230 lines
26 KiB
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230 lines
26 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4658520" ID-GBIF-Dataset="78989402-3ffe-41bf-a69f-9bba3a047743" ID-GBIF-Taxon="180784484" ID-ISSN="0067-1975" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4658520" checkinTime="1617232455312" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Warren, Anne" docDate="1997" docId="039487C8FFB1FFCE50F1F8E4F788FB3A" docLanguage="en" docName="RecAustMus.49.1.25-33.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Records of the Australian Museum 49 (1)" docSource