323 lines
36 KiB
XML
323 lines
36 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="6E4D40053EFF172B0B67B9FE7C72C1CD">Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E1F5216F21FB422E7D7734B40B7E7E20">Guglielmone, Alberto A.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03966A560F77C776BABF8C01B639FC68" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7717511" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209449477" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7717511" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03966A560F77C776BABF8C01B639FC68" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03966A560F77C776BABF8C01B639FC68" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<subSubSection id="C32588CB0F77C777BABF8C01B749F881" box="[151,551,1842,1869]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B80DB400F77C777BABF8C01B749F881" blockId="28.[151,1436,1842,2013]" box="[151,551,1842,1869]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<emphasis id="B94B07520F77C777BABF8C01B5A6F881" bold="true" box="[151,200,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">197.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F77C777BAF88C00B74CF881" ID-CoL="3QGL7" ID-ENA="2023215" authority="Neumann, 1899" authorityName="Neumann" authorityYear="1899" box="[208,546,1842,1869]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rasus">
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<emphasis id="B94B07520F77C777BAF88C00B40DF881" bold="true" box="[208,355,1842,1869]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Ixodes rasus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F77C777BB438C01B74CF881" author="Neumann, L. G." box="[363,546,1843,1869]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="107 - 294" refId="ref235222" refString="Neumann, L. G. (1899) Revision de la famille des ixodides (3 e memoire). Memoires de la Societe Zoologique de France, 12, 107 - 294." type="journal article" year="1899">Neumann, 1899</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32588CB0F77C777B8058C01B1ADF811" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="8B80DB400F77C777B8058C01B1ADF811" blockId="28.[151,1436,1842,2013]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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Afrotropical: 1)
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<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F77C777B8CF8C01B631F881" box="[743,863,1843,1869]" name="Cameroon" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
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, 2)
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<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F77C777B9A28C01B1C7F881" box="[906,1193,1843,1869]" name="Central African Republic" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Central African Republic</collectingCountry>
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, 3)
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<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F77C777BEFD8C01B04CF881" box="[1237,1314,1843,1869]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Congo</collectingCountry>
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, 4)
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<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F77C777BF668C01B4B7F8BD" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Democratic Republic of the Congo</collectingCountry>
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, 5)
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<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F77C777B8298C65B7BEF8BD" box="[513,720,1879,1905]" name="Equatorial Guinea" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Equatorial Guinea</collectingCountry>
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, 6)
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<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F77C777B8DF8C65B62AF8BD" box="[759,836,1879,1905]" name="Gabon" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Gabon</collectingCountry>
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, 7)
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<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F77C777B9448C65B6D6F8BD" box="[876,952,1879,1905]" name="Ghana" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Ghana</collectingCountry>
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, 8)
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<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F77C777B9F78C65B15DF8BD" box="[991,1075,1879,1905]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Guinea</collectingCountry>
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, 9)
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<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F77C777BE738C65B18EF8BD" box="[1115,1248,1879,1905]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Ivory Coast</collectingCountry>
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, 10)
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<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F77C777BF3D8C65B003F8BD" box="[1301,1389,1879,1905]" name="Malawi" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Malawi</collectingCountry>
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, 11)
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<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F77C777BABF8C49B580F859" box="[151,238,1915,1941]" name="Nigeria" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
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, 12)
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<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F77C777BB0D8C49B4EAF859" box="[293,388,1915,1941]" name="Rwanda" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Rwanda</collectingCountry>
