treatments-xml/data/03/99/87/039987B2FFF6FF93FDB59725FA709593.xml

<document ID-DOI="10.1371/journal.pone.0157793" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e9361262-3c07-4dea-8991-22a2fc82d026" ID-PMC="PMC4943716" ID-PubMed="27410683" ID-Zenodo-Dep="269955" approvalRequired="4" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="4" checkinTime="1468487418852" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Sebastián Apesteguía, Nathan D. Smith, Rubén Juárez Valieri &amp; Peter J. Makovicky" docDate="2016" docId="039987B2FFF6FF93FDB59725FA709593" docLanguage="en" docName="journal.pone.0157793.PDF" docOrigin="PLoS ONE 11 (7)" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Gualicho shinyae Apesteguía, Smith, Valieri &amp; Makovicky, 2016, gen. et sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="13" lastPageNumber="30" masterDocId="FFA0FFCAFFF2FF8EFF809446FFEF9158" masterDocTitle="An Unusual New Theropod with a Didactyl Manus from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina" masterLastPageNumber="41" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="5" updateTime="1668134666505" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>An Unusual New Theropod with a Didactyl Manus from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina</mods:title>
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<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Sebastián Apesteguía</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Nathan D. Smith</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Rubén Juárez Valieri</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Peter J. Makovicky</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>PLoS ONE</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2016</mods:date>
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<mods:number>2016-07-13</mods:number>
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<mods:number>11</mods:number>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6081285" ID-GBIF-Taxon="123195618" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6081285" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:94AE3F8D-9485-443C-A945-0DDD107FE3D8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039987B2FFF6FF93FDB59725FA709593" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<paragraph blockId="4.[533,1527,729,1897]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName box="[565,745,867,891]" class="Reptilia" genus="Gualicho" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shinyae">
<emphasis box="[565,745,867,891]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Gualicho shinyae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[751,908,868,892]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(replaces 
<taxonomicName box="[1013,1458,867,892]" genus="Nototyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="violantei">
<emphasis box="[1013,1256,867,891]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Nototyrannus violantei</emphasis>
Anonymous, 
<number box="[1405,1458,868,892]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="2011.0">2011</number>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[533,693,902,926]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">nomen nudum</taxonomicNameLabel>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="4.[533,1527,729,1897]" box="[565,1334,937,961]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A 
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B 
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A- 
<number box="[944,984,937,961]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="972.0">972</number>
E- 
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- 
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D 
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- 
<collectionCode box="[1133,1203,937,961]" country="Czech Republic" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/xvhq-3p7t" name="Culture Collection of Entomogenous Bacteria" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">CCEB</collectionCode>
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CBDECB 
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="materials_examined">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[565,675,971,995]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<typeStatus box="[565,670,971,995]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
<collectionCode box="[696,772,972,996]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">MPCN</collectionCode>
PV 
<number box="[817,870,972,996]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="1.0">0001</number>
, comprising four articulated centra from the dorsal vertebral column, an articulated gastral basket, a section of the tail distal to the transition point, the left scapulocoracoid and forelimb, the distal end of both pubes including the pubic boot, and parts of both hind limbs (
<figureCitation box="[744,792,1075,1100]" captionStart="Fig 1" captionStartId="5.[161,193,1747,1767]" captionTargetBox="[161,1536,208,1727]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[161,1536,208,1727]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig 1. Life reconstruction of skeletal remains of Gualicho shinyae and stratigraphic and geographic details of the find. (A) Map of Rio Límay region of northern Patagonia, showing where the holotype of Gualicho shinyae was discovered (star) (B) Schematic stratigraphic column of lower part of Neuquén Group (Upper Cretaceous) strata exposed in the Neuquén Basin with approximate level at which the holotype of Gualicho shinyae was collected from the base of the Huincul Formation. See S 1 Fig for excavation photos. (C) Skeletal reconstruction of Gualicho shinyae showing recovered elements in white and missing elements in grey shading. Artwork by J. González " httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269956/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Fig 
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A). Much of the specimen had been lost to erosion when discovered, but the preserved parts including the forelimb, dorsal vertebrae, gastralia, and feet were articulated. Specimen measurements are provided in 
<tableCitation box="[1032,1110,1145,1169]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="6.[96,151,208,227]" captionTargetBox="[96,1334,246,1834]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Table 1. Select measurements of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF4F662CFFF4FF88FFE09496FCB591BB" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" tableUuid="DF4F662CFFF4FF88FFE09496FCB591BB">
Table 
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.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="4.[533,1527,729,1897]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[565,700,1180,1204]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Provenance.</emphasis>
The specimen came from a sandstone layer in a section of alternating sandand mudstones (see S 
<number box="[764,774,1214,1238]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="1.0">1</number>
Fig) that make up the Cenomanian to Turonian aged Huincul Formation [
<bibRefCitation author="Leanza HA &amp; Apesteguia S &amp; Novas FE &amp; De la Fuente MS." box="[591,617,1249,1273]" journalOrPublisher="Cretac Res" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="61 - 87" part="25" refId="ref19586" refString="25. Leanza HA, Apesteguia S, Novas FE, De la Fuente MS. Cretaceous terrestrial beds from the Neuquen Basin (Argentina) and their tetrapod assemblages. Cretac Res. 2004; 25: 61 - 87." title="Cretaceous terrestrial beds from the Neuquen Basin (Argentina) and their tetrapod assemblages" type="journal article" year="2004">
<number box="[591,617,1249,1273]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="25.0">25</number>
</bibRefCitation>
] exposed along the northern flank of the Meseta de la Rentería, Río Negro Province, 
<collectingCountry box="[533,640,1283,1307]" name="Argentina" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Argentina</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation box="[655,703,1283,1308]" captionStart="Fig 1" captionStartId="5.[161,193,1747,1767]" captionTargetBox="[161,1536,208,1727]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[161,1536,208,1727]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig 1. Life reconstruction of skeletal remains of Gualicho shinyae and stratigraphic and geographic details of the find. (A) Map of Rio Límay region of northern Patagonia, showing where the holotype of Gualicho shinyae was discovered (star) (B) Schematic stratigraphic column of lower part of Neuquén Group (Upper Cretaceous) strata exposed in the Neuquén Basin with approximate level at which the holotype of Gualicho shinyae was collected from the base of the Huincul Formation. See S 1 Fig for excavation photos. (C) Skeletal reconstruction of Gualicho shinyae showing recovered elements in white and missing elements in grey shading. Artwork by J. González " httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269956/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Fig 
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</figureCitation>
B and 
<number box="[775,785,1284,1308]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="1.0">1</number>
C). Exact locality data are on file with the authors. Permission was obtained by the senior author for this study from the Agencia Cultura de Río Negro, and complies with all relevant regulations.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph blockId="4.[533,1527,729,1897]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[565,812,1387,1411]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Differential diagnosis.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName box="[833,1013,1387,1411]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis box="[833,1013,1387,1411]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Gualicho shinyae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distinguished by a unique combination of character states, which otherwise optimize as derived traits of very disparate theropod groups (see Description and Discussion). Posterior dorsal vertebrae very elongated and with slit-like pneumatic openings; scapular blade narrow with sinuous rostral margin marked by a shallow notch between the acromion process and blade; forelimb foreshortened with reduced muscle attachments and articulations and functionally didactyl; first and second metacarpals co-ossified proximally, third metacarpal reduced to a splint; pubes with little or no pubic apron and blade-like boot; femur with mediodorsally inclined head; reduced femoral distal condyles; fibula with large fossa and accessory flange on proximocaudal corner; ridge-like m. iliofibularis tubercle of fibula; third metatarsal with expanded proximal articulation with posterior edge wider than rostral edge (antarctometatarsal condition [
<bibRefCitation author="Carrano MT" box="[1113,1126,1734,1758]" journalOrPublisher="J Syst Palaeontol" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="183 - 236" part="6" refId="ref18943" refString="8. Carrano MT, Sampson SD. The phylogeny of Ceratosauria (Dinosauria: Theropoda). J Syst Palaeontol 2008; 6: 183 - 236." title="Sampson SD. The phylogeny of Ceratosauria (Dinosauria: Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="2008">
<number box="[1113,1126,1734,1758]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="8.0">8</number>
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]); pedal unguals with single claw sheath grooves that define small spur or tuber near proximal end.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="etymology">
<paragraph blockId="4.[533,1527,729,1897]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[565,691,1803,1827]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Etymology.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName box="[712,807,1803,1827]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis box="[712,807,1803,1827]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Gualicho</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a Spanish name derived from the Gennaken (günün-a-künna or northern Tehuelche language) 
<emphasis box="[859,972,1838,1862]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">watsiltsüm</emphasis>
, for a goddess who was considered the owner of animals and later, following the introduction of Christianity, reinterpreted as a demonic entity.
</paragraph>
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269956/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" targetBox="[161,1536,208,1727]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph blockId="5.[161,1525,1747,1910]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[161,1316,1747,1767]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Fig 1. Life reconstruction of skeletal remains of 
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[631,801,1748,1767]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName box="[631,720,1748,1767]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Gualicho</taxonomicName>
shinyae
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and stratigraphic and geographic details of the find.
</emphasis>
(A) Map of Rio Límay region of northern Patagonia, showing where the holotype of 
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<emphasis box="[719,878,1773,1793]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName box="[719,802,1773,1793]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Gualicho</taxonomicName>
shinyae
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was discovered (star) (B) Schematic stratigraphic column of lower part of Neuquén Group (Upper Cretaceous) strata exposed in the Neuquén Basin with approximate level at which the holotype of 
<taxonomicName box="[1302,1460,1798,1818]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis box="[1302,1460,1798,1818]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName box="[1302,1385,1798,1818]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Gualicho</taxonomicName>
shinyae
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was collected from the base of the Huincul Formation. See S1 Fig for excavation photos. (C) Skeletal reconstruction of 
<taxonomicName box="[1204,1362,1823,1843]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis box="[1204,1362,1823,1843]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName box="[1204,1287,1823,1843]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Gualicho</taxonomicName>
shinyae
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
showing recovered elements in white and missing elements in grey shading. Artwork by J. González.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="5.[161,1525,1747,1910]" box="[161,463,1890,1910]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157793.g001</paragraph>
</caption>
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<paragraph blockId="6.[96,1536,207,1873]" box="[96,858,207,227]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
Table 1. Select measurements of the holotype specimen of 
<taxonomicName box="[682,852,208,227]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[682,852,208,227]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName box="[682,771,208,227]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Gualicho</taxonomicName>
shinyae
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="6.[96,1536,207,1873]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[96,1334,246,266]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th box="[96,325,246,266]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[96,178,247,266]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Element</emphasis>
</th>
<th box="[566,935,246,266]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[566,778,246,266]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Dimension measured</emphasis>
</th>
<th box="[1142,1334,246,266]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1142,1334,246,266]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Measurement (mm)</emphasis>
</th>
</emphasis>
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<th box="[96,325,281,301]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[96,300,281,301]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Dorsal (1st in series)</emphasis>
</th>
<td box="[566,935,281,301]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">centrum length</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,281,301]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">92</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,314,334]" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th box="[96,325,314,334]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[96,307,314,334]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Dorsal (2nd in series)</emphasis>
</th>
<td box="[566,935,314,334]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">centrum length</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,314,334]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">104</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,348,368]" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th box="[96,325,348,368]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[96,303,348,368]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Dorsal (3rd in series)</emphasis>
</th>
<td box="[566,935,348,368]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">centrum length</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,348,368]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
80 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1168,1180,348,367]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">†</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,381,401]" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th box="[96,325,381,401]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[96,305,381,401]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Caudal (1st in series)</emphasis>
</th>
<td box="[566,935,381,401]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">centrum length</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,381,401]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">72</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,414,435]" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th box="[96,325,414,435]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[96,312,414,434]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Caudal (2nd in series)</emphasis>
</th>
<td box="[566,935,414,435]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">centrum length</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,414,435]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">83</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,448,468]" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th box="[96,325,448,468]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[96,301,448,468]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Caudal 3rd in series)</emphasis>
</th>
<td box="[566,935,448,468]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">centrum length</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,448,468]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
50 
<emphasis box="[1168,1180,448,467]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">*</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,481,501]" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th box="[96,325,481,501]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[96,177,481,501]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Scapula</emphasis>
</th>
<td box="[566,935,481,501]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Total length</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,481,501]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
439 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1180,1192,482,501]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">†</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,515,534]" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,935,515,534]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Blade dorsoventral width (minimum)</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,515,534]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">33</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,548,568]" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,935,548,568]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Blade dorsoventral width (at base)</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,548,568]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">75</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,581,601]" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th box="[96,325,581,601]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[96,187,581,601]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Coracoid</emphasis>
</th>
<td box="[566,935,581,601]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Total dorsoventral length</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,581,601]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
168 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1180,1192,582,601]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">†</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,615,634]" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th box="[96,325,615,634]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[96,187,615,634]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Humerus</emphasis>
</th>
<td box="[566,935,615,634]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Length</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,615,634]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">286</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,648,668]" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,935,648,668]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Deltopectoral crest to internal tuberosity</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,648,668]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">96</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,682,701]" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,935,682,701]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Proximal mediolateral width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,682,701]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">78.07</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,715,734]" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,935,715,734]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Proximal anteroposterior width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,715,734]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">20.99</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,748,768]" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,935,748,768]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Midshaft mediolateral width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,748,768]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">25.92</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,782,801]" gridrow="16" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,935,782,801]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Midshaft anteroposterior width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,782,801]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">26.18</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,815,834]" gridrow="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,935,815,834]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Midshaft circumference</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,815,834]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">78.66</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,848,868]" gridrow="18" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,935,848,868]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Deltopectoral crest length</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,848,868]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
35.60 
<emphasis box="[1197,1209,848,867]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">*</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,881,901]" gridrow="19" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,935,881,901]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Estimated deltopectoral crest length</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,881,901]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">56.5</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,915,934]" gridrow="20" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,935,915,934]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Deltopectoral crest width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,915,934]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">21.42</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,948,968]" gridrow="21" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,935,948,968]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Distal mediolateral width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,948,968]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">43.74</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,982,1001]" gridrow="22" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,935,982,1001]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Distal anteroposterior width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,982,1001]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">27.26</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1014,1034]" gridrow="23" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th box="[96,325,1014,1034]" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[96,231,1014,1034]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Radius (right)</emphasis>
</th>
<td box="[566,935,1014,1034]" gridcol="1" gridrow="23" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Length</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1014,1034]" gridcol="2" gridrow="23" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">155.4</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1048,1068]" gridrow="24" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,935,1048,1068]" gridcol="1" gridrow="24" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Proximal mediolateral width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1048,1068]" gridcol="2" gridrow="24" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">20.8</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1082,1101]" gridrow="25" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,935,1082,1101]" gridcol="1" gridrow="25" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Proximal anteroposterior width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1082,1101]" gridcol="2" gridrow="25" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">14.11</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1115,1134]" gridrow="26" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,935,1115,1134]" gridcol="1" gridrow="26" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Distal mediolateral width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1115,1134]" gridcol="2" gridrow="26" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">17.92</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1148,1167]" gridrow="27" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,935,1148,1167]" gridcol="1" gridrow="27" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Distal anteroposterior width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1148,1167]" gridcol="2" gridrow="27" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">18.22</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1181,1201]" gridrow="28" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th box="[96,325,1181,1201]" gridcol="0" gridrow="28" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[96,216,1181,1201]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Radius (left)</emphasis>
</th>
<td box="[566,935,1181,1201]" gridcol="1" gridrow="28" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Length</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1181,1201]" gridcol="2" gridrow="28" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">152.75</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1215,1234]" gridrow="29" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,935,1215,1234]" gridcol="1" gridrow="29" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Proximal mediolateral width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1215,1234]" gridcol="2" gridrow="29" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">19.76</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1248,1268]" gridrow="30" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,935,1248,1268]" gridcol="1" gridrow="30" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Proximal anteroposterior width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1248,1268]" gridcol="2" gridrow="30" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">15.24</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1281,1301]" gridrow="31" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,935,1281,1301]" gridcol="1" gridrow="31" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Distal mediolateral width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1281,1301]" gridcol="2" gridrow="31" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">14.57</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1315,1334]" gridrow="32" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,935,1315,1334]" gridcol="1" gridrow="32" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Distal anteroposterior width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1315,1334]" gridcol="2" gridrow="32" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">22.18</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1348,1368]" gridrow="33" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th box="[96,325,1348,1368]" gridcol="0" gridrow="33" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[96,207,1348,1368]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Ulna (right)</emphasis>
</th>
<td box="[566,935,1348,1368]" gridcol="1" gridrow="33" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Length</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1348,1368]" gridcol="2" gridrow="33" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">166.8</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1382,1401]" gridrow="34" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,935,1382,1401]" gridcol="1" gridrow="34" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Proximal mediolateral width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1382,1401]" gridcol="2" gridrow="34" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
14.27 
<emphasis box="[1197,1209,1382,1401]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">*</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1415,1434]" gridrow="35" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,935,1415,1434]" gridcol="1" gridrow="35" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Proximal anteroposterior width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1415,1434]" gridcol="2" gridrow="35" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">26.36</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1448,1468]" gridrow="36" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,935,1448,1468]" gridcol="1" gridrow="36" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Olecranon height above articulation</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1448,1468]" gridcol="2" gridrow="36" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">11.25</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1481,1501]" gridrow="37" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,935,1481,1501]" gridcol="1" gridrow="37" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Distal mediolateral width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1481,1501]" gridcol="2" gridrow="37" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">19.75</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1515,1534]" gridrow="38" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,935,1515,1534]" gridcol="1" gridrow="38" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Distal anteroposterior width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1515,1534]" gridcol="2" gridrow="38" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">13.03</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1548,1568]" gridrow="39" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th box="[96,325,1548,1568]" gridcol="0" gridrow="39" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[96,191,1548,1568]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Ulna (left)</emphasis>
</th>
<td box="[566,935,1548,1568]" gridcol="1" gridrow="39" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Length</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1548,1568]" gridcol="2" gridrow="39" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
157.66 
<emphasis box="[1209,1221,1548,1567]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">*</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1582,1601]" gridrow="40" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,935,1582,1601]" gridcol="1" gridrow="40" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Proximal anteroposterior width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1582,1601]" gridcol="2" gridrow="40" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
22.8 
<emphasis box="[1185,1197,1582,1601]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">*</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1615,1634]" gridrow="41" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,935,1615,1634]" gridcol="1" gridrow="41" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Distal mediolateral width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1615,1634]" gridcol="2" gridrow="41" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">20.72</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1648,1668]" gridrow="42" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,935,1648,1668]" gridcol="1" gridrow="42" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Distal anteroposterior width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1648,1668]" gridcol="2" gridrow="42" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">12.29</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1681,1701]" gridrow="43" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th box="[96,325,1681,1701]" gridcol="0" gridrow="43" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[96,285,1681,1701]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Scapholunare (left)</emphasis>
</th>
<td box="[566,935,1681,1701]" gridcol="1" gridrow="43" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Mediolateral width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1681,1701]" gridcol="2" gridrow="43" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">11.91</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1714,1734]" gridrow="44" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,935,1714,1734]" gridcol="1" gridrow="44" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Anteroposterior width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1714,1734]" gridcol="2" gridrow="44" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">15.43</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1748,1768]" gridrow="45" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th box="[96,325,1748,1768]" gridcol="0" gridrow="45" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[96,325,1748,1768]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Semilunate carpal (left)</emphasis>
</th>
<td box="[566,935,1748,1768]" gridcol="1" gridrow="45" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Mediolateral width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1748,1768]" gridcol="2" gridrow="45" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">17.13</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1782,1801]" gridrow="46" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,935,1782,1801]" gridcol="1" gridrow="46" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Anteroposterior width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1782,1801]" gridcol="2" gridrow="46" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">18.48</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1814,1834]" gridrow="47" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th box="[96,325,1814,1834]" gridcol="0" gridrow="47" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[96,189,1814,1834]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">MC I (left)</emphasis>
</th>
<td box="[566,935,1814,1834]" gridcol="1" gridrow="47" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Length</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1814,1834]" gridcol="2" gridrow="47" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">50.25</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="6.[96,1536,207,1873]" box="[1422,1536,1853,1873]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<tableNote box="[1422,1536,1853,1873]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
(
<emphasis box="[1429,1527,1853,1873]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Continued</emphasis>
)
</tableNote>
</paragraph>
<caption box="[96,297,207,227]" isContinuationCaption="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" targetBox="[96,1334,254,1842]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph blockId="7.[96,1536,207,1881]" box="[96,297,207,227]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[96,173,207,227]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Table 1.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis box="[191,289,207,227]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Continued</emphasis>
)
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="7.[96,1536,207,1881]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<table box="[96,1334,254,1842]" colsContinueFrom="6.[96,1334,246,1834]" colsContinueIn="8.[96,1334,254,1842]" gridcols="3" gridrows="48" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<tr box="[96,1334,254,274]" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[96,1334,254,274]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<th box="[96,336,254,274]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[96,178,255,274]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Element</emphasis>
</th>
<th box="[566,850,254,274]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[566,778,254,274]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Dimension measured</emphasis>
</th>
<th box="[1142,1334,254,274]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1142,1334,254,274]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Measurement (mm)</emphasis>
</th>
</emphasis>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,289,309]" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,850,289,309]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Proximal mediolateral width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,289,309]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
17.09 
<emphasis box="[1197,1209,289,308]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">*</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,323,342]" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,850,323,342]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Proximal anteroposterior width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,323,342]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
14.46 
<emphasis box="[1197,1209,323,342]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">*</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,355,375]" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,850,355,375]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Distal mediolateral width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,355,375]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">22.15</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,389,409]" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,850,389,409]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Distal anteroposterior width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,389,409]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">19.97</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,422,442]" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<th box="[96,336,422,442]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[96,256,422,442]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Phalanx I-1 (left)</emphasis>
</th>
<td box="[566,850,422,442]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Length</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,422,442]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">64.8</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,456,475]" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,850,456,475]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Proximal mediolateral width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,456,475]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">20.9</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,489,509]" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,850,489,509]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Proximal anteroposterior width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,489,509]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">22.8</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,523,542]" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,850,523,542]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Distal mediolateral width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,523,542]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">18.6</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,556,575]" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,850,556,575]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Distal anteroposterior width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,556,575]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">17.8</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,589,609]" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<th box="[96,336,589,609]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[96,244,589,609]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">I-2 ungual (left)</emphasis>
</th>
<td box="[566,850,589,609]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Length</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,589,609]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">60.6</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,623,642]" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,850,623,642]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Proximal mediolateral width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,623,642]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">16.6</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,656,675]" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,850,656,675]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Proximal anteroposterior width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,656,675]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">29.6</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,689,709]" gridrow="13" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<th box="[96,336,689,709]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[96,195,689,709]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">MC II (left)</emphasis>
</th>
<td box="[566,850,689,709]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Length</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,689,709]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">81.7</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,723,742]" gridrow="14" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,850,723,742]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Proximal mediolateral width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,723,742]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
13.6 
<emphasis box="[1185,1197,723,742]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">*</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,756,775]" gridrow="15" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,850,756,775]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Proximal anteroposterior width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,756,775]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">11.3</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,789,809]" gridrow="16" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,850,789,809]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Distal mediolateral width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,789,809]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">14.1</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,823,842]" gridrow="17" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,850,823,842]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Distal anteroposterior width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,823,842]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">12.8</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,855,875]" gridrow="18" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<th box="[96,336,855,875]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[96,262,855,875]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Phalanx II-1 (left)</emphasis>
</th>
<td box="[566,850,855,875]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Length</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,855,875]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">31.1</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,889,909]" gridrow="19" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,850,889,909]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Proximal mediolateral width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,889,909]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">11.3</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,923,942]" gridrow="20" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,850,923,942]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Proximal anteroposterior width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,923,942]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">10.7</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,956,975]" gridrow="21" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,850,956,975]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Distal mediolateral width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,956,975]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">9.4</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,989,1008]" gridrow="22" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,850,989,1008]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Distal anteroposterior width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,989,1008]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">8.6</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1022,1042]" gridrow="23" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<th box="[96,336,1022,1042]" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[96,262,1022,1042]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Phalanx II-2 (left)</emphasis>
</th>
<td box="[566,850,1022,1042]" gridcol="1" gridrow="23" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Length</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1022,1042]" gridcol="2" gridrow="23" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">35.9</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1056,1075]" gridrow="24" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,850,1056,1075]" gridcol="1" gridrow="24" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Proximal mediolateral width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1056,1075]" gridcol="2" gridrow="24" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">12.2</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1089,1108]" gridrow="25" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,850,1089,1108]" gridcol="1" gridrow="25" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Proximal anteroposterior width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1089,1108]" gridcol="2" gridrow="25" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">13.6</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1123,1142]" gridrow="26" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,850,1123,1142]" gridcol="1" gridrow="26" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Distal mediolateral width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1123,1142]" gridcol="2" gridrow="26" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">11</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1155,1175]" gridrow="27" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,850,1155,1175]" gridcol="1" gridrow="27" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Distal anteroposterior width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1155,1175]" gridcol="2" gridrow="27" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">9.5</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1189,1209]" gridrow="28" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<th box="[96,336,1189,1209]" gridcol="0" gridrow="28" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[96,336,1189,1209]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Phalanx II-3 ungual (left)</emphasis>
</th>
<td box="[566,850,1189,1209]" gridcol="1" gridrow="28" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Length</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1189,1209]" gridcol="2" gridrow="28" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
29.5 
<emphasis box="[1185,1197,1189,1208]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">*</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1222,1242]" gridrow="29" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,850,1222,1242]" gridcol="1" gridrow="29" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Proximal mediolateral width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1222,1242]" gridcol="2" gridrow="29" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">8.5</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1256,1275]" gridrow="30" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,850,1256,1275]" gridcol="1" gridrow="30" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Proximal anteroposterior width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1256,1275]" gridcol="2" gridrow="30" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">12.3</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1289,1309]" gridrow="31" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<th box="[96,336,1289,1309]" gridcol="0" gridrow="31" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[96,201,1289,1309]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">MC III (left)</emphasis>
</th>
<td box="[566,850,1289,1309]" gridcol="1" gridrow="31" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Length</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1289,1309]" gridcol="2" gridrow="31" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
40.3 
<emphasis box="[1185,1197,1289,1308]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">*</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1323,1342]" gridrow="32" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,850,1323,1342]" gridcol="1" gridrow="32" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Proximal mediolateral width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1323,1342]" gridcol="2" gridrow="32" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">3.3</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1355,1375]" gridrow="33" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,850,1355,1375]" gridcol="1" gridrow="33" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Proximal anteroposterior width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1355,1375]" gridcol="2" gridrow="33" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">5.5</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1389,1409]" gridrow="34" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<th box="[96,336,1389,1409]" gridcol="0" gridrow="34" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[96,160,1390,1409]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pubes</emphasis>
</th>
<td box="[566,850,1389,1409]" gridcol="1" gridrow="34" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Length (left)</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1389,1409]" gridcol="2" gridrow="34" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
355 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1180,1192,1389,1408]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">†</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1422,1442]" gridrow="35" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,850,1422,1442]" gridcol="1" gridrow="35" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Anteroposterior length of boot</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1422,1442]" gridcol="2" gridrow="35" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
158 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1180,1192,1423,1442]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">†</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1455,1475]" gridrow="36" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<th box="[96,336,1455,1475]" gridcol="0" gridrow="36" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[96,226,1455,1475]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Femur (right)</emphasis>
</th>
<td box="[566,850,1455,1475]" gridcol="1" gridrow="36" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Length</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1455,1475]" gridcol="2" gridrow="36" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">775</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1489,1509]" gridrow="37" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<th box="[96,336,1489,1509]" gridcol="0" gridrow="37" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[96,223,1489,1509]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fibula (right)</emphasis>
</th>
<td box="[566,850,1489,1509]" gridcol="1" gridrow="37" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Length</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1489,1509]" gridcol="2" gridrow="37" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
341 
<emphasis box="[1180,1192,1489,1508]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">*</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1523,1542]" gridrow="38" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,850,1523,1542]" gridcol="1" gridrow="38" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Maximum width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1523,1542]" gridcol="2" gridrow="38" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">98</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1555,1575]" gridrow="39" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<th box="[96,336,1555,1575]" gridcol="0" gridrow="39" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[96,282,1555,1575]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Metatarsal II (right)</emphasis>
</th>
<td box="[566,850,1555,1575]" gridcol="1" gridrow="39" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Length</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1555,1575]" gridcol="2" gridrow="39" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
128.94 
<emphasis box="[1209,1221,1556,1575]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">*</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1589,1609]" gridrow="40" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,850,1589,1609]" gridcol="1" gridrow="40" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Distal mediolateral width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1589,1609]" gridcol="2" gridrow="40" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">44.05</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1622,1642]" gridrow="41" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,850,1622,1642]" gridcol="1" gridrow="41" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Distal dorsoventral height</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1622,1642]" gridcol="2" gridrow="41" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">44.58</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1655,1675]" gridrow="42" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<th box="[96,336,1655,1675]" gridcol="0" gridrow="42" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[96,272,1655,1675]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Metatarsal III (left)</emphasis>
</th>
<td box="[566,850,1655,1675]" gridcol="1" gridrow="42" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Length</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1655,1675]" gridcol="2" gridrow="42" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">309</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1689,1709]" gridrow="43" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,850,1689,1709]" gridcol="1" gridrow="43" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Proximal mediolateral width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1689,1709]" gridcol="2" gridrow="43" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">53.17</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1723,1742]" gridrow="44" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,850,1723,1742]" gridcol="1" gridrow="44" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Proximal dorsoventral height</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1723,1742]" gridcol="2" gridrow="44" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">76.79</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1755,1775]" gridrow="45" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,850,1755,1775]" gridcol="1" gridrow="45" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Distal mediolateral width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1755,1775]" gridcol="2" gridrow="45" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">56.3</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1789,1808]" gridrow="46" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,850,1789,1808]" gridcol="1" gridrow="46" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Distal dorsoventral height</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1789,1808]" gridcol="2" gridrow="46" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">40.61</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1822,1842]" gridrow="47" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<th box="[96,336,1822,1842]" gridcol="0" gridrow="47" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[96,287,1822,1842]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Metatarsal III (right)</emphasis>
