Ranoids from the Phosphorites du Quercy. 1: Thaumastosaurus gezei, urostyle in left lateral (a), dorsal (b), and anterior (c) views. 2: T. gezei, left coracoid in medial view (the urostyle and coracoid are parts of the ‘mummy’ MNHN.F.QU17279). 3: Thaumastosaurus sp., left scapula UM-ECA 2537, from the late Eocene of Escamps (MP 19), in lateral (a) and medial (b) views. 4: Thaumastosaurus sp., left humerus UM-MAL 619, from the late Eocene of Malpérié (MP 17), in ventral (a) and medial (b) views. 5: Ranoid indeterminate, small-sized form, right humerus UM-LAV 1280, from the late Eocene of Lavergne (MP 16), in ventral view. 6: Ranoid indeterminate, mid-sized form, left humerus UM-ECA 2558, from the late Eocene of Escamps (MP 19), in ventral view. 7: Ranoid indeterminate, large sized form, left humerus UM-ECA 2557, from the late Eocene of Escamps (MP 19), in ventral (a) and medial (b) views. 8: Ranoid indeterminate, mid-sized form, left scapula UM-ECA 2560, from the late Eocene of Escamps (MP 19), in lateral (a) and medial (b) views. 9: Ranoid indeterminate, large-sized form, left coracoid UM-ECA 2559, from the late Eocene of Escamps (MP 19), in medial view. (1 and 2, redrawn from images segmented by F. Laloy in 2012). Each scale bar = 3 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4586159" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4586159/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Text-fig. 4</figureCitation>
: 7). A coracoid (
<figureCitation box="[1158,1280,1127,1150]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="7.[106,187,1091,1112]" captionTargetBox="[106,1459,152,1048]" captionTargetId="figure-360@7.[106,1460,152,1047]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Text-fig. 4. Ranoids from the Phosphorites du Quercy. 1: Thaumastosaurus gezei, urostyle in left lateral (a), dorsal (b), and anterior (c) views. 2: T. gezei, left coracoid in medial view (the urostyle and coracoid are parts of the ‘mummy’ MNHN.F.QU17279). 3: Thaumastosaurus sp., left scapula UM-ECA 2537, from the late Eocene of Escamps (MP 19), in lateral (a) and medial (b) views. 4: Thaumastosaurus sp., left humerus UM-MAL 619, from the late Eocene of Malpérié (MP 17), in ventral (a) and medial (b) views. 5: Ranoid indeterminate, small-sized form, right humerus UM-LAV 1280, from the late Eocene of Lavergne (MP 16), in ventral view. 6: Ranoid indeterminate, mid-sized form, left humerus UM-ECA 2558, from the late Eocene of Escamps (MP 19), in ventral view. 7: Ranoid indeterminate, large sized form, left humerus UM-ECA 2557, from the late Eocene of Escamps (MP 19), in ventral (a) and medial (b) views. 8: Ranoid indeterminate, mid-sized form, left scapula UM-ECA 2560, from the late Eocene of Escamps (MP 19), in lateral (a) and medial (b) views. 9: Ranoid indeterminate, large-sized form, left coracoid UM-ECA 2559, from the late Eocene of Escamps (MP 19), in medial view. (1 and 2, redrawn from images segmented by F. Laloy in 2012). Each scale bar = 3 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4586159" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4586159/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Text-fig. 4</figureCitation>
: 9) from Escamps (MP 19) may be referred to this large taxon. It differs from that of
<taxonomicName authorityName="DE STEFANO" authorityYear="1903" box="[923,1116,1190,1213]" class="Reptilia" genus="Thaumastosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[923,1116,1190,1213]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Thaumastosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation box="[1133,1254,1190,1213]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="7.[106,187,1091,1112]" captionTargetBox="[106,1459,152,1048]" captionTargetId="figure-360@7.[106,1460,152,1047]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Text-fig. 4. Ranoids from the Phosphorites du Quercy. 1: Thaumastosaurus gezei, urostyle in left lateral (a), dorsal (b), and anterior (c) views. 2: T. gezei, left coracoid in medial view (the urostyle and coracoid are parts of the ‘mummy’ MNHN.F.QU17279). 3: Thaumastosaurus sp., left scapula UM-ECA 2537, from the late Eocene of Escamps (MP 19), in lateral (a) and medial (b) views. 4: Thaumastosaurus sp., left humerus UM-MAL 619, from the late Eocene of Malpérié (MP 17), in ventral (a) and medial (b) views. 5: Ranoid indeterminate, small-sized form, right humerus UM-LAV 1280, from the late Eocene of Lavergne (MP 16), in ventral view. 6: Ranoid indeterminate, mid-sized form, left humerus UM-ECA 2558, from the late Eocene of Escamps (MP 19), in ventral view. 7: Ranoid indeterminate, large sized form, left humerus UM-ECA 2557, from the late Eocene of Escamps (MP 19), in ventral (a) and medial (b) views. 8: Ranoid indeterminate, mid-sized form, left scapula UM-ECA 2560, from the late Eocene of Escamps (MP 19), in lateral (a) and medial (b) views. 9: Ranoid indeterminate, large-sized form, left coracoid UM-ECA 2559, from the late Eocene of Escamps (MP 19), in medial view. (1 and 2, redrawn from images segmented by F. Laloy in 2012). Each scale bar = 3 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4586159" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4586159/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Text-fig. 4</figureCitation>