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, 13)
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<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F77C777BB928C49B77BF859" box="[442,533,1915,1941]" name="Senegal" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Senegal</collectingCountry>
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, 14)
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<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F77C777B8648C49B7B3F859" box="[588,733,1915,1941]" name="South Sudan" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">South Sudan</collectingCountry>
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, 15)
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<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F77C777B93B8C49B621F859" box="[787,847,1915,1941]" name="Togo" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Togo</collectingCountry>
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, 16)
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<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F77C777B9AE8C49B68EF859" box="[902,992,1915,1941]" name="Uganda" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Uganda</collectingCountry>
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, 17)
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<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F77C777BE3F8C49B101F859" box="[1047,1135,1915,1941]" name="Zambia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Zambia</collectingCountry>
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, 18)
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<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F77C777BE8E8C49B070F859" box="[1190,1310,1915,1941]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
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||
(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F77C777BF048C49B5BFF875" author="Rousselot, R." pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="307 - 309" refId="ref248284" refString="Rousselot, R. (1951) Ixodes de l'Afrique noire. Bulletin de la Societe de Pathologie Exotique, 44, 307 - 309." type="journal article" year="1951">Rousselot 1951</bibRefCitation>
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||
,
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F77C777BAF48CADB48BF875" author="Arthur, D. R. & Burrow, C." box="[220,485,1950,1977]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="493 - 537" refId="ref173622" refString="Arthur, D. R. & Burrow, C. (1957) The Ixodes rasus group of African ticks with descriptions of four new species (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 116, 493 - 537." type="journal article" year="1957">Arthur & Burrow 1957</bibRefCitation>
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||
,
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F77C777BBD88CADB780F875" author="Elbl A & Anastos, G." box="[496,750,1951,1977]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refId="ref191066" refString="Elbl A. & Anastos, G. (1966 b) Ixodid ticks (Acarina, Ixodidae) of Central Africa. Volume II. Genus Ixodes Latreille, 1795. Annales du Musee Royal de I ' Afrique Centrale, Serie 8, Sciences Zoologiques, (146) 205 pp." type="book" year="1966">Elbl & Anastos 1966b</bibRefCitation>
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||
,
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F77C777B8D08CADB6A0F875" author="Aeschlimann, A." box="[760,974,1951,1977]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="281 - 405" refId="ref167319" refString="Aeschlimann, A. (1967) Biologie et ecologie des tiques (Ixodoidea) de Cote d'Ivoire. Acta Tropica, 24, 281 - 405." type="journal article" year="1967">Aeschlimann 1967</bibRefCitation>
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||
,
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F77C777B9F28CADB194F875" author="Matthysse, J. G. & Colbo, M. H." box="[986,1274,1951,1977]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refId="ref229336" refString="Matthysse, J. G. & Colbo, M. H. (1987) The ixodid ticks of Uganda. Entomological Society of America, College, Park, Maryland, 426 pp." type="book" year="1987">Matthysse & Colbo 1987</bibRefCitation>
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||
,
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F77C777BF2D8CADB47FF811" author="Konstantinov, O. K. & Balde, M. C. & Tchounina, L. M. & Mourzin, S. V. & Popov, N. V. & Tchebotarev, A. N." pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="85 - 92" refId="ref221394" refString="Konstantinov, O. K., Balde, M. C., Tchounina, L. M., Mourzin, S. V., Popov, N. V. & Tchebotarev, A. N., (1990) Ticks of the family Ixodidae as arbovirus reservoirs in the Republic of Guinea. I. Fauna and ecology of ticks. Revue d'Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux, 43, 85 - 92. https: // doi. org / 10.19182 / remvt. 8902" type="journal article" year="1990">
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||
Konstantinov
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||
<emphasis id="B94B07520F77C777BABF8CF1B5A1F811" box="[151,207,1987,2013]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1990
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F77C777BB348CF1B4CDF811" author="Morel, P. C." box="[284,419,1987,2013]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refId="ref232231" refString="Morel, P. C. (2003) Les tiques d'Afrique et du Bassin mediterraneen (1965 - 1995). CIRAD-EMVT, 1342 pp." type="book" year="2003">Morel 2003</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F77C777BB868CF1B7B5F811" author="Ntiamoa-Baidu, Y. & Carr-Saunders, C. & Matthews, B. E. & Preston, P. M. & Walker, A. R." box="[430,731,1987,2013]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="245 - 260" refId="ref237264" refString="Ntiamoa-Baidu, Y., Carr-Saunders, C., Matthews, B. E., Preston, P. M. & Walker, A. R. (2004) An updated list of the ticks of Ghana and an assessment of the distribution of the ticks of Ghanaian wild mammals in different vegetation zones. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 94, 245 - 260. https: // doi. org / 10.1079 / BER 2004302" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Ntiamoa-Baidu