</th>
<td box="[566,850,1822,1842]" gridcol="1" gridrow="47" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Length</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1822,1842]" gridcol="2" gridrow="47" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
124.3 
<emphasis box="[1197,1209,1823,1842]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">*</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="7.[96,1536,207,1881]" box="[1422,1536,1861,1881]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<tableNote box="[1422,1536,1861,1881]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
(
<emphasis box="[1429,1527,1861,1881]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Continued</emphasis>
)
</tableNote>
</paragraph>
<caption box="[96,297,207,227]" isContinuationCaption="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" targetBox="[96,1334,254,1842]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph blockId="8.[96,1536,207,1881]" box="[96,297,207,227]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[96,173,207,227]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Table 1.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis box="[191,289,207,227]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Continued</emphasis>
)
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="8.[96,1536,207,1881]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<table box="[96,1334,254,1842]" colsContinueFrom="7.[96,1334,254,1842]" colsContinueIn="9.[96,1334,254,509]" gridcols="3" gridrows="48" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<tr box="[96,1334,254,274]" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[96,1334,254,274]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<th box="[96,357,254,274]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[96,178,255,274]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Element</emphasis>
</th>
<th box="[566,834,254,274]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[566,778,254,274]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Dimension measured</emphasis>
</th>
<th box="[1142,1334,254,274]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1142,1334,254,274]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Measurement (mm)</emphasis>
</th>
</emphasis>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,289,308]" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,834,289,308]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Distal mediolateral width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,289,308]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">63.18</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,323,342]" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,834,323,342]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Distal dorsoventral height</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,323,342]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">43.29</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,355,375]" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<th box="[96,357,355,375]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[96,277,355,375]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Phalanx II-1 (right)</emphasis>
</th>
<td box="[566,834,355,375]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Length</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,355,375]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">95.25</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,389,408]" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,834,389,408]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Proximal mediolateral width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,389,408]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">36.7</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,423,442]" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,834,423,442]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Proximal dorsoventral height</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,423,442]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">49.49</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,456,475]" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,834,456,475]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Distal mediolateral width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,456,475]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">37.76</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,489,509]" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,834,489,509]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Distal dorsoventral height</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,489,509]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">31.18</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,522,542]" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<th box="[96,357,522,542]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[96,277,522,542]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Phalanx II-2 (right)</emphasis>
</th>
<td box="[566,834,522,542]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Length</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,522,542]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">64.32</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,555,575]" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,834,555,575]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Proximal mediolateral width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,555,575]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">31.75</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,589,609]" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,834,589,609]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Proximal dorsoventral height</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,589,609]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">32.83</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,623,642]" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,834,623,642]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Distal mediolateral width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,623,642]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">28.86</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,656,675]" gridrow="12" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,834,656,675]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Distal dorsoventral height</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,656,675]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">26.84</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,689,709]" gridrow="13" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<th box="[96,357,689,709]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[96,351,689,709]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Phalanx II-3 ungual (right)</emphasis>
</th>
<td box="[566,834,689,709]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Length</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,689,709]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
54.61 
<emphasis box="[1197,1209,689,708]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">*</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,722,742]" gridrow="14" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,834,722,742]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Proximal mediolateral width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,722,742]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">21.85</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,756,775]" gridrow="15" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,834,756,775]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Proximal dorsoventral height</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,756,775]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">30.96</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,789,809]" gridrow="16" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<th box="[96,357,789,809]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[96,283,789,809]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Phalanx III-1 (right)</emphasis>
</th>
<td box="[566,834,789,809]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Length</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,789,809]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">104.31</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,822,842]" gridrow="17" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,834,822,842]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Proximal mediolateral width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,822,842]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">54.76</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,856,875]" gridrow="18" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,834,856,875]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Proximal dorsoventral height</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,856,875]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">42.98</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,889,909]" gridrow="19" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,834,889,909]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Distal mediolateral width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,889,909]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">46.5</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,923,942]" gridrow="20" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,834,923,942]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Distal dorsoventral height</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,923,942]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">29.32</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,955,975]" gridrow="21" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<th box="[96,357,955,975]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[96,283,955,975]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Phalanx III-2 (right)</emphasis>
</th>
<td box="[566,834,955,975]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Length</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,955,975]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">79.08</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,989,1009]" gridrow="22" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,834,989,1009]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Proximal mediolateral width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,989,1009]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">45.59</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1023,1042]" gridrow="23" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,834,1023,1042]" gridcol="1" gridrow="23" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Proximal dorsoventral height</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1023,1042]" gridcol="2" gridrow="23" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">31.96</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1056,1075]" gridrow="24" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,834,1056,1075]" gridcol="1" gridrow="24" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Distal mediolateral width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1056,1075]" gridcol="2" gridrow="24" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">38.08</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1089,1109]" gridrow="25" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,834,1089,1109]" gridcol="1" gridrow="25" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Distal dorsoventral height</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1089,1109]" gridcol="2" gridrow="25" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">23.85</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1122,1142]" gridrow="26" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<th box="[96,357,1122,1142]" gridcol="0" gridrow="26" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[96,283,1122,1142]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Phalanx III-3 (right)</emphasis>
</th>
<td box="[566,834,1122,1142]" gridcol="1" gridrow="26" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Length</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1122,1142]" gridcol="2" gridrow="26" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">54.83</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1155,1175]" gridrow="27" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,834,1155,1175]" gridcol="1" gridrow="27" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Proximal mediolateral width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1155,1175]" gridcol="2" gridrow="27" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">35.62</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1189,1209]" gridrow="28" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,834,1189,1209]" gridcol="1" gridrow="28" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Proximal dorsoventral height</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1189,1209]" gridcol="2" gridrow="28" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">24.71</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1223,1242]" gridrow="29" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,834,1223,1242]" gridcol="1" gridrow="29" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Distal mediolateral width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1223,1242]" gridcol="2" gridrow="29" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">29.28</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1256,1275]" gridrow="30" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,834,1256,1275]" gridcol="1" gridrow="30" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Distal dorsoventral height</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1256,1275]" gridcol="2" gridrow="30" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">21.07</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1289,1309]" gridrow="31" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<th box="[96,357,1289,1309]" gridcol="0" gridrow="31" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[96,357,1289,1309]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Phalanx III-4 ungual (right)</emphasis>
</th>
<td box="[566,834,1289,1309]" gridcol="1" gridrow="31" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Length</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1289,1309]" gridcol="2" gridrow="31" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">58.12</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1322,1342]" gridrow="32" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,834,1322,1342]" gridcol="1" gridrow="32" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Proximal mediolateral width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1322,1342]" gridcol="2" gridrow="32" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">22.75</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1356,1375]" gridrow="33" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,834,1356,1375]" gridcol="1" gridrow="33" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Proximal dorsoventral height</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1356,1375]" gridcol="2" gridrow="33" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">28.88</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1389,1409]" gridrow="34" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<th box="[96,357,1389,1409]" gridcol="0" gridrow="34" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[96,286,1389,1409]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Phalanx IV-1 (right)</emphasis>
</th>
<td box="[566,834,1389,1409]" gridcol="1" gridrow="34" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Length</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1389,1409]" gridcol="2" gridrow="34" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">73.39</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1423,1442]" gridrow="35" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,834,1423,1442]" gridcol="1" gridrow="35" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Proximal mediolateral width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1423,1442]" gridcol="2" gridrow="35" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">30.96</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1455,1475]" gridrow="36" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,834,1455,1475]" gridcol="1" gridrow="36" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Proximal dorsoventral height</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1455,1475]" gridcol="2" gridrow="36" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">41.52</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1489,1509]" gridrow="37" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,834,1489,1509]" gridcol="1" gridrow="37" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Distal mediolateral width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1489,1509]" gridcol="2" gridrow="37" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">33.44</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1523,1542]" gridrow="38" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,834,1523,1542]" gridcol="1" gridrow="38" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Distal dorsoventral height</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1523,1542]" gridcol="2" gridrow="38" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">26.61</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1555,1575]" gridrow="39" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<th box="[96,357,1555,1575]" gridcol="0" gridrow="39" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[96,286,1555,1575]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Phalanx IV-2 (right)</emphasis>
</th>
<td box="[566,834,1555,1575]" gridcol="1" gridrow="39" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Length</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1555,1575]" gridcol="2" gridrow="39" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">55.43</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1589,1609]" gridrow="40" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,834,1589,1609]" gridcol="1" gridrow="40" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Proximal mediolateral width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1589,1609]" gridcol="2" gridrow="40" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">31.11</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1623,1642]" gridrow="41" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,834,1623,1642]" gridcol="1" gridrow="41" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Proximal dorsoventral height</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1623,1642]" gridcol="2" gridrow="41" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">31.82</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1656,1675]" gridrow="42" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,834,1656,1675]" gridcol="1" gridrow="42" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Distal mediolateral width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1656,1675]" gridcol="2" gridrow="42" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">30.03</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1689,1709]" gridrow="43" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,834,1689,1709]" gridcol="1" gridrow="43" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Distal dorsoventral height</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1689,1709]" gridcol="2" gridrow="43" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">22.93</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1722,1742]" gridrow="44" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<th box="[96,357,1722,1742]" gridcol="0" gridrow="44" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[96,286,1722,1742]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Phalanx IV-3 (right)</emphasis>
</th>
<td box="[566,834,1722,1742]" gridcol="1" gridrow="44" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Length</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1722,1742]" gridcol="2" gridrow="44" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">54.06</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1756,1775]" gridrow="45" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,834,1756,1775]" gridcol="1" gridrow="45" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Proximal mediolateral width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1756,1775]" gridcol="2" gridrow="45" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">28.97</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1789,1809]" gridrow="46" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,834,1789,1809]" gridcol="1" gridrow="46" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Proximal dorsoventral height</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1789,1809]" gridcol="2" gridrow="46" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">23.52</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,1823,1842]" gridrow="47" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,834,1823,1842]" gridcol="1" gridrow="47" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Distal mediolateral width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,1823,1842]" gridcol="2" gridrow="47" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">20.97</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="8.[96,1536,207,1881]" box="[1422,1536,1861,1881]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<tableNote box="[1422,1536,1861,1881]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
(
<emphasis box="[1429,1527,1861,1881]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Continued</emphasis>
)
</tableNote>
</paragraph>
<caption box="[96,297,207,227]" isContinuationCaption="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" targetBox="[96,1334,254,509]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph blockId="9.[96,1334,207,509]" box="[96,297,207,227]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[96,173,207,227]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Table 1.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis box="[191,289,207,227]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Continued</emphasis>
)
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="9.[96,1334,207,509]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<table box="[96,1334,254,509]" colsContinueFrom="8.[96,1334,254,1842]" gridcols="3" gridrows="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<tr box="[96,1334,254,274]" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[96,1334,254,274]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<th box="[96,359,254,274]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[96,178,255,274]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Element</emphasis>
</th>
<th box="[566,834,254,274]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[566,778,254,274]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Dimension measured</emphasis>
</th>
<th box="[1142,1334,254,274]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1142,1334,254,274]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Measurement (mm)</emphasis>
</th>
</emphasis>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,289,309]" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,834,289,309]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Distal dorsoventral height</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,289,309]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">16.15</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,322,342]" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<th box="[96,359,322,342]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[96,286,322,342]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Phalanx IV-4 (right)</emphasis>
</th>
<td box="[566,834,322,342]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Length</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,322,342]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">32.43</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,356,375]" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,834,356,375]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Proximal mediolateral width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,356,375]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">27.17</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,389,408]" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,834,389,408]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Distal mediolateral width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,389,408]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">26.7</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,422,442]" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<th box="[96,359,422,442]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[96,359,422,442]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Phalanx IV-5 ungual (right)</emphasis>
</th>
<td box="[566,834,422,442]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Length</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,422,442]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
42.74 
<emphasis box="[1197,1209,423,442]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">*</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,455,475]" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,834,455,475]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Proximal mediolateral width</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,455,475]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">16.95</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[96,1334,489,509]" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[566,834,489,509]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Proximal dorsoventral height</td>
<td box="[1142,1334,489,509]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">23.04</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<tableNote pageId="9" pageNumber="10" targetBox="[96,1334,254,509]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph blockId="9.[96,800,539,639]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis box="[96,108,539,558]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">*</emphasis>
element exhibits breakage, measurement represents preserved dimension 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[96,108,571,590]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">†</emphasis>
estimated measurement of broken element.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="9.[96,800,539,639]" box="[96,394,619,639]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157793.t001</paragraph>
</tableNote>
<paragraph blockId="9.[533,1535,682,879]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
She is now considered a source of misfortune by rural settlers (gauchos) of the Southern Cone. The name was chosen to reflect the difficult circumstances surrounding the discovery and study of the specimen, and its contentious history following excavation. The specific name honors Ms. Akiko Shinya, Chief Fossil Preparator at the Field Museum, for her many contributions to paleontology including discovery of the 
<typeStatus box="[1041,1134,820,844]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">holotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName box="[1167,1262,820,844]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis box="[1167,1262,820,844]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Gualicho</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on 
<date box="[1301,1513,820,845]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="2007-02-13">
February 
<number box="[1403,1429,820,844]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="13.0">13</number>
th, 
<number box="[1462,1513,821,845]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="2007.0">2007</number>
</date>
(see S 
<number box="[596,606,855,879]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="1.0">1</number>
Fig).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="9.[533,1536,922,1897]" box="[533,939,922,951]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<heading box="[533,939,922,951]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" reason="1">Description and comparisons</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="9.[533,1536,922,1897]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[565,721,971,995]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Axial column.</emphasis>
Three dorsal centra are preserved in articulation, though the last one is missing the posterior half of its centrum (
<figureCitation box="[971,1023,1006,1030]" captionStart="Fig 2" captionStartId="10.[104,136,1113,1133]" captionTargetBox="[104,1536,208,1092]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[104,1536,208,1092]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig 2. Articulated dorsal vertebral centra of Gualicho shinyae. A series of articulated posterior dorsal vertebral centra of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae (MPCN PV 0001) in (A) left lateral, (B) right lateral, (C) ventral, and (D) anterior views. Abbreviation: pnf, pneumatic foramen. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0157793. g 002" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269957/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Fig 
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</figureCitation>
). The absence of both parapophyses and ventral keels suggest they are from the caudal section of the dorsal series. The articular facets are flat, and the rims of the facets exhibit distinct longitudinal striations around the entire rims (
<figureCitation captionStart="Fig 2" captionStartId="10.[104,136,1113,1133]" captionTargetBox="[104,1536,208,1092]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[104,1536,208,1092]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig 2. Articulated dorsal vertebral centra of Gualicho shinyae. A series of articulated posterior dorsal vertebral centra of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae (MPCN PV 0001) in (A) left lateral, (B) right lateral, (C) ventral, and (D) anterior views. Abbreviation: pnf, pneumatic foramen. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0157793. g 002" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269957/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Fig 
<number box="[533,546,1110,1134]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="2.0">2</number>
</figureCitation>
C), which are often present in the posterior dorsals of theropods. The centra are spool-shaped with elliptical articular faces, and are slightly compressed dorsoventrally. The centra are very elongate, roughly 
<number box="[722,753,1179,1203]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="2.5">2.5</number>
times as long as the articular facets are dorsoventrally high. Such proportions are unusual among theropods, but are approached in some coelophysoids [
<bibRefCitation author="Rauhut OWM." box="[1382,1408,1214,1238]" journalOrPublisher="Spec Pap Palaeontol" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 213" part="69" refId="ref19628" refString="26. Rauhut OWM. The interrelationships of and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Spec Pap Palaeontol. 2003; 69: 1 - 213." title="The interrelationships of and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2003">
<number box="[1382,1408,1214,1238]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="26.0">26</number>
</bibRefCitation>
], ceratosaurs like 
<taxonomicName box="[638,798,1249,1273]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Masiakasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[638,798,1249,1273]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Masiakasaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Carrano MT &amp; Loewen MA &amp; Sertich JJW." box="[813,839,1249,1273]" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contrib Paleobiol" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 53" part="95" refId="ref19655" refString="27. Carrano MT, Loewen MA, Sertich JJW. New materials of Masiakasaurus knopfleri Sampson, Carrano, and Forster, 2001 and implications for the morphology of the Noasauridae (Theropoda: Ceratosauria). Smithsonian Contrib Paleobiol. 2011; 95: 1 - 53." title="New materials of Masiakasaurus knopfleri Sampson, Carrano, and Forster, 2001 and implications for the morphology of the Noasauridae (Theropoda: Ceratosauria)" type="journal article" year="2011">
<number box="[813,839,1249,1273]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="27.0">27</number>
</bibRefCitation>
] and 
<taxonomicName box="[899,1051,1249,1273]" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" genus="Elaphrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[899,1051,1249,1273]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Elaphrosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MB.R. unnumbered), and also in the megaraptoran 
<emphasis box="[688,737,1284,1307]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Siats</emphasis>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Zanno LE &amp; Makovicky PJ." box="[753,779,1284,1308]" journalOrPublisher="Nat Commun" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="2827" part="4" refId="ref19705" refString="28. Zanno LE, Makovicky PJ. Neovenatorid theropods are apex predators in the Late Cretaceous of North America. Nat Commun. 2013; 4: 2827. doi: 10.1038 / ncomms 3827 PMID: 24264527" title="Neovenatorid theropods are apex predators in the Late Cretaceous of North America" type="journal article" year="2013">
<number box="[753,779,1284,1308]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="28.0">28</number>
</bibRefCitation>
]. Poorly preserved pneumatic openings are present on all three centra (
<figureCitation box="[542,593,1318,1342]" captionStart="Fig 2" captionStartId="10.[104,136,1113,1133]" captionTargetBox="[104,1536,208,1092]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[104,1536,208,1092]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig 2. Articulated dorsal vertebral centra of Gualicho shinyae. A series of articulated posterior dorsal vertebral centra of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae (MPCN PV 0001) in (A) left lateral, (B) right lateral, (C) ventral, and (D) anterior views. Abbreviation: pnf, pneumatic foramen. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0157793. g 002" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269957/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Fig 
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</figureCitation>
<collectionCodeEnum box="[594,610,1318,1342]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<collectionCode box="[594,610,1318,1342]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15534" name="Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Zentraleinrichtung der Freien Universitaet" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B</collectionCode>
</collectionCodeEnum>
). They are extremely elongate and slit-shaped, being dorsoventrally shallow, yet extending axially along the spool-portion of the centrum body. The left pneumatic opening of the first vertebra in the series is the best preserved, and indicates that the openings are confined to the centrum body, but rims are difficult to make out on the other elements. Unfortunately the poor preservation does not allow for an assessment of their depth, nor whether they deeply invade the centra. Dorsoventrally narrow pneumatic openings are observed on the dorsal vertebrae of some carcharodontosaurians such as 
<emphasis box="[1005,1054,1526,1549]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Siats</emphasis>
(
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<collectionCode box="[1068,1147,1526,1550]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" name="Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">FMNH</collectionCode>
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<potCollectionCode box="[1153,1184,1527,1550]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<collectionCode box="[1153,1184,1527,1550]" country="Czech Republic" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15576" name="National Museum in Prague" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">PR</collectionCode>
</potCollectionCode>
</collectionCodeEnum>
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<date box="[1191,1244,1526,1550]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="2716">2716</date>
</number>
) and 
<emphasis box="[1303,1407,1526,1549]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Aerosteon</emphasis>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Sereno PC &amp; Martinez RN &amp; Wilson JA &amp; Varricchio DJ &amp; Alcober OA &amp; Larsson HCE." box="[1422,1448,1526,1550]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 20" part="3" refId="ref19744" refString="29. Sereno PC, Martinez RN, Wilson JA, Varricchio DJ, Alcober OA, Larsson HCE. Evidence for avian intrathoracic air sacs in a new predatory dinosaur from Argentina. PLoS ONE 2008; 3: e 3303: 1 - 20. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0003303 PMID: 18825273" title="Evidence for avian intrathoracic air sacs in a new predatory dinosaur from Argentina" type="journal article" year="2008">
<number box="[1422,1448,1526,1550]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="29.0">29</number>
</bibRefCitation>
] (MCNA-PV- 
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), but are absent in non-abelisaurid ceratosaurs with elongate dorsal centra such as 
<taxonomicName box="[615,773,1595,1619]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Spinostropheus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[615,773,1595,1619]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Spinostropheus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Sereno PC &amp; Wilson JA &amp; Conrad JL." box="[789,815,1596,1620]" journalOrPublisher="Proc R Soc Lond B" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1325 - 1330" part="271" refId="ref19803" refString="30. Sereno PC, Wilson JA, Conrad JL. New dinosaurs link southern landmasses in the mid-Cretaceous. Proc R Soc Lond B. 2008; 271: 1325 - 1330." title="New dinosaurs link southern landmasses in the mid-Cretaceous" type="journal article" year="2008">
<number box="[789,815,1596,1620]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="30.0">30</number>
</bibRefCitation>
] and 
<taxonomicName box="[875,1035,1595,1619]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Masiakasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[875,1035,1595,1619]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Masiakasaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Carrano MT &amp; Loewen MA &amp; Sertich JJW." box="[1050,1076,1596,1620]" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contrib Paleobiol" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 53" part="95" refId="ref19655" refString="27. Carrano MT, Loewen MA, Sertich JJW. New materials of Masiakasaurus knopfleri Sampson, Carrano, and Forster, 2001 and implications for the morphology of the Noasauridae (Theropoda: Ceratosauria). Smithsonian Contrib Paleobiol. 2011; 95: 1 - 53." title="New materials of Masiakasaurus knopfleri Sampson, Carrano, and Forster, 2001 and implications for the morphology of the Noasauridae (Theropoda: Ceratosauria)" type="journal article" year="2011">
<number box="[1050,1076,1596,1620]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="27.0">27</number>
</bibRefCitation>
], as well as in coelophysoids [
<bibRefCitation author="Tykoski RS &amp; Rowe T." box="[1392,1418,1596,1620]" editor="Weishampel DB" journalOrPublisher="Univ. of California Press, Berkeley, CA" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="47 - 70" refId="ref19837" refString="31. Tykoski RS, Rowe T. Ceratosauria, in Weishampel DB, Dodson P, Osmolska H. (Eds.) The Dinosauria, Second edition. Univ. of California Press, Berkeley, CA. 2004; p. 47 - 70." title="Ceratosauria" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="The Dinosauria, Second edition" year="2004">
<number box="[1392,1418,1596,1620]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="31.0">31</number>
</bibRefCitation>
], and other outgroups. A few fragments of bone that are likely from the neural arch of the first vertebra in the series are still connected by matrix, but little detail regarding their morphology can be discerned. An isolated partial centrum of another posterior dorsal is preserved, but was crushed considerably dorsoventrally. This element exhibits a tight fit with the block of three centra and constitutes the fourth element in the series. It also bears an elongate, slit-like pneumatic foramen (
<figureCitation box="[704,754,1803,1828]" captionStart="Fig 2" captionStartId="10.[104,136,1113,1133]" captionTargetBox="[104,1536,208,1092]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[104,1536,208,1092]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig 2. Articulated dorsal vertebral centra of Gualicho shinyae. A series of articulated posterior dorsal vertebral centra of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae (MPCN PV 0001) in (A) left lateral, (B) right lateral, (C) ventral, and (D) anterior views. Abbreviation: pnf, pneumatic foramen. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0157793. g 002" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269957/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Fig 
<number box="[742,754,1804,1828]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="2.0">2</number>
</figureCitation>
B), though this is partially obscured by taphonomic distortion.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="9.[533,1536,922,1897]" lastBlockId="10.[533,1535,1234,1882]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Three caudal vertebrae from the middle of the tail are preserved (
<figureCitation box="[1252,1304,1838,1862]" captionStart="Fig 3" captionStartId="11.[103,135,1250,1270]" captionTargetBox="[103,1536,208,1225]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[103,1536,208,1229]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig 3. Preserved caudal vertebrae of Gualicho shinyae. Three mid-caudal vertebrae of the holotype of Gualicho shinyae. Anteriormost caudal in (A) posterior view, (B) anterior view, (C) right lateral and (D) dorsal views. Middle of the three caudals in (E) posterior, (F) anterior, (G) left lateral, and (H) ventral views. Posteriormost of the three caudals in (I) right lateral, (J) left lateral, and (K) dorsal views. Abbreviations: ns, neural spine; prz, prezygapophysis; pz, postzygapophysis; trp, transverse process." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269958/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Fig 
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</figureCitation>
). The articular facets are circular in end view and concave and the centra are spool-shaped and elongate, varying from about 
<number box="[658,689,1234,1258]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="1.5">1.5</number>
to 2.0 times as long as the dorsoventral height of the articular facets. No sulci or ridges are observed on the ventral faces of the centrum bodies in the first two caudals. However, the last caudal, which is also the most axially elongated of the three, bears a faint midline ventral sulcus that is confined to the anterior half of the centrum body.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="10.[104,1469,1113,1199]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[104,709,1113,1133]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Fig 2. Articulated dorsal vertebral centra of 
<taxonomicName box="[533,703,1113,1132]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[533,703,1113,1132]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName box="[533,622,1113,1132]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Gualicho</taxonomicName>
shinyae
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
A series of articulated posterior dorsal vertebral centra of the holotype specimen of 
<taxonomicName box="[104,262,1138,1158]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis box="[104,262,1138,1158]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName box="[104,187,1138,1158]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Gualicho</taxonomicName>
shinyae
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MPCN PV 0001) in (A) left lateral, (B) right lateral, (C) ventral, and (D) anterior views. Abbreviation: pnf, pneumatic foramen.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="10.[104,1469,1113,1199]" box="[104,406,1179,1199]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157793.g002</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="10.[533,1535,1234,1882]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
The largest of the three caudals is also the most complete. It retains transverse processes in the form of axially elongated, elliptical projections on the sides of the neural arch, slightly posterior to its midpoint, indicating it is close to or at the transition point (
<figureCitation box="[1283,1333,1442,1466]" captionStart="Fig 3" captionStartId="11.[103,135,1250,1270]" captionTargetBox="[103,1536,208,1225]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[103,1536,208,1229]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig 3. Preserved caudal vertebrae of Gualicho shinyae. Three mid-caudal vertebrae of the holotype of Gualicho shinyae. Anteriormost caudal in (A) posterior view, (B) anterior view, (C) right lateral and (D) dorsal views. Middle of the three caudals in (E) posterior, (F) anterior, (G) left lateral, and (H) ventral views. Posteriormost of the three caudals in (I) right lateral, (J) left lateral, and (K) dorsal views. Abbreviations: ns, neural spine; prz, prezygapophysis; pz, postzygapophysis; trp, transverse process." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269958/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Fig 
<number box="[1322,1333,1442,1466]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="3.0">3</number>
</figureCitation>
A– 
<number box="[1367,1379,1442,1466]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="3.0">3</number>
D). The prezygapophyses are stalked and project well beyond the anterior articular facet, further than the postzygapophyses, which only extend slightly past the posterior articular facet. The prezygapophyses are incomplete distally, and are angled anterodorsally rather than anteriorly. Stout ridges extend from the posterior base of the neural spine out to the tips of the postzygapophyses, which are canted with articular facets facing ventrolaterally. A strong ridge of bone also connects the lateral edge of the postzygapophysis to the middle of the lateral face of the neural arch. Only the posterior opening of the neural canal is visible and is rectangular and slightly wider than tall. A small depression is present dorsal to the neural canal, between the bases of the medial edges of the postzygapophyses. The base of a short neural spine is present, but is abraded and broken posteriorly.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="10.[533,1535,1234,1882]" lastBlockId="11.[533,1536,1421,1896]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Another caudal (
<figureCitation box="[744,794,1823,1847]" captionStart="Fig 3" captionStartId="11.[103,135,1250,1270]" captionTargetBox="[103,1536,208,1225]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[103,1536,208,1229]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig 3. Preserved caudal vertebrae of Gualicho shinyae. Three mid-caudal vertebrae of the holotype of Gualicho shinyae. Anteriormost caudal in (A) posterior view, (B) anterior view, (C) right lateral and (D) dorsal views. Middle of the three caudals in (E) posterior, (F) anterior, (G) left lateral, and (H) ventral views. Posteriormost of the three caudals in (I) right lateral, (J) left lateral, and (K) dorsal views. Abbreviations: ns, neural spine; prz, prezygapophysis; pz, postzygapophysis; trp, transverse process." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269958/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Fig 
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</figureCitation>
E– 
<number box="[825,837,1823,1847]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="3.0">3</number>
H) exhibits even more reduced transverse processes, which are represented by low ridges on the sides of the neural arch. The neural spine is shallow, rectangular and axially elongate, unlike the tall, strap-like spines of many ceratosaurs including 
<taxonomicName box="[533,672,1457,1480]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratosauridae" genus="Ceratosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[533,672,1457,1480]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Ceratosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
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<collectionCode45 box="[686,771,1456,1480]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<collectionCode box="[686,771,1456,1480]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34862" name="Utah Museum of Natural History" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">UMNH</collectionCode>
</collectionCode45>
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</collectionCodeEnum>
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), 
<taxonomicName box="[888,1048,1456,1480]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Masiakasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[888,1048,1456,1480]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Masiakasaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Carrano MT &amp; Loewen MA &amp; Sertich JJW." box="[1064,1090,1456,1480]" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contrib Paleobiol" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 53" part="95" refId="ref19655" refString="27. Carrano MT, Loewen MA, Sertich JJW. New materials of Masiakasaurus knopfleri Sampson, Carrano, and Forster, 2001 and implications for the morphology of the Noasauridae (Theropoda: Ceratosauria). Smithsonian Contrib Paleobiol. 2011; 95: 1 - 53." title="New materials of Masiakasaurus knopfleri Sampson, Carrano, and Forster, 2001 and implications for the morphology of the Noasauridae (Theropoda: Ceratosauria)" type="journal article" year="2011">
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</bibRefCitation>
] and 
<taxonomicName box="[1150,1284,1457,1480]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Carnotaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1150,1284,1457,1480]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Carnotaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Bonaparte JF &amp; Novas FE &amp; Coria RA." box="[1300,1326,1456,1480]" journalOrPublisher="Contrib. in sci Nat Hist Mus Los Angeles" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref19885" refString="32. Bonaparte JF, Novas FE, Coria RA. Carnotaurus sastrei Bonaparte, the horned, lightly built carnosaur from the Middle Cretaceous of Patagonia. Contrib. in sci Nat Hist Mus Los Angeles. 1990." title="Carnotaurus sastrei Bonaparte, the horned, lightly built carnosaur from the Middle Cretaceous of Patagonia" type="book" year="1990">
<number box="[1300,1326,1456,1480]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="32.0">32</number>
</bibRefCitation>
] (MACN-CH 
<number box="[1482,1524,1456,1480]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="894.0">894</number>
), but similar to the basal ceratosaur 
<taxonomicName box="[895,1047,1491,1515]" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" genus="Elaphrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[895,1047,1491,1515]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Elaphrosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MB.R. unnumbered). The dorsal border of the spine has a weakly concave dorsal margin, giving it a saddle-shaped appearance in lateral aspect, though not to the degree that it appears bifid, as in e.g., 
<taxonomicName box="[1192,1304,1560,1584]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1192,1304,1560,1584]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Allosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Madsen JH Jr." box="[1318,1344,1560,1584]" journalOrPublisher="Utah Geol Survey Bull" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 163" part="109" refId="ref19925" refString="33. Madsen JH Jr. Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology. Utah Geol Survey Bull. 1976; 109: 1 - 163." title="Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology" type="journal article" year="1976">
<number box="[1318,1344,1560,1584]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="33.0">33</number>
</bibRefCitation>
]. The bifid condition is observed in many basal tetanuran lineages and is potentially a synapomorphy of a monophyletic Carnosauria [
<bibRefCitation author="Rauhut OWM." box="[832,858,1629,1653]" journalOrPublisher="Spec Pap Palaeontol" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 213" part="69" refId="ref19628" refString="26. Rauhut OWM. The interrelationships of and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Spec Pap Palaeontol. 2003; 69: 1 - 213." title="The interrelationships of and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2003">
<number box="[832,858,1629,1653]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="26.0">26</number>
</bibRefCitation>
]. Both pre- and postzygapophyses are broken in this specimen, but a low ridge spanning across the lateral face of the arch connects the base of the prezygapophysis to that of the postzygapophysis on each side.
</paragraph>
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269958/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" targetBox="[103,1536,208,1225]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph blockId="11.[103,1527,1250,1387]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[103,643,1250,1270]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
Fig 3. Preserved caudal vertebrae of 
<taxonomicName box="[466,637,1251,1270]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[466,637,1251,1270]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName box="[466,555,1251,1270]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Gualicho</taxonomicName>
shinyae
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Three mid-caudal vertebrae of the holotype of 
<taxonomicName box="[1071,1228,1250,1270]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis box="[1071,1228,1250,1270]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName box="[1071,1154,1250,1270]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Gualicho</taxonomicName>
shinyae
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Anteriormost caudal in (A) posterior view, (B) anterior view, (C) right lateral and (D) dorsal views. Middle of the three caudals in (E) posterior, (F) anterior, (G) left lateral, and (H) ventral views. Posteriormost of the three caudals in (I) right lateral, (J) left lateral, and (K) dorsal views. Abbreviations: ns, neural spine; prz, prezygapophysis; pz, postzygapophysis; trp, transverse process.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption box="[103,405,1367,1387]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269959/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" targetBox="[103,1536,208,1225]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph blockId="11.[103,1527,1250,1387]" box="[103,405,1367,1387]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157793.g003</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="11.[533,1536,1421,1896]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
The third caudal (
<figureCitation box="[756,807,1733,1758]" captionStart="Fig 3" captionStartId="11.[103,135,1250,1270]" captionTargetBox="[103,1536,208,1225]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[103,1536,208,1229]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig 3. Preserved caudal vertebrae of Gualicho shinyae. Three mid-caudal vertebrae of the holotype of Gualicho shinyae. Anteriormost caudal in (A) posterior view, (B) anterior view, (C) right lateral and (D) dorsal views. Middle of the three caudals in (E) posterior, (F) anterior, (G) left lateral, and (H) ventral views. Posteriormost of the three caudals in (I) right lateral, (J) left lateral, and (K) dorsal views. Abbreviations: ns, neural spine; prz, prezygapophysis; pz, postzygapophysis; trp, transverse process." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269958/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
Fig 
<number box="[795,807,1734,1758]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="3.0">
<date box="[795,807,1734,1758]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">3</date>
</number>
</figureCitation>
<date box="[807,841,1733,1758]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
I– 
<number box="[830,841,1734,1758]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="3.0">3</number>
</date>
K) is missing the posterior half of the centrum and postzygapophyses. The neural arch bears no trace of transverse processes suggesting this element represents a posterior caudal. The indented dorsal margin of the rectangular neural spine is below the level of the dorsal edges of the prezygapophyses. The prezygapophyses are relatively short and lobate in lateral aspect, and are significantly shorter than the length of the centrum.
