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<mods:title id="98B40D0405830C81C297F956E9A878E9">Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03966A560F0EC70EBABF8A85B181FC4D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7718241" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209449764" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7718241" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03966A560F0EC70EBABF8A85B181FC4D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03966A560F0EC70EBABF8A85B181FC4D" lastPageNumber="102" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
<subSubSection id="C32588CB0F0EC70EBABF8A85B7DFFE1D" box="[151,689,438,465]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B80DB400F0EC70EBABF8A85B7DFFE1D" blockId="101.[151,1437,438,897]" box="[151,689,438,465]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F0EC70EBABF8A85B5A6FE1D" bold="true" box="[151,200,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">173.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F0EC70EBAF98A84B7C3FE1D" ID-CoL="3J832" authority="Nuttall, 1912" authorityName="Nuttall" authorityYear="1912" box="[209,685,438,465]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Haemaphysalis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="warburtoni">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F0EC70EBAF98A84B762FE1D" bold="true" box="[209,524,438,465]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Haemaphysalis warburtoni</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F0EC70EB83C8A85B7C3FE1D" author="Nuttall, G. H. F." box="[532,685,439,465]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="50 - 60" refId="ref237445" refString="Nuttall, G. H. F. (1912) Notes on ticks. II. (1) New species (Amblyomma, Haemaphysalis) (2) Ixodes putus: description of the hitherto unknown larval stage. Parasitology, 5, 50 - 60. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0031182000000081" type="journal article" year="1912">Nuttall, 1912</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32588CB0F0EC70EB8918A85B58EFDD5" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B80DB400F0EC70EB8918A85B58EFDD5" blockId="101.[151,1437,438,897]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
Oriental: 1)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F0EC70EB96D8A85B6E6FE1D" box="[837,904,439,465]" name="China" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">China</collectingCountry>
(south), 2)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F0EC70EBE388A85B13DFE1D" box="[1040,1107,439,465]" name="Nepal" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Nepal</collectingCountry>
(south and central); Palearctic: 1)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F0EC70EBACA8AE9B44BFE39" box="[226,293,475,501]" name="China" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">China</collectingCountry>
(north), 2)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F0EC70EBB818AE9B482FE39" box="[425,492,475,501]" name="Nepal" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Nepal</collectingCountry>
(north and central) (Hoogstraal 1971
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F0EC70EB9BC8AE9B125FE39" author="Kim, H. C. &amp; Ko, S. &amp; Choi, C. Y. &amp; Nam, H. Y. &amp; Chae, H. Y. &amp; Chong, S. T. &amp; Klein, T. A. &amp; Sames, W. J. &amp; Robbins, R. G. &amp; Chae, J. S." box="[916,1099,475,501]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="3 - 10" refId="ref217665" refString="Kim, H. C., Ko, S., Choi, C. Y., Nam, H. Y., Chae, H. Y., Chong, S. T., Klein, T. A., Sames, W. J., Robbins, R. G. &amp; Chae, J. S. (2009) Migratory bird tick surveillance, including a new record of Haemaphysalis ornithophila Hoogstraal and Kohls 1959 (Acari: Ixodidae) from Hong-do (Hong Island), Republic of Korea. Systematic &amp; Applied Acarology, 14, 3 - 10. https: // doi. org / 10.11158 / saa. 14.1.1" type="journal article" year="2009">c, Kolonin 2009</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F0EC70EBE7F8AE9B078FE39" author="Chen, Z. &amp; Yang, X. &amp; Bu, F. &amp; Yang, X. &amp; Yang, X. &amp; Liu, J." box="[1111,1302,475,501]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="393 - 404" refId="ref181677" refString="Chen, Z., Yang, X., Bu, F., Yang, X., Yang, X. &amp; Liu, J. (2010) Ticks (Acari: Ixodoidea: Argasidae, Ixodidae) of China. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 51, 393 - 404. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10493 - 010 - 9335 - 2" type="journal article" year="2010">
Chen
<emphasis id="B94B07520F0EC70EBEB28AE9B1BDFE39" box="[1178,1235,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">et al.</emphasis>
2010
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F0EC70EBF0A8AE9B5BDFDD5" author="Zhao, G. P. &amp; Wang, Y. X. &amp; Fan, Z. W. &amp; Ji, Y. &amp; Liu, M. J. &amp; Zhang, W. H. &amp; Li, X. L. &amp; Zhou, S. X. &amp; Li, H. &amp; Liang, S. &amp; Liu, W. &amp; Yang, Y. &amp; Fang, L. Q." pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="1 - 13" refId="ref267094" refString="Zhao, G. P., Wang, Y. X., Fan, Z. W., Ji, Y., Liu, M. J., Zhang, W. H., Li, X. L., Zhou, S. X., Li, H., Liang, S., Liu, W., Yang, Y. &amp; Fang, L. Q. (2021) Mapping ticks and tick-borne pathogens in China. Nature Communications, 12 (article 1075), 1 - 13. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / s 41467 - 021 - 21375 - 1" type="journal article" year="2021">
Zhao
<emphasis id="B94B07520F0EC70EBF4B8AE9B0F3FE39" box="[1379,1437,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">et al.</emphasis>
2021
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32588CB0F0EC70EBAEF8911B181FC4D" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B80DB400F0EC70EBAEF8911B16DFCD9" blockId="101.[151,1437,438,897]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
The range of
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F0EC70EBB498911B7FAFDF1" authorityName="Nuttall" authorityYear="1912" box="[353,660,547,573]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Haemaphysalis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="warburtoni">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F0EC70EBB498911B7FAFDF1" box="[353,660,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Haemaphysalis warburtoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is unclear. Hoogstraal (1966b),
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F0EC70EBE2B8911B1DDFDF1" author="Robbins, R. G." box="[1027,1203,546,573]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="245 - 253" refId="ref246477" refString="Robbins, R. G. (2005) The ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Argasidae, Ixodidae) of Taiwan: a synonymic checklist. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 107, 245 - 253." type="journal article" year="2005">Robbins (2005)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F0EC70EBEC48911B428FDAD" author="Guglielmone, A. A. &amp; Robbins, R. G." pageId="101" pageNumber="102" refId="ref199027" refString="Guglielmone, A. A. &amp; Robbins, R. G. (2018) Hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) parasitizing humans. A global overview. Springer, Cham, 314 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 95552 - 0" type="book" year="2018">Guglielmone &amp; Robbins (2018)</bibRefCitation>
listed it as present in