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||
<emphasis id="B94B07520F77C777B8498CF1B7F4F811" box="[609,666,1987,2013]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
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||
2004
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F77C777B8CE8CF1B6D4F811" author="Pourrut, X. & Emane, K. A. & Camicas, J. L. & Leroy, E. & Gonzalez, J. P." box="[742,954,1987,2013]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="465 - 471" refId="ref244172" refString="Pourrut, X., Emane, K. A., Camicas, J. L., Leroy, E. & Gonzalez, J. P. (2011) Contribution to the knowledge of ticks (Acarina: Ixodidae) in Gabon. Acarologia, 51, 465 - 471. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / acarologia / 20112028" type="journal article" year="2011">
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||
Pourrut
|
||
<emphasis id="B94B07520F77C777B9698CF1B614F811" box="[833,890,1987,2013]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
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2011
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F77C777B9ED8CF1B1D6F811" author="Uilenberg, G. & Estrada-Pena, A. & Thal, J." box="[965,1208,1987,2013]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref260920" refString="Uilenberg, G., Estrada-Pena, A. & Thal, J. (2013) Ticks of the Central African Republic. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 60, 1 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10493 - 012 - 9605 - 2" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Uilenberg
|
||
<emphasis id="B94B07520F77C777BE148CF1B11AF811" box="[1084,1140,1987,2013]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32588CB0F76C776BAEF8BA5B639FC68" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="discussion">
|
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<paragraph id="8B80DB400F76C776BAEF8BA5B4EFFF19" blockId="29.[151,1437,150,933]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F76C776BAEF8BA5B412FF7D" author="Keirans, J. E." box="[199,380,150,177]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="1 - 1785" refId="ref214582" refString="Keirans, J. E. (1985 b) George Henry Falkiner Nuttall and the Nuttall tick catalogue. United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Miscellaneous Publication, (1438), 1 - 1785. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 65326" type="journal article" year="1985">Keirans (1985b)</bibRefCitation>
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||
found that several specimens of
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F76C776B8CD8BA5B61FFF7C" box="[741,881,151,177]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rasus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94B07520F76C776B8CD8BA5B61FFF7C" box="[741,881,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Ixodes rasus</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
in the Nuttall Tick Collection were, in fact,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F76C776BF7B8BA5B414FF19" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1943" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cumulatimpunctatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94B07520F76C776BF7B8BA5B414FF19" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Ixodes cumulatimpunctatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B80DB400F76C776BAEF8BEDB771FD49" blockId="29.[151,1437,150,933]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F76C776BAEF8BEDB416FF35" author="Kolonin, G. V." box="[199,376,223,249]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" refId="ref221361" refString="Kolonin, G. V. (2009) Fauna of ixodid ticks of the world. https: // archive. is / CtZk. Last accessed February 11, 2022." type="url" year="2009">Kolonin (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
vaguely discussed the geographic distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F76C776B9928BEDB124FF34" box="[954,1098,223,249]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rasus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94B07520F76C776B9928BEDB124FF34" box="[954,1098,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Ixodes rasus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, stating that it is found from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F76C776BABF8A31B59EFED1" box="[151,240,259,285]" name="Senegal" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Senegal</collectingCountry>
|
||
eastward to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F76C776BB578A31B4A6FED1" box="[383,456,259,285]" name="Kenya" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
and southward to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F76C776B8B08A31B67DFED1" box="[664,787,259,285]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F76C776B9368A31B1EBFED1" author="Guglielmone, A. A. & Robbins, R. G." box="[798,1157,259,285]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" refId="ref199027" refString="Guglielmone, A. A. & Robbins, R. G. (2018) Hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) parasitizing humans. A global overview. Springer, Cham, 314 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 95552 - 0" type="book" year="2018">Guglielmone & Robbins (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