</paragraph>
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269960/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" targetBox="[96,1069,72,847]" targetPageId="12">
<paragraph blockId="12.[533,1533,877,989]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[533,1038,877,897]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
Fig 4. Posterior gastral arches of 
<taxonomicName box="[862,1032,877,896]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[862,1032,877,896]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName box="[862,951,877,896]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Gualicho</taxonomicName>
shinyae
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Last four preserved gastral arches of the holotype specimen of 
<taxonomicName box="[651,809,902,922]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis box="[651,809,902,922]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName box="[651,734,902,922]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Gualicho</taxonomicName>
shinyae
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MPCN PV 0001) in dorsal view. Abbreviations: lg, lateral gastralia; mg, medial gastralia.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption box="[533,835,969,989]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269961/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" targetBox="[96,1069,72,847]" targetPageId="12">
<paragraph blockId="12.[533,1533,877,989]" box="[533,835,969,989]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157793.g004</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="12.[533,1536,1023,1879]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[565,728,1023,1047]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Gastral basket.</emphasis>
<collectionCodeEnum box="[750,768,1023,1047]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A</collectionCodeEnum>
near-complete and articulated gastral basket comprising 
<number box="[1373,1399,1023,1047]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="16.0">16</number>
or 
<number box="[1433,1459,1023,1047]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="17.0">17</number>
gastral rows was collected with the 
<typeStatus box="[827,922,1058,1082]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">holotype</typeStatus>
. As in carcharodontosaurids [
<bibRefCitation author="Coria RA &amp; Currie PJ. A" box="[1239,1252,1058,1082]" journalOrPublisher="Geodiversitas" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="71 - 118" part="28" refId="ref18670" refString="2. Coria RA, Currie PJ. A new carcharodontosaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Argentina. Geodiversitas. 2006; 28: 71 - 118." title="new carcharodontosaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Argentina" type="journal article" year="2006">
<number box="[1239,1252,1058,1082]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2.0">2</number>
</bibRefCitation>
], megaraptorans [
<bibRefCitation author="Sereno PC &amp; Martinez RN &amp; Wilson JA &amp; Varricchio DJ &amp; Alcober OA &amp; Larsson HCE." box="[1447,1473,1058,1082]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 20" part="3" refId="ref19744" refString="29. Sereno PC, Martinez RN, Wilson JA, Varricchio DJ, Alcober OA, Larsson HCE. Evidence for avian intrathoracic air sacs in a new predatory dinosaur from Argentina. PLoS ONE 2008; 3: e 3303: 1 - 20. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0003303 PMID: 18825273" title="Evidence for avian intrathoracic air sacs in a new predatory dinosaur from Argentina" type="journal article" year="2008">
<number box="[1447,1473,1058,1082]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="29.0">29</number>
</bibRefCitation>
], and some other theropod groups [
<bibRefCitation author="Claessens LP." box="[849,875,1092,1116]" journalOrPublisher="J Vert Paleontol" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="89 - 106" part="24" refId="ref19951" refString="34. Claessens LP. Dinosaur gastralia; origin, morphology, and function. J Vert Paleontol. 2004; 24; 89 - 106." title="Dinosaur gastralia; origin, morphology, and function" type="journal article" year="2004">
<number box="[849,875,1092,1116]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="34.0">34</number>
</bibRefCitation>
], multiple arches are fused at the midline. At least six arches exhibit midline fusion in 
<collectionCode box="[799,875,1127,1151]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<potCollectionCode box="[799,875,1127,1151]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">MPCN</potCollectionCode>
</collectionCode>
<potCollectionCode box="[881,915,1127,1150]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">PV</potCollectionCode>
<geoCoordinate box="[921,973,1127,1151]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<number box="[921,973,1127,1151]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="1.0">0001</number>
</geoCoordinate>
, with fusion between elements observed in one anterior arch, and also in the five most posterior arches (
<figureCitation box="[1084,1136,1162,1186]" captionStart="Fig 4" captionStartId="12.[533,565,877,897]" captionTargetBox="[96,1069,72,847]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[533,1073,208,856]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig 4. Posterior gastral arches of Gualicho shinyae. Last four preserved gastral arches of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae (MPCN PV 0001) in dorsal view. Abbreviations: lg, lateral gastralia; mg, medial gastralia " httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269960/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
Fig 
<number box="[1123,1136,1162,1186]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="4.0">4</number>
</figureCitation>
). These last five fused arches exhibit a progressively more acute angle between their rami posteriorly suggesting they are approaching the pubic boot. Notably, midline gastralia from the posterior portion of the gastral series found in contact with the pubic boot of 
<taxonomicName box="[952,1099,1266,1290]" class="Reptilia" family="Otozoidae" genus="Deltadromeus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[952,1099,1266,1290]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Deltadromeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(SGM-Din 
<number box="[1225,1239,1266,1290]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2.0">2</number>
) do not appear to be fused.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="12.[533,1536,1023,1879]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
The rostralmost gastralia are thicker in girth than more posterior ones and also meet at a much shallower angle on the midline, as is typical for theropods [
<bibRefCitation author="Claessens LP." box="[1221,1247,1335,1359]" journalOrPublisher="J Vert Paleontol" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="89 - 106" part="24" refId="ref19951" refString="34. Claessens LP. Dinosaur gastralia; origin, morphology, and function. J Vert Paleontol. 2004; 24; 89 - 106." title="Dinosaur gastralia; origin, morphology, and function" type="journal article" year="2004">
<number box="[1221,1247,1335,1359]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="34.0">34</number>
</bibRefCitation>
]. More posterior elements are hooked at the midline where they form an expanded but flattened surface for fusion with the opposite medial element. Unlike some tyrannosaurid specimens [
<bibRefCitation author="Claessens LP." box="[1263,1289,1405,1429]" journalOrPublisher="J Vert Paleontol" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="89 - 106" part="24" refId="ref19951" refString="34. Claessens LP. Dinosaur gastralia; origin, morphology, and function. J Vert Paleontol. 2004; 24; 89 - 106." title="Dinosaur gastralia; origin, morphology, and function" type="journal article" year="2004">
<number box="[1263,1289,1405,1429]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="34.0">34</number>
</bibRefCitation>
], pronounced medioventral or mediodorsal facets for articulation with adjacent gastral rows are not observed in the 
<typeStatus box="[533,626,1474,1498]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">holotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName box="[659,754,1474,1498]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis box="[659,754,1474,1498]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Gualicho</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The medial gastralia taper toward their lateral ends and some exhibit shallow grooves for articulation with lateral gastralia. Fragments of lateral gastralia are preserved in articulation with two of the medial rows, but none are complete so it is unknown whether lateral elements were shorter than medial ones, or vice versa. None of the gastral elements, whether fused or not, exhibit pneumatic openings such as those described in 
<emphasis box="[1420,1524,1613,1636]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Aerosteon</emphasis>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Sereno PC &amp; Martinez RN &amp; Wilson JA &amp; Varricchio DJ &amp; Alcober OA &amp; Larsson HCE." box="[542,568,1647,1671]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 20" part="3" refId="ref19744" refString="29. Sereno PC, Martinez RN, Wilson JA, Varricchio DJ, Alcober OA, Larsson HCE. Evidence for avian intrathoracic air sacs in a new predatory dinosaur from Argentina. PLoS ONE 2008; 3: e 3303: 1 - 20. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0003303 PMID: 18825273" title="Evidence for avian intrathoracic air sacs in a new predatory dinosaur from Argentina" type="journal article" year="2008">
<number box="[542,568,1647,1671]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="29.0">29</number>
</bibRefCitation>
].
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="12.[533,1536,1023,1879]" lastBlockId="14.[533,1536,208,1896]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[565,734,1681,1706]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Pectoral girdle.</emphasis>
The majority of the left scapula and coracoid are preserved (
<figureCitation box="[1388,1440,1682,1706]" captionStart="Fig 5" captionStartId="13.[100,132,831,851]" captionTargetBox="[101,1533,208,808]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[100,1536,208,810]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig 5. Left scapulocoracoid of Gualicho shinyae. Scapulocoracoid of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae (MPCN PV 0001) in (A) posterolateral oblique (B) lateral, and (C) medial views. Dotted line indicates boundary between scapula and coracoid. Abbreviations: cf, coracoid foramen; gl, glenoid; nab, notch between scapular blade and acromion process " httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269962/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
Fig 
<number box="[1427,1440,1682,1706]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="5.0">5</number>
</figureCitation>
), though the distal tip of the scapula is broken off, rendering its total length uncertain. The blade is strap-like, with a preserved scapular length more than 
<number box="[1107,1133,1751,1775]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="10.0">10</number>
times the width at the narrowest point of the blade, a proportion similar to that observed in carcharodontosaurids including 
<taxonomicName box="[533,723,1820,1844]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Acrocanthosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[533,723,1820,1844]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Acrocanthosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Currie PJ &amp; Carpenter K. A" box="[739,765,1820,1844]" journalOrPublisher="Geodiversitas" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="207 - 246" part="22" refId="ref19978" refString="35. Currie PJ, Carpenter K. A new specimen of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis (Theropoda, Dinosauria) from the Lower Cretaceous Antlers Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Aptian) of Oklahoma, USA. Geodiversitas. 2000; 22: 207 - 246." title="new specimen of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis (Theropoda, Dinosauria) from the Lower Cretaceous Antlers Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Aptian) of Oklahoma, USA" type="journal article" year="2000">
<number box="[739,765,1820,1844]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="35.0">35</number>
</bibRefCitation>
], and 
<taxonomicName box="[831,963,1821,1844]" class="Reptilia" family="Carcharodontosauridae" genus="Mapusaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[831,963,1821,1844]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Mapusaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Coria RA &amp; Currie PJ. A" box="[978,991,1820,1844]" journalOrPublisher="Geodiversitas" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="71 - 118" part="28" refId="ref18670" refString="2. Coria RA, Currie PJ. A new carcharodontosaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Argentina. Geodiversitas. 2006; 28: 71 - 118." title="new carcharodontosaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Argentina" type="journal article" year="2006">
<number box="[978,991,1820,1844]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2.0">2</number>
</bibRefCitation>
], but also 
<taxonomicName box="[1100,1212,1820,1844]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1100,1212,1820,1844]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Allosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Carrano MT &amp; Benson RBJ &amp; Sampson SD." box="[1227,1240,1821,1844]" journalOrPublisher="J Syst Palaeont" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="211 - 300" part="10" refId="ref18907" refString="7. Carrano MT, Benson RBJ, Sampson SD. The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda). J Syst Palaeont. 2012; 10 (2): 211 - 300." title="The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="2012">
<number box="[1227,1240,1821,1844]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="7.0">7</number>
</bibRefCitation>
] and 
<taxonomicName box="[1301,1448,1820,1844]" class="Reptilia" family="Otozoidae" genus="Deltadromeus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1301,1448,1820,1844]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Deltadromeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(SGM-Din 
<number box="[654,669,1855,1879]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2.0">2</number>
). Following Rauhut [
<bibRefCitation author="Rauhut OWM." box="[892,918,1855,1879]" journalOrPublisher="Spec Pap Palaeontol" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 213" part="69" refId="ref19628" refString="26. Rauhut OWM. The interrelationships of and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Spec Pap Palaeontol. 2003; 69: 1 - 213." title="The interrelationships of and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2003">
<number box="[892,918,1855,1879]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="26.0">26</number>
</bibRefCitation>
], Carrano et al. [
<bibRefCitation author="Carrano MT &amp; Benson RBJ &amp; Sampson SD." box="[1097,1110,1856,1879]" journalOrPublisher="J Syst Palaeont" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="211 - 300" part="10" refId="ref18907" refString="7. Carrano MT, Benson RBJ, Sampson SD. The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda). J Syst Palaeont. 2012; 10 (2): 211 - 300." title="The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="2012">
<number box="[1097,1110,1856,1879]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="7.0">7</number>
</bibRefCitation>
] found this elevated ratio to be a synapomorphy of some carcharodontosaurids, and possibly also 
<taxonomicName box="[1216,1352,977,1001]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Allosauridae</taxonomicName>
, as well as of Coelurosauria. In contrast to these taxa, however, the blade appears short and less than twice the length of the acromion-glenoid distance in 
<taxonomicName box="[1028,1123,1046,1070]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis box="[1028,1123,1046,1070]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Gualicho</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, resembling 
<taxonomicName box="[1258,1405,1046,1070]" class="Reptilia" family="Otozoidae" genus="Deltadromeus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1258,1405,1046,1070]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Deltadromeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(SGM-Din 
<number box="[533,547,1081,1105]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="2.0">2</number>
) and 
<taxonomicName box="[607,767,1081,1105]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Masiakasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[607,767,1081,1105]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Masiakasaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Carrano MT &amp; Loewen MA &amp; Sertich JJW." box="[782,808,1081,1105]" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contrib Paleobiol" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 53" part="95" refId="ref19655" refString="27. Carrano MT, Loewen MA, Sertich JJW. New materials of Masiakasaurus knopfleri Sampson, Carrano, and Forster, 2001 and implications for the morphology of the Noasauridae (Theropoda: Ceratosauria). Smithsonian Contrib Paleobiol. 2011; 95: 1 - 53." title="New materials of Masiakasaurus knopfleri Sampson, Carrano, and Forster, 2001 and implications for the morphology of the Noasauridae (Theropoda: Ceratosauria)" type="journal article" year="2011">
<number box="[782,808,1081,1105]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="27.0">27</number>
</bibRefCitation>
], though the dorsal-most portion of the blade is not preserved in 
<taxonomicName box="[533,693,1116,1140]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Masiakasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[533,693,1116,1140]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Masiakasaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Carrano MT &amp; Loewen MA &amp; Sertich JJW." box="[709,735,1116,1140]" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contrib Paleobiol" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 53" part="95" refId="ref19655" refString="27. Carrano MT, Loewen MA, Sertich JJW. New materials of Masiakasaurus knopfleri Sampson, Carrano, and Forster, 2001 and implications for the morphology of the Noasauridae (Theropoda: Ceratosauria). Smithsonian Contrib Paleobiol. 2011; 95: 1 - 53." title="New materials of Masiakasaurus knopfleri Sampson, Carrano, and Forster, 2001 and implications for the morphology of the Noasauridae (Theropoda: Ceratosauria)" type="journal article" year="2011">
<number box="[709,735,1116,1140]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="27.0">27</number>
</bibRefCitation>
]. Unlike most tetanurans [
<bibRefCitation author="Rauhut OWM." box="[1019,1045,1116,1140]" journalOrPublisher="Spec Pap Palaeontol" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 213" part="69" refId="ref19628" refString="26. Rauhut OWM. The interrelationships of and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Spec Pap Palaeontol. 2003; 69: 1 - 213." title="The interrelationships of and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2003">
<number box="[1019,1045,1116,1140]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="26.0">26</number>
</bibRefCitation>
], the blade does not exhibit a subequal width throughout most of its length, and rather appears to taper distally from its base as in 
<taxonomicName class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Masiakasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Masiakasaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Carrano MT &amp; Loewen MA &amp; Sertich JJW." box="[617,643,1185,1209]" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contrib Paleobiol" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 53" part="95" refId="ref19655" refString="27. Carrano MT, Loewen MA, Sertich JJW. New materials of Masiakasaurus knopfleri Sampson, Carrano, and Forster, 2001 and implications for the morphology of the Noasauridae (Theropoda: Ceratosauria). Smithsonian Contrib Paleobiol. 2011; 95: 1 - 53." title="New materials of Masiakasaurus knopfleri Sampson, Carrano, and Forster, 2001 and implications for the morphology of the Noasauridae (Theropoda: Ceratosauria)" type="journal article" year="2011">
<number box="[617,643,1185,1209]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="27.0">27</number>
</bibRefCitation>
], 
<emphasis box="[664,789,1186,1209]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Limusaurus</emphasis>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Xu X &amp; Clark JM &amp; Mo J &amp; Choiniere J &amp; Forster CA &amp; Erickson GM" box="[804,830,1185,1209]" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="940 - 944" part="459" refId="ref20024" refString="36. Xu X, Clark JM, Mo J, Choiniere J, Forster CA, Erickson GM, et al. A Jurassic ceratosaur from China helps clarify avian digital homologies. Nature. 2009; 459: 940 - 944. doi: 10.1038 / nature 08124 PMID: 19536256" title="A Jurassic ceratosaur from China helps clarify avian digital homologies" type="journal article" year="2009">
<number box="[804,830,1185,1209]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="36.0">36</number>
</bibRefCitation>
] and 
<taxonomicName box="[891,1038,1185,1209]" class="Reptilia" family="Otozoidae" genus="Deltadromeus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[891,1038,1185,1209]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Deltadromeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(SGM-Din 
<number box="[1164,1179,1185,1209]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="2.0">2</number>
). The blade is weakly convex laterally throughout its length implying low curvature of the rib cage. The lateral surface is weakly rounded while the medial surface is almost completely flat, and the ventral edge is slightly thicker than the dorsal edge. Near the base of the blade, the dorsal edge expands dorsally, but then arcs weakly back ventrally adjacent to the base of the expanded acromion process (
<figureCitation box="[1457,1490,1324,1348]" captionStart="Fig 5" captionStartId="13.[100,132,831,851]" captionTargetBox="[101,1533,208,808]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[100,1536,208,810]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig 5. Left scapulocoracoid of Gualicho shinyae. Scapulocoracoid of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae (MPCN PV 0001) in (A) posterolateral oblique (B) lateral, and (C) medial views. Dotted line indicates boundary between scapula and coracoid. Abbreviations: cf, coracoid foramen; gl, glenoid; nab, notch between scapular blade and acromion process " httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269962/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig</figureCitation>
<number box="[533,545,1358,1382]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="5.0">5</number>
C). This sinuous margin creates a weak, rostrocaudally elongate flange along the dorsal edge that is separated from the base of the acromion process anteriorly by a broad and shallow indentation along the dorsal margin. A sinuous dorsal margin of the scapula adjacent to the acromion process defining a low flange is also observed in the African theropod 
<taxonomicName box="[1377,1524,1462,1486]" class="Reptilia" family="Otozoidae" genus="Deltadromeus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1377,1524,1462,1486]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Deltadromeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(SGM-Din 
<number box="[654,669,1497,1521]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="2.0">2</number>
), which also shares the presence of a relatively short, narrow, and distally tapering scapular blade with 
<taxonomicName box="[743,838,1532,1556]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis box="[743,838,1532,1556]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Gualicho</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The scapula of 
<emphasis box="[1009,1134,1532,1555]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Limusaurus</emphasis>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Xu X &amp; Clark JM &amp; Mo J &amp; Choiniere J &amp; Forster CA &amp; Erickson GM" box="[1150,1176,1531,1555]" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="940 - 944" part="459" refId="ref20024" refString="36. Xu X, Clark JM, Mo J, Choiniere J, Forster CA, Erickson GM, et al. A Jurassic ceratosaur from China helps clarify avian digital homologies. Nature. 2009; 459: 940 - 944. doi: 10.1038 / nature 08124 PMID: 19536256" title="A Jurassic ceratosaur from China helps clarify avian digital homologies" type="journal article" year="2009">
<number box="[1150,1176,1531,1555]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="36.0">36</number>
</bibRefCitation>
] exhibits a deep, semicircular embayment of the rostral edge of the scapula at the transition between the acromion process and blade. Rostral to this indentation, the scapular margin expands smoothly dorsally to define the acromion process. The angle between the acromion process and the scapular blade is oblique, in contrast to the derived, perpendicular orientation seen in Allosauria and Coelurosauria [
<bibRefCitation author="Carrano MT &amp; Benson RBJ &amp; Sampson SD." box="[542,555,1705,1728]" journalOrPublisher="J Syst Palaeont" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="211 - 300" part="10" refId="ref18907" refString="7. Carrano MT, Benson RBJ, Sampson SD. The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda). J Syst Palaeont. 2012; 10 (2): 211 - 300." title="The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="2012">
<number box="[542,555,1705,1728]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="7.0">7</number>
</bibRefCitation>
]. Only the very base of the acromion process retains a natural edge, with the rest of the edges broken. However, the preserved edge is extremely thin, and likely did not continue much further, so that the outline of the preserved process is close to its original shape. The acromion process appears to have been shallow as in 
<taxonomicName box="[984,1131,1809,1833]" class="Reptilia" family="Otozoidae" genus="Deltadromeus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[984,1131,1809,1833]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Deltadromeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(SGM-Din 
<number box="[1258,1273,1809,1833]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="2.0">2</number>
), 
<taxonomicName box="[1291,1457,1809,1832]" class="Reptilia" family="Carcharodontosauridae" genus="Giganotosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1291,1457,1809,1832]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Giganotosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MUCPv-Ch 
<number box="[677,689,1844,1868]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="1.0">1</number>
), 
<taxonomicName box="[711,843,1844,1867]" class="Reptilia" family="Carcharodontosauridae" genus="Mapusaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[711,843,1844,1867]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Mapusaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Coria RA &amp; Currie PJ. A" box="[858,871,1844,1868]" journalOrPublisher="Geodiversitas" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="71 - 118" part="28" refId="ref18670" refString="2. Coria RA, Currie PJ. A new carcharodontosaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Argentina. Geodiversitas. 2006; 28: 71 - 118." title="new carcharodontosaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Argentina" type="journal article" year="2006">
<number box="[858,871,1844,1868]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="2.0">2</number>
</bibRefCitation>
], and 
<taxonomicName box="[938,1128,1844,1868]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Acrocanthosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[938,1128,1844,1868]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Acrocanthosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Currie PJ &amp; Carpenter K. A" box="[1143,1169,1843,1867]" journalOrPublisher="Geodiversitas" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="207 - 246" part="22" refId="ref19978" refString="35. Currie PJ, Carpenter K. A new specimen of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis (Theropoda, Dinosauria) from the Lower Cretaceous Antlers Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Aptian) of Oklahoma, USA. Geodiversitas. 2000; 22: 207 - 246." title="new specimen of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis (Theropoda, Dinosauria) from the Lower Cretaceous Antlers Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Aptian) of Oklahoma, USA" type="journal article" year="2000">
<number box="[1143,1169,1843,1867]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="35.0">35</number>
</bibRefCitation>
], but not 
<emphasis box="[1273,1397,1844,1867]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Megaraptor</emphasis>
(
<collectionCodeEnum box="[1410,1500,1844,1868]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<collectionCode box="[1410,1500,1844,1868]" country="Argentina" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/am5b-gmyn" name="Museo de la Universidad Nacional del Comahue" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">MUCPv</collectionCode>
</collectionCodeEnum>
<number box="[533,574,208,232]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="341.0">341</number>
), 
<taxonomicName box="[592,704,208,232]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[592,704,208,232]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Allosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Madsen JH Jr." box="[719,745,208,232]" journalOrPublisher="Utah Geol Survey Bull" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="1 - 163" part="109" refId="ref19925" refString="33. Madsen JH Jr. Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology. Utah Geol Survey Bull. 1976; 109: 1 - 163." title="Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology" type="journal article" year="1976">
<number box="[719,745,208,232]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="33.0">33</number>
</bibRefCitation>
], and 
<taxonomicName box="[811,910,208,231]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[811,910,208,231]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Sinraptor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao XJ. A" box="[926,952,208,232]" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="2037 - 2081" part="30" refId="ref20077" refString="37. Currie PJ, Zhao XJ. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 1994; 30: 2037 - 2081." title="new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China" type="journal article" year="1994">
<number box="[926,952,208,232]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="37.0">37</number>
</bibRefCitation>
]. The base of the coracoid process of the scapula is preserved with the scapular blade, but the glenoid portion is broken off and preserved with the coracoid.
</paragraph>
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269962/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" targetBox="[101,1533,208,808]" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph blockId="13.[100,1508,831,943]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[100,576,831,851]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
Fig 5. Left scapulocoracoid of 
<taxonomicName box="[400,570,831,850]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[400,570,831,850]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<taxonomicName box="[400,489,831,850]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Gualicho</taxonomicName>
shinyae
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Scapulocoracoid of the holotype specimen of 
<taxonomicName box="[999,1158,831,851]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis box="[999,1158,831,851]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<taxonomicName box="[999,1082,831,851]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Gualicho</taxonomicName>
shinyae
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MPCN PV 0001) in (A) posterolateral oblique (B) lateral, and (C) medial views. Dotted line indicates boundary between scapula and coracoid. Abbreviations: cf, coracoid foramen; gl, glenoid; nab, notch between scapular blade and acromion process.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption box="[100,403,923,943]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269963/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" targetBox="[101,1533,208,808]" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph blockId="13.[100,1508,831,943]" box="[100,403,923,943]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157793.g005</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="14.[533,1536,208,1896]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
The scapula and coracoid are fused but not completely co-ossified, and a line of fusion can still be discerned on both sides, though it is more visible on the medial side (
<figureCitation box="[1334,1385,346,370]" captionStart="Fig 5" captionStartId="13.[100,132,831,851]" captionTargetBox="[101,1533,208,808]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[100,1536,208,810]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig 5. Left scapulocoracoid of Gualicho shinyae. Scapulocoracoid of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae (MPCN PV 0001) in (A) posterolateral oblique (B) lateral, and (C) medial views. Dotted line indicates boundary between scapula and coracoid. Abbreviations: cf, coracoid foramen; gl, glenoid; nab, notch between scapular blade and acromion process " httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269962/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Fig 
<number box="[1373,1385,346,370]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="5.0">5</number>
</figureCitation>
B and 
<number box="[1454,1466,346,370]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="5.0">5</number>
C). The scapula contributes about two thirds of the glenoid articulation, whereas the coracoid contributes the remaining third (
<figureCitation box="[842,893,416,440]" captionStart="Fig 5" captionStartId="13.[100,132,831,851]" captionTargetBox="[101,1533,208,808]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[100,1536,208,810]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig 5. Left scapulocoracoid of Gualicho shinyae. Scapulocoracoid of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae (MPCN PV 0001) in (A) posterolateral oblique (B) lateral, and (C) medial views. Dotted line indicates boundary between scapula and coracoid. Abbreviations: cf, coracoid foramen; gl, glenoid; nab, notch between scapular blade and acromion process " httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269962/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Fig 
<number box="[881,893,416,440]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="5.0">5</number>
</figureCitation>
A). The articular surface of the glenoid is angled outward slightly, such that it faces ventrolaterally. A small lip is formed by the scapula and coracoid at the dorsal and ventral margins of the glenoid, respectively. These lips are not laterally everted, and instead project caudally (
<figureCitation box="[843,894,520,544]" captionStart="Fig 5" captionStartId="13.[100,132,831,851]" captionTargetBox="[101,1533,208,808]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[100,1536,208,810]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig 5. Left scapulocoracoid of Gualicho shinyae. Scapulocoracoid of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae (MPCN PV 0001) in (A) posterolateral oblique (B) lateral, and (C) medial views. Dotted line indicates boundary between scapula and coracoid. Abbreviations: cf, coracoid foramen; gl, glenoid; nab, notch between scapular blade and acromion process " httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269962/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Fig 
<number box="[882,894,520,544]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="5.0">5</number>
</figureCitation>
B). Similar lips are present in many ceratosaur taxa including 
<taxonomicName box="[533,685,554,578]" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" genus="Elaphrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[533,685,554,578]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Elaphrosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<potCollectionCode box="[699,742,554,578]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<collectionCode box="[699,742,554,578]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/ibx5-wrjf" name="Museum of Natural History of Humboldt-University" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">MB</collectionCode>
</potCollectionCode>
. 
<collectionCode box="[745,764,554,578]" country="Chile" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/az7k-p4g9" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">R</collectionCode>
. unnumbered), 
<taxonomicName box="[932,1092,554,578]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Masiakasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[932,1092,554,578]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Masiakasaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Carrano MT &amp; Loewen MA &amp; Sertich JJW." box="[1107,1133,554,578]" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contrib Paleobiol" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="1 - 53" part="95" refId="ref19655" refString="27. Carrano MT, Loewen MA, Sertich JJW. New materials of Masiakasaurus knopfleri Sampson, Carrano, and Forster, 2001 and implications for the morphology of the Noasauridae (Theropoda: Ceratosauria). Smithsonian Contrib Paleobiol. 2011; 95: 1 - 53." title="New materials of Masiakasaurus knopfleri Sampson, Carrano, and Forster, 2001 and implications for the morphology of the Noasauridae (Theropoda: Ceratosauria)" type="journal article" year="2011">
<number box="[1107,1133,554,578]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="27.0">27</number>
</bibRefCitation>
], and 
<taxonomicName box="[1199,1333,555,578]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Carnotaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1199,1333,555,578]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Carnotaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<potCollectionCode box="[1347,1428,554,578]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<collectionCodeEnum box="[1347,1428,554,578]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<collectionCode box="[1347,1428,554,578]" country="Argentina" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/pyng-6456" name="Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">MACN</collectionCode>
</collectionCodeEnum>
</potCollectionCode>
<collectingCountry box="[1434,1466,554,578]" name="Switzerland" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Ch</collectingCountry>
<number box="[1471,1512,554,578]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="895.0">895</number>
), but also are observed in the megaraptoran 
<emphasis box="[982,1087,589,612]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Aerosteon</emphasis>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Sereno PC &amp; Martinez RN &amp; Wilson JA &amp; Varricchio DJ &amp; Alcober OA &amp; Larsson HCE." box="[1102,1128,589,613]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="1 - 20" part="3" refId="ref19744" refString="29. Sereno PC, Martinez RN, Wilson JA, Varricchio DJ, Alcober OA, Larsson HCE. Evidence for avian intrathoracic air sacs in a new predatory dinosaur from Argentina. PLoS ONE 2008; 3: e 3303: 1 - 20. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0003303 PMID: 18825273" title="Evidence for avian intrathoracic air sacs in a new predatory dinosaur from Argentina" type="journal article" year="2008">
<number box="[1102,1128,589,613]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="29.0">29</number>
</bibRefCitation>
] (MCNA-PV- 
<number box="[1286,1339,589,613]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="3137.0">3137</number>
). Unlike 
<taxonomicName class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" genus="Elaphrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Elaphrosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<potCollectionCode box="[616,659,624,648]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<collectionCode box="[616,659,624,648]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/ibx5-wrjf" name="Museum of Natural History of Humboldt-University" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">MB</collectionCode>
</potCollectionCode>
. 
<collectionCode box="[662,681,624,648]" country="Chile" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/az7k-p4g9" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">R</collectionCode>
. unnumbered), the glenoid lips do not merge to form a rim around the entire glenoid, but rather are restricted to the ventral and dorsal limits of the articulation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="14.[533,1536,208,1896]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
A large, oval coracoid foramen is present about eight centimeters anterior to the glenoid (
<figureCitation box="[542,593,728,752]" captionStart="Fig 5" captionStartId="13.[100,132,831,851]" captionTargetBox="[101,1533,208,808]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[100,1536,208,810]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig 5. Left scapulocoracoid of Gualicho shinyae. Scapulocoracoid of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae (MPCN PV 0001) in (A) posterolateral oblique (B) lateral, and (C) medial views. Dotted line indicates boundary between scapula and coracoid. Abbreviations: cf, coracoid foramen; gl, glenoid; nab, notch between scapular blade and acromion process " httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269962/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Fig 
<number box="[581,593,728,752]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="5.0">5</number>
</figureCitation>
A– 
<number box="[626,638,728,752]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="5.0">5</number>
C). The majority of the coracoid is weakly convex laterally, with the exception of a small area just dorsal to the coracoid foramen and anterior to the suture between the scapula and coracoid that is shallowly depressed. A coracoid (= 'biceps') tubercle is absent, as is the case in 
<taxonomicName box="[561,721,832,856]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Masiakasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[561,721,832,856]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Masiakasaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Leanza HA &amp; Apesteguia S &amp; Novas FE &amp; De la Fuente MS." box="[736,762,832,856]" journalOrPublisher="Cretac Res" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="61 - 87" part="25" refId="ref19586" refString="25. Leanza HA, Apesteguia S, Novas FE, De la Fuente MS. Cretaceous terrestrial beds from the Neuquen Basin (Argentina) and their tetrapod assemblages. Cretac Res. 2004; 25: 61 - 87." title="Cretaceous terrestrial beds from the Neuquen Basin (Argentina) and their tetrapod assemblages" type="journal article" year="2004">
<number box="[736,762,832,856]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="25.0">25</number>
</bibRefCitation>
], 
<taxonomicName box="[782,929,832,856]" class="Reptilia" family="Otozoidae" genus="Deltadromeus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[782,929,832,856]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Deltadromeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(SGM Din 
<number box="[1049,1062,832,856]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="2.0">2</number>
), and many Megalosaurians [
<bibRefCitation author="Carrano MT &amp; Benson RBJ &amp; Sampson SD." box="[1373,1386,832,855]" journalOrPublisher="J Syst Palaeont" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="211 - 300" part="10" refId="ref18907" refString="7. Carrano MT, Benson RBJ, Sampson SD. The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda). J Syst Palaeont. 2012; 10 (2): 211 - 300." title="The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="2012">
<number box="[1373,1386,832,855]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="7.0">7</number>
</bibRefCitation>
], but in contrast to the condition in most tetanurans, which possess an oblique ridge-like tubercle [
<bibRefCitation author="Carrano MT &amp; Benson RBJ &amp; Sampson SD." box="[1450,1463,867,890]" journalOrPublisher="J Syst Palaeont" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="211 - 300" part="10" refId="ref18907" refString="7. Carrano MT, Benson RBJ, Sampson SD. The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda). J Syst Palaeont. 2012; 10 (2): 211 - 300." title="The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="2012">
<number box="[1450,1463,867,890]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="7.0">7</number>
</bibRefCitation>
]. The posteroventral process of the coracoid is hooked and extends far ventral to the glenoid, to a degree similar to that seen in 
<taxonomicName box="[842,989,936,960]" class="Reptilia" family="Otozoidae" genus="Deltadromeus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[842,989,936,960]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Deltadromeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(SGM-Din 
<number box="[1116,1131,936,960]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="2.0">2</number>
), and 
<emphasis box="[1195,1319,937,960]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Megaraptor</emphasis>
(
<collectionCodeEnum box="[1332,1422,936,960]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<collectionCode box="[1332,1422,936,960]" country="Argentina" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/am5b-gmyn" name="Museo de la Universidad Nacional del Comahue" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">MUCPv</collectionCode>
</collectionCodeEnum>
<number box="[1428,1470,936,960]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="341.0">341</number>
). A well-developed posterovental process is only present in 
<taxonomicName box="[1119,1279,970,994]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Masiakasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1119,1279,970,994]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Masiakasaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Carrano MT &amp; Loewen MA &amp; Sertich JJW." box="[1294,1320,971,995]" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contrib Paleobiol" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="1 - 53" part="95" refId="ref19655" refString="27. Carrano MT, Loewen MA, Sertich JJW. New materials of Masiakasaurus knopfleri Sampson, Carrano, and Forster, 2001 and implications for the morphology of the Noasauridae (Theropoda: Ceratosauria). Smithsonian Contrib Paleobiol. 2011; 95: 1 - 53." title="New materials of Masiakasaurus knopfleri Sampson, Carrano, and Forster, 2001 and implications for the morphology of the Noasauridae (Theropoda: Ceratosauria)" type="journal article" year="2011">
<number box="[1294,1320,971,995]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="27.0">27</number>
</bibRefCitation>
] and 
<taxonomicName box="[1381,1533,970,994]" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" genus="Elaphrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1381,1533,970,994]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Elaphrosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<potCollectionCode box="[541,584,1005,1029]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">MB</potCollectionCode>
.R. unnumbered) within Ceratosauria, and in these two taxa, the process is not as extensive as in 
<taxonomicName box="[588,683,1040,1064]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis box="[588,683,1040,1064]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Gualicho</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Within Tetanurae, a pronounced posteroventral process is absent in basal members such as ' 
<taxonomicName box="[724,877,1074,1098]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" genus="Dilophosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[724,877,1074,1098]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Dilophosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
' 
<emphasis box="[887,967,1075,1098]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">sinensis</emphasis>
, 
<taxonomicName box="[979,1110,1075,1098]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Torvosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[979,1110,1075,1098]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Torvosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName box="[1122,1268,1074,1098]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Megalosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1122,1268,1074,1098]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Megalosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName class="Reptilia" family="Ceratosauridae" genus="Yangchuanosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hepingensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Yangchuanosaurus hepingensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but is a synapomorphy of Allosauria [
<bibRefCitation author="Carrano MT &amp; Benson RBJ &amp; Sampson SD." box="[1063,1076,1110,1133]" journalOrPublisher="J Syst Palaeont" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="211 - 300" part="10" refId="ref18907" refString="7. Carrano MT, Benson RBJ, Sampson SD. The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda). J Syst Palaeont. 2012; 10 (2): 211 - 300." title="The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="2012">
<number box="[1063,1076,1110,1133]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="7.0">7</number>
</bibRefCitation>
]. Its posterior edge below the glenoid is also everted slightly laterally, much like the glenoid articulation. This everted edge is widest just below the glenoid, and it thins ventrally along the posteroventral process. This area of the posteroventral process also lacks the distinct fossa (
<figureCitation box="[1074,1125,1213,1237]" captionStart="Fig 5" captionStartId="13.[100,132,831,851]" captionTargetBox="[101,1533,208,808]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[100,1536,208,810]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig 5. Left scapulocoracoid of Gualicho shinyae. Scapulocoracoid of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae (MPCN PV 0001) in (A) posterolateral oblique (B) lateral, and (C) medial views. Dotted line indicates boundary between scapula and coracoid. Abbreviations: cf, coracoid foramen; gl, glenoid; nab, notch between scapular blade and acromion process " httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269962/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Fig 
<number box="[1113,1125,1213,1237]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="5.0">5</number>
</figureCitation>
<collectionCode box="[1125,1145,1213,1237]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">A</collectionCode>
) that is present in megaraptoran taxa [
<bibRefCitation author="Benson RBJ &amp; Carrano MT &amp; Brusatte SL. A" box="[592,618,1248,1272]" journalOrPublisher="Naturwissenschaften" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="71 - 78" part="97" refId="ref20118" refString="38. Benson RBJ, Carrano MT, Brusatte SL. A new clade of archaic large-bodied predatory dinosaurs (Theropoda: Allosauroidea) that survived to the latest Mesozoic. Naturwissenschaften. 2010; 97: 71 - 78. doi: 10.1007 / s 00114 - 009 - 0614 - x PMID: 19826771" title="new clade of archaic large-bodied predatory dinosaurs (Theropoda: Allosauroidea) that survived to the latest Mesozoic" type="journal article" year="2010">
<number box="[592,618,1248,1272]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="38.0">38</number>
</bibRefCitation>
].