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F0EC70EB81D8975B715FDAD" box="[565,635,583,609]" name="China" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">China</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F0EC70EB8AD8975B7D1FDAD" box="[645,703,583,609]" name="India" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">India</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F0EC70EB8DB8975B654FDAD" box="[755,826,583,609]" name="Nepal" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Nepal</collectingCountry>
. However, Hoogstraal (1971c) stated that
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F0EC70EBF248975B03AFDAD" box="[1292,1364,583,609]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Indian" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="101" pageNumber="267" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Indian</taxonomicName>
specimens do not belong to
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F0EC70EBBBA8959B7ADFD49" authorityName="Nuttall" authorityYear="1912" box="[402,707,619,645]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Haemaphysalis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="warburtoni">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F0EC70EBBBA8959B7ADFD49" box="[402,707,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Haemaphysalis warburtoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F0EC70EB8D78959B657FD49" box="[767,825,619,645]" name="India" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">India</collectingCountry>
is not included within this species range in
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F0EC70EBF098959B454FD65" author="Hoogstraal, H. &amp; Kim, K. C." pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="505 - 568" refId="ref204579" refString="Hoogstraal, H. &amp; Kim, K. C. (1985) Tick and mammal coevolution, with emphasis on Haemaphysalis. In: Kim K. C. (Editor), Coevolution of parasitic arthropods and mammals. John Wiley &amp; Sons, New York and other cities, pp. 505 - 568." type="book chapter" year="1985">Hoogstraal &amp; Kim (1985)</bibRefCitation>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F0EC70EBB6C89BDB7F9FD65" author="Geevarghese, G. &amp; Mishra, A. C." box="[324,663,655,681]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" refId="ref197037" refString="Geevarghese, G. &amp; Mishra, A. C. (2011) Haemaphysalis ticks of India. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 260 pp." type="book" year="2011">Geevarghese &amp; Mishra (2011)</bibRefCitation>
have continued to regard this tick as found in
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F0EC70EBEB389BDB1B9FD65" box="[1179,1239,655,681]" name="India" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">India</collectingCountry>
, but their opinion is based on references published before the study of Hoogstraal (1971c); therefore, we exclude
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F0EC70EBE918981B19DFD01" box="[1209,1267,691,717]" name="India" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">India</collectingCountry>
from the range of
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F0EC70EBA9F89E5B484FD3D" authorityName="Nuttall" authorityYear="1912" box="[183,490,727,753]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Haemaphysalis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="warburtoni">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F0EC70EBA9F89E5B484FD3D" box="[183,490,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Haemaphysalis warburtoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A Taiwanese record of
<specimenCount id="9D3910C90F0EC70EB92989E5B6F2FD3D" box="[769,924,727,753]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
of alleged
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F0EC70EBE3689E5B03FFD3D" authorityName="Nuttall" authorityYear="1912" box="[1054,1361,727,753]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Haemaphysalis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="warburtoni">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F0EC70EBE3689E5B03FFD3D" box="[1054,1361,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Haemaphysalis warburtoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
corresponds in fact to
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F0EC70EBB7E89C9B7FEFCD9" box="[342,656,763,789]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Haemaphysalis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosensis">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F0EC70EBB7E89C9B7FEFCD9" box="[342,656,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Haemaphysalis formosensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as explained in
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F0EC70EB96589C9B691FCD9" author="Robbins, R. G." box="[845,1023,762,789]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="245 - 253" refId="ref246477" refString="Robbins, R. G. (2005) The ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Argasidae, Ixodidae) of Taiwan: a synonymic checklist. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 107, 245 - 253." type="journal article" year="2005">Robbins (2005)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80DB400F0EC70EBAEF882DB722FC91" blockId="101.[151,1437,438,897]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
The morphology of
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F0EC70EBB81882DB7B5FCF5" authorityName="Nuttall" authorityYear="1912" box="[425,731,799,825]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Haemaphysalis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="warburtoni">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F0EC70EBB81882DB7B5FCF5" box="[425,731,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Haemaphysalis warburtoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is variable, as discussed in Hoogstraal (1971c), and more than one species may exist under this name.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80DB400F0EC70EBAEF8855B181FC4D" blockId="101.[151,1437,438,897]" box="[199,1263,871,897]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
<collectingRegion id="49FB15A20F0EC70EBAEF8855B581FC4D" box="[199,239,871,897]" country="South Sudan" name="Lakes" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">See</collectingRegion>
also
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F0EC70EBB038855B7D9FC4D" authorityName="Hoogstraal" authorityYear="1966" box="[299,695,871,897]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Haemaphysalis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pospelovashtromae">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F0EC70EBB038855B7D9FC4D" box="[299,695,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Haemaphysalis pospelovashtromae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for its confusion with
<emphasis id="B94B07520F0EC70EB99D8855B181FC4D" box="[949,1263,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F0EC70EB99D8855B185FC4D" authorityName="Nuttall" authorityYear="1912" box="[949,1259,871,897]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Haemaphysalis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="warburtoni">Haemaphysalis warburtoni</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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