maintained that the geographic distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F76C776BBB38A15B747FE8C" box="[411,553,295,321]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rasus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94B07520F76C776BBB38A15B747FE8C" box="[411,553,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Ixodes rasus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not well defined, and these authors did not include
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F76C776BEB98A15B187FE8D" box="[1169,1257,295,321]" name="Malawi" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Malawi</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F76C776BEDD8A15B03EFE8D" box="[1269,1360,295,321]" name="Senegal" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Senegal</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F76C776BF748A15B0F6FE8D" box="[1372,1432,295,321]" name="Togo" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Togo</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F76C776BABF8A79B583FEA9" box="[151,237,331,357]" name="Zambia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Zambia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F76C776BB0F8A79B4F1FEA9" box="[295,415,331,357]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
|
||
within the range of this tick. Specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F76C776B9B38A79B144FEA8" box="[923,1066,331,357]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rasus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94B07520F76C776B9B38A79B144FEA8" box="[923,1066,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Ixodes rasus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from southern Africa, including
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F76C776BABF8A5DB461FE45" box="[151,271,367,393]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
|
||
(as
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F76C776BB6A8A5DB778FE45" box="[322,534,367,393]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">southern Rhodesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
) in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F76C776B86E8A5DB789FE45" author="Nuttall, G. H. F." box="[582,743,367,393]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="294 - 337" refId="ref237548" refString="Nuttall, G. H. F. (1916) Notes on ticks. IV. Relating to the genus Ixodes and including a description of three new species and two varieties. Parasitology, 8, 294 - 337. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0031182000010623" type="journal article" year="1916">Nuttall (1916)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F76C776B90A8A5DB6A9FE45" author="Cooley, R. A." box="[802,967,367,393]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="23 - 42" refId="ref184436" refString="Cooley, R. A. (1934) A search for tick parasites in South Africa. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 3, 23 - 42." type="journal article" year="1934">Cooley (1934)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
were found to belong to another species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F76C776BAB78AA1B407FE61" author="Hoogstraal, H." box="[159,361,402,429]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" refId="ref202266" refString="Hoogstraal, H. (1956 a) African Ixodoidea. I. Ticks of the Sudan (with special reference to Equatoria Province and with preliminary reviews of the genera Boophilus, Margaropus and Hyalomma). Research Report NM 005 050. 29. 07, Department of the Navy, Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, Washington D. C., 1101 pp." type="book" year="1956">Hoogstraal 1956a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F76C776BB5A8AA1B719FE61" author="Arthur, D. R. & Burrow, C." box="[370,631,402,429]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="493 - 537" refId="ref173622" refString="Arthur, D. R. & Burrow, C. (1957) The Ixodes rasus group of African ticks with descriptions of four new species (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 116, 493 - 537." type="journal article" year="1957">Arthur & Burrow 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F76C776B8D48AA1B6B6FE61" author="Norval, R. A. I. & Spickett, A. M. & Clifford, C. M." box="[764,984,403,429]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref236857" refString="Norval, R. A. I., Spickett, A. M. & Clifford, C. M. (1987) The ticks of Zimbabwe. XVI. The genus Ixodes. Zimbabwe Veterinary Journal, 18, 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="1987">
|
||
Norval
|
||
<emphasis id="B94B07520F76C776B9788AA1B6E6FE61" box="[848,904,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1987)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
stated that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F76C776BE7F8AA1B18DFE60" box="[1111,1251,403,429]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rasus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94B07520F76C776BE7F8AA1B18DFE60" box="[1111,1251,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Ixodes rasus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was collected in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F76C776BABF8A85B461FE1D" box="[151,271,439,465]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
|
||
after 1957, although specimens were unavailable for further evaluation, while
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F76C776BEAD8A85B0F2FE1D" author="Arthur, D. R. & Burrow, C." box="[1157,1436,438,465]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="493 - 537" refId="ref173622" refString="Arthur, D. R. & Burrow, C. (1957) The Ixodes rasus group of African ticks with descriptions of four new species (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 116, 493 - 537." type="journal article" year="1957">Arthur & Burrow (1957)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