: 2) in having a neck (corpus coracoidis,
<bibRefCitation author="Spinar, Z. V." box="[1053,1185,1222,1245]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" refId="ref15286" refString="Spinar, Z. V. (1972): Tertiary frogs from Central Europe. - Academia, Prague and W. Junk N. V., The Hague, 346 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 010 - 2932 - 2" type="book" year="1972">Špinar 1972</bibRefCitation>
) with more parallel borders and a more flaring pars epicoracoidalis. This large ranoid is reliably known from MP 16 to MP 19. It should be noted that
<bibRefCitation author="Rage, J. - C." box="[843,984,1317,1340]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" pagination="281 - 288" refId="ref13785" refString="Rage, J. - C. (1984 b): Are the Ranidae (Anura, Amphibia) known prior to the Oligocene? - Amphibia-Reptilia, 5: 281 - 288." type="journal article" year="1984">Rage (1984b</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 2) reported a large ranoid from Lavergne (MP 16). However, as stated above, it is now possible to refer the humerus and vertebrae of this ranoid to
<taxonomicName authorityName="DE STEFANO" authorityYear="1903" class="Reptilia" genus="Thaumastosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Thaumastosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The ilium of
<taxonomicName authorityName="DE STEFANO" authorityYear="1903" box="[1071,1261,1411,1434]" class="Reptilia" genus="Thaumastosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1071,1261,1411,1434]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Thaumastosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
being unknown, the ilium illustrated by
<bibRefCitation author="Rage, J. - C." box="[1048,1187,1443,1466]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" pagination="281 - 288" refId="ref13785" refString="Rage, J. - C. (1984 b): Are the Ranidae (Anura, Amphibia) known prior to the Oligocene? - Amphibia-Reptilia, 5: 281 - 288." type="journal article" year="1984">Rage (1984b</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 2B) cannot be assigned within ranoids. Among ranoid bones from the Phosphorites figured by
<bibRefCitation author="Rage, J. - C." box="[956,1102,1506,1529]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" pagination="281 - 288" refId="ref13785" refString="Rage, J. - C. (1984 b): Are the Ranidae (Anura, Amphibia) known prior to the Oligocene? - Amphibia-Reptilia, 5: 281 - 288." type="journal article" year="1984">Rage (1984b)</bibRefCitation>
, only the coracoid appears to belong to the large, indetermined ranoid.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="6.[843,1483,152,2099]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">
As far as ranoids from the Eocene of the Phosphorites are concerned, the case of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hoffman" authorityYear="1932" box="[1140,1305,1601,1624]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Rhacophoridae</taxonomicName>
must be briefly addressed. This family was reported by
<bibRefCitation author="Sanchiz, B." box="[1263,1424,1632,1655]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" refId="ref14914" refString="Sanchiz, B. (1998): Salientia. Handbuch der Palaoherpetologie, Part 4. - Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munchen, 275 pp." type="book" year="1998">Sanchiz (1998)</bibRefCitation>
from the Eocene of Escamps (MP 19). However, Sanchiz did not provide descriptions and he did not indicate on what bone(s) he based this identification. In view of the difficulty of identifying taxa within ranoids on the basis of isolated bones, neither the presence nor absence of rhacophorids may be confirmed. Today, the family occurs in sub-Saharan Africa and in southern and southeastern Asia. Fossils are known only from the Quaternary of
<collectingCountry box="[1171,1233,1885,1908]" name="Japan" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Japan</collectingCountry>