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="14.[533,1536,208,1896]" lastBlockId="16.[533,1536,208,1896]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[565,675,1282,1306]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Forelimb.</emphasis>
Parts of both forelimbs were collected with 
<collectionCode box="[1152,1228,1283,1307]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">MPCN</collectionCode>
PV 
<number box="[1273,1325,1283,1307]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="1.0">0001</number>
, including a complete left forelimb. The right forelimb is represented by the radius and ulna. The humerus is almost straight with only a slight laterally convex bow (
<figureCitation box="[1115,1166,1351,1376]" captionStart="Fig 5" captionStartId="13.[100,132,831,851]" captionTargetBox="[101,1533,208,808]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[100,1536,208,810]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig 5. Left scapulocoracoid of Gualicho shinyae. Scapulocoracoid of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae (MPCN PV 0001) in (A) posterolateral oblique (B) lateral, and (C) medial views. Dotted line indicates boundary between scapula and coracoid. Abbreviations: cf, coracoid foramen; gl, glenoid; nab, notch between scapular blade and acromion process " httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269962/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Fig 
<number box="[1154,1166,1351,1375]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="5.0">5</number>
</figureCitation>
A and 
<number box="[1237,1249,1351,1375]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="5.0">5</number>
<collectionCode box="[1248,1265,1351,1375]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15534" name="Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Zentraleinrichtung der Freien Universitaet" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">B</collectionCode>
). The distal condyles are twisted laterally about 
<number box="[772,798,1386,1410]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="15.0">15</number>
degrees relative to the humeral head (
<figureCitation box="[1199,1251,1386,1410]" captionStart="Fig 6" captionStartId="15.[338,370,1652,1672]" captionTargetBox="[339,1535,209,1630]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[338,1536,208,1631]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig 6. Forelimb elements of Gualicho shinyae. Left humerus of the of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae (MPCN PV 0001) in (A) anterior, (B) posterior, (C) proximal, and (D) distal views. Left ulna and attached semilunate distal carpal of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae (MPCN PV 0001) in (E) lateral, (F) posterior, and (G) anterior views. Left radius of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae (MPCN PV 0001) in (H) lateral, and (I) medial views. Abbreviations: dpc, deltopectoral crest; ics, intercondylar sulcus; it, internal tuberosity; msh, scar for insertion of m. scapulohumeralis; olp, olecranon process base; sdc, semilunate distal carpal. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0157793. g 006" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269965/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Fig 
<number box="[1238,1251,1386,1410]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="6.0">6</number>
</figureCitation>
<collectionCode box="[1250,1268,1386,1410]" country="Denmark" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/na0h-6vfh" name="University of Copenhagen" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">C</collectionCode>
and 
<number box="[1320,1333,1386,1410]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="6.0">6</number>
D), which is mediolaterally elongate, unlike the spherical humeral head of many ceratosaurs [
<bibRefCitation author="Rauhut OWM." box="[1336,1362,1421,1445]" journalOrPublisher="Spec Pap Palaeontol" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="1 - 213" part="69" refId="ref19628" refString="26. Rauhut OWM. The interrelationships of and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Spec Pap Palaeontol. 2003; 69: 1 - 213." title="The interrelationships of and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2003">
<number box="[1336,1362,1421,1445]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="26.0">26</number>
</bibRefCitation>
] including 
<taxonomicName class="Reptilia" family="Otozoidae" genus="Deltadromeus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Deltadromeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(SGM-Din 
<number box="[771,785,1456,1480]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="2.0">2</number>
) and 
<taxonomicName box="[845,997,1456,1480]" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" genus="Elaphrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[845,997,1456,1480]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Elaphrosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<potCollectionCode box="[1010,1053,1456,1480]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<collectionCode box="[1010,1053,1456,1480]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/ibx5-wrjf" name="Museum of Natural History of Humboldt-University" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">MB</collectionCode>
</potCollectionCode>
. 
<collectionCode box="[1056,1075,1456,1480]" country="Chile" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/az7k-p4g9" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">R</collectionCode>
. unnumbered). There is a very weak cleft between the head and the pointed internal tuberosity (
<figureCitation box="[1106,1157,1490,1514]" captionStart="Fig 6" captionStartId="15.[338,370,1652,1672]" captionTargetBox="[339,1535,209,1630]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[338,1536,208,1631]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig 6. Forelimb elements of Gualicho shinyae. Left humerus of the of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae (MPCN PV 0001) in (A) anterior, (B) posterior, (C) proximal, and (D) distal views. Left ulna and attached semilunate distal carpal of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae (MPCN PV 0001) in (E) lateral, (F) posterior, and (G) anterior views. Left radius of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae (MPCN PV 0001) in (H) lateral, and (I) medial views. Abbreviations: dpc, deltopectoral crest; ics, intercondylar sulcus; it, internal tuberosity; msh, scar for insertion of m. scapulohumeralis; olp, olecranon process base; sdc, semilunate distal carpal. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0157793. g 006" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269965/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Fig 
<number box="[1145,1157,1490,1514]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="6.0">6</number>
</figureCitation>
<collectionCode box="[1157,1173,1490,1514]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15534" name="Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Zentraleinrichtung der Freien Universitaet" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">B</collectionCode>
). The internal tuberosity is distinctly thinner than the head in proximal view. There is no evidence of a deep, longitudinal furrow on the caudomedial side of the proximal humerus, as is present in 
<taxonomicName box="[1278,1448,1560,1584]" class="Reptilia" family="Neovenatoridae" genus="Australovenator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1278,1448,1560,1584]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Australovenator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="White MA &amp; Cook AG &amp; Hocknull SA &amp; Sloan T &amp; Sinapius GHK &amp; Elliott DA." box="[1463,1489,1560,1584]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="39364" part="7" refId="ref20174" refString="39. White MA, Cook AG, Hocknull SA, Sloan T, Sinapius GHK, Elliott DA. New forearm elements discovered of holotype specimen Australovenator wintonensis from Winton, Queensland, Australia. PLoS ONE. 2012; 7 (6): e 39364. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0039364 PMID: 22761772" title="New forearm elements discovered of holotype specimen Australovenator wintonensis from Winton, Queensland, Australia" type="journal article" year="2012">
<number box="[1463,1489,1560,1584]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="39.0">39</number>
</bibRefCitation>
], 
<taxonomicName box="[533,661,1594,1618]" class="Reptilia" family="Neovenatoridae" genus="Fukuiraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[533,661,1594,1618]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fukuiraptor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Azuma Y &amp; Currie PJ. A" box="[676,702,1594,1618]" journalOrPublisher="Can J Earth Sci" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="1735 - 1753" part="37" refId="ref20235" refString="40. Azuma Y, Currie PJ. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Japan. Can J Earth Sci. 2000; 37: 1735 - 1753." title="new carnosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Japan" type="journal article" year="2000">
<number box="[676,702,1594,1618]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="40.0">40</number>
</bibRefCitation>
], 
<taxonomicName box="[723,891,1594,1618]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Chilantaisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[723,891,1594,1618]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Chilantaisaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Benson R. B. J. &amp; Zu X." box="[906,932,1594,1618]" journalOrPublisher="Geol Mag" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="778 - 789" part="145" refId="ref20271" refString="41. Benson R. B. J., and Zu X. 2008. The anatomy and systematic position of Chilantaisaurus tashuikouensis Hu, 1964 from the Early Cretaceous of Alanshan, People's Republic of China. Geol Mag, 145: 778 - 789." title="2008. The anatomy and systematic position of Chilantaisaurus tashuikouensis Hu" type="journal article" year="1964">
<number box="[906,932,1594,1618]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="41.0">41</number>
</bibRefCitation>
], and 
<emphasis box="[999,1123,1595,1618]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Megaraptor</emphasis>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Porfiri JD &amp; Novas FE &amp; Calvo JO &amp; Agnolin FL &amp; Ezcurra MD &amp; Cerda IA." box="[1138,1164,1594,1618]" journalOrPublisher="Cretac Res" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="35 - 55" part="51" refId="ref19048" refString="11. Porfiri JD, Novas FE, Calvo JO, Agnolin FL, Ezcurra MD, Cerda IA. Juvenile specimen of Megaraptor (Dinosauria, Theropoda) sheds light about tyrannosauroid radiation. Cretac Res. 2014; 51: 35 - 55." title="Juvenile specimen of Megaraptor (Dinosauria, Theropoda) sheds light about tyrannosauroid radiation" type="journal article" year="2014">
<number box="[1138,1164,1594,1618]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="11.0">11</number>
</bibRefCitation>
]. Although this feature has also been suggested to be present in tyrannosaurids [
<bibRefCitation author="Novas FE &amp; Agnolin FL &amp; Ezcurra MD &amp; Porfiri J &amp; Canale JI." box="[1041,1067,1629,1653]" journalOrPublisher="Cretac Res" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="174 - 215" part="45" refId="ref19094" refString="12. Novas FE, Agnolin FL, Ezcurra MD, Porfiri J, Canale JI. Evolution of the carnivorous dinosaurs during the Cretaceous: the evidence from Patagonia. Cretac Res. 2013; 45: 174 - 215." title="Evolution of the carnivorous dinosaurs during the Cretaceous: the evidence from Patagonia" type="journal article" year="2013">
<number box="[1041,1067,1629,1653]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="12.0">12</number>
</bibRefCitation>
], this is based on misinterpretation of a pathology in one specimen of 
<taxonomicName box="[849,1048,1664,1687]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
<emphasis box="[849,1048,1664,1687]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Brochu C. A." box="[1063,1089,1664,1688]" journalOrPublisher="Geol Mag" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="1 - 138" part="22" refId="ref20319" refString="42. Brochu C. A. 2002. Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and highresolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 7, 22 (Suppl. 4): 1 - 138." title="Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and highresolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull" type="journal article" year="2002">42</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Carpenter K. &amp; Smith M." box="[1100,1126,1664,1688]" editor="Tanke D." journalOrPublisher="Indiana University Press, Bloomington" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="90 - 116" refId="ref20366" refString="43. Carpenter K., and Smith M. 2001. Forelimb osteology and biomechanics of Tyrannosaurus rex. In: Tanke D., Carpenter K. (Eds.), Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, pp. 90 - 116" title="Forelimb osteology and biomechanics of Tyrannosaurus rex" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Mesozoic Vertebrate Life" year="2001">43</bibRefCitation>
] (
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<collectionCode box="[1147,1226,1664,1688]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" name="Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">FMNH</collectionCode>
</potCollectionCode>
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<number box="[1267,1320,1664,1688]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="2081.0">2081</number>
). Two broad depressions are present on the anterior face of the humerus, though these are slightly accentuated by crushing of the element. The proximal depression is just below the humeral head and is mediolaterally elongate, extending across the breadth of the bone. The distal depression is more elongate and situated in the middle of the bone just medial to the deltopectoral crest. The deltopectoral crest is set perpendicular to the long axis of the humeral head (
<figureCitation box="[1338,1389,1837,1861]" captionStart="Fig 6" captionStartId="15.[338,370,1652,1672]" captionTargetBox="[339,1535,209,1630]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[338,1536,208,1631]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig 6. Forelimb elements of Gualicho shinyae. Left humerus of the of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae (MPCN PV 0001) in (A) anterior, (B) posterior, (C) proximal, and (D) distal views. Left ulna and attached semilunate distal carpal of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae (MPCN PV 0001) in (E) lateral, (F) posterior, and (G) anterior views. Left radius of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae (MPCN PV 0001) in (H) lateral, and (I) medial views. Abbreviations: dpc, deltopectoral crest; ics, intercondylar sulcus; it, internal tuberosity; msh, scar for insertion of m. scapulohumeralis; olp, olecranon process base; sdc, semilunate distal carpal. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0157793. g 006" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269965/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Fig 
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</figureCitation>
A and 
<number box="[1460,1472,1837,1861]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="6.0">6</number>
B), as in a majority of theropods with the exception of some megalosaurians that have an anterolaterally directed deltopectoral crest [
<bibRefCitation author="Carrano MT &amp; Benson RBJ &amp; Sampson SD." box="[993,1006,208,231]" journalOrPublisher="J Syst Palaeont" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="211 - 300" part="10" refId="ref18907" refString="7. Carrano MT, Benson RBJ, Sampson SD. The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda). J Syst Palaeont. 2012; 10 (2): 211 - 300." title="The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="2012">
<number box="[993,1006,208,231]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="7.0">7</number>
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]. It is proximodistally elongate and spans approximately one quarter the length of the humerus. Among theropods, a deltopectoral crest with such a limited proximodistal extent is only seen in 
<taxonomicName box="[1065,1212,277,301]" class="Reptilia" family="Otozoidae" genus="Deltadromeus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1065,1212,277,301]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Deltadromeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(SGM Din- 
<number box="[1339,1352,277,301]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="2.0">2</number>
) and Ornithomimosauria [
<bibRefCitation author="Rauhut OWM." box="[647,673,312,336]" journalOrPublisher="Spec Pap Palaeontol" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 213" part="69" refId="ref19628" refString="26. Rauhut OWM. The interrelationships of and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Spec Pap Palaeontol. 2003; 69: 1 - 213." title="The interrelationships of and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2003">
<number box="[647,673,312,336]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="26.0">26</number>
</bibRefCitation>
], although 
<taxonomicName box="[794,954,312,336]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Masiakasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[794,954,312,336]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Masiakasaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Carrano MT &amp; Loewen MA &amp; Sertich JJW." box="[969,995,312,336]" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contrib Paleobiol" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 53" part="95" refId="ref19655" refString="27. Carrano MT, Loewen MA, Sertich JJW. New materials of Masiakasaurus knopfleri Sampson, Carrano, and Forster, 2001 and implications for the morphology of the Noasauridae (Theropoda: Ceratosauria). Smithsonian Contrib Paleobiol. 2011; 95: 1 - 53." title="New materials of Masiakasaurus knopfleri Sampson, Carrano, and Forster, 2001 and implications for the morphology of the Noasauridae (Theropoda: Ceratosauria)" type="journal article" year="2011">
<number box="[969,995,312,336]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="27.0">27</number>
</bibRefCitation>
] and 
<taxonomicName box="[1055,1207,312,336]" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" genus="Elaphrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1055,1207,312,336]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Elaphrosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
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.R. unnumbered) approach this condition. It tapers to a thin (and abraded) edge proximally, but its apex is thickened mediolaterally into a lobate tuberosity that is a proximodistally elongate ellipse in anterior aspect. A distinctly offset and lobate apex on the deltopectoral crest is widespread among allosauroid species including 
<taxonomicName box="[804,994,450,474]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Acrocanthosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[804,994,450,474]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Acrocanthosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Currie PJ &amp; Carpenter K. A" box="[1010,1036,450,474]" journalOrPublisher="Geodiversitas" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="207 - 246" part="22" refId="ref19978" refString="35. Currie PJ, Carpenter K. A new specimen of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis (Theropoda, Dinosauria) from the Lower Cretaceous Antlers Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Aptian) of Oklahoma, USA. Geodiversitas. 2000; 22: 207 - 246." title="new specimen of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis (Theropoda, Dinosauria) from the Lower Cretaceous Antlers Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Aptian) of Oklahoma, USA" type="journal article" year="2000">
<number box="[1010,1036,450,474]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="35.0">35</number>
</bibRefCitation>
], 
<taxonomicName box="[1056,1178,451,474]" class="Reptilia" family="Carcharodontosauridae" genus="Neovenator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1056,1178,451,474]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Neovenator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Brusatte SL" box="[1193,1219,450,474]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontographical Society Monograph" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 75" part="162" refId="ref20415" refString="44. Brusatte SL, Benson RBJ, Hutt S. The osteology of Neovenator salerii (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Wealden Group (Barremian) of the Isle of Wight. Palaeontographical Society Monograph 2008; 162: 1 - 75." title="Benson RBJ, Hutt S. The osteology of Neovenator salerii (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Wealden Group (Barremian) of the Isle of Wight" type="journal article" year="2008">
<number box="[1193,1219,450,474]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="44.0">44</number>
</bibRefCitation>
], and 
<taxonomicName box="[1285,1413,450,474]" class="Reptilia" family="Neovenatoridae" genus="Fukuiraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1285,1413,450,474]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fukuiraptor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Azuma Y &amp; Currie PJ. A" box="[1428,1454,450,474]" journalOrPublisher="Can J Earth Sci" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="1735 - 1753" part="37" refId="ref20235" refString="40. Azuma Y, Currie PJ. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Japan. Can J Earth Sci. 2000; 37: 1735 - 1753." title="new carnosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Japan" type="journal article" year="2000">
<number box="[1428,1454,450,474]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="40.0">40</number>
</bibRefCitation>
], but is not observed in megalosauroids [
<bibRefCitation author="Benson RB. A" box="[884,910,485,509]" journalOrPublisher="Zool J Linn Soc" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="882 - 935" part="158" refId="ref20460" refString="45. Benson RB. A description of Megalosaurus bucklandii (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Bathonian of the UK and the relationships of Middle Jurassic theropods. Zool J Linn Soc. 2010; 158: 882 - 935." title="description of Megalosaurus bucklandii (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Bathonian of the UK and the relationships of Middle Jurassic theropods" type="journal article" year="2010">
<number box="[884,910,485,509]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="45.0">45</number>
</bibRefCitation>
], ceratosaurs (e.g., 
<taxonomicName box="[1112,1251,486,509]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratosauridae" genus="Ceratosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1112,1251,486,509]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Ceratosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<potCollectionCode box="[1257,1340,486,509]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<collectionCodeEnum box="[1257,1340,486,509]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<collectionCode box="[1257,1340,486,509]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34862" name="Utah Museum of Natural History" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">UMNH</collectionCode>
</collectionCodeEnum>
</potCollectionCode>
<collectionCode box="[1346,1380,486,509]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">VP</collectionCode>
<number box="[1386,1441,485,509]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="5278.0">5278</number>
), coelophysoids (
<taxonomicName box="[642,795,520,544]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" genus="Dilophosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[642,795,520,544]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Dilophosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<potCollectionCode box="[801,877,520,544]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<collectionCodeEnum box="[801,877,520,544]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<collectionCode box="[801,877,520,544]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/2fxn-eays" name="University of California Museum of Paleontology" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">UCMP</collectionCode>
</collectionCodeEnum>
</potCollectionCode>
<number box="[882,950,520,544]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="37302.0">37302</number>
), and coelurosaurs (e.g., 
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<emphasis box="[1209,1376,520,544]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Compsognathus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<potCollectionCode box="[1382,1422,520,544]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">MB</potCollectionCode>
.R. 
<number box="[1446,1521,520,544]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="2003.2">2003.2</number>
; 
<taxonomicName box="[533,637,554,578]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Guanlong" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[533,637,554,578]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Guanlong</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<potCollectionCode box="[643,700,555,578]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<collectionCodeEnum box="[643,700,555,578]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<collectionCode box="[643,700,555,578]" country="China" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/wd8c-kdma" name="Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">IVPP</collectionCode>
</collectionCodeEnum>
</potCollectionCode>
<accessionNumber box="[706,793,554,578]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/V14531" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<collectionCode box="[706,726,554,578]" country="Canada" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">V</collectionCode>
<number box="[726,793,554,578]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="14531.0">14531</number>
</accessionNumber>
). There is a small, circular divot on the posterior surface of the humerus (
<figureCitation box="[643,694,589,613]" captionStart="Fig 6" captionStartId="15.[338,370,1652,1672]" captionTargetBox="[339,1535,209,1630]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[338,1536,208,1631]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig 6. Forelimb elements of Gualicho shinyae. Left humerus of the of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae (MPCN PV 0001) in (A) anterior, (B) posterior, (C) proximal, and (D) distal views. Left ulna and attached semilunate distal carpal of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae (MPCN PV 0001) in (E) lateral, (F) posterior, and (G) anterior views. Left radius of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae (MPCN PV 0001) in (H) lateral, and (I) medial views. Abbreviations: dpc, deltopectoral crest; ics, intercondylar sulcus; it, internal tuberosity; msh, scar for insertion of m. scapulohumeralis; olp, olecranon process base; sdc, semilunate distal carpal. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0157793. g 006" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269965/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
Fig 
<number box="[682,694,589,613]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="6.0">6</number>
</figureCitation>
<collectionCode box="[694,710,589,613]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15534" name="Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Zentraleinrichtung der Freien Universitaet" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">B</collectionCode>
), just below the midpoint of the head that is located in a topologically identical position to a large fossa on the humerus of 
<taxonomicName box="[1022,1212,624,648]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Acrocanthosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1022,1212,624,648]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Acrocanthosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<potCollectionCode box="[1225,1300,624,648]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<collectionCodeEnum box="[1225,1300,624,648]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<collectionCode box="[1225,1300,624,648]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/aasf-rm4s" name="North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">NCSM</collectionCode>
</collectionCodeEnum>
</potCollectionCode>
<number box="[1306,1374,624,648]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="14345.0">14345</number>
). This part of the humerus likely serves as an insertion point for m. scapulohumeralis posterior, as in modern birds [
<bibRefCitation author="Baumel J. J. &amp; King A. S. &amp; Breazile J. E. &amp; Evans H. E. &amp; Vanden Berge J. C." box="[602,628,693,717]" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge: Nuttall Orntihological Club" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refId="ref20502" refString="46. Baumel J. J., King A. S., Breazile J. E., Evans H. E., and Vanden Berge J. C. 1993. Handbook of Avian Anatomy: Nomina Anatomica Avium, 2 nd ed. Cambridge: Nuttall Orntihological Club, pp. 779." title="Handbook of Avian Anatomy: Nomina Anatomica Avium, 2 nd ed" type="book" year="1993">46</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Burch S. H." box="[639,665,693,717]" journalOrPublisher="J Anat" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="271 - 297" part="225" refId="ref20560" refString="47. Burch S. H. 2014. Complete forelimb myology of the basal theropod dinosaur Tawa hallae based on a novel robust muscle reconstruction method. J Anat. 225: 271 - 297. doi: 10.1111 / joa. 12216 PMID: 25040486" title="Complete forelimb myology of the basal theropod dinosaur Tawa hallae based on a novel robust muscle reconstruction method" type="journal article" year="2014">47</bibRefCitation>
].
</paragraph>
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269964/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" targetBox="[339,1535,209,1630]" targetPageId="15">
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269965/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" targetBox="[339,1535,209,1630]" targetPageId="15">
<paragraph blockId="15.[338,1522,1652,1840]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[338,789,1652,1672]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Fig 6. Forelimb elements of 
<taxonomicName box="[613,783,1653,1672]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[613,783,1653,1672]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName box="[613,702,1653,1672]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Gualicho</taxonomicName>
shinyae
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Left humerus of the of the holotype specimen of 
<taxonomicName box="[1234,1392,1652,1672]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis box="[1234,1392,1652,1672]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName box="[1234,1317,1652,1672]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Gualicho</taxonomicName>
shinyae
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MPCN PV 0001) in (A) anterior, (B) posterior, (C) proximal, and (D) distal views. Left ulna and attached semilunate distal carpal of the holotype specimen of 
<taxonomicName box="[540,698,1703,1723]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis box="[540,698,1703,1723]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName box="[540,623,1703,1723]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Gualicho</taxonomicName>
shinyae
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MPCN PV 0001) in (E) lateral, (F) posterior, and (G) anterior views. Left radius of the holotype specimen of 
<taxonomicName box="[540,698,1728,1748]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis box="[540,698,1728,1748]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName box="[540,623,1728,1748]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Gualicho</taxonomicName>
shinyae
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MPCN PV 0001) in (H) lateral, and (I) medial views. Abbreviations: dpc, deltopectoral crest; ics, intercondylar sulcus; it, internal tuberosity; msh, scar for insertion of m. scapulohumeralis; olp, olecranon process base; sdc, semilunate distal carpal.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption box="[338,640,1820,1840]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269966/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" targetBox="[339,1535,209,1630]" targetPageId="15">
<paragraph blockId="15.[338,1522,1652,1840]" box="[338,640,1820,1840]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157793.g006</paragraph>
</caption>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="16.[533,1536,208,1896]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
The humeral shaft is relatively straight and cylindrical below the level of the deltopectoral crest, and lacks the distinct curvature seen in many tetanurans including 
<taxonomicName box="[1301,1477,762,786]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Piatnitzkysaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1301,1477,762,786]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Piatnitzkysaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MACN-CH 
<number box="[675,716,797,821]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="895.0">895</number>
), 
<taxonomicName box="[734,846,797,821]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[734,846,797,821]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Allosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Madsen JH Jr." box="[861,887,797,821]" journalOrPublisher="Utah Geol Survey Bull" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 163" part="109" refId="ref19925" refString="33. Madsen JH Jr. Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology. Utah Geol Survey Bull. 1976; 109: 1 - 163." title="Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology" type="journal article" year="1976">
<number box="[861,887,797,821]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="33.0">33</number>
</bibRefCitation>
], and 
<taxonomicName box="[953,1084,798,821]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Torvosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[953,1084,798,821]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Torvosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Britt BB." box="[1100,1126,797,821]" journalOrPublisher="BYU Geol Stud" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 72" part="37" refId="ref20607" refString="48. Britt BB. Theropods of the Dry Mesa Quarry (Morrison Formation, Late Jurassic), Colorado, with emphasis on the osteology of Torvosaurus tanneri. BYU Geol Stud. 1991; 37: 1 - 72." title="Theropods of the Dry Mesa Quarry (Morrison Formation, Late Jurassic), Colorado, with emphasis on the osteology of Torvosaurus tanneri" type="journal article" year="1991">
<number box="[1100,1126,797,821]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="48.0">48</number>
</bibRefCitation>
]. There is a broad but very shallow brachial fossa on the anterior face of the distal end of the humerus that is far less developed than in most tetanuran taxa. The distal condyles exhibit no mediolateral expansion, nor are any epicondylar tubers present. The distal articular end is somewhat flattened and slightly abraded. There is no strong cleft or separation into distinct condyles, except for a small notch on the rostral aspect of the distal end (
<figureCitation box="[936,988,970,994]" captionStart="Fig 6" captionStartId="15.[338,370,1652,1672]" captionTargetBox="[339,1535,209,1630]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[338,1536,208,1631]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig 6. Forelimb elements of Gualicho shinyae. Left humerus of the of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae (MPCN PV 0001) in (A) anterior, (B) posterior, (C) proximal, and (D) distal views. Left ulna and attached semilunate distal carpal of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae (MPCN PV 0001) in (E) lateral, (F) posterior, and (G) anterior views. Left radius of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae (MPCN PV 0001) in (H) lateral, and (I) medial views. Abbreviations: dpc, deltopectoral crest; ics, intercondylar sulcus; it, internal tuberosity; msh, scar for insertion of m. scapulohumeralis; olp, olecranon process base; sdc, semilunate distal carpal. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0157793. g 006" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269965/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
Fig 
<number box="[975,988,970,994]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="6.0">6</number>
</figureCitation>
D). The lateral condyle is much more robust and expanded anteroposteriorly than the medial condyle.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="16.[533,1536,208,1896]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
The proximal left ulna is broken, but the right element retains most of a modestly sized, rounded olecranon process, the medial portion of which is broken away. The proximal end is only slightly caudally expanded relative to the shaft, which is straight unlike the strongly curved ulna seen in most tetanurans such as 
<taxonomicName box="[925,1037,1144,1168]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[925,1037,1144,1168]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Allosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Madsen JH Jr." box="[1052,1078,1144,1168]" journalOrPublisher="Utah Geol Survey Bull" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 163" part="109" refId="ref19925" refString="33. Madsen JH Jr. Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology. Utah Geol Survey Bull. 1976; 109: 1 - 163." title="Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology" type="journal article" year="1976">
<number box="[1052,1078,1144,1168]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="33.0">33</number>
</bibRefCitation>
] and 
<taxonomicName box="[1138,1284,1144,1167]" class="Reptilia" family="Carcharodontosauridae" genus="Concavenator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1138,1284,1144,1167]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Concavenator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Ortega F &amp; Escaso F &amp; Sanz JL. A" box="[1300,1326,1144,1168]" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="203 - 206" part="467" refId="ref20649" refString="49. Ortega F, Escaso F, Sanz JL. A bizarre, humped Carcharodontosauria (Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain. Nature. 2010; 467: 203 - 206. doi: 10.1038 / nature 09181 PMID: 20829793" title="bizarre, humped Carcharodontosauria (Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain" type="journal article" year="2010">
<number box="[1300,1326,1144,1168]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="49.0">49</number>
</bibRefCitation>
]. The midshaft is subcircular in cross section, and there are faint striations extending down the anterior to anteromedial surface of the ulnar shaft, which may mark the separation between the origin of m. abductor pollicis longus medial to the striations from the insertion of m. anconeus lateral to the striations [
<bibRefCitation author="Burch S. H." box="[686,712,1283,1307]" journalOrPublisher="J Anat" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="271 - 297" part="225" refId="ref20560" refString="47. Burch S. H. 2014. Complete forelimb myology of the basal theropod dinosaur Tawa hallae based on a novel robust muscle reconstruction method. J Anat. 225: 271 - 297. doi: 10.1111 / joa. 12216 PMID: 25040486" title="Complete forelimb myology of the basal theropod dinosaur Tawa hallae based on a novel robust muscle reconstruction method" type="journal article" year="2014">
<number box="[686,712,1283,1307]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="47.0">47</number>
</bibRefCitation>
]. The distal end is weakly expanded mediolaterally. As in most tetanurans, the distal articulation is flattened, unlike the derived, convex condition observed in abelisaurids [
<bibRefCitation author="Carrano MT" box="[542,555,1352,1376]" journalOrPublisher="J Syst Palaeontol" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="183 - 236" part="6" refId="ref18943" refString="8. Carrano MT, Sampson SD. The phylogeny of Ceratosauria (Dinosauria: Theropoda). J Syst Palaeontol 2008; 6: 183 - 236." title="Sampson SD. The phylogeny of Ceratosauria (Dinosauria: Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="2008">
<number box="[542,555,1352,1376]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="8.0">8</number>
</bibRefCitation>
].