stated that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F76C776BB398AE9B4F0FE38" box="[273,414,475,501]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rasus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94B07520F76C776BB398AE9B4F0FE38" box="[273,414,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Ixodes rasus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been found in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F76C776B85B8AE9B7A7FE39" box="[627,713,475,501]" name="Zambia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Zambia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(as
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F76C776B8DF8AE9B6A5FE39" box="[759,971,475,501]" name="Zambia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">northern Rhodesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
). Nevertheless,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F76C776BE538AE9B07CFE39" author="Morel, P. C." box="[1147,1298,475,501]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" refId="ref232231" refString="Morel, P. C. (2003) Les tiques d'Afrique et du Bassin mediterraneen (1965 - 1995). CIRAD-EMVT, 1342 pp." type="book" year="2003">Morel (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
doubted the presence of this tick in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F76C776BBB38ACDB77DFDD5" box="[411,531,511,537]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F76C776B8618ACDB7CFFDD5" box="[585,673,511,537]" name="Zambia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Zambia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F76C776B8F48ACDB61CFDD5" author="Colbo, M. H." box="[732,882,511,537]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="97 - 105" refId="ref184126" refString="Colbo, M. H. (1973) Ticks of Zambian wild animals: a preliminary checklist. Puku, (7), 97 - 105." type="journal article" year="1973">Colbo (1973)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F76C776B9808ACDB122FDD5" author="Tandon, S. K." box="[936,1100,511,537]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="1 - 175" refId="ref256942" refString="Tandon, S. K. (1991) The ixodid ticks of Zambia (Acarina: Ixodidae). A study of distribution, ecology and host relationships. Occasional Paper of the Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 134, 1 - 175." type="journal article" year="1991">Tandon (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
did not list
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F76C776BEFA8ACDB031FDD4" box="[1234,1375,511,537]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rasus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94B07520F76C776BEFA8ACDB031FDD4" box="[1234,1375,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Ixodes rasus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F76C776BABF8911B59EFDF1" box="[151,240,547,573]" name="Zambia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Zambia</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F76C776BAD38911B41DFDF1" box="[251,371,547,573]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F76C776BB808911B490FDF1" box="[424,510,547,573]" name="Zambia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Zambia</collectingCountry>
|
||
as well as
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F76C776B8508911B7A0FDF1" box="[632,718,547,573]" name="Malawi" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Malawi</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F76C776B92C8911B631FDF1" box="[772,863,547,573]" name="Senegal" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Senegal</collectingCountry>
|
||
, countries that are also named by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F76C776BEF18911B58AFDAD" author="Arthur, D. R. & Burrow, C." pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="493 - 537" refId="ref173622" refString="Arthur, D. R. & Burrow, C. (1957) The Ixodes rasus group of African ticks with descriptions of four new species (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 116, 493 - 537." type="journal article" year="1957">Arthur & Burrow (1957)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, are provisionally included within the range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F76C776B8D68975B6E2FDAC" box="[766,908,583,609]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rasus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94B07520F76C776B8D68975B6E2FDAC" box="[766,908,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Ixodes rasus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, pending further morphological and molecular studies of this problematic species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B80DB400F76C776BAEF89BDB7A0FCD8" blockId="29.[151,1437,150,933]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F76C776BAEF89BDB408FD65" author="Nuttall, G. H. F." box="[199,358,655,681]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="294 - 337" refId="ref237548" refString="Nuttall, G. H. F. (1916) Notes on ticks. IV. Relating to the genus Ixodes and including a description of three new species and two varieties. Parasitology, 8, 294 - 337. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0031182000010623" type="journal article" year="1916">Nuttall (1916)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
diagnosed as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F76C776B82A89BDB7E0FD64" box="[514,654,655,681]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rasus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94B07520F76C776B82A89BDB7E0FD64" box="[514,654,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Ixodes rasus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
a specimen collected in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F76C776B9B689BDB16EFD65" box="[926,1024,655,681]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, but