and perhaps from the Pliocene of eastern Europe (
<bibRefCitation author="Sanchiz, B." box="[1143,1293,1916,1939]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" refId="ref14914" refString="Sanchiz, B. (1998): Salientia. Handbuch der Palaoherpetologie, Part 4. - Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munchen, 275 pp." type="book" year="1998">Sanchiz 1998</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="6.[843,1483,152,2099]" lastBlockId="7.[106,744,1431,1518]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="60" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">
Ranoids from the Oligocene of the Phosphorites are less frequent than in the Eocene. The few available bones do not permit reliable comparisons with specimens from the Eocene. Ranoid bones are unknown at Phosphorites from the basal Oligocene (MP 21) and apparently from MP 24 to MP 27. A report from the late Oligocene of Pech-du-Fraysse (MP 28;
<bibRefCitation author="Crochet, J. Y." box="[106,257,1463,1486]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60" pagination="316 - 317" refId="ref10643" refString="Crochet, J. Y. (1972): Les Vertebres de l'Oligocene superieur du Pech du Fraysse, poche a phosphate du Quercy (commune de Saint-Projet, Tarn-et-Garonne). - Compte rendu sommaire des seances de la Societe geologique de France, 9: 316 - 317." type="journal article" year="1972">Crochet 1972</bibRefCitation>
) is not confirmed. This scarcity of material likely reflects increasing aridity during the Oligocene.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="7.[106,1459,1091,1364]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">
Text-fig. 4. Ranoids from the Phosphorites du Quercy. 1:
<taxonomicName authorityName="RAGE et ROCEK" authorityYear="2007" box="[683,916,1091,1112]" class="Reptilia" genus="Thaumastosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gezei">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[683,916,1091,1112]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">Thaumastosaurus gezei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, urostyle in left lateral (a), dorsal (b), and anterior (c) views. 2:
<taxonomicName authorityName="RAGE et ROCEK" authorityYear="2007" box="[214,295,1119,1140]" class="Reptilia" genus="Thaumastosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gezei">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[214,295,1119,1140]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">T. gezei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, left coracoid in medial view (the urostyle and coracoid are parts of the ‘mummy’ MNHN.F.QU17279). 3:
<taxonomicName authorityName="DE STEFANO" authorityYear="1903" box="[133,312,1147,1168]" class="Reptilia" genus="Thaumastosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[133,312,1147,1168]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">Thaumastosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp., left scapula UM-ECA 2537, from the late Eocene of Escamps (MP 19), in lateral (a) and medial (b) views. 4:
<taxonomicName authorityName="DE STEFANO" authorityYear="1903" box="[133,312,1175,1196]" class="Reptilia" genus="Thaumastosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[133,312,1175,1196]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">Thaumastosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp., left humerus UM-MAL 619, from the late Eocene of Malpérié (MP 17), in ventral (a) and medial (b) views. 5: Ranoid indeterminate, small-sized form, right humerus UM-LAV 1280, from the late Eocene of Lavergne (MP 16), in ventral view. 6: Ranoid indeterminate, mid-sized form, left humerus UM-ECA 2558, from the late Eocene of Escamps (MP 19), in ventral view. 7: Ranoid indeterminate, large sized form, left humerus UM-ECA 2557, from the late Eocene of Escamps (MP 19), in ventral (a) and medial (b) views. 8: Ranoid indeterminate, mid-sized form, left scapula UM-ECA 2560, from the late Eocene of Escamps (MP 19), in lateral (a) and medial (b) views. 9: Ranoid indeterminate, large-sized form, left coracoid UM-ECA 2559, from the late Eocene of Escamps (MP 19), in medial view. (1 and 2, redrawn from images segmented by F. Laloy in 2012). Each scale bar = 3 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="7.[318,532,1577,1603]" box="[318,532,1577,1603]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[318,532,1577,1603]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">Problematic taxa</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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