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="16.[533,1536,208,1896]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
The radial shaft is comparable in diameter to the ulna (
<figureCitation box="[1145,1196,1386,1410]" captionStart="Fig 6" captionStartId="15.[338,370,1652,1672]" captionTargetBox="[339,1535,209,1630]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[338,1536,208,1631]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig 6. Forelimb elements of Gualicho shinyae. Left humerus of the of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae (MPCN PV 0001) in (A) anterior, (B) posterior, (C) proximal, and (D) distal views. Left ulna and attached semilunate distal carpal of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae (MPCN PV 0001) in (E) lateral, (F) posterior, and (G) anterior views. Left radius of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae (MPCN PV 0001) in (H) lateral, and (I) medial views. Abbreviations: dpc, deltopectoral crest; ics, intercondylar sulcus; it, internal tuberosity; msh, scar for insertion of m. scapulohumeralis; olp, olecranon process base; sdc, semilunate distal carpal. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0157793. g 006" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269965/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
Fig 
<number box="[1184,1196,1386,1410]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="6.0">6</number>
</figureCitation>
<collectionCode box="[1196,1212,1386,1410]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15670" name="Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">E</collectionCode>
– 
<date box="[1225,1247,1386,1410]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<number box="[1225,1238,1386,1410]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="6.0">6</number>
<collectionCode box="[1238,1247,1386,1410]" country="Romania" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14415" name="&amp;quot;Alexandru Ioan Cuza&amp;quot; University" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">I</collectionCode>
</date>
). The distal end is slightly expanded and medially offset from the main axis of the shaft. The distal articular surface is weakly triangular in distal aspect. Longitudinal striations extend throughout the shaft, but are faint and not well developed. There is a small, one centimeter long linear tuberosity located approximately five centimeters from the distal end of the radius, that projects laterally slightly above the shaft. The proximal face of the radius is better preserved on the right element and is rounded and globular, with a slight divot on one edge.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="16.[533,1536,208,1896]" lastBlockId="17.[533,1537,1110,1897]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
Two carpals are preserved with the left forelimb. The larger of the two is the compound semilunate carpal and is attached by matrix, though not co-ossified with, the left ulna (
<figureCitation box="[1445,1496,1664,1688]" captionStart="Fig 6" captionStartId="15.[338,370,1652,1672]" captionTargetBox="[339,1535,209,1630]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[338,1536,208,1631]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig 6. Forelimb elements of Gualicho shinyae. Left humerus of the of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae (MPCN PV 0001) in (A) anterior, (B) posterior, (C) proximal, and (D) distal views. Left ulna and attached semilunate distal carpal of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae (MPCN PV 0001) in (E) lateral, (F) posterior, and (G) anterior views. Left radius of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae (MPCN PV 0001) in (H) lateral, and (I) medial views. Abbreviations: dpc, deltopectoral crest; ics, intercondylar sulcus; it, internal tuberosity; msh, scar for insertion of m. scapulohumeralis; olp, olecranon process base; sdc, semilunate distal carpal. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0157793. g 006" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269965/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
Fig 
<number box="[1484,1496,1664,1688]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="6.0">6</number>
</figureCitation>
<collectionCode box="[1496,1512,1664,1688]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15670" name="Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">E</collectionCode>
– 
<number box="[533,545,1698,1722]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="6.0">6</number>
<collectionCode box="[546,565,1698,1722]" country="Switzerland" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15706" name="Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Gen<65>ve" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">G</collectionCode>
). Its distal surface was discovered in articulation with the proximal articular surfaces of metacarpals 
<collectionCode box="[666,675,1734,1757]" country="Romania" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14415" name="&amp;quot;Alexandru Ioan Cuza&amp;quot; University" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">I</collectionCode>
and II. It has a semilunate shape in lateral view, with a convex proximal surface and a flatter distal one. The proximal aspect is partly covered by the matrix connecting it to the ulna, but the exposed rostral section reveals a broad, shallow sulcus as in 
<taxonomicName box="[1300,1412,1802,1826]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1300,1412,1802,1826]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Allosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Madsen JH Jr." box="[1427,1453,1802,1826]" journalOrPublisher="Utah Geol Survey Bull" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 163" part="109" refId="ref19925" refString="33. Madsen JH Jr. Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology. Utah Geol Survey Bull. 1976; 109: 1 - 163." title="Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology" type="journal article" year="1976">33</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Chure D." box="[1464,1490,1802,1826]" editor="Gauthier J" journalOrPublisher="Peabody Museum of Natural History, New Haven" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="283 - 300" refId="ref20694" refString="50. Chure D. The wrist of Allosaurus, in Gauthier J, Gall LF (Eds.). New Perspectives on the Origin and Early Evolution of Birds: Proceedings of tge Intnernational Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrom. Peabody Museum of Natural History, New Haven. 2001; p. 283 - 300." title="The wrist of Allosaurus" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="New Perspectives on the Origin and Early Evolution of Birds: Proceedings of tge Intnernational Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrom" year="2001">50</bibRefCitation>
], and 
<taxonomicName box="[579,679,1837,1860]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[579,679,1837,1860]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Sinraptor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao XJ. A" box="[694,720,1837,1861]" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="2037 - 2081" part="30" refId="ref20077" refString="37. Currie PJ, Zhao XJ. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 1994; 30: 2037 - 2081." title="new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China" type="journal article" year="1994">
<number box="[694,720,1837,1861]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="37.0">37</number>
</bibRefCitation>
]. The distal articulation is elliptical in end view with notches at the rostral and caudal ends that correspond to the termini of the longitudinal sulcus along the proximal surface. Its surface is kinked into a smaller rostral and a larger caudal area, again resembling the condition in 
<taxonomicName box="[708,820,1144,1168]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[708,820,1144,1168]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Allosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Madsen JH Jr." box="[835,861,1145,1169]" journalOrPublisher="Utah Geol Survey Bull" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 163" part="109" refId="ref19925" refString="33. Madsen JH Jr. Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology. Utah Geol Survey Bull. 1976; 109: 1 - 163." title="Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology" type="journal article" year="1976">
<number box="[835,861,1145,1169]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="33.0">33</number>
</bibRefCitation>
] and other neotetanurans [
<bibRefCitation author="Carrano MT &amp; Benson RBJ &amp; Sampson SD." box="[1151,1164,1145,1168]" journalOrPublisher="J Syst Palaeont" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="211 - 300" part="10" refId="ref18907" refString="7. Carrano MT, Benson RBJ, Sampson SD. The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda). J Syst Palaeont. 2012; 10 (2): 211 - 300." title="The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="2012">
<number box="[1151,1164,1145,1168]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="7.0">7</number>
</bibRefCitation>
]. The medial face of the carpal is much smaller than the lateral one.
</paragraph>
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269967/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" targetBox="[118,1529,208,939]" targetPageId="17">
<paragraph blockId="17.[115,1533,963,1075]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[115,626,963,983]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Fig 7. Wrist and palm elements of 
<taxonomicName box="[449,620,964,983]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,620,964,983]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<taxonomicName box="[449,538,964,983]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Gualicho</taxonomicName>
shinyae
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Articulated metacarpals I-III of the holotype specimen of 
<taxonomicName box="[1146,1305,964,984]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis box="[1146,1305,964,984]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<taxonomicName box="[1146,1229,964,984]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Gualicho</taxonomicName>
shinyae
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in (A) dorsal, (B) ventral, (C) distal, and (D) proximal views. Scapholunare of the holotype specimen of 
<taxonomicName box="[823,981,989,1009]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis box="[823,981,989,1009]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<taxonomicName box="[823,906,989,1009]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Gualicho</taxonomicName>
shinyae
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in (E) proximal and (F) distal views. Abbreviation: mc, metacarpal.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption box="[115,418,1055,1075]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269968/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" targetBox="[118,1529,208,939]" targetPageId="17">
<paragraph blockId="17.[115,1533,963,1075]" box="[115,418,1055,1075]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157793.g007</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="17.[533,1537,1110,1897]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
The second carpal is smaller and flatter than the first (
<figureCitation box="[1134,1185,1214,1238]" captionStart="Fig 7" captionStartId="17.[115,147,963,983]" captionTargetBox="[118,1529,208,939]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[115,1536,208,943]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig 7. Wrist and palm elements of Gualicho shinyae. Articulated metacarpals I-III of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae in (A) dorsal, (B) ventral, (C) distal, and (D) proximal views. Scapholunare of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae in (E) proximal and (F) distal views. Abbreviation: mc, metacarpal." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269967/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Fig 
<number box="[1173,1185,1214,1237]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="7.0">7</number>
</figureCitation>
<collectionCode box="[1185,1201,1214,1237]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15670" name="Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">E</collectionCode>
and 
<number box="[1253,1265,1214,1237]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="7.0">7</number>
<collectionCode box="[1265,1280,1214,1237]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15707" name="Field Museum of Natural History, Botany Department" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">F</collectionCode>
). In distal view, it has an irregular elliptical outline that is weakly constricted. Because no element was found lateral to this carpal, it is likely the scapholunare. It does not resemble the large kidney shaped scapholunare reported in 
<taxonomicName box="[731,901,1318,1342]" class="Reptilia" family="Neovenatoridae" genus="Australovenator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[731,901,1318,1342]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Australovenator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="White MA &amp; Cook AG &amp; Hocknull SA &amp; Sloan T &amp; Sinapius GHK &amp; Elliott DA." box="[916,942,1318,1342]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="39364" part="7" refId="ref20174" refString="39. White MA, Cook AG, Hocknull SA, Sloan T, Sinapius GHK, Elliott DA. New forearm elements discovered of holotype specimen Australovenator wintonensis from Winton, Queensland, Australia. PLoS ONE. 2012; 7 (6): e 39364. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0039364 PMID: 22761772" title="New forearm elements discovered of holotype specimen Australovenator wintonensis from Winton, Queensland, Australia" type="journal article" year="2012">
<number box="[916,942,1318,1342]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="39.0">39</number>
</bibRefCitation>
], but the presence of a slight notch or constriction is similar to 
<taxonomicName box="[640,752,1352,1376]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[640,752,1352,1376]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Allosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Chure D." box="[767,793,1352,1376]" editor="Gauthier J" journalOrPublisher="Peabody Museum of Natural History, New Haven" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="283 - 300" refId="ref20694" refString="50. Chure D. The wrist of Allosaurus, in Gauthier J, Gall LF (Eds.). New Perspectives on the Origin and Early Evolution of Birds: Proceedings of tge Intnernational Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrom. Peabody Museum of Natural History, New Haven. 2001; p. 283 - 300." title="The wrist of Allosaurus" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="New Perspectives on the Origin and Early Evolution of Birds: Proceedings of tge Intnernational Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrom" year="2001">
<number box="[767,793,1352,1376]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="50.0">50</number>
</bibRefCitation>
], and 
<taxonomicName box="[859,1049,1352,1376]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Acrocanthosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[859,1049,1352,1376]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Acrocanthosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Currie PJ &amp; Carpenter K. A" box="[1064,1090,1352,1376]" journalOrPublisher="Geodiversitas" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="207 - 246" part="22" refId="ref19978" refString="35. Currie PJ, Carpenter K. A new specimen of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis (Theropoda, Dinosauria) from the Lower Cretaceous Antlers Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Aptian) of Oklahoma, USA. Geodiversitas. 2000; 22: 207 - 246." title="new specimen of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis (Theropoda, Dinosauria) from the Lower Cretaceous Antlers Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Aptian) of Oklahoma, USA" type="journal article" year="2000">
<number box="[1064,1090,1352,1376]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="35.0">35</number>
</bibRefCitation>
].
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="17.[533,1537,1110,1897]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
The unusual, didactyl manus of 
<taxonomicName box="[904,999,1387,1411]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis box="[904,999,1387,1411]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Gualicho</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is dominated by a robust metacarpal 
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that is about twice the mediolateral width of metacarpal II (
<figureCitation box="[1089,1140,1422,1446]" captionStart="Fig 7" captionStartId="17.[115,147,963,983]" captionTargetBox="[118,1529,208,939]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[115,1536,208,943]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig 7. Wrist and palm elements of Gualicho shinyae. Articulated metacarpals I-III of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae in (A) dorsal, (B) ventral, (C) distal, and (D) proximal views. Scapholunare of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae in (E) proximal and (F) distal views. Abbreviation: mc, metacarpal." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269967/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Fig 
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</figureCitation>
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and 
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). The proximal end bears a slightly expanded, shallowly concave articular facet that is rectangular rather than triangular in end view (
<figureCitation box="[642,694,1491,1515]" captionStart="Fig 7" captionStartId="17.[115,147,963,983]" captionTargetBox="[118,1529,208,939]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[115,1536,208,943]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig 7. Wrist and palm elements of Gualicho shinyae. Articulated metacarpals I-III of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae in (A) dorsal, (B) ventral, (C) distal, and (D) proximal views. Scapholunare of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae in (E) proximal and (F) distal views. Abbreviation: mc, metacarpal." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269967/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Fig 
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D). The dorsal border of the articulation is straight, but the ventral (palmar) rim is gently concave, though not to the degree observed in either 
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<emphasis box="[1227,1397,1526,1550]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Australovenator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or 
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Acrocanthosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. An expanded proximomedial process as occurs in 
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<emphasis box="[1214,1384,1560,1584]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Australovenator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="White MA &amp; Cook AG &amp; Hocknull SA &amp; Sloan T &amp; Sinapius GHK &amp; Elliott DA." box="[1399,1425,1561,1585]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="39364" part="7" refId="ref20174" refString="39. White MA, Cook AG, Hocknull SA, Sloan T, Sinapius GHK, Elliott DA. New forearm elements discovered of holotype specimen Australovenator wintonensis from Winton, Queensland, Australia. PLoS ONE. 2012; 7 (6): e 39364. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0039364 PMID: 22761772" title="New forearm elements discovered of holotype specimen Australovenator wintonensis from Winton, Queensland, Australia" type="journal article" year="2012">
<number box="[1399,1425,1561,1585]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="39.0">39</number>
</bibRefCitation>
] is absent. The width across the distal condyles is greater than that of the proximal articulation (
<figureCitation box="[1430,1481,1595,1619]" captionStart="Fig 7" captionStartId="17.[115,147,963,983]" captionTargetBox="[118,1529,208,939]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[115,1536,208,943]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig 7. Wrist and palm elements of Gualicho shinyae. Articulated metacarpals I-III of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae in (A) dorsal, (B) ventral, (C) distal, and (D) proximal views. Scapholunare of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae in (E) proximal and (F) distal views. Abbreviation: mc, metacarpal." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269967/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Fig 
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</figureCitation>
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). The distal articulation is not twisted relative to the proximal surface. Of the two hemicondyles, the medial one is much deeper in distal aspect, though both hemicondyles are roughly equal in mediolateral width (
<figureCitation box="[748,800,1699,1723]" captionStart="Fig 7" captionStartId="17.[115,147,963,983]" captionTargetBox="[118,1529,208,939]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[115,1536,208,943]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig 7. Wrist and palm elements of Gualicho shinyae. Articulated metacarpals I-III of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae in (A) dorsal, (B) ventral, (C) distal, and (D) proximal views. Scapholunare of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae in (E) proximal and (F) distal views. Abbreviation: mc, metacarpal." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269967/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Fig 
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</figureCitation>
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). 
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shallow sulcus separates them distally. 
<collectionCode box="[1271,1289,1699,1723]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">A</collectionCode>
small tuber is present on the medial surface of the medial hemicondyle in place of a collateral ligament pit, though it is uncertain whether this represents an autapomorphy, or perhaps, a pathology.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="17.[533,1537,1110,1897]" lastBlockId="18.[533,1536,207,1896]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Metacarpal II is proximally fused with metacarpal 
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and their shafts are closely appressed to each other throughout (
<figureCitation box="[786,837,1838,1862]" captionStart="Fig 7" captionStartId="17.[115,147,963,983]" captionTargetBox="[118,1529,208,939]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[115,1536,208,943]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig 7. Wrist and palm elements of Gualicho shinyae. Articulated metacarpals I-III of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae in (A) dorsal, (B) ventral, (C) distal, and (D) proximal views. Scapholunare of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae in (E) proximal and (F) distal views. Abbreviation: mc, metacarpal." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269967/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Fig 
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</figureCitation>
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and 
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D). The proximal surface of 
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<collectionCode box="[1219,1260,1838,1862]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/zd38-e4a7" name="Museo de Cipolleti" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">MC</collectionCode>
</potCollectionCode>
II is very abraded, but is slightly angled relative to that of 
<potCollectionCode box="[877,918,1873,1897]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<collectionCode box="[877,918,1873,1897]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/zd38-e4a7" name="Museo de Cipolleti" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">MC</collectionCode>
</potCollectionCode>
I. Unlike carcharodontosaurian taxa, such as 
<taxonomicName box="[533,723,208,232]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Acrocanthosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[533,723,208,232]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Acrocanthosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Currie PJ &amp; Carpenter K. A" box="[739,765,207,231]" journalOrPublisher="Geodiversitas" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="207 - 246" part="22" refId="ref19978" refString="35. Currie PJ, Carpenter K. A new specimen of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis (Theropoda, Dinosauria) from the Lower Cretaceous Antlers Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Aptian) of Oklahoma, USA. Geodiversitas. 2000; 22: 207 - 246." title="new specimen of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis (Theropoda, Dinosauria) from the Lower Cretaceous Antlers Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Aptian) of Oklahoma, USA" type="journal article" year="2000">
<number box="[739,765,207,231]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="35.0">35</number>
</bibRefCitation>
] and 
<emphasis box="[825,949,208,231]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Megaraptor</emphasis>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Calvo JO &amp; Porfiri JD &amp; Veralli C &amp; Novas FE &amp; Poblete F." box="[964,990,207,231]" journalOrPublisher="Ameghiniana" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="565 - 575" part="41" refId="ref20756" refString="51. Calvo JO, Porfiri JD, Veralli C, Novas FE, Poblete F. Phylogenetic status of Megaraptor namunhuaiquii Novas based on a new specimen from Neuquen, Patagonia, Argentina. Ameghiniana. 2004; 41: 565 - 575." title="Phylogenetic status of Megaraptor namunhuaiquii Novas based on a new specimen from Neuquen, Patagonia, Argentina" type="journal article" year="2004">
<number box="[964,990,207,231]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="51.0">51</number>
</bibRefCitation>
], the base of metacarpal II is not broadly expanded, and the shaft is cylindrical and relatively slender overall, especially when compared with metacarpal I (
<figureCitation box="[628,679,277,301]" captionStart="Fig 7" captionStartId="17.[115,147,963,983]" captionTargetBox="[118,1529,208,939]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[115,1536,208,943]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig 7. Wrist and palm elements of Gualicho shinyae. Articulated metacarpals I-III of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae in (A) dorsal, (B) ventral, (C) distal, and (D) proximal views. Scapholunare of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae in (E) proximal and (F) distal views. Abbreviation: mc, metacarpal." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269967/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Fig 
<number box="[667,679,277,301]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="7.0">7</number>
</figureCitation>
A and 
<number box="[750,762,278,301]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="7.0">7</number>
B). There is a broad but very shallow fossa on the anterior surface of the shaft, just below the proximal end. A teardrop-shaped extensor fossa is also present distally on the anterior surface. The distal hemicondyles are roughly equal in size and mediolateral width, though the medial condyle is distinctly deeper than the lateral one.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="18.[533,1536,207,1896]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Metacarpal III is reduced to a thin splint probably lacking a distal articulation, as in tyrannosaurids (
<figureCitation box="[652,703,450,475]" captionStart="Fig 7" captionStartId="17.[115,147,963,983]" captionTargetBox="[118,1529,208,939]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[115,1536,208,943]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig 7. Wrist and palm elements of Gualicho shinyae. Articulated metacarpals I-III of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae in (A) dorsal, (B) ventral, (C) distal, and (D) proximal views. Scapholunare of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae in (E) proximal and (F) distal views. Abbreviation: mc, metacarpal." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269967/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Fig 
<number box="[691,703,451,475]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="7.0">7</number>
</figureCitation>
A and 
<number box="[774,786,451,474]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="7.0">7</number>
B). Its proximal end is slightly expanded, but very abraded. The shaft is weakly elliptical in cross section, being slightly broader anteroposteriorly than mediolaterally. It is nearly straight with only a weak curvature in the anteroposterior plane. Metacarpal III is broken distally, but the preserved portion is just slightly shorter than 
<potCollectionCode box="[1262,1303,554,578]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">MC</potCollectionCode>
<collectionCode box="[1309,1320,555,578]" country="Romania" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14415" name="&amp;quot;Alexandru Ioan Cuza&amp;quot; University" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">I</collectionCode>
. The small cross section of bone at the distalmost preserved portion of 
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</potCollectionCode>
III argues against the presence of a distal articulation for any phalanges.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="18.[533,1536,207,1896]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
As with the metacarpals, the phalanx and ungual of digit 
<collectionCode box="[1166,1175,659,682]" country="Romania" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14415" name="&amp;quot;Alexandru Ioan Cuza&amp;quot; University" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">I</collectionCode>
are roughly twice as large as those of digit II (
<figureCitation box="[709,761,693,717]" captionStart="Fig 8" captionStartId="19.[319,351,1861,1881]" captionTargetBox="[320,1531,210,1823]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[319,1536,208,1840]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig 8. Left manual digits of Gualicho shinyae. Digit I phalanges in (A, D) medial, (B, E) lateral, and (C, F) dorsal views. Digit II phalanges in (G-I) medial, (J-L) lateral, and (M-O) dorsal views. Abbreviations: clp, collateral ligament pit; ft, flexor tubercle; t tuber. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0157793. g 008" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269969/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Fig 
<number box="[748,761,693,717]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="8.0">8</number>
</figureCitation>
). The ventral surface of 
<date box="[1017,1048,693,717]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
I- 
<number box="[1038,1048,693,717]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="1.0">1</number>
</date>
is round and lacks a sulcus as is seen in megaraptoran theropods such as 
<emphasis box="[827,951,728,751]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Megaraptor</emphasis>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Novas FE." box="[966,992,728,752]" journalOrPublisher="J Vert Paleontol" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="4 - 9" part="18" refId="ref20801" refString="52. Novas FE. Megaraptor namunhuaiquii, gen. et sp. nov., a large-clawed, Late Cretaceous theropod from Patagonia. J Vert Paleontol. 1998; 18: 4 - 9." title="Megaraptor namunhuaiquii, gen. et sp. nov., a large-clawed, Late Cretaceous theropod from Patagonia" type="journal article" year="1998">
<number box="[966,992,728,752]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="52.0">52</number>
</bibRefCitation>
] and 
<taxonomicName box="[1053,1223,728,752]" class="Reptilia" family="Neovenatoridae" genus="Australovenator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1053,1223,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Australovenator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<number box="[1235,1264,728,752]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="39.0">39</number>
; 
<number box="[1275,1305,728,752]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="53.0">53</number>
]. 
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tab-like ridge on the posterior edge of the proximal articular surface is canted slightly laterally, rather than being in the middle of the posterior edge. The distal articulation bears deep, symmetrical collateral ligament pits, and the hemicondyles are approximately equally developed (
<figureCitation box="[1322,1372,832,856]" captionStart="Fig 8" captionStartId="19.[319,351,1861,1881]" captionTargetBox="[320,1531,210,1823]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[319,1536,208,1840]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig 8. Left manual digits of Gualicho shinyae. Digit I phalanges in (A, D) medial, (B, E) lateral, and (C, F) dorsal views. Digit II phalanges in (G-I) medial, (J-L) lateral, and (M-O) dorsal views. Abbreviations: clp, collateral ligament pit; ft, flexor tubercle; t tuber. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0157793. g 008" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269969/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Fig 
<number box="[1361,1372,832,856]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="8.0">8</number>
</figureCitation>
<collectionCode box="[1372,1392,832,856]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">A</collectionCode>
– 
<number box="[1406,1418,832,856]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="8.0">8</number>
<collectionCode box="[1417,1435,832,856]" country="Denmark" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/na0h-6vfh" name="University of Copenhagen" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">C</collectionCode>
). However, a distinct tuberosity is present on the posterior surface just proximal to the medial condyle that is not as well developed on the lateral condyle.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="18.[533,1536,207,1896]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Ungual 
<date box="[650,680,936,960]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
I- 
<number box="[667,680,936,960]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2.0">2</number>
</date>
is slightly longer than phalanx 
<date box="[1010,1042,936,960]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
I- 
<number box="[1032,1042,936,960]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="1.0">1</number>
</date>
, though its distal tip is missing. The proximal articular surface is less than twice as high anteroposteriorly as broad mediolaterally, in contrast to the transversely narrow proportions that are a synapomorphy of some neovenatorids, including 
<taxonomicName box="[640,810,1040,1064]" class="Reptilia" family="Neovenatoridae" genus="Australovenator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[640,810,1040,1064]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Australovenator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName box="[822,990,1040,1064]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Chilantaisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[822,990,1040,1064]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Chilantaisaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName box="[1002,1130,1040,1064]" class="Reptilia" family="Neovenatoridae" genus="Fukuiraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1002,1130,1040,1064]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fukuiraptor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<emphasis box="[1187,1311,1041,1064]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Megaraptor</emphasis>
[
<number box="[1325,1340,1040,1063]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="7.0">7</number>
; 
<number box="[1351,1381,1040,1064]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="38.0">38</number>
]. The claw is highly recurved such that with the proximal articulation oriented vertically, the tip of the ungual reaches well below the flexor tubercle (
<figureCitation box="[1020,1070,1109,1133]" captionStart="Fig 8" captionStartId="19.[319,351,1861,1881]" captionTargetBox="[320,1531,210,1823]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[319,1536,208,1840]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig 8. Left manual digits of Gualicho shinyae. Digit I phalanges in (A, D) medial, (B, E) lateral, and (C, F) dorsal views. Digit II phalanges in (G-I) medial, (J-L) lateral, and (M-O) dorsal views. Abbreviations: clp, collateral ligament pit; ft, flexor tubercle; t tuber. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0157793. g 008" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269969/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Fig 
<number box="[1059,1070,1109,1133]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="8.0">8</number>
</figureCitation>
<collectionCode box="[1070,1090,1109,1133]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">A</collectionCode>
and 
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<collectionCode box="[1153,1170,1109,1133]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15534" name="Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Zentraleinrichtung der Freien Universitaet" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">B</collectionCode>
). The length of the ungual is over twice as great as its height, similar to the condition present in 
<taxonomicName box="[1182,1282,1144,1167]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Baryonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1182,1282,1144,1167]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Baryonyx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName box="[1295,1463,1144,1168]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Chilantaisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1295,1463,1144,1168]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Chilantaisaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Benson R. B. J. &amp; Zu X." box="[1478,1504,1144,1168]" journalOrPublisher="Geol Mag" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="778 - 789" part="145" refId="ref20271" refString="41. Benson R. B. J., and Zu X. 2008. The anatomy and systematic position of Chilantaisaurus tashuikouensis Hu, 1964 from the Early Cretaceous of Alanshan, People's Republic of China. Geol Mag, 145: 778 - 789." title="2008. The anatomy and systematic position of Chilantaisaurus tashuikouensis Hu" type="journal article" year="1964">
<number box="[1478,1504,1144,1168]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="41.0">41</number>
</bibRefCitation>
], 
<emphasis box="[533,657,1179,1202]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Megaraptor</emphasis>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Novas FE." box="[672,698,1178,1202]" journalOrPublisher="J Vert Paleontol" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="4 - 9" part="18" refId="ref20801" refString="52. Novas FE. Megaraptor namunhuaiquii, gen. et sp. nov., a large-clawed, Late Cretaceous theropod from Patagonia. J Vert Paleontol. 1998; 18: 4 - 9." title="Megaraptor namunhuaiquii, gen. et sp. nov., a large-clawed, Late Cretaceous theropod from Patagonia" type="journal article" year="1998">
<number box="[672,698,1178,1202]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="52.0">52</number>
</bibRefCitation>
], 
<taxonomicName box="[719,853,1178,1202]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Suchomimus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[719,853,1178,1202]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Suchomimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName box="[911,1042,1179,1202]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Torvosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[911,1042,1179,1202]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Torvosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Galton PM &amp; Jensen JA. A" box="[1057,1083,1178,1202]" journalOrPublisher="Brigham Young University Geology Studies" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 12" part="26" refId="ref20900" refString="54. Galton PM, Jensen JA. A new large theropod dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic of Colorado. Brigham Young University Geology Studies. 1979; 26: 1 - 12." title="new large theropod dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic of Colorado" type="journal article" year="1979">
<number box="[1057,1083,1178,1202]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="54.0">54</number>
</bibRefCitation>
]. Single, symmetrical vascular grooves are present on both sides. The flexor tubercle is robust and mound-shaped, but less than half the height of the proximal articular facet.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="18.[533,1536,207,1896]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Phalanx 
<date box="[657,697,1283,1307]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
II- 
<number box="[688,697,1283,1307]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="1.0">1</number>
</date>
is slightly (~ 
<quantity box="[832,879,1283,1307]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="cm" value="1.0">1cm</quantity>
) longer than both phalanges 
<date box="[1188,1320,1282,1307]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
II- 
<number box="[1214,1227,1283,1307]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2.0">2</number>
and II- 
<number box="[1308,1320,1283,1307]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="3.0">3</number>
</date>
, but is shorter than all the metacarpals (
<figureCitation box="[746,796,1317,1341]" captionStart="Fig 8" captionStartId="19.[319,351,1861,1881]" captionTargetBox="[320,1531,210,1823]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[319,1536,208,1840]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig 8. Left manual digits of Gualicho shinyae. Digit I phalanges in (A, D) medial, (B, E) lateral, and (C, F) dorsal views. Digit II phalanges in (G-I) medial, (J-L) lateral, and (M-O) dorsal views. Abbreviations: clp, collateral ligament pit; ft, flexor tubercle; t tuber. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0157793. g 008" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269969/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Fig 
<number box="[784,796,1317,1341]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="8.0">8</number>
</figureCitation>
<collectionCode box="[796,816,1317,1341]" country="Switzerland" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15706" name="Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Gen<65>ve" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">G</collectionCode>
– 
<number box="[830,842,1317,1341]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="8.0">8</number>
<collectionCode box="[842,862,1317,1341]" country="Norway" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13093" name="Botanical Museum - University of Oslo" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">O</collectionCode>
). In ventral view the proximal end of the shaft is asymmetric with the lateral edge more expanded than the medial one. The same asymmetry in the tuberosities above the distal condyles on the posterior face present in phalanx 
<date box="[1268,1299,1387,1411]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
I- 
<number box="[1289,1299,1387,1411]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="1.0">1</number>
</date>
is also present here (i.e. with the medial tuberosity larger). Both collateral ligament pits are present but abraded. Phalanx 
<date box="[625,665,1456,1480]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
II- 
<number box="[652,665,1456,1480]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2.0">2</number>
</date>
has the same asymmetry in the development of the medial and lateral edges just below the proximal articular surface as in phalanx 
<date box="[1065,1111,1491,1515]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
II- 
<number box="[1097,1107,1491,1515]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="1.0">1</number>
.
</date>
There is some amount of crushing on the posterior face of the bone in this area and just distal to it. Ungual 
<date box="[1260,1300,1525,1549]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
II- 
<number box="[1288,1300,1525,1549]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="3.0">3</number>
</date>
is partially broken and missing its distal tip (
<figureCitation box="[804,856,1560,1584]" captionStart="Fig 8" captionStartId="19.[319,351,1861,1881]" captionTargetBox="[320,1531,210,1823]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[319,1536,208,1840]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig 8. Left manual digits of Gualicho shinyae. Digit I phalanges in (A, D) medial, (B, E) lateral, and (C, F) dorsal views. Digit II phalanges in (G-I) medial, (J-L) lateral, and (M-O) dorsal views. Abbreviations: clp, collateral ligament pit; ft, flexor tubercle; t tuber. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0157793. g 008" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269969/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Fig 
<number box="[843,856,1560,1584]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="8.0">
<date box="[843,856,1560,1584]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">8</date>
</number>
</figureCitation>
<collectionCode box="[856,866,1560,1584]" country="Romania" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14415" name="&amp;quot;Alexandru Ioan Cuza&amp;quot; University" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">I</collectionCode>
, 
<number box="[877,888,1560,1584]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="8.0">8</number>
<collectionCode box="[887,903,1560,1584]" country="Netherlands" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">L</collectionCode>
and 
<number box="[955,967,1560,1584]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="8.0">8</number>
<collectionCode box="[967,987,1560,1584]" country="Norway" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13093" name="Botanical Museum - University of Oslo" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">O</collectionCode>
). It is similar to ungual 
<date box="[1239,1270,1560,1584]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
I- 
<quantity box="[1257,1270,1560,1584]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="in" value="2.0">2</quantity>
</date>
in having a broad proximal articulation and single vascular grooves on each side, but is notably less recurved.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="18.[533,1536,207,1896]" lastBlockId="20.[533,1535,780,1878]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[565,708,1629,1653]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Pelvic girdle.</emphasis>
Only the distal pubes, including the boot, are preserved (
<figureCitation box="[1326,1378,1629,1653]" captionStart="Fig 9" captionStartId="20.[533,565,659,679]" captionTargetBox="[533,1321,217,637]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[533,1321,208,638]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig 9. Distal pubes of Gualicho shinyae. Distal pubic shafts and pubic boot of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae in (A) right lateral and (B) anterior views. Abbreviation: pb, pubic boot. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0157793. g 009" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269970/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Fig 
<number box="[1365,1378,1629,1653]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="9.0">9</number>
</figureCitation>
). 
<collectionCode box="[1398,1416,1629,1653]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">A</collectionCode>
small portion of the proximalmost left pubic shaft is broken, but articulates cleanly with the larger piece. The shaft is robust and elliptical in cross section with the long axis oriented anterolaterally-posteromedially, and a narrow pubic apron extending from its posteromedial edge. The lateral face is round throughout its length. Although the medial edges of the shafts are broken, it appears that the pubic apron was open medially for the proximal half of the preserved elements, where the shafts are converging on each other in a broad V-shape. Further distally, where the pubic shafts are more parallel, the two sides contact along their posteromedial edges, leaving a deep but narrow rostral groove between the conjoined elements (
<figureCitation box="[1317,1368,780,804]" captionStart="Fig 9" captionStartId="20.[533,565,659,679]" captionTargetBox="[533,1321,217,637]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[533,1321,208,638]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig 9. Distal pubes of Gualicho shinyae. Distal pubic shafts and pubic boot of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae in (A) right lateral and (B) anterior views. Abbreviation: pb, pubic boot. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0157793. g 009" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269970/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
Fig 
<number box="[1356,1368,780,804]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" value="9.0">9</number>
</figureCitation>
<collectionCode box="[1369,1385,780,804]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15534" name="Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Zentraleinrichtung der Freien Universitaet" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">B</collectionCode>
). The distal portions of the pubes are conjoined medially as in all averostrans [
<bibRefCitation author="Carrano MT &amp; Benson RBJ &amp; Sampson SD." box="[1231,1244,815,838]" journalOrPublisher="J Syst Palaeont" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="211 - 300" part="10" refId="ref18907" refString="7. Carrano MT, Benson RBJ, Sampson SD. The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda). J Syst Palaeont. 2012; 10 (2): 211 - 300." title="The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="2012">
<number box="[1231,1244,815,838]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" value="7.0">7</number>
</bibRefCitation>
], but a distal pubic foramen, as present in tetanurans [
<bibRefCitation author="Carrano MT &amp; Benson RBJ &amp; Sampson SD." box="[859,872,850,873]" journalOrPublisher="J Syst Palaeont" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="211 - 300" part="10" refId="ref18907" refString="7. Carrano MT, Benson RBJ, Sampson SD. The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda). J Syst Palaeont. 2012; 10 (2): 211 - 300." title="The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="2012">
<number box="[859,872,850,873]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" value="7.0">7</number>
</bibRefCitation>
], is absent in 
<taxonomicName box="[1017,1112,849,873]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis box="[1017,1112,849,873]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Gualicho</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. As the pubic shafts converge they also twist laterally about their long axes, such that where the shafts contact they are now mediolaterally elongate ellipses in cross section. Though slightly distorted, the pubic shafts are relatively straight throughout their length, with only a slight anterior convexity (accentuated by the pubic boot) at their distal ends.
</paragraph>
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269969/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" targetBox="[320,1531,210,1823]" targetPageId="19">
<paragraph blockId="19.[319,1512,1861,1947]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[319,762,1861,1881]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
Fig 8. Left manual digits of 
<taxonomicName box="[586,756,1861,1880]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[586,756,1861,1880]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicName box="[586,675,1861,1880]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Gualicho</taxonomicName>
shinyae
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Digit I phalanges in (A, D) medial, (B, E) lateral, and (C, F) dorsal views. Digit II phalanges in (G-I) medial, (J-L) lateral, and (M-O) dorsal views. Abbreviations: clp, collateral ligament pit; ft, flexor tubercle; t tuber. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157793.g008
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="20.[533,1496,659,746]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[533,923,659,679]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
Fig 9. Distal pubes of 
<taxonomicName box="[747,917,660,679]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[747,917,660,679]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName box="[747,836,660,679]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Gualicho</taxonomicName>
shinyae
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Distal pubic shafts and pubic boot of the holotype specimen of 
<taxonomicName box="[533,692,684,704]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis box="[533,692,684,704]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName box="[533,616,684,704]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Gualicho</taxonomicName>
shinyae
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in (A) right lateral and (B) anterior views. Abbreviation: pb, pubic boot.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="20.[533,1496,659,746]" box="[533,836,726,746]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157793.g009</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="20.[533,1535,780,1878]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
The edges of the pubic boot are poorly preserved, but it is clearly expanded both anteriorly and posteriorly, though the anterior expansion is only observable on the right pubis (
<figureCitation box="[1428,1479,1057,1081]" captionStart="Fig 9" captionStartId="20.[533,565,659,679]" captionTargetBox="[533,1321,217,637]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[533,1321,208,638]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig 9. Distal pubes of Gualicho shinyae. Distal pubic shafts and pubic boot of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae in (A) right lateral and (B) anterior views. Abbreviation: pb, pubic boot. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0157793. g 009" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269970/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
Fig 
<number box="[1467,1479,1057,1081]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" value="9.0">9</number>
</figureCitation>
A). The boot is fully fused and compressed mediolaterally, and would not have been broadly expanded ventrally as seen in a number of tetanurans including 
<taxonomicName box="[1207,1372,1127,1150]" class="Reptilia" family="Carcharodontosauridae" genus="Giganotosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1207,1372,1127,1150]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Giganotosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectionCode box="[1386,1443,1127,1151]" country="Macedonia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/7m4p-x0xc" name="Sts. Cyril and Methodius University" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">MCF</collectionCode>
Pv 
<collectingCountry box="[1482,1514,1126,1150]" name="Switzerland" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Ch</collectingCountry>
<number box="[533,545,1161,1185]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" value="1.0">1</number>
), 
<emphasis box="[567,672,1162,1185]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Aerosteon</emphasis>
(MCNA-PV- 
<number box="[820,873,1161,1185]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" value="3137.0">3137</number>
), and 
<taxonomicName box="[936,1067,1162,1185]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Torvosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[936,1067,1162,1185]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Torvosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Britt BB." box="[1083,1109,1161,1185]" journalOrPublisher="BYU Geol Stud" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="1 - 72" part="37" refId="ref20607" refString="48. Britt BB. Theropods of the Dry Mesa Quarry (Morrison Formation, Late Jurassic), Colorado, with emphasis on the osteology of Torvosaurus tanneri. BYU Geol Stud. 1991; 37: 1 - 72." title="Theropods of the Dry Mesa Quarry (Morrison Formation, Late Jurassic), Colorado, with emphasis on the osteology of Torvosaurus tanneri" type="journal article" year="1991">
<number box="[1083,1109,1161,1185]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" value="48.0">48</number>
</bibRefCitation>
]. A mediolaterally compressed pubic boot with a narrow ventral edge is observed in 
<taxonomicName box="[1025,1172,1196,1220]" class="Reptilia" family="Otozoidae" genus="Deltadromeus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1025,1172,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Deltadromeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(SGM-Din 
<number box="[1298,1312,1196,1220]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" value="2.0">2</number>
; note that the element originally identified as the pubic boot [
<bibRefCitation author="Sereno PC &amp; Dutheil DB &amp; Iarochene M &amp; Larsson HCE &amp; Lyon GH &amp; Magwene PM" box="[1003,1016,1231,1255]" journalOrPublisher="Science" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="986 - 991" part="272" refId="ref18972" refString="9. Sereno PC, Dutheil DB, Iarochene M, Larsson HCE, Lyon GH, Magwene PM, et al. Predatory dinosaurs from the Sahara and Late Cretaceous faunal differentiation. Science. 1996; 272: 986 - 991. PMID: 8662584" title="Predatory dinosaurs from the Sahara and Late Cretaceous faunal differentiation" type="journal article" year="1996">
<number box="[1003,1016,1231,1255]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" value="9.0">9</number>
</bibRefCitation>
] is actually the ischiadic symphysis [
<bibRefCitation author="Carrano MT" box="[1404,1417,1231,1255]" journalOrPublisher="J Syst Palaeontol" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="183 - 236" part="6" refId="ref18943" refString="8. Carrano MT, Sampson SD. The phylogeny of Ceratosauria (Dinosauria: Theropoda). J Syst Palaeontol 2008; 6: 183 - 236." title="Sampson SD. The phylogeny of Ceratosauria (Dinosauria: Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="2008">
<number box="[1404,1417,1231,1255]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" value="8.0">8</number>
</bibRefCitation>
]), and some coelurosaurs (e.g., 
<taxonomicName box="[791,947,1265,1289]" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" genus="Ornithomimus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[791,947,1265,1289]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Ornithomimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<collectionCode box="[953,1024,1266,1289]" country="Canada" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/2ja2-8qtn" name="Royal Tyrell Museum of Paleontology" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">RTMP</collectionCode>
95.110.1), and was recovered as a potential coelurosaurian synapomorphy [
<bibRefCitation author="Rauhut OWM." box="[836,862,1300,1324]" journalOrPublisher="Spec Pap Palaeontol" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="1 - 213" part="69" refId="ref19628" refString="26. Rauhut OWM. The interrelationships of and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Spec Pap Palaeontol. 2003; 69: 1 - 213." title="The interrelationships of and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2003">
<number box="[836,862,1300,1324]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" value="26.0">26</number>
</bibRefCitation>
]. The posterodorsal edge of the boot forms a sharp edge that diverges rostrally into two ridges, each one reaching a short distance up the caudal surface of a pubic shaft. A deep conical depression invades the dorsal aspect of the boot between the pubic shafts, but is closed off rostrally, resembling the condition described for 
<taxonomicName box="[1290,1450,1404,1428]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Masiakasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1290,1450,1404,1428]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Masiakasaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Carrano MT &amp; Sampson SD &amp; Forster CA." box="[1465,1491,1404,1428]" journalOrPublisher="J Vertebr Paleontol" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="510" part="22" refId="ref20934" refString="55. Carrano MT, Sampson SD, Forster CA. The osteology of Masiakasaurus knopfleri, a small abelisauroid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. J Vertebr Paleontol. 2002; 22: 510: 534." title="The osteology of Masiakasaurus knopfleri, a small abelisauroid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar" type="journal article" year="2002">
<number box="[1465,1491,1404,1428]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" value="55.0">55</number>
</bibRefCitation>
], and also observed in taxa as diverse as 
<taxonomicName box="[939,1086,1438,1462]" class="Reptilia" family="Otozoidae" genus="Deltadromeus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[939,1086,1438,1462]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Deltadromeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(SGM-Din 
<number box="[1212,1226,1439,1463]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" value="2.0">2</number>
) and 
<taxonomicName box="[1286,1379,1438,1462]" class="Reptilia" family="Coeluridae" genus="Coelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1286,1379,1438,1462]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Coelurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectionCode box="[1392,1449,1439,1463]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34880" name="Peabody Museum of Natural History" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">YPM</collectionCode>
<number box="[1455,1510,1439,1463]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" value="1993.0">1993</number>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="20.[533,1535,780,1878]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[565,688,1473,1497]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<collectingCountry box="[565,623,1473,1497]" name="India" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Hind</collectingCountry>
limb.
</emphasis>
The right femur of 
<collectionCode box="[910,986,1473,1497]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">MPCN</collectionCode>
PV 
<number box="[1032,1083,1473,1497]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" value="1.0">0001</number>
is almost complete (
<figureCitation box="[1300,1365,1473,1497]" captionStart="Fig 10" captionStartId="21.[247,279,1276,1296]" captionTargetBox="[247,1530,212,1255]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[247,1536,208,1256]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Fig 10. Right femur of Gualicho shinyae. Right femur of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae in (A) medial, (B) lateral, (C) posterior, (D) anterior, (E) proximal, and (F) distal views. Abbreviations: 4 t, fourth trochanter; at, accessory trochanter; clt, cruciate ligament tuber; ctf, crista tibiofibularis; gt, greater trochanter; lt, lesser trochanter; mc, medial condyle; pof, popliteal fossa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269971/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
Fig 
<number box="[1339,1365,1473,1497]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" value="10.0">10</number>
</figureCitation>
), whereas the left is only represented by an extremely crushed distal end. The femoral head is incomplete, with the medial half of the head missing, precluding observations on the presence and form of the posterior sulcus. A proximal articular sulcus on the proximal surface of the head as is found in silesaurids, some basal sauropodomorphs and coelophysoids [
<bibRefCitation author="Nesbitt SJ." box="[1284,1310,1612,1636]" journalOrPublisher="Bull Am Mus Nat Hist" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="1 - 292" part="352" refId="ref20978" refString="56. Nesbitt SJ. The early evolution of archosaurs: relationships and the origin of major clades. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 2011; 352: 1 - 292." title="The early evolution of archosaurs: relationships and the origin of major clades" type="journal article" year="2011">
<number box="[1284,1310,1612,1636]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" value="56.0">56</number>
</bibRefCitation>
] is likely absent, as in most avetheropods [
<bibRefCitation author="Carrano MT &amp; Benson RBJ &amp; Sampson SD." box="[777,790,1647,1670]" journalOrPublisher="J Syst Palaeont" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="211 - 300" part="10" refId="ref18907" refString="7. Carrano MT, Benson RBJ, Sampson SD. The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda). J Syst Palaeont. 2012; 10 (2): 211 - 300." title="The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="2012">
<number box="[777,790,1647,1670]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" value="7.0">7</number>
</bibRefCitation>
], because at least the lateralmost extent of this sulcus should be visible on the preserved portion of the femoral head if it were present (
<figureCitation box="[1202,1265,1681,1705]" captionStart="Fig 10" captionStartId="21.[247,279,1276,1296]" captionTargetBox="[247,1530,212,1255]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[247,1536,208,1256]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Fig 10. Right femur of Gualicho shinyae. Right femur of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae in (A) medial, (B) lateral, (C) posterior, (D) anterior, (E) proximal, and (F) distal views. Abbreviations: 4 t, fourth trochanter; at, accessory trochanter; clt, cruciate ligament tuber; ctf, crista tibiofibularis; gt, greater trochanter; lt, lesser trochanter; mc, medial condyle; pof, popliteal fossa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269971/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
Fig 
<number box="[1241,1265,1681,1705]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" value="10.0">10</number>
</figureCitation>
E). The femoral head is angled primarily medially relative to the orientation of the distal condyles, with only a minor anterior angle, though this impression may be accentuated by the missing medial portion of the femoral head. It also appears to be canted slightly proximally as well (
<figureCitation box="[1303,1367,1785,1809]" captionStart="Fig 10" captionStartId="21.[247,279,1276,1296]" captionTargetBox="[247,1530,212,1255]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[247,1536,208,1256]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Fig 10. Right femur of Gualicho shinyae. Right femur of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae in (A) medial, (B) lateral, (C) posterior, (D) anterior, (E) proximal, and (F) distal views. Abbreviations: 4 t, fourth trochanter; at, accessory trochanter; clt, cruciate ligament tuber; ctf, crista tibiofibularis; gt, greater trochanter; lt, lesser trochanter; mc, medial condyle; pof, popliteal fossa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269971/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
Fig 
<number box="[1342,1367,1785,1809]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" value="10.0">10</number>
</figureCitation>
C), similar to the condition in 
<taxonomicName box="[708,855,1820,1844]" class="Reptilia" family="Otozoidae" genus="Deltadromeus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[708,855,1820,1844]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Deltadromeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(SGM-Din 
<number box="[981,996,1820,1844]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" value="2.0">2</number>
), though to a lesser degree than in carcharodontosaurids [
<bibRefCitation author="Carrano MT &amp; Benson RBJ &amp; Sampson SD." box="[624,637,1855,1878]" journalOrPublisher="J Syst Palaeont" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="211 - 300" part="10" refId="ref18907" refString="7. Carrano MT, Benson RBJ, Sampson SD. The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda). J Syst Palaeont. 2012; 10 (2): 211 - 300." title="The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="2012">7</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Harris JD. A" box="[649,675,1854,1878]" journalOrPublisher="New Mexico Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="1 - 75" part="13" refId="ref21011" refString="57. Harris JD. A reanalysis of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis, its phylogenetic status, and paleobiogeographic implications, based on a new specimen from Texas. New Mexico Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull. 1998; 13: 1 - 75." title="reanalysis of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis, its phylogenetic status, and paleobiogeographic implications, based on a new specimen from Texas" type="journal article" year="1998">57</bibRefCitation>
].
</paragraph>
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269971/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" targetBox="[247,1530,212,1255]" targetPageId="21">
<paragraph blockId="21.[247,1527,1276,1388]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[247,642,1276,1296]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
Fig 10. Right femur of 
<taxonomicName box="[465,636,1277,1296]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[465,636,1277,1296]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<taxonomicName box="[465,554,1277,1296]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Gualicho</taxonomicName>
shinyae
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Right femur of the holotype specimen of 
<taxonomicName box="[1016,1175,1276,1296]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis box="[1016,1175,1276,1296]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<taxonomicName box="[1016,1099,1276,1296]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Gualicho</taxonomicName>
shinyae
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in (A) medial, (B) lateral, (C) posterior, (D) anterior, (E) proximal, and (F) distal views. Abbreviations: 4t, fourth trochanter; at, accessory trochanter; clt, cruciate ligament tuber; ctf, crista tibiofibularis; gt, greater trochanter; lt, lesser trochanter; mc, medial condyle; pof, popliteal fossa.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption box="[247,549,1368,1388]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269972/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" targetBox="[247,1530,212,1255]" targetPageId="21">
<paragraph blockId="21.[247,1527,1276,1388]" box="[247,549,1368,1388]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157793.g010</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="21.[533,1534,1423,1863]" lastBlockId="22.[533,1536,207,1896]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
The femur bears an extensive lesser trochanter that is blade-like and broken at its proximal tip, but appears unlikely to have reached the level of the femoral head proximally (
<figureCitation box="[1399,1462,1457,1481]" captionStart="Fig 10" captionStartId="21.[247,279,1276,1296]" captionTargetBox="[247,1530,212,1255]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[247,1536,208,1256]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Fig 10. Right femur of Gualicho shinyae. Right femur of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae in (A) medial, (B) lateral, (C) posterior, (D) anterior, (E) proximal, and (F) distal views. Abbreviations: 4 t, fourth trochanter; at, accessory trochanter; clt, cruciate ligament tuber; ctf, crista tibiofibularis; gt, greater trochanter; lt, lesser trochanter; mc, medial condyle; pof, popliteal fossa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269971/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
Fig 
<number box="[1438,1462,1457,1481]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="10.0">10</number>
</figureCitation>
A and 
<number box="[533,558,1492,1516]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="10.0">10</number>
B and 
<number box="[626,651,1492,1516]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="10.0">10</number>
D). An enlarged accessory trochanter projects from it at midheight (
<figureCitation box="[1369,1432,1492,1516]" captionStart="Fig 10" captionStartId="21.[247,279,1276,1296]" captionTargetBox="[247,1530,212,1255]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[247,1536,208,1256]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Fig 10. Right femur of Gualicho shinyae. Right femur of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae in (A) medial, (B) lateral, (C) posterior, (D) anterior, (E) proximal, and (F) distal views. Abbreviations: 4 t, fourth trochanter; at, accessory trochanter; clt, cruciate ligament tuber; ctf, crista tibiofibularis; gt, greater trochanter; lt, lesser trochanter; mc, medial condyle; pof, popliteal fossa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269971/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
Fig 
<number box="[1408,1432,1492,1516]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="10.0">10</number>
</figureCitation>
A). Although large, it is not as prominent as in 
<taxonomicName box="[990,1111,1527,1550]" class="Reptilia" family="Carcharodontosauridae" genus="Neovenator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[990,1111,1527,1550]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Neovenator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Brusatte SL" box="[1126,1152,1527,1551]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontographical Society Monograph" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 75" part="162" refId="ref20415" refString="44. Brusatte SL, Benson RBJ, Hutt S. The osteology of Neovenator salerii (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Wealden Group (Barremian) of the Isle of Wight. Palaeontographical Society Monograph 2008; 162: 1 - 75." title="Benson RBJ, Hutt S. The osteology of Neovenator salerii (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Wealden Group (Barremian) of the Isle of Wight" type="journal article" year="2008">
<number box="[1126,1152,1527,1551]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="44.0">44</number>
</bibRefCitation>
]. The anterior trochanteric border slopes gradually into the femoral shaft below it. There is a very weak cleft between the proximalmost portion of the lesser trochanter and the femoral shaft. The fourth trochanter is reduced and projects weakly from the femoral shaft (
<figureCitation box="[1090,1154,1631,1655]" captionStart="Fig 10" captionStartId="21.[247,279,1276,1296]" captionTargetBox="[247,1530,212,1255]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[247,1536,208,1256]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Fig 10. Right femur of Gualicho shinyae. Right femur of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae in (A) medial, (B) lateral, (C) posterior, (D) anterior, (E) proximal, and (F) distal views. Abbreviations: 4 t, fourth trochanter; at, accessory trochanter; clt, cruciate ligament tuber; ctf, crista tibiofibularis; gt, greater trochanter; lt, lesser trochanter; mc, medial condyle; pof, popliteal fossa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269971/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
Fig 
<number box="[1129,1154,1631,1655]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="10.0">10</number>
</figureCitation>
C). It is a low, proximodistally elongate ridge several millimeters thick that begins just below the level of the lesser trochanter and extends distally for about 
<number box="[805,831,1700,1724]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="12.0">12</number>
centimeters. The femoral shaft is mediolaterally compressed and gracile, with a gentle, anteriorly convex curvature. The proximal portion of the shaft at the level of the fourth trochanter has been crushed on its lateral side. The anterior surface of the shaft is poorly preserved at the distal end, but the area preserved is very flat and appears to lack an extensive extensor fossa (
<figureCitation box="[832,896,1839,1863]" captionStart="Fig 10" captionStartId="21.[247,279,1276,1296]" captionTargetBox="[247,1530,212,1255]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[247,1536,208,1256]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Fig 10. Right femur of Gualicho shinyae. Right femur of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae in (A) medial, (B) lateral, (C) posterior, (D) anterior, (E) proximal, and (F) distal views. Abbreviations: 4 t, fourth trochanter; at, accessory trochanter; clt, cruciate ligament tuber; ctf, crista tibiofibularis; gt, greater trochanter; lt, lesser trochanter; mc, medial condyle; pof, popliteal fossa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269971/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
Fig 
<number box="[871,896,1839,1863]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="10.0">10</number>
</figureCitation>
D), which is present in nearly all tetanurans [
<bibRefCitation author="Carrano MT &amp; Benson RBJ &amp; Sampson SD." box="[1371,1384,1839,1862]" journalOrPublisher="J Syst Palaeont" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="211 - 300" part="10" refId="ref18907" refString="7. Carrano MT, Benson RBJ, Sampson SD. The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda). J Syst Palaeont. 2012; 10 (2): 211 - 300." title="The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="2012">
<number box="[1371,1384,1839,1862]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="7.0">7</number>
</bibRefCitation>
] with the exception of the possible basal members 
<taxonomicName box="[962,1139,208,232]" class="Reptilia" family="Hadrosauridae" genus="Cryolophosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ornithischia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[962,1139,208,232]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Cryolophosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Carrano MT &amp; Hutchinson JR." box="[1154,1180,207,231]" journalOrPublisher="J Morphol" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="207 - 228" part="253" refId="ref21054" refString="58. Carrano MT, Hutchinson JR. Pelvic and hindlimb musculature of Tyrannosaurus rex (Dinosauria: Theropoda). J Morphol. 2002; 253: 207 - 228. PMID: 12125061" title="Pelvic and hindlimb musculature of Tyrannosaurus rex (Dinosauria: Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="2002">
<number box="[1154,1180,207,231]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="58.0">58</number>
</bibRefCitation>
] (
<collectionCode box="[1202,1281,208,232]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" name="Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">FMNH</collectionCode>
PR 
<number box="[1322,1372,208,232]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="1821.0">1821</number>
) and 
<taxonomicName class="Reptilia" family="Coeluridae" genus="Chuandongocoelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Chuandongocoelurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<accessionNumber box="[696,827,243,267]" httpUri="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/CCG20010" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<collectionCode box="[696,752,243,267]" country="China" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/fdp0-w5am" name="Chengdu College of Geology" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">CCG</collectionCode>
<number box="[758,827,243,267]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="20010.0">20010</number>
</accessionNumber>
). The base of a medial epicondylar crest is preserved, though most of the distal portion of the crest is broken. Based on the proximal portion of the crest, and the preserved distal part of the left femur, it is weakly developed and far less prominent than in, for example, 
<taxonomicName box="[634,756,346,370]" class="Reptilia" family="Coelophysidae" genus="Coelophysis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[634,756,346,370]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Coelophysis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Tykoski RS &amp; Rowe T." box="[771,797,346,370]" editor="Weishampel DB" journalOrPublisher="Univ. of California Press, Berkeley, CA" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="47 - 70" refId="ref19837" refString="31. Tykoski RS, Rowe T. Ceratosauria, in Weishampel DB, Dodson P, Osmolska H. (Eds.) The Dinosauria, Second edition. Univ. of California Press, Berkeley, CA. 2004; p. 47 - 70." title="Ceratosauria" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="The Dinosauria, Second edition" year="2004">
<number box="[771,797,346,370]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="31.0">31</number>
</bibRefCitation>
] and 
<emphasis box="[857,991,346,370]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Liliensternus</emphasis>
(MB R. 
<number box="[1080,1135,346,370]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="2175.0">2175</number>
). It is clear that the crest did not project far proximally, and was restricted to the distal one-fifth of the femur. There are relatively thick longitudinal striations on the medial surface of the femoral shaft in the area of the epicondylar crest that likely correlate with the origin of m. femorotibiales internus (medialis) [
<bibRefCitation author="Smith ND &amp; Makovicky PJ &amp; Hammer WR &amp; Currie PJ." box="[1454,1480,450,474]" journalOrPublisher="Zool J Linn Soc" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="377 - 421" part="151" refId="ref21089" refString="59. Smith ND, Makovicky PJ, Hammer WR, Currie PJ. Osteology of Cryolophosaurus ellioti (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Jurassic of Antarctica and implications for early theropod evolution. Zool J Linn Soc. 2007; 151: 377 - 421." title="Osteology of Cryolophosaurus ellioti (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Jurassic of Antarctica and implications for early theropod evolution" type="journal article" year="2007">
<number box="[1454,1480,450,474]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="59.0">59</number>
</bibRefCitation>
].
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="22.[533,1536,207,1896]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
The distal condyles are not mediolaterally expanded beyond the borders of the shaft (
<figureCitation box="[1463,1496,485,509]" captionStart="Fig 10" captionStartId="21.[247,279,1276,1296]" captionTargetBox="[247,1530,212,1255]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[247,1536,208,1256]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Fig 10. Right femur of Gualicho shinyae. Right femur of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae in (A) medial, (B) lateral, (C) posterior, (D) anterior, (E) proximal, and (F) distal views. Abbreviations: 4 t, fourth trochanter; at, accessory trochanter; clt, cruciate ligament tuber; ctf, crista tibiofibularis; gt, greater trochanter; lt, lesser trochanter; mc, medial condyle; pof, popliteal fossa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269971/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fig</figureCitation>
<number box="[533,557,520,544]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="10.0">10</number>
F) unlike many basal tetanurans such as 
<taxonomicName box="[986,1087,520,543]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Baryonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[986,1087,520,543]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Baryonyx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectionCode box="[1099,1202,520,544]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">NHMUK</collectionCode>
R 
<number box="[1226,1279,520,544]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="9951.0">9951</number>
), 
<taxonomicName box="[1297,1443,520,544]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Megalosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1297,1443,520,544]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Megalosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Benson RB. A" box="[1458,1484,520,544]" journalOrPublisher="Zool J Linn Soc" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="882 - 935" part="158" refId="ref20460" refString="45. Benson RB. A description of Megalosaurus bucklandii (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Bathonian of the UK and the relationships of Middle Jurassic theropods. Zool J Linn Soc. 2010; 158: 882 - 935." title="description of Megalosaurus bucklandii (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Bathonian of the UK and the relationships of Middle Jurassic theropods" type="journal article" year="2010">
<number box="[1458,1484,520,544]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="45.0">45</number>
</bibRefCitation>
], and 
<taxonomicName box="[579,679,555,578]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[579,679,555,578]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Sinraptor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao XJ. A" box="[694,720,554,578]" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="2037 - 2081" part="30" refId="ref20077" refString="37. Currie PJ, Zhao XJ. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 1994; 30: 2037 - 2081." title="new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China" type="journal article" year="1994">
<number box="[694,720,554,578]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="37.0">37</number>
</bibRefCitation>
]. A distinct and robust horizontal ridge of bone extends between the medial condyle and the crista tibiofibularis on the posterior side closing off the ventral end of the popliteal fossa, and may mark the insertion for the cruciate ligaments (
<figureCitation box="[1237,1300,624,648]" captionStart="Fig 10" captionStartId="21.[247,279,1276,1296]" captionTargetBox="[247,1530,212,1255]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[247,1536,208,1256]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Fig 10. Right femur of Gualicho shinyae. Right femur of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae in (A) medial, (B) lateral, (C) posterior, (D) anterior, (E) proximal, and (F) distal views. Abbreviations: 4 t, fourth trochanter; at, accessory trochanter; clt, cruciate ligament tuber; ctf, crista tibiofibularis; gt, greater trochanter; lt, lesser trochanter; mc, medial condyle; pof, popliteal fossa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269971/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
Fig 
<number box="[1276,1300,624,648]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="10.0">10</number>
</figureCitation>
F). Such a ridge is present in a number of coelophysoids including “ 
<taxonomicName box="[1052,1153,659,682]" class="Reptilia" family="Coelophysidae" genus="Syntarsus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1052,1153,659,682]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Syntarsus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” 
<emphasis box="[1169,1312,658,682]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">kayantakatae</emphasis>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Sereno PC &amp; Martinez RN &amp; Wilson JA &amp; Varricchio DJ &amp; Alcober OA &amp; Larsson HCE." box="[1327,1353,658,682]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 20" part="3" refId="ref19744" refString="29. Sereno PC, Martinez RN, Wilson JA, Varricchio DJ, Alcober OA, Larsson HCE. Evidence for avian intrathoracic air sacs in a new predatory dinosaur from Argentina. PLoS ONE 2008; 3: e 3303: 1 - 20. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0003303 PMID: 18825273" title="Evidence for avian intrathoracic air sacs in a new predatory dinosaur from Argentina" type="journal article" year="2008">
<number box="[1327,1353,658,682]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="29.0">29</number>
</bibRefCitation>
] and ceratosaurs such as 
<taxonomicName box="[615,754,694,717]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratosauridae" genus="Ceratosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[615,754,694,717]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Ceratosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Madsen JH &amp; Welles SP." box="[770,796,693,717]" journalOrPublisher="Utah Geol Survey, Misc Pub" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 80" refId="ref21138" refString="60. Madsen JH Jr, Welles SP. Ceratosaurus (Dinosauria, Theropoda): a revised osteology. Utah Geol Survey, Misc Pub. 2000; 0 0 - 2: 1 - 80." title="Ceratosaurus (Dinosauria, Theropoda): a revised osteology" type="book chapter" year="2000">
<number box="[770,796,693,717]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="60.0">60</number>
</bibRefCitation>
] (
<collectionCode box="[818,903,693,717]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34862" name="Utah Museum of Natural History" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">UMNH</collectionCode>
<collectionCode box="[909,943,694,717]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">VP</collectionCode>
<number box="[948,1003,693,717]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="5278.0">5278</number>
), but is absent among tetanuran species [
<bibRefCitation author="Carrano MT &amp; Benson RBJ &amp; Sampson SD." box="[1435,1448,694,717]" journalOrPublisher="J Syst Palaeont" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="211 - 300" part="10" refId="ref18907" refString="7. Carrano MT, Benson RBJ, Sampson SD. The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda). J Syst Palaeont. 2012; 10 (2): 211 - 300." title="The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="2012">
<number box="[1435,1448,694,717]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="7.0">7</number>
</bibRefCitation>
]. A proximodistally elongate tuberosity projects about 
<quantity box="[1069,1121,728,752]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="cm" value="2.0">2 cm</quantity>
posteriorly from the middle of this bridge, but is a widespread structure observed in numerous taxa including 
<taxonomicName box="[1317,1416,763,786]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1317,1416,763,786]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Sinraptor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao XJ. A" box="[1431,1457,762,786]" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="2037 - 2081" part="30" refId="ref20077" refString="37. Currie PJ, Zhao XJ. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 1994; 30: 2037 - 2081." title="new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China" type="journal article" year="1994">
<number box="[1431,1457,762,786]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="37.0">37</number>
</bibRefCitation>
], 
<taxonomicName class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Acrocanthosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Acrocanthosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Currie PJ &amp; Carpenter K. A" box="[689,715,797,821]" journalOrPublisher="Geodiversitas" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="207 - 246" part="22" refId="ref19978" refString="35. Currie PJ, Carpenter K. A new specimen of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis (Theropoda, Dinosauria) from the Lower Cretaceous Antlers Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Aptian) of Oklahoma, USA. Geodiversitas. 2000; 22: 207 - 246." title="new specimen of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis (Theropoda, Dinosauria) from the Lower Cretaceous Antlers Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Aptian) of Oklahoma, USA" type="journal article" year="2000">
<number box="[689,715,797,821]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="35.0">35</number>
</bibRefCitation>
], and 
<taxonomicName box="[781,928,797,821]" class="Reptilia" family="Otozoidae" genus="Deltadromeus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[781,928,797,821]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Deltadromeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(SGM Din 
<number box="[1048,1061,797,821]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="2.0">2</number>
). There is a small depression in the middle of the distal surface of the femur, just proximal to the cruciate bridge and between the proximal ends of the medial condyle and the crista tibiofibularis. A deep popliteal fossa is present on the posterior side of the distal femur. It creates a depression on the proximal side of the cruciate bridge and is deepest in this area, just between the proximal ends of the medial condyle and the crista tibiofibularis. The fossa extends up the femoral shaft about 
<number box="[1220,1246,971,995]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="12.0">12</number>
centimeters before grading smoothly into the femoral shaft. The lateral condyle is bulbous and well rounded, projecting primarily laterally, but slightly anteriorly from the distal end of the femur (
<figureCitation box="[1320,1384,1040,1064]" captionStart="Fig 10" captionStartId="21.[247,279,1276,1296]" captionTargetBox="[247,1530,212,1255]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[247,1536,208,1256]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Fig 10. Right femur of Gualicho shinyae. Right femur of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae in (A) medial, (B) lateral, (C) posterior, (D) anterior, (E) proximal, and (F) distal views. Abbreviations: 4 t, fourth trochanter; at, accessory trochanter; clt, cruciate ligament tuber; ctf, crista tibiofibularis; gt, greater trochanter; lt, lesser trochanter; mc, medial condyle; pof, popliteal fossa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269971/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
Fig 
<number box="[1359,1384,1040,1064]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="10.0">10</number>
</figureCitation>
C and 
<number box="[1454,1478,1040,1064]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="10.0">10</number>
F). The crista tibiofibularis is slightly less robust than the medial condyle. It is compressed strongly mediolaterally, particularly at its proximal end, which is blade-like. The proximal portion of the medial condyle is also compressed mediolaterally and its tip is similarly blade-like. The lateral face of the crista tibiofibularis is not circumscribed by a prominent groove as is observed in 
<taxonomicName box="[533,686,1213,1237]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" genus="Dilophosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[533,686,1213,1237]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Dilophosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectionCode box="[699,777,1213,1237]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/2fxn-eays" name="University of California Museum of Paleontology" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">UCMP</collectionCode>
<number box="[783,851,1213,1237]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="37302.0">37302</number>
), some other coelophysoids [
<bibRefCitation author="Tykoski RS &amp; Rowe T." box="[1156,1182,1213,1237]" editor="Weishampel DB" journalOrPublisher="Univ. of California Press, Berkeley, CA" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="47 - 70" refId="ref19837" refString="31. Tykoski RS, Rowe T. Ceratosauria, in Weishampel DB, Dodson P, Osmolska H. (Eds.) The Dinosauria, Second edition. Univ. of California Press, Berkeley, CA. 2004; p. 47 - 70." title="Ceratosauria" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="The Dinosauria, Second edition" year="2004">
<number box="[1156,1182,1213,1237]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="31.0">31</number>
</bibRefCitation>
], and 
<taxonomicName box="[1248,1408,1213,1237]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Masiakasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1248,1408,1213,1237]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Masiakasaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Carrano MT &amp; Sampson SD &amp; Forster CA." box="[1424,1450,1213,1237]" journalOrPublisher="J Vertebr Paleontol" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="510" part="22" refId="ref20934" refString="55. Carrano MT, Sampson SD, Forster CA. The osteology of Masiakasaurus knopfleri, a small abelisauroid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. J Vertebr Paleontol. 2002; 22: 510: 534." title="The osteology of Masiakasaurus knopfleri, a small abelisauroid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar" type="journal article" year="2002">
<number box="[1424,1450,1213,1237]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="55.0">55</number>
</bibRefCitation>
].
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="22.[533,1536,207,1896]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
The distal portion (~ 
<quantity box="[783,845,1248,1272]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="cm" value="30.0">30cm</quantity>
) of the left femur is also preserved, though its entire anterior side has been crushed and sheared medially, and both condyles are crushed and extremely abraded. The medial edge is slightly distorted, but well preserved, and confirms that the medial epicondylar ridge is very reduced and not flange-like in morphology.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="22.[533,1536,207,1896]" lastBlockId="23.[533,1535,1391,1866]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
The proximal part of a right tibia is preserved, broken approximately 
<quantity box="[1296,1361,1387,1411]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="cm" value="14.0">14 cm</quantity>
distal to the end of the fibular crest (
<figureCitation box="[740,805,1421,1445]" captionStart="Fig 11" captionStartId="23.[100,132,1217,1237]" captionTargetBox="[100,1513,208,1196]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[100,1536,208,1196]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Fig 11. Right shank elements of Gualicho shinyae. Partial right fibula of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae in (A) medial, (B) lateral, and (C) proximal views. Partial right tibia in (D) medial, (E) posterior, (F) lateral, (G) anterior, and (H) proximal views. Abbreviations: alt, anterolateral process; cn, cnemial crest; fic, fibular crest; ff, fibular fossa; ifc, crest for insertion of m. iliofibularis; lc, lateral condyle; mc, medial condyle; tf, triangular (posterior) flange. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0157793. g 011" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269973/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
Fig 
<number box="[779,805,1421,1445]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="11.0">11</number>
</figureCitation>
). The proximal surface is heavily abraded and the medial surface of the cnemial crest is lost to erosion. The medial condyle is considerably more robust than the lateral condyle, and it projects proximally to a level above the proximal extents of both the lateral condyle and the cnemial crest (
<figureCitation box="[907,969,1525,1549]" captionStart="Fig 11" captionStartId="23.[100,132,1217,1237]" captionTargetBox="[100,1513,208,1196]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[100,1536,208,1196]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Fig 11. Right shank elements of Gualicho shinyae. Partial right fibula of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae in (A) medial, (B) lateral, and (C) proximal views. Partial right tibia in (D) medial, (E) posterior, (F) lateral, (G) anterior, and (H) proximal views. Abbreviations: alt, anterolateral process; cn, cnemial crest; fic, fibular crest; ff, fibular fossa; ifc, crest for insertion of m. iliofibularis; lc, lateral condyle; mc, medial condyle; tf, triangular (posterior) flange. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0157793. g 011" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269973/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
Fig 
<number box="[946,969,1525,1549]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="11.0">11</number>
</figureCitation>
E and 
<number box="[1038,1061,1525,1549]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="11.0">11</number>
F). The medial condyle also extends farther posteriorly than the lateral condyle (
<figureCitation box="[917,980,1560,1584]" captionStart="Fig 11" captionStartId="23.[100,132,1217,1237]" captionTargetBox="[100,1513,208,1196]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[100,1536,208,1196]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Fig 11. Right shank elements of Gualicho shinyae. Partial right fibula of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae in (A) medial, (B) lateral, and (C) proximal views. Partial right tibia in (D) medial, (E) posterior, (F) lateral, (G) anterior, and (H) proximal views. Abbreviations: alt, anterolateral process; cn, cnemial crest; fic, fibular crest; ff, fibular fossa; ifc, crest for insertion of m. iliofibularis; lc, lateral condyle; mc, medial condyle; tf, triangular (posterior) flange. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0157793. g 011" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269973/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
Fig 
<number box="[956,980,1560,1584]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="11.0">11</number>
</figureCitation>
H). Most of the proximal articular surface is rugose, but is also abraded and still has some matrix attached. A deep notch separates the medial and lateral condyles posteriorly, as is typical of tetanurans [
<bibRefCitation author="Carrano MT &amp; Benson RBJ &amp; Sampson SD." box="[1111,1124,1630,1653]" journalOrPublisher="J Syst Palaeont" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="211 - 300" part="10" refId="ref18907" refString="7. Carrano MT, Benson RBJ, Sampson SD. The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda). J Syst Palaeont. 2012; 10 (2): 211 - 300." title="The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="2012">7</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Rauhut OWM." box="[1136,1162,1629,1653]" journalOrPublisher="Spec Pap Palaeontol" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 213" part="69" refId="ref19628" refString="26. Rauhut OWM. The interrelationships of and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Spec Pap Palaeontol. 2003; 69: 1 - 213." title="The interrelationships of and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2003">26</bibRefCitation>
]. Both condyles grade relatively smoothly into the tibial shaft distally, and do not form pronounced hoods or shelves. A low, but distinct (~ 
<quantity box="[681,729,1698,1722]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="cm" value="2.0">2cm</quantity>
across) tuberosity projects into the incisura tibialis (
<figureCitation box="[1282,1344,1698,1722]" captionStart="Fig 11" captionStartId="23.[100,132,1217,1237]" captionTargetBox="[100,1513,208,1196]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[100,1536,208,1196]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Fig 11. Right shank elements of Gualicho shinyae. Partial right fibula of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae in (A) medial, (B) lateral, and (C) proximal views. Partial right tibia in (D) medial, (E) posterior, (F) lateral, (G) anterior, and (H) proximal views. Abbreviations: alt, anterolateral process; cn, cnemial crest; fic, fibular crest; ff, fibular fossa; ifc, crest for insertion of m. iliofibularis; lc, lateral condyle; mc, medial condyle; tf, triangular (posterior) flange. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0157793. g 011" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269973/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
Fig 
<number box="[1321,1344,1698,1722]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="11.0">11</number>
</figureCitation>
F), just anterior to the articular surface of the lateral condyle and may be homologous to the &quot;anterolateral process&quot; [
<bibRefCitation author="Benson RBJ &amp; Carrano MT &amp; Brusatte SL. A" box="[598,624,1768,1792]" journalOrPublisher="Naturwissenschaften" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="71 - 78" part="97" refId="ref20118" refString="38. Benson RBJ, Carrano MT, Brusatte SL. A new clade of archaic large-bodied predatory dinosaurs (Theropoda: Allosauroidea) that survived to the latest Mesozoic. Naturwissenschaften. 2010; 97: 71 - 78. doi: 10.1007 / s 00114 - 009 - 0614 - x PMID: 19826771" title="new clade of archaic large-bodied predatory dinosaurs (Theropoda: Allosauroidea) that survived to the latest Mesozoic" type="journal article" year="2010">
<number box="[598,624,1768,1792]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="38.0">38</number>
</bibRefCitation>
] (= &quot;craniolateral process&quot; and &quot;ventral process&quot;[
<bibRefCitation author="Hocknull SA &amp; White MA &amp; Tischler TR &amp; Cook AG &amp; Calleja ND &amp; Sloan T" box="[1140,1166,1768,1792]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="6190" part="4" refId="ref20838" refString="53. Hocknull SA, White MA, Tischler TR, Cook AG, Calleja ND, Sloan T, et al. New Mid-Cretaceous (latest Albian) dinosaurs from Winton, Queensland, Australia. PLoS ONE. 2009; 4 (7): e 6190. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0006190 PMID: 19584929" title="New Mid-Cretaceous (latest Albian) dinosaurs from Winton, Queensland, Australia" type="journal article" year="2009">
<number box="[1140,1166,1768,1792]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="53.0">53</number>
</bibRefCitation>
]). Benson et al. [
<bibRefCitation author="Benson RBJ &amp; Carrano MT &amp; Brusatte SL. A" box="[1344,1370,1768,1792]" journalOrPublisher="Naturwissenschaften" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="71 - 78" part="97" refId="ref20118" refString="38. Benson RBJ, Carrano MT, Brusatte SL. A new clade of archaic large-bodied predatory dinosaurs (Theropoda: Allosauroidea) that survived to the latest Mesozoic. Naturwissenschaften. 2010; 97: 71 - 78. doi: 10.1007 / s 00114 - 009 - 0614 - x PMID: 19826771" title="new clade of archaic large-bodied predatory dinosaurs (Theropoda: Allosauroidea) that survived to the latest Mesozoic" type="journal article" year="2010">
<number box="[1344,1370,1768,1792]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="38.0">38</number>
</bibRefCitation>
] noted a strongly ventrally curving anterolateral process of the lateral condyle in both 
<taxonomicName box="[1344,1514,1802,1826]" class="Reptilia" family="Neovenatoridae" genus="Australovenator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1344,1514,1802,1826]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Australovenator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName box="[579,700,1838,1861]" class="Reptilia" family="Carcharodontosauridae" genus="Neovenator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[579,700,1838,1861]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Neovenator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but it is also present in 
<taxonomicName box="[956,1103,1837,1861]" class="Reptilia" family="Otozoidae" genus="Deltadromeus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[956,1103,1837,1861]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Deltadromeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(SGM Din 
<number box="[1222,1235,1837,1861]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="2.0">2</number>
). A very low ridge of bone extends anteromedially and slightly proximally from this tuberosity and runs across the lateral face of the cnemial crest. This low ridge divides the incisura tibialis (located distal to the ridge), from a smaller, weakly concave, triangular fossa proximal to the ridge. Just below the anterolateral tuberosity, the lateral edge of the tibial shaft extends down toward the fibular crest. The cnemial crest projects primarily anteriorly and does not rise very high proximally, barely clearing the proximal articular surface. It thus differs from the rectangular and strongly anterodorsally oriented cnemial process diagnostic of abelisauroids like 
<taxonomicName box="[1185,1350,1565,1588]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Majungasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1185,1350,1565,1588]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Majungasaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Carrano MT" box="[1364,1377,1564,1588]" journalOrPublisher="J Syst Palaeontol" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="183 - 236" part="6" refId="ref18943" refString="8. Carrano MT, Sampson SD. The phylogeny of Ceratosauria (Dinosauria: Theropoda). J Syst Palaeontol 2008; 6: 183 - 236." title="Sampson SD. The phylogeny of Ceratosauria (Dinosauria: Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="2008">8</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Carrano MT." box="[1389,1415,1564,1588]" editor="Sampson SD" journalOrPublisher="Soc Vertebr Paleontol Mem" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="163 - 179" part="8" refId="ref21176" refString="61. Carrano MT. The appendicular skeleton of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar, in Sampson SD, Krause DW (Eds.). Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Soc Vertebr Paleontol Mem. 2007; 8: 163 - 179." title="The appendicular skeleton of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar" type="journal article" volumeTitle="Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar" year="2007">61</bibRefCitation>
], and also from the anterodorsally pointed cnemial crests of some allosauroids including 
<taxonomicName box="[1360,1460,1599,1622]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1360,1460,1599,1622]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Sinraptor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Currie PJ &amp; Zhao XJ. A" box="[1475,1501,1599,1623]" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="2037 - 2081" part="30" refId="ref20077" refString="37. Currie PJ, Zhao XJ. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 1994; 30: 2037 - 2081." title="new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China" type="journal article" year="1994">
<number box="[1475,1501,1599,1623]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" value="37.0">37</number>
</bibRefCitation>
] and 
<taxonomicName box="[579,745,1634,1657]" class="Reptilia" family="Carcharodontosauridae" genus="Giganotosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[579,745,1634,1657]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Giganotosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectionCode box="[758,836,1634,1658]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">MUCP</collectionCode>
Pv 
<collectingCountry box="[875,913,1634,1658]" name="Switzerland" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">CH</collectingCountry>
<number box="[918,930,1634,1658]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" value="1.0">1</number>
). It exhibits a strong lateral curl to its anterior end (
<figureCitation captionStart="Fig 11" captionStartId="23.[100,132,1217,1237]" captionTargetBox="[100,1513,208,1196]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[100,1536,208,1196]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Fig 11. Right shank elements of Gualicho shinyae. Partial right fibula of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae in (A) medial, (B) lateral, and (C) proximal views. Partial right tibia in (D) medial, (E) posterior, (F) lateral, (G) anterior, and (H) proximal views. Abbreviations: alt, anterolateral process; cn, cnemial crest; fic, fibular crest; ff, fibular fossa; ifc, crest for insertion of m. iliofibularis; lc, lateral condyle; mc, medial condyle; tf, triangular (posterior) flange. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0157793. g 011" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269973/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
Fig 
<number box="[533,557,1668,1692]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" value="11.0">11</number>
</figureCitation>
G), such that its tip reaches the level of the anterolateral edge of the tibial shaft in anterior aspect. There is no evidence of a &quot;posteroventral ridge&quot; [
<bibRefCitation author="Hocknull SA &amp; White MA &amp; Tischler TR &amp; Cook AG &amp; Calleja ND &amp; Sloan T" box="[1123,1149,1703,1727]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="6190" part="4" refId="ref20838" refString="53. Hocknull SA, White MA, Tischler TR, Cook AG, Calleja ND, Sloan T, et al. New Mid-Cretaceous (latest Albian) dinosaurs from Winton, Queensland, Australia. PLoS ONE. 2009; 4 (7): e 6190. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0006190 PMID: 19584929" title="New Mid-Cretaceous (latest Albian) dinosaurs from Winton, Queensland, Australia" type="journal article" year="2009">
<number box="[1123,1149,1703,1727]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" value="53.0">53</number>
</bibRefCitation>
] on the lateral face of the apex of the cnemial crest, though the tip of the crest is broken. The medial face of the cnemial crest that still preserves the outermost cortical bone is covered by thick striations for soft tissue attachment. The crest extends distally and grades into the tibial shaft just below the level of the proximal end of the fibular crest.
</paragraph>
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269973/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" targetBox="[100,1513,208,1196]" targetPageId="23">
<paragraph blockId="23.[100,1520,1217,1329]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[100,593,1217,1237]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
Fig 11. Right shank elements of 
<taxonomicName box="[417,587,1217,1236]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[417,587,1217,1236]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<taxonomicName box="[417,506,1217,1236]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Gualicho</taxonomicName>
shinyae
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Partial right fibula of the holotype specimen of 
<taxonomicName box="[1020,1178,1217,1237]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis box="[1020,1178,1217,1237]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<taxonomicName box="[1020,1103,1217,1237]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Gualicho</taxonomicName>
shinyae
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in (A) medial, (B) lateral, and (C) proximal views. Partial right tibia in (D) medial, (E) posterior, (F) lateral, (G) anterior, and (H) proximal views. Abbreviations: alt, anterolateral process; cn, cnemial crest; fic, fibular crest; ff, fibular fossa; ifc, crest for insertion of m. iliofibularis; lc, lateral condyle; mc, medial condyle; tf, triangular (posterior) flange. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157793.g011
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="24.[533,1536,207,1896]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
The fibular crest does not project far lateral to the tibial shaft (
<figureCitation box="[1219,1282,208,232]" captionStart="Fig 11" captionStartId="23.[100,132,1217,1237]" captionTargetBox="[100,1513,208,1196]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[100,1536,208,1196]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Fig 11. Right shank elements of Gualicho shinyae. Partial right fibula of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae in (A) medial, (B) lateral, and (C) proximal views. Partial right tibia in (D) medial, (E) posterior, (F) lateral, (G) anterior, and (H) proximal views. Abbreviations: alt, anterolateral process; cn, cnemial crest; fic, fibular crest; ff, fibular fossa; ifc, crest for insertion of m. iliofibularis; lc, lateral condyle; mc, medial condyle; tf, triangular (posterior) flange. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0157793. g 011" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269973/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
Fig 
<number box="[1258,1282,208,232]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="11.0">11</number>
</figureCitation>
D– 
<number box="[1317,1340,208,232]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="11.0">11</number>
F), but is proximodistally extensive. It grades smoothly into the tibial shaft proximally, but exhibits a more abrupt, tab-like distal border. Unlike a number of coelophysoid and ceratosaurian species, in which the fibular crest extends proximally to about the level of the lateral condyle [
<bibRefCitation author="Rauhut OWM." box="[1405,1431,312,336]" journalOrPublisher="Spec Pap Palaeontol" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="1 - 213" part="69" refId="ref19628" refString="26. Rauhut OWM. The interrelationships of and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Spec Pap Palaeontol. 2003; 69: 1 - 213." title="The interrelationships of and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2003">
<number box="[1405,1431,312,336]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="26.0">26</number>
</bibRefCitation>
], the fibular crest arises well below the lateral condyle in 
<taxonomicName box="[1045,1140,346,370]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis box="[1045,1140,346,370]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Gualicho</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The edge of the fibular crest is slightly thickened and more rugose than the base of the crest. The posterior face is more heavily striated than the anterior one. The tibial shaft is an anterolaterally-posteromedially elongate ellipse in cross section. The anteromedial face of the tibial shaft is flattened, whereas the posterolateral face is rounded.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="24.[533,1536,207,1896]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
The proximal section of the right fibula is preserved, but most of the shaft distal to the m. iliofibularis tubercle is missing (
<figureCitation box="[870,932,554,578]" captionStart="Fig 11" captionStartId="23.[100,132,1217,1237]" captionTargetBox="[100,1513,208,1196]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[100,1536,208,1196]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Fig 11. Right shank elements of Gualicho shinyae. Partial right fibula of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae in (A) medial, (B) lateral, and (C) proximal views. Partial right tibia in (D) medial, (E) posterior, (F) lateral, (G) anterior, and (H) proximal views. Abbreviations: alt, anterolateral process; cn, cnemial crest; fic, fibular crest; ff, fibular fossa; ifc, crest for insertion of m. iliofibularis; lc, lateral condyle; mc, medial condyle; tf, triangular (posterior) flange. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0157793. g 011" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269973/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
Fig 
<number box="[909,932,554,578]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="11.0">11</number>
</figureCitation>
A– 
<number box="[967,991,554,578]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="11.0">11</number>
C). Its proximal articular surface is an anteroposteriorly elongate ellipse, with a weak saddle-shaped concavity in the middle. A strong tab-like triangular flange projects posteriorly and slightly ventrally from the posterior edge of the proximal articular facet (
<figureCitation box="[739,801,658,682]" captionStart="Fig 11" captionStartId="23.[100,132,1217,1237]" captionTargetBox="[100,1513,208,1196]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[100,1536,208,1196]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Fig 11. Right shank elements of Gualicho shinyae. Partial right fibula of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae in (A) medial, (B) lateral, and (C) proximal views. Partial right tibia in (D) medial, (E) posterior, (F) lateral, (G) anterior, and (H) proximal views. Abbreviations: alt, anterolateral process; cn, cnemial crest; fic, fibular crest; ff, fibular fossa; ifc, crest for insertion of m. iliofibularis; lc, lateral condyle; mc, medial condyle; tf, triangular (posterior) flange. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0157793. g 011" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269973/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
Fig 
<number box="[778,801,658,682]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="11.0">11</number>
</figureCitation>
A). This flange is rounded and rugose proximally, and separated from the main articular facet by a shallow cleft. Distally, this flange grades smoothly into the posterior edge of the fibular shaft as a sharp ridge. The medial face of this flange bears a shallow sulcus that runs parallel to the much larger and more expansive medial fibular fossa. A similar sulcus is also present in 
<taxonomicName box="[785,950,797,820]" class="Reptilia" family="Carcharodontosauridae" genus="Giganotosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[785,950,797,820]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Giganotosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectionCode box="[964,1042,797,821]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">MUCP</collectionCode>
Pv 
<collectingCountry box="[1081,1119,797,821]" name="Switzerland" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">CH</collectingCountry>
<number box="[1124,1136,797,821]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="1.0">1</number>
). This shallow sulcus terminates distally before the ridge attenuates. Opposite this, the lateral side of the ridge is also marked by a proximodistally elongate fossa that is shallow and may be a site of muscle attachment.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="24.[533,1536,207,1896]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
The medial fibular fossa is extremely large and deep, and takes up almost the entire medial surface of the fibula, though it does not appear to invade any part of the robust posterior flange (
<figureCitation box="[542,604,970,995]" captionStart="Fig 11" captionStartId="23.[100,132,1217,1237]" captionTargetBox="[100,1513,208,1196]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[100,1536,208,1196]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Fig 11. Right shank elements of Gualicho shinyae. Partial right fibula of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae in (A) medial, (B) lateral, and (C) proximal views. Partial right tibia in (D) medial, (E) posterior, (F) lateral, (G) anterior, and (H) proximal views. Abbreviations: alt, anterolateral process; cn, cnemial crest; fic, fibular crest; ff, fibular fossa; ifc, crest for insertion of m. iliofibularis; lc, lateral condyle; mc, medial condyle; tf, triangular (posterior) flange. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0157793. g 011" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269973/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
Fig 
<number box="[581,604,971,995]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="11.0">11</number>
</figureCitation>
A). The medial fossa is deepest proximally, and grades out onto the medial shaft of the fibula slightly above the level of the m. iliofibularis tubercle. The proximal rim of the fossa is sharp and forms a hood over a portion of the fossa. Unlike non-tetanuran theropods such as 
<taxonomicName box="[533,634,1075,1098]" class="Reptilia" family="Coelophysidae" genus="Syntarsus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[533,634,1075,1098]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Syntarsus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Tykoski RS &amp; Rowe T." box="[649,675,1075,1099]" editor="Weishampel DB" journalOrPublisher="Univ. of California Press, Berkeley, CA" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="47 - 70" refId="ref19837" refString="31. Tykoski RS, Rowe T. Ceratosauria, in Weishampel DB, Dodson P, Osmolska H. (Eds.) The Dinosauria, Second edition. Univ. of California Press, Berkeley, CA. 2004; p. 47 - 70." title="Ceratosauria" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="The Dinosauria, Second edition" year="2004">
<number box="[649,675,1075,1099]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="31.0">31</number>
</bibRefCitation>
], 
<taxonomicName box="[696,856,1074,1098]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Masiakasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[696,856,1074,1098]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Masiakasaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Carrano MT &amp; Sampson SD &amp; Forster CA." box="[871,897,1074,1098]" journalOrPublisher="J Vertebr Paleontol" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="510" part="22" refId="ref20934" refString="55. Carrano MT, Sampson SD, Forster CA. The osteology of Masiakasaurus knopfleri, a small abelisauroid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. J Vertebr Paleontol. 2002; 22: 510: 534." title="The osteology of Masiakasaurus knopfleri, a small abelisauroid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar" type="journal article" year="2002">
<number box="[871,897,1074,1098]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="55.0">55</number>
</bibRefCitation>
], and 
<taxonomicName box="[963,1103,1075,1098]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratosauridae" genus="Ceratosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[963,1103,1075,1098]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Ceratosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Madsen JH &amp; Welles SP." box="[1118,1144,1074,1098]" journalOrPublisher="Utah Geol Survey, Misc Pub" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="1 - 80" refId="ref21138" refString="60. Madsen JH Jr, Welles SP. Ceratosaurus (Dinosauria, Theropoda): a revised osteology. Utah Geol Survey, Misc Pub. 2000; 0 0 - 2: 1 - 80." title="Ceratosaurus (Dinosauria, Theropoda): a revised osteology" type="book chapter" year="2000">
<number box="[1118,1144,1074,1098]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="60.0">60</number>
</bibRefCitation>
], there is no oblique ridge bordering the proximal rim of the medial fossa.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="24.[533,1536,207,1896]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
The m. iliofibularis tubercle is formed as an elongate, triangular flange (
<figureCitation box="[1319,1381,1144,1168]" captionStart="Fig 11" captionStartId="23.[100,132,1217,1237]" captionTargetBox="[100,1513,208,1196]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[100,1536,208,1196]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Fig 11. Right shank elements of Gualicho shinyae. Partial right fibula of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae in (A) medial, (B) lateral, and (C) proximal views. Partial right tibia in (D) medial, (E) posterior, (F) lateral, (G) anterior, and (H) proximal views. Abbreviations: alt, anterolateral process; cn, cnemial crest; fic, fibular crest; ff, fibular fossa; ifc, crest for insertion of m. iliofibularis; lc, lateral condyle; mc, medial condyle; tf, triangular (posterior) flange. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0157793. g 011" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269973/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
Fig 
<number box="[1358,1381,1144,1168]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="11.0">11</number>
</figureCitation>
A and 
<number box="[1454,1478,1144,1168]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="11.0">11</number>
B), as in 
<taxonomicName box="[588,735,1178,1202]" class="Reptilia" family="Otozoidae" genus="Deltadromeus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[588,735,1178,1202]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Deltadromeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(SGM Din 
<number box="[854,867,1178,1202]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2.0">2</number>
), 
<taxonomicName box="[885,1037,1178,1202]" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" genus="Elaphrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[885,1037,1178,1202]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Elaphrosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MB.R. unnumbered), and 
<taxonomicName box="[1330,1490,1178,1202]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Masiakasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1330,1490,1178,1202]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Masiakasaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Carrano MT &amp; Sampson SD &amp; Forster CA." box="[542,568,1213,1237]" journalOrPublisher="J Vertebr Paleontol" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="510" part="22" refId="ref20934" refString="55. Carrano MT, Sampson SD, Forster CA. The osteology of Masiakasaurus knopfleri, a small abelisauroid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. J Vertebr Paleontol. 2002; 22: 510: 534." title="The osteology of Masiakasaurus knopfleri, a small abelisauroid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar" type="journal article" year="2002">
<number box="[542,568,1213,1237]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="55.0">55</number>
</bibRefCitation>
]. The rostral face of the flange bears a broad, shallow sulcus bordering the medial surface of the fibula. Distal to the m. iliofibularis tubercle, the shaft of the fibula is D-shaped in cross section and its lateral face is slightly convex, whereas its medial edge is flat.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="24.[533,1536,207,1896]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
The left third metatarsal is almost complete (
<figureCitation box="[1039,1104,1317,1341]" captionStart="Fig 12" captionStartId="25.[369,401,1232,1252]" captionTargetBox="[372,1535,208,1207]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[369,1536,208,1211]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Fig 12. Left third metatarsal of Gualicho shinyae. Left third metatarsal of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae in (A) posterior, (B) anterior, (C) medial, (D) lateral, and (E) proximal views. Abbreviation: ef, extensor fossa. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0157793. g 012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269974/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
Fig 
<number box="[1078,1104,1317,1341]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="12.0">12</number>
</figureCitation>
). Its proximal articular surface is weakly concave, with raised anterior and posterior borders (
<figureCitation box="[1087,1151,1352,1376]" captionStart="Fig 12" captionStartId="25.[369,401,1232,1252]" captionTargetBox="[372,1535,208,1207]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[369,1536,208,1211]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Fig 12. Left third metatarsal of Gualicho shinyae. Left third metatarsal of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae in (A) posterior, (B) anterior, (C) medial, (D) lateral, and (E) proximal views. Abbreviation: ef, extensor fossa. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0157793. g 012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269974/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
Fig 
<number box="[1126,1151,1352,1376]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="12.0">12</number>
</figureCitation>
C and 
<number box="[1221,1246,1352,1376]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="12.0">12</number>
D). It is weakly figure 
<number box="[533,544,1386,1410]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="8.0">8</number>
-shaped in proximal view (
<figureCitation box="[829,892,1386,1411]" captionStart="Fig 12" captionStartId="25.[369,401,1232,1252]" captionTargetBox="[372,1535,208,1207]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[369,1536,208,1211]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Fig 12. Left third metatarsal of Gualicho shinyae. Left third metatarsal of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae in (A) posterior, (B) anterior, (C) medial, (D) lateral, and (E) proximal views. Abbreviation: ef, extensor fossa. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0157793. g 012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269974/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
Fig 
<number box="[868,892,1387,1411]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="12.0">12</number>
</figureCitation>
E), with slightly indented medial and lateral borders and convex rostral and caudal borders. The posterior edge of the proximal articulation is markedly wider than the anterior one and about as wide as the distal articulation, as seen in some ceratosaurs including 
<taxonomicName box="[700,852,1490,1514]" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" genus="Elaphrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[700,852,1490,1514]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Elaphrosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Sereno PC &amp; Martinez RN &amp; Wilson JA &amp; Varricchio DJ &amp; Alcober OA &amp; Larsson HCE." box="[867,893,1491,1515]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="1 - 20" part="3" refId="ref19744" refString="29. Sereno PC, Martinez RN, Wilson JA, Varricchio DJ, Alcober OA, Larsson HCE. Evidence for avian intrathoracic air sacs in a new predatory dinosaur from Argentina. PLoS ONE 2008; 3: e 3303: 1 - 20. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0003303 PMID: 18825273" title="Evidence for avian intrathoracic air sacs in a new predatory dinosaur from Argentina" type="journal article" year="2008">
<number box="[867,893,1491,1515]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="29.0">29</number>
</bibRefCitation>
](MB.R. unnumbered) and 
<taxonomicName box="[1183,1348,1491,1514]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Majungasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1183,1348,1491,1514]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Majungasaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Carrano MT." box="[1363,1389,1490,1514]" editor="Sampson SD" journalOrPublisher="Soc Vertebr Paleontol Mem" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="163 - 179" part="8" refId="ref21176" refString="61. Carrano MT. The appendicular skeleton of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar, in Sampson SD, Krause DW (Eds.). Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Soc Vertebr Paleontol Mem. 2007; 8: 163 - 179." title="The appendicular skeleton of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar" type="journal article" volumeTitle="Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar" year="2007">
<number box="[1363,1389,1490,1514]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="61.0">61</number>
</bibRefCitation>
]. By contrast, most tetanurans have a third metatarsal with an &quot;hourglass&quot; shape in proximal aspect, with a wider anterior edge, a pinched middle section, and a posterior edge that is narrower than the anterior one [
<bibRefCitation author="Rauhut OWM." box="[678,704,1594,1618]" journalOrPublisher="Spec Pap Palaeontol" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="1 - 213" part="69" refId="ref19628" refString="26. Rauhut OWM. The interrelationships of and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Spec Pap Palaeontol. 2003; 69: 1 - 213." title="The interrelationships of and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2003">
<number box="[678,704,1594,1618]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="26.0">26</number>
</bibRefCitation>
], though 
<taxonomicName box="[807,997,1594,1618]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Acrocanthosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[807,997,1594,1618]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Acrocanthosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a notable exception to this pattern [
<bibRefCitation author="Currie PJ &amp; Carpenter K. A" box="[1400,1426,1594,1618]" journalOrPublisher="Geodiversitas" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="207 - 246" part="22" refId="ref19978" refString="35. Currie PJ, Carpenter K. A new specimen of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis (Theropoda, Dinosauria) from the Lower Cretaceous Antlers Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Aptian) of Oklahoma, USA. Geodiversitas. 2000; 22: 207 - 246." title="new specimen of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis (Theropoda, Dinosauria) from the Lower Cretaceous Antlers Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Aptian) of Oklahoma, USA" type="journal article" year="2000">
<number box="[1400,1426,1594,1618]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="35.0">35</number>
</bibRefCitation>
]. The raised anterior and posterior borders significantly overhang the shaft (
<figureCitation box="[1273,1337,1629,1653]" captionStart="Fig 12" captionStartId="25.[369,401,1232,1252]" captionTargetBox="[372,1535,208,1207]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[369,1536,208,1211]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Fig 12. Left third metatarsal of Gualicho shinyae. Left third metatarsal of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae in (A) posterior, (B) anterior, (C) medial, (D) lateral, and (E) proximal views. Abbreviation: ef, extensor fossa. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0157793. g 012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269974/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
Fig 
<number box="[1312,1337,1629,1653]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="12.0">12</number>
</figureCitation>
C and 
<number box="[1407,1432,1629,1653]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="12.0">12</number>
D), with the caudal edge bordering a massive, squared-off posterior process (
<figureCitation box="[1248,1311,1664,1688]" captionStart="Fig 12" captionStartId="25.[369,401,1232,1252]" captionTargetBox="[372,1535,208,1207]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[369,1536,208,1211]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Fig 12. Left third metatarsal of Gualicho shinyae. Left third metatarsal of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae in (A) posterior, (B) anterior, (C) medial, (D) lateral, and (E) proximal views. Abbreviation: ef, extensor fossa. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0157793. g 012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269974/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
Fig 
<number box="[1287,1311,1664,1688]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="12.0">12</number>
</figureCitation>
A), similar to ones observed in 
<emphasis box="[661,795,1698,1722]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Liliensternus</emphasis>
(MB R 
<number box="[878,933,1698,1722]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2175.0">2175</number>
), and especially 
<taxonomicName box="[1103,1255,1698,1722]" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" genus="Elaphrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1103,1255,1698,1722]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Elaphrosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MB.R. unnumbered). This block is extremely robust and rugose, and forms a distinct shelf that abruptly transitions to the metatarsal shaft, which is heavily marked by striations below it.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="24.[533,1536,207,1896]" lastBlockId="25.[533,1535,1353,1863]" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
The robust metatarsal shaft is slightly bowed medially, an effect that is accentuated by a distal medial flange on the anterior surface (
<figureCitation box="[967,1031,1837,1861]" captionStart="Fig 12" captionStartId="25.[369,401,1232,1252]" captionTargetBox="[372,1535,208,1207]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[369,1536,208,1211]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Fig 12. Left third metatarsal of Gualicho shinyae. Left third metatarsal of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae in (A) posterior, (B) anterior, (C) medial, (D) lateral, and (E) proximal views. Abbreviation: ef, extensor fossa. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0157793. g 012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269974/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
Fig 
<number box="[1006,1031,1837,1861]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="12.0">12</number>
</figureCitation>
B). Approximately seven to eight centimeters below the proximal end there is a low circular tuberosity on the anterior face of the metatarsal shaft. The medial articular surface for Metatarsal II is much more distinct than the lateral articular surface for Metatarsal IV, and the former extends as a broad concavity over almost the entire medial face of the shaft. The posteromedial edge of the metatarsal shaft forms a distinct ridge for insertion of the digital flexors (
<figureCitation box="[955,1018,1457,1481]" captionStart="Fig 12" captionStartId="25.[369,401,1232,1252]" captionTargetBox="[372,1535,208,1207]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[369,1536,208,1211]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Fig 12. Left third metatarsal of Gualicho shinyae. Left third metatarsal of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae in (A) posterior, (B) anterior, (C) medial, (D) lateral, and (E) proximal views. Abbreviation: ef, extensor fossa. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0157793. g 012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269974/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
Fig 
<number box="[994,1018,1457,1481]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="12.0">12</number>
</figureCitation>
A). A weaker ridge makes up the posterolateral edge of the metatarsal shaft, though it is not as extensive proximally. The posterior face of the shaft between these two ridges is mostly flat. The proximal end of the proximolateral ridge curls across the lateral face of the metatarsal shaft moving proximally and does not make contact with the proximal end of the metatarsal. The anteromedial edge of the metatarsal shaft, which marks the anterior border to the articular sulcus for metatarsal II, is not well developed proximally, but is better developed on the distal half of the metatarsal shaft and projects strongly medially as a distinct flange in anterior aspect. The flange grades smoothly back into the metatarsal shaft distally, just proximal to the expansion of the distal articular end of the metatarsal. A weak extensor fossa is present on the anterior face of the distal metatarsal (
<figureCitation captionStart="Fig 12" captionStartId="25.[369,401,1232,1252]" captionTargetBox="[372,1535,208,1207]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[369,1536,208,1211]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Fig 12. Left third metatarsal of Gualicho shinyae. Left third metatarsal of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae in (A) posterior, (B) anterior, (C) medial, (D) lateral, and (E) proximal views. Abbreviation: ef, extensor fossa. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0157793. g 012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269974/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
Fig 
<number box="[533,557,1804,1828]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="12.0">12</number>
</figureCitation>
E and 
<number box="[626,650,1804,1828]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="12.0">12</number>
F). It is bounded laterally and medially by two marked tuberosities, as in many theropods including 
<taxonomicName box="[720,832,1839,1863]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[720,832,1839,1863]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Allosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Madsen JH Jr." box="[846,872,1839,1863]" journalOrPublisher="Utah Geol Survey Bull" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="1 - 163" part="109" refId="ref19925" refString="33. Madsen JH Jr. Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology. Utah Geol Survey Bull. 1976; 109: 1 - 163." title="Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology" type="journal article" year="1976">
<number box="[846,872,1839,1863]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="33.0">33</number>
</bibRefCitation>
], 
<taxonomicName box="[893,1070,1839,1863]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Piatnitzkysaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[893,1070,1839,1863]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Piatnitzkysaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectionCode box="[1083,1164,1839,1863]" country="Argentina" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/pyng-6456" name="Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">MACN</collectionCode>
<collectingCountry box="[1170,1208,1839,1863]" name="Switzerland" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">CH</collectingCountry>
<number box="[1214,1255,1838,1862]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="895.0">895</number>
), and 
<taxonomicName box="[1319,1450,1839,1862]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Torvosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1319,1450,1839,1862]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Torvosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Hansen MD &amp; Makovicky PJ. A" box="[1465,1491,1839,1863]" journalOrPublisher="Hist Biol" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="775 - 784" part="26" refId="ref21237" refString="62. Hansen MD, Makovicky PJ. A new specimen of Torvosaurus tanneri originally collected by Elmer Riggs. Hist Biol. 2013; 26: 775 - 784." title="new specimen of Torvosaurus tanneri originally collected by Elmer Riggs" type="journal article" year="2013">
<number box="[1465,1491,1839,1863]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="62.0">62</number>
</bibRefCitation>
].
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="25.[369,1509,1232,1319]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[369,847,1232,1252]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
Fig 12. Left third metatarsal of 
<taxonomicName box="[670,841,1233,1252]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[670,841,1233,1252]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<taxonomicName box="[670,759,1233,1252]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Gualicho</taxonomicName>
shinyae
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Left third metatarsal of the holotype specimen of 
<taxonomicName box="[1297,1455,1232,1252]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis box="[1297,1455,1232,1252]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<taxonomicName box="[1297,1380,1232,1252]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Gualicho</taxonomicName>
shinyae
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in (A) posterior, (B) anterior, (C) medial, (D) lateral, and (E) proximal views. Abbreviation: ef, extensor fossa.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="25.[369,1509,1232,1319]" box="[369,671,1299,1319]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157793.g012</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="26.[533,1536,208,1688]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">The lateral of these tuberosities is more robust and situated further proximally than the medial tuberosity. The distal end of the extensor fossa grades relatively smoothly onto the proximal end of the distal articular surface (i.e., the latter surface does not create a distinct proximal &quot;shelf&quot; connecting to the metatarsal shaft). Posteriorly, the transition from shaft to distal articular surface is slightly constricted.</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="26.[533,1536,208,1688]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
The distal end of the metatarsal is transversely expanded, and the distal articulation is much broader than deep in distal aspect, a condition also observed in 
<taxonomicName box="[1201,1353,416,440]" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" genus="Elaphrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1201,1353,416,440]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Elaphrosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MB.R. unnumbered), 
<taxonomicName box="[613,778,451,474]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Majungasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[613,778,451,474]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Majungasaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Carrano MT." box="[793,819,450,474]" editor="Sampson SD" journalOrPublisher="Soc Vertebr Paleontol Mem" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="163 - 179" part="8" refId="ref21176" refString="61. Carrano MT. The appendicular skeleton of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar, in Sampson SD, Krause DW (Eds.). Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Soc Vertebr Paleontol Mem. 2007; 8: 163 - 179." title="The appendicular skeleton of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar" type="journal article" volumeTitle="Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar" year="2007">
<number box="[793,819,450,474]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="61.0">61</number>
</bibRefCitation>
], and 
<taxonomicName box="[886,1017,451,474]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Torvosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[886,1017,451,474]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Torvosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Hansen MD &amp; Makovicky PJ. A" box="[1032,1058,450,474]" journalOrPublisher="Hist Biol" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="775 - 784" part="26" refId="ref21237" refString="62. Hansen MD, Makovicky PJ. A new specimen of Torvosaurus tanneri originally collected by Elmer Riggs. Hist Biol. 2013; 26: 775 - 784." title="new specimen of Torvosaurus tanneri originally collected by Elmer Riggs" type="journal article" year="2013">
<number box="[1032,1058,450,474]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="62.0">62</number>
</bibRefCitation>
] (
<collectionCode box="[1080,1159,450,474]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" name="Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">FMNH</collectionCode>
PR 
<number box="[1202,1258,450,474]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="3060.0">3060</number>
). The articular surface is smoothly rounded distally and lacks a distinct ginglymus and its exposure is triangular with a proximal apex (
<figureCitation box="[700,763,520,544]" captionStart="Fig 12" captionStartId="25.[369,401,1232,1252]" captionTargetBox="[372,1535,208,1207]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[369,1536,208,1211]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Fig 12. Left third metatarsal of Gualicho shinyae. Left third metatarsal of the holotype specimen of Gualicho shinyae in (A) posterior, (B) anterior, (C) medial, (D) lateral, and (E) proximal views. Abbreviation: ef, extensor fossa. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0157793. g 012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269974/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
Fig 
<number box="[739,763,520,544]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="12.0">12</number>
</figureCitation>
A). Collateral ligament pits are well developed and appear to be relatively symmetrical in development, though both are still partially obscured by matrix.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="26.[533,1536,208,1688]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
The distalmost portion of the right metatarsal III is also preserved (
<figureCitation box="[1274,1339,589,613]" captionStart="Fig 13" captionStartId="27.[533,565,1602,1622]" captionTargetBox="[533,1337,214,1581]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[533,1337,208,1581]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Fig 13. Right foot of Gualicho shinyae. Right pedal elements of the holotype of Gualicho shinyae including distal ends of metatarsals II and III and phalanges of digits II-IV in (A) ventral, (B) medial, and (C) lateral views. Combinations of Roman and Arabic numerals in (A) identify individual phalanges. Abbreviations: clp, collateral ligament pit; ef, extensor fossa; mt II, metatarsal II; mt III, metatarsal III." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269975/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
Fig 
<number box="[1313,1339,589,613]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="13.0">13</number>
</figureCitation>
). It is slightly larger than the left element, particularly in its mediolateral breadth. The overall morphology is similar to the left element with several notable exceptions. The collateral ligament pits in the right element are much deeper and more distinctly rimmed. Also, the proximolateral tuberosity bounding the extensor fossa is not present in the right element, though the smaller distomedial tuberosity is present.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="26.[533,1536,208,1688]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
Only the distal end of the right metatarsal II is preserved (
<figureCitation box="[1175,1240,797,821]" captionStart="Fig 13" captionStartId="27.[533,565,1602,1622]" captionTargetBox="[533,1337,214,1581]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[533,1337,208,1581]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Fig 13. Right foot of Gualicho shinyae. Right pedal elements of the holotype of Gualicho shinyae including distal ends of metatarsals II and III and phalanges of digits II-IV in (A) ventral, (B) medial, and (C) lateral views. Combinations of Roman and Arabic numerals in (A) identify individual phalanges. Abbreviations: clp, collateral ligament pit; ef, extensor fossa; mt II, metatarsal II; mt III, metatarsal III." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269975/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
Fig 
<number box="[1214,1240,797,821]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="13.0">13</number>
</figureCitation>
). The shaft is quadrangular in cross section and deeper than wide. The anterior, medial, and posterior faces of the shaft are rounded, whereas the lateral border is flat throughout its preserved length. On the posterior face, a strong posterolateral edge that defines the posterior border of the flat articular surface for MT III is evident and is more pronounced along its distal half. There is no extensor fossa above the distal articular surface. The distal articulation is slightly asymmetrical and weakly canted medially. The anterior and distal portions of the distal articular surface are bulbous and undivided. The posterior hemicondylar rims are also asymmetrically developed on the distal surface (
<figureCitation box="[623,686,1074,1099]" captionStart="Fig 13" captionStartId="27.[533,565,1602,1622]" captionTargetBox="[533,1337,214,1581]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[533,1337,208,1581]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Fig 13. Right foot of Gualicho shinyae. Right pedal elements of the holotype of Gualicho shinyae including distal ends of metatarsals II and III and phalanges of digits II-IV in (A) ventral, (B) medial, and (C) lateral views. Combinations of Roman and Arabic numerals in (A) identify individual phalanges. Abbreviations: clp, collateral ligament pit; ef, extensor fossa; mt II, metatarsal II; mt III, metatarsal III." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269975/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
Fig 
<number box="[662,686,1075,1099]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="13.0">13</number>
</figureCitation>
A). The narrower medial hemicondyle extends further posteriorly and proximally than the lateral one, though the posteriormost tip of the lateral hemicondyle is broken off. The posterior end of the medial hemicondyle is everted slightly medially. A wide sulcus separates the hemicondyles in plantar view. The collateral ligament pits are asymmetrically developed. Both are deep and bear distinct rims, but the lateral pit is distinctly longer proximodistally and more teardrop-shaped, whereas the medial pit is largely circular.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="26.[533,1536,208,1688]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
All phalanges of the three principal digits of the right foot are preserved, though the tips of unguals 
<date box="[622,763,1317,1341]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
II- 
<number box="[650,662,1317,1341]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="3.0">3</number>
and IV- 
<number box="[751,763,1317,1341]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="5.0">5</number>
</date>
are broken (
<figureCitation box="[898,963,1317,1341]" captionStart="Fig 13" captionStartId="27.[533,565,1602,1622]" captionTargetBox="[533,1337,214,1581]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[533,1337,208,1581]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Fig 13. Right foot of Gualicho shinyae. Right pedal elements of the holotype of Gualicho shinyae including distal ends of metatarsals II and III and phalanges of digits II-IV in (A) ventral, (B) medial, and (C) lateral views. Combinations of Roman and Arabic numerals in (A) identify individual phalanges. Abbreviations: clp, collateral ligament pit; ef, extensor fossa; mt II, metatarsal II; mt III, metatarsal III." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269975/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
Fig 
<number box="[937,963,1317,1341]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="13.0">13</number>
</figureCitation>
). All preserved non-terminal phalanges with the exceptions of 
<date box="[679,830,1352,1376]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
IV- 
<number box="[717,728,1352,1376]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="3.0">3</number>
and IV- 
<number box="[817,830,1352,1376]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="4.0">4</number>
</date>
are elongate and slender, with their shafts constricted between the expanded articular ends in dorsal view, unlike the short and stout phalanges of carcharodontosaurids [
<bibRefCitation author="Coria RA &amp; Currie PJ. A" box="[624,637,1421,1445]" journalOrPublisher="Geodiversitas" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="71 - 118" part="28" refId="ref18670" refString="2. Coria RA, Currie PJ. A new carcharodontosaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Argentina. Geodiversitas. 2006; 28: 71 - 118." title="new carcharodontosaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Argentina" type="journal article" year="2006">2</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Currie PJ &amp; Carpenter K. A" box="[649,675,1421,1445]" journalOrPublisher="Geodiversitas" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="207 - 246" part="22" refId="ref19978" refString="35. Currie PJ, Carpenter K. A new specimen of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis (Theropoda, Dinosauria) from the Lower Cretaceous Antlers Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Aptian) of Oklahoma, USA. Geodiversitas. 2000; 22: 207 - 246." title="new specimen of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis (Theropoda, Dinosauria) from the Lower Cretaceous Antlers Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Aptian) of Oklahoma, USA" type="journal article" year="2000">35</bibRefCitation>
], and abelisaurids such as 
<taxonomicName box="[954,1119,1422,1445]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Majungasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[954,1119,1422,1445]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Majungasaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Carrano MT." box="[1134,1160,1421,1445]" editor="Sampson SD" journalOrPublisher="Soc Vertebr Paleontol Mem" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="163 - 179" part="8" refId="ref21176" refString="61. Carrano MT. The appendicular skeleton of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar, in Sampson SD, Krause DW (Eds.). Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Soc Vertebr Paleontol Mem. 2007; 8: 163 - 179." title="The appendicular skeleton of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar" type="journal article" volumeTitle="Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar" year="2007">
<number box="[1134,1160,1421,1445]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="61.0">61</number>
</bibRefCitation>
]. They also exhibit well-defined collateral ligament pits and extensor pits just proximal to the dorsal ends of the distal articulations (
<figureCitation box="[601,664,1490,1515]" captionStart="Fig 13" captionStartId="27.[533,565,1602,1622]" captionTargetBox="[533,1337,214,1581]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[533,1337,208,1581]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Fig 13. Right foot of Gualicho shinyae. Right pedal elements of the holotype of Gualicho shinyae including distal ends of metatarsals II and III and phalanges of digits II-IV in (A) ventral, (B) medial, and (C) lateral views. Combinations of Roman and Arabic numerals in (A) identify individual phalanges. Abbreviations: clp, collateral ligament pit; ef, extensor fossa; mt II, metatarsal II; mt III, metatarsal III." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269975/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
Fig 
<number box="[640,664,1491,1515]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="13.0">13</number>
</figureCitation>
B and 
<number box="[733,758,1491,1515]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="13.0">13</number>
C). The unguals are short, curved and triangular rather than elliptical in cross section, and the ungual of pedal digit II is symmetrical unlike those of abelisauroids [
<bibRefCitation author="Carrano MT" box="[1485,1498,1525,1549]" journalOrPublisher="J Syst Palaeontol" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="183 - 236" part="6" refId="ref18943" refString="8. Carrano MT, Sampson SD. The phylogeny of Ceratosauria (Dinosauria: Theropoda). J Syst Palaeontol 2008; 6: 183 - 236." title="Sampson SD. The phylogeny of Ceratosauria (Dinosauria: Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="2008">
<number box="[1485,1498,1525,1549]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="8.0">8</number>
</bibRefCitation>
]. Very weak flexor tubercles are present, but the claw sheath grooves are not caudally forked as in abelisauroids [
<bibRefCitation author="Novas FE &amp; Bandyopadhyay S." box="[714,740,1594,1618]" journalOrPublisher="Asociacion Paleontologica Argentina Publicacion Especial, Buenos Aires" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="145 - 149" part="7" refId="ref21268" refString="63. Novas FE, Bandyopadhyay S. Abelisaurid pedal unguals from the Late Cretaceous of India. Asociacion Paleontologica Argentina Publicacion Especial, Buenos Aires. 2001; 7: 145 - 149." title="Abelisaurid pedal unguals from the Late Cretaceous of India" type="journal article" year="2001">
<number box="[714,740,1594,1618]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="63.0">63</number>
</bibRefCitation>
]. The grooves are well defined and the proximal portion of their ventromedial and ventrolateral edges form little spurs on the ventral aspect of the ungual (
<figureCitation box="[1382,1445,1629,1653]" captionStart="Fig 13" captionStartId="27.[533,565,1602,1622]" captionTargetBox="[533,1337,214,1581]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[533,1337,208,1581]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Fig 13. Right foot of Gualicho shinyae. Right pedal elements of the holotype of Gualicho shinyae including distal ends of metatarsals II and III and phalanges of digits II-IV in (A) ventral, (B) medial, and (C) lateral views. Combinations of Roman and Arabic numerals in (A) identify individual phalanges. Abbreviations: clp, collateral ligament pit; ef, extensor fossa; mt II, metatarsal II; mt III, metatarsal III." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269975/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
Fig 
<number box="[1421,1445,1629,1653]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="13.0">13</number>
</figureCitation>
A) as in 
<emphasis box="[533,660,1664,1688]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Beishanlong</emphasis>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Makovicky PJ &amp; Li DQ &amp; Gao KQ &amp; Lewin M &amp; Erickson GM &amp; Norell MA. A" box="[675,701,1664,1688]" journalOrPublisher="Proc R Soc Lond B" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="191 - 198" part="277" refId="ref21303" refString="64. Makovicky PJ, Li DQ, Gao KQ, Lewin M, Erickson GM, Norell MA. A giant ornithomimosaur from the Early Cretaceous of China. Proc R Soc Lond B. 2010; 277: 191 - 198." title="giant ornithomimosaur from the Early Cretaceous of China" type="journal article" year="2010">
<number box="[675,701,1664,1688]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="64.0">64</number>
</bibRefCitation>
].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="discussion">
<paragraph blockId="26.[533,1502,1754,1897]" box="[533,815,1754,1783]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<heading box="[533,815,1754,1783]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" reason="1">Phylogenetic results</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="26.[533,1502,1754,1897]" lastBlockId="29.[533,1534,405,1227]" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
Addition of 
<taxonomicName box="[662,757,1803,1827]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis box="[662,757,1803,1827]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Gualicho</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName box="[809,956,1803,1827]" class="Reptilia" family="Otozoidae" genus="Deltadromeus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[809,956,1803,1827]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Deltadromeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to the Carrano et al. [
<bibRefCitation author="Carrano MT &amp; Benson RBJ &amp; Sampson SD." box="[1186,1199,1804,1827]" journalOrPublisher="J Syst Palaeont" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="211 - 300" part="10" refId="ref18907" refString="7. Carrano MT, Benson RBJ, Sampson SD. The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda). J Syst Palaeont. 2012; 10 (2): 211 - 300." title="The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="2012">
<number box="[1186,1199,1804,1827]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="7.0">7</number>
</bibRefCitation>
] character-taxon matrix resolves them as basal carcharodontosaurians and sister to the neovenatorid radiation (
<figureCitation captionStart="Fig 14" captionStartId="29.[294,326,202,222]" captionTargetBox="[294,1536,208,1840]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[294,1536,208,1840]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Fig 14. Strict consensus trees of theropod relationships showing alternative phylogenetic positions for Gualicho. (A) Strict consensus of 972 Most Parsimonious Trees (MPTs) of 1075 steps each resulting from analysis of the modified Carrano et al. [7] dataset with Gualicho and Deltadromeus added. Major clade names follow usage in [7]. Numbers above nodes reflect branch support values in excess of 1. (B) Strict consensus of four MPTs of 945 steps each resulting from the analysis of the modified Porfiri et al. [11] dataset with all characters treated as unordered. Clade names and branch supports as in (A). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157793.g014" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6489078" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6489078/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
Fig 
<number box="[533,557,1873,1897]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="14.0">14</number>
A
</figureCitation>
). This result is recovered whether the nine new characters are included or not. Whereas the phylogenetic position of these two fragmentary specimens appears well resolved, support is relatively low, with Bremer support [
<bibRefCitation author="Bremer K." box="[921,947,1808,1832]" journalOrPublisher="Cladistics" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="295 - 304" part="10" refId="ref21347" refString="65. Bremer K. Branch support and tree stability. Cladistics. 1994; 10: 295 - 304." title="Branch support and tree stability" type="journal article" year="1994">
<number box="[921,947,1808,1832]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" value="65.0">65</number>
</bibRefCitation>
] values of 
<number box="[1060,1073,1809,1833]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" value="1.0">1</number>
for most nodes along the spine of the tetanuran radiation. However, the sister-taxon relationship between 
<taxonomicName box="[1215,1310,1843,1867]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis box="[1215,1310,1843,1867]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Gualicho</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName box="[1362,1509,1843,1867]" class="Reptilia" family="Otozoidae" genus="Deltadromeus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1362,1509,1843,1867]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Deltadromeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is relatively robust (branch support = 
<number box="[909,923,406,430]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" value="3.0">3</number>
), despite the fact that both specimens are incomplete. Addition of 
<taxonomicName box="[662,757,440,464]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis box="[662,757,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Gualicho</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
introduces some character conflict, with tree length increasing from 
<number pageId="29" pageNumber="30" value="1053.5" valueMax="1063.0" valueMin="1044.0">
<date pageId="29" pageNumber="30" value="1044" valueMax="1063">1044 to 1063</date>
</number>
steps, and addition of both 
<taxonomicName box="[905,1052,475,499]" class="Reptilia" family="Otozoidae" genus="Deltadromeus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[905,1052,475,499]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Deltadromeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName box="[1103,1198,475,499]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis box="[1103,1198,475,499]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Gualicho</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
increases tree length to 
<number box="[1451,1502,475,499]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" value="1075.0">1075</number>
steps. Comparison to the tree length increases associated with inclusion of other taxa as calculated with a modified version (see S 
<number box="[906,918,544,568]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" value="6.0">6</number>
File) of the ‘Term_lengths’ script (http://phylo.wdfiles. com/local—files/tntwiki/Term_lengths.run) suggests that the tree length increments associated with 
<taxonomicName box="[586,681,613,637]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis box="[586,681,613,637]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Gualicho</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<number box="[696,710,614,638]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" value="9.0">9</number>
steps) and 
<taxonomicName box="[829,976,613,637]" class="Reptilia" family="Otozoidae" genus="Deltadromeus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[829,976,613,637]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Deltadromeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<number box="[989,1016,614,638]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" value="10.0">10</number>
steps) are well below increments associated with other taxa such as 
<taxonomicName box="[727,880,648,672]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" genus="Dilophosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[727,880,648,672]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Dilophosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<number box="[894,921,648,672]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" value="29.0">29</number>
steps), 
<taxonomicName box="[1000,1140,648,671]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratosauridae" genus="Ceratosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1000,1140,648,671]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Ceratosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<number box="[1154,1181,648,672]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" value="19.0">19</number>
steps), and 
<taxonomicName box="[1305,1470,649,672]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Majungasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1305,1470,649,672]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Majungasaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<number box="[1484,1511,648,672]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" value="25.0">25</number>
steps). The conflict is borne in characters for which 
<taxonomicName box="[1079,1174,683,707]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis box="[1079,1174,683,707]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Gualicho</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and more specifically, 
<taxonomicName class="Reptilia" family="Otozoidae" genus="Deltadromeus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Deltadromeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, exhibit character states that are either plesiomorphic for tetanurans or shared with Ceratosauria. Indeed, if 
<taxonomicName box="[736,831,752,776]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis box="[736,831,752,776]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Gualicho</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is excluded from the analysis, 
<taxonomicName box="[1152,1299,752,776]" class="Reptilia" family="Otozoidae" genus="Deltadromeus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1152,1299,752,776]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Deltadromeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
groups with ceratosaurs, mirroring previously published results [
<bibRefCitation author="Carrano MT" box="[1085,1098,787,811]" journalOrPublisher="J Syst Palaeontol" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="183 - 236" part="6" refId="ref18943" refString="8. Carrano MT, Sampson SD. The phylogeny of Ceratosauria (Dinosauria: Theropoda). J Syst Palaeontol 2008; 6: 183 - 236." title="Sampson SD. The phylogeny of Ceratosauria (Dinosauria: Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="2008">8</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Sereno PC &amp; Wilson JA &amp; Conrad JL." box="[1109,1135,787,811]" journalOrPublisher="Proc R Soc Lond B" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="1325 - 1330" part="271" refId="ref19803" refString="30. Sereno PC, Wilson JA, Conrad JL. New dinosaurs link southern landmasses in the mid-Cretaceous. Proc R Soc Lond B. 2008; 271: 1325 - 1330." title="New dinosaurs link southern landmasses in the mid-Cretaceous" type="journal article" year="2008">30</bibRefCitation>
]. Constraining these two taxa to both be ceratosaurs results in an increase in tree length to 
<number box="[1088,1139,822,846]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" value="1079.0">1079</number>
steps.
</paragraph>
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269975/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" targetBox="[533,1337,214,1581]" targetPageId="27">
<paragraph blockId="27.[533,1522,1602,1740]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[533,909,1602,1622]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
Fig 13. Right foot of 
<taxonomicName box="[733,903,1603,1622]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[733,903,1603,1622]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<taxonomicName box="[733,822,1603,1622]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Gualicho</taxonomicName>
shinyae
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Right pedal elements of the holotype of 
<taxonomicName box="[1277,1435,1602,1622]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis box="[1277,1435,1602,1622]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<taxonomicName box="[1277,1360,1602,1622]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Gualicho</taxonomicName>
shinyae
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
including distal ends of metatarsals II and III and phalanges of digits II-IV in (A) ventral, (B) medial, and (C) lateral views. Combinations of Roman and Arabic numerals in (A) identify individual phalanges. Abbreviations: clp, collateral ligament pit; ef, extensor fossa; mt II, metatarsal II; mt III, metatarsal III.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption box="[533,835,1720,1740]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/269976/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" targetBox="[533,1337,214,1581]" targetPageId="27">
<paragraph blockId="27.[533,1522,1602,1740]" box="[533,835,1720,1740]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157793.g013</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6489078" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6489078" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6489078/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" startId="29.[294,326,202,222]" targetBox="[294,1536,208,1840]" targetPageId="28">
<paragraph blockId="29.[294,1535,202,365]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[294,1409,202,222]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
Fig 14. Strict consensus trees of theropod relationships showing alternative phylogenetic positions for 
<taxonomicName box="[1314,1403,203,222]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1314,1403,203,222]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Gualicho</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
(A) Strict consensus of 972 Most Parsimonious Trees (MPTs) of 1075 steps each resulting from analysis of the modified Carrano et al. [
<bibRefCitation author="Carrano MT &amp; Benson RBJ &amp; Sampson SD." box="[1444,1456,229,248]" journalOrPublisher="J Syst Palaeont" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="211 - 300" part="10" refId="ref18907" refString="7. Carrano MT, Benson RBJ, Sampson SD. The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda). J Syst Palaeont. 2012; 10 (2): 211 - 300." title="The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="2012">7</bibRefCitation>
] dataset with 
<taxonomicName box="[336,419,253,273]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis box="[336,419,253,273]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Gualicho</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName box="[463,594,253,273]" class="Reptilia" family="Otozoidae" genus="Deltadromeus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[463,594,253,273]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Deltadromeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
added. Major clade names follow usage in [
<bibRefCitation author="Carrano MT &amp; Benson RBJ &amp; Sampson SD." box="[996,1008,254,273]" journalOrPublisher="J Syst Palaeont" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="211 - 300" part="10" refId="ref18907" refString="7. Carrano MT, Benson RBJ, Sampson SD. The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda). J Syst Palaeont. 2012; 10 (2): 211 - 300." title="The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="2012">7</bibRefCitation>
]. Numbers above nodes reflect branch support values in excess of 1. (B) Strict consensus of four MPTs of 945 steps each resulting from the analysis of the modified Porfiri et al. [
<bibRefCitation author="Porfiri JD &amp; Novas FE &amp; Calvo JO &amp; Agnolin FL &amp; Ezcurra MD &amp; Cerda IA." box="[1391,1414,279,298]" journalOrPublisher="Cretac Res" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="35 - 55" part="51" refId="ref19048" refString="11. Porfiri JD, Novas FE, Calvo JO, Agnolin FL, Ezcurra MD, Cerda IA. Juvenile specimen of Megaraptor (Dinosauria, Theropoda) sheds light about tyrannosauroid radiation. Cretac Res. 2014; 51: 35 - 55." title="Juvenile specimen of Megaraptor (Dinosauria, Theropoda) sheds light about tyrannosauroid radiation" type="journal article" year="2014">11</bibRefCitation>
] dataset with all characters treated as unordered. Clade names and branch supports as in (A).
</paragraph>
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</caption>
<paragraph blockId="29.[533,1534,405,1227]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
In the analysis of the modified Porfiri et al. [
<bibRefCitation author="Porfiri JD &amp; Novas FE &amp; Calvo JO &amp; Agnolin FL &amp; Ezcurra MD &amp; Cerda IA." box="[1030,1056,856,880]" journalOrPublisher="Cretac Res" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="35 - 55" part="51" refId="ref19048" refString="11. Porfiri JD, Novas FE, Calvo JO, Agnolin FL, Ezcurra MD, Cerda IA. Juvenile specimen of Megaraptor (Dinosauria, Theropoda) sheds light about tyrannosauroid radiation. Cretac Res. 2014; 51: 35 - 55." title="Juvenile specimen of Megaraptor (Dinosauria, Theropoda) sheds light about tyrannosauroid radiation" type="journal article" year="2014">
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] dataset, 
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<emphasis box="[1157,1252,856,880]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Gualicho</emphasis>
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was recovered near the base of Coelurosauria (
<figureCitation box="[776,856,891,915]" captionStart="Fig 14" captionStartId="29.[294,326,202,222]" captionTargetBox="[294,1536,208,1840]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[294,1536,208,1840]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Fig 14. Strict consensus trees of theropod relationships showing alternative phylogenetic positions for Gualicho. (A) Strict consensus of 972 Most Parsimonious Trees (MPTs) of 1075 steps each resulting from analysis of the modified Carrano et al. [7] dataset with Gualicho and Deltadromeus added. Major clade names follow usage in [7]. Numbers above nodes reflect branch support values in excess of 1. (B) Strict consensus of four MPTs of 945 steps each resulting from the analysis of the modified Porfiri et al. [11] dataset with all characters treated as unordered. Clade names and branch supports as in (A). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157793.g014" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6489078" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6489078/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
Fig 
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B
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), well removed from either didactyl tyrannosaurids, or the megaraptoran clade it was close to in the Carrano et al. [
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] dataset. Surprisingly, however, our reanalysis following changes to the matrix found 
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<emphasis box="[1051,1172,961,984]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Neovenator</emphasis>
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as sister taxon to a clade of coelurosaurs plus 
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<emphasis box="[688,783,995,1019]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Gualicho</emphasis>
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and megaraptorans rather than as a member of Allosauroidea. We did not find support for megaraptorans as members of Tyrannosauroidea as previously reported [
<bibRefCitation author="Porfiri JD &amp; Novas FE &amp; Calvo JO &amp; Agnolin FL &amp; Ezcurra MD &amp; Cerda IA." box="[542,568,1064,1088]" journalOrPublisher="Cretac Res" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="35 - 55" part="51" refId="ref19048" refString="11. Porfiri JD, Novas FE, Calvo JO, Agnolin FL, Ezcurra MD, Cerda IA. Juvenile specimen of Megaraptor (Dinosauria, Theropoda) sheds light about tyrannosauroid radiation. Cretac Res. 2014; 51: 35 - 55." title="Juvenile specimen of Megaraptor (Dinosauria, Theropoda) sheds light about tyrannosauroid radiation" type="journal article" year="2014">11</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Novas FE &amp; Agnolin FL &amp; Ezcurra MD &amp; Porfiri J &amp; Canale JI." box="[580,606,1064,1088]" journalOrPublisher="Cretac Res" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="174 - 215" part="45" refId="ref19094" refString="12. Novas FE, Agnolin FL, Ezcurra MD, Porfiri J, Canale JI. Evolution of the carnivorous dinosaurs during the Cretaceous: the evidence from Patagonia. Cretac Res. 2013; 45: 174 - 215." title="Evolution of the carnivorous dinosaurs during the Cretaceous: the evidence from Patagonia" type="journal article" year="2013">12</bibRefCitation>
] after rescoring a number of characters in those analyses (see S 
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Text) and running all traits as unordered, although megaraptorans were found to be closer to tyrannosauroids than to the included carcharodontosaurids. The very different results of these two analyses are predicated on significant differences in both taxon- and character sampling, and only a more comprehensive analysis beyond the scope of this description can resolve the disagreement.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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