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F76C776BE1D89BDB185FD65" author="Keirans, J. E." box="[1077,1259,654,681]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="1 - 1785" refId="ref214582" refString="Keirans, J. E. (1985 b) George Henry Falkiner Nuttall and the Nuttall tick catalogue. United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Miscellaneous Publication, (1438), 1 - 1785. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 65326" type="journal article" year="1985">Keirans (1985b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reexamined the specimen and identified it as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F76C776BBF38981B725FD01" box="[475,587,691,717]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94B07520F76C776BBF38981B74AFD01" box="[475,548,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Ixodes</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F76C776B8798981B637FD01" author="Elbl A & Anastos, G." box="[593,857,691,717]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" refId="ref191066" refString="Elbl A. & Anastos, G. (1966 b) Ixodid ticks (Acarina, Ixodidae) of Central Africa. Volume II. Genus Ixodes Latreille, 1795. Annales du Musee Royal de I ' Afrique Centrale, Serie 8, Sciences Zoologiques, (146) 205 pp." type="book" year="1966">Elbl & Anastos (1966b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
listed as valid a record of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F76C776BE558981B067FD00" box="[1149,1289,691,717]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rasus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94B07520F76C776BE558981B067FD00" box="[1149,1289,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Ixodes rasus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F76C776BF648981B0F6FD01" box="[1356,1432,691,717]" name="Kenya" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
, but
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F76C776BAE989E5B40CFD3D" author="Walker, J. B." box="[193,354,727,753]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" refId="ref262953" refString="Walker, J. B. (1974) The ixodid ticks of Kenya. A review of present knowledge of their hosts and distribution. Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, London, 220 pp." type="book" year="1974">Walker (1974)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
stated that the presence of this tick in that country requires confirmation.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F76C776BEBE89E5B19BFD3D" box="[1174,1269,727,753]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F76C776BF0389E5B01AFD3D" box="[1323,1396,727,753]" name="Kenya" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
are therefore excluded from the range of
|
||
<emphasis id="B94B07520F76C776B81189C9B7A0FCD8" box="[569,718,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F76C776B81189C9B7A7FCD8" box="[569,713,763,789]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rasus">Ixodes rasus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B80DB400F76C776BAEF882DB639FC68" blockId="29.[151,1437,150,933]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F76C776BAEF882DB4A4FCF5" author="D'Amico, G. & Estrada-Pena, A. & Kalmar, Z. & Fuh, T. & Petrzelkova, K. & Mihalca, A. D." box="[199,458,799,825]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="654 - 659" refId="ref186358" refString="D'Amico, G., Estrada-Pena, A., Kalmar, Z., Fuh, T., Petrzelkova, K. & Mihalca, A. D. (2018) Redescription of the adult stages of Ixodes (Afrixodes) rasus Neumann, 1899, with notes on its phylogenetic position within the genus Ixodes. Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases, 9, 654 - 659. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ttbdis. 2018.02.006" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
D’Amico
|
||
<emphasis id="B94B07520F76C776BB13882DB418FCF5" box="[315,374,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2018)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
redescribed the male and female of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F76C776B95B882DB16DFCF4" box="[883,1027,799,825]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rasus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94B07520F76C776B95B882DB16DFCF4" box="[883,1027,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Ixodes rasus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and obtained sequences of the 16S rDNA gene from specimens collected in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F76C776B8A78871B6C2FC91" box="[655,940,835,861]" name="Central African Republic" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Central African Republic</collectingCountry>
|
||
, but
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F76C776B9CC8871B067FC91" author="Guglielmone, A. A. & Petney, T. N. & Robbins, R. G." box="[996,1289,835,861]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="1 - 322" refId="ref199904" refString="Guglielmone, A. A., Petney, T. N. & Robbins, R. G. (2020) Ixodidae (Acari: Ixodoidea): descriptions and redescriptions of all known species from 1758 to December 31, 2019. Zootaxa, 4871, 1 - 322. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4871.1.1" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Guglielmone
|
||
<emphasis id="B94B07520F76C776BE568871B1D9FC91" box="[1150,1207,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2020)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
doubted that the specimens used by those authors represent
|
||
<emphasis id="B94B07520F76C776B8B28855B6FDFC4C" box="[666,915,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
bona fide
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F76C776B92F8855B6FDFC4C" box="[775,915,871,897]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rasus">Ixodes rasus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
because of morphological differences between the redescriptions of other authors and the original description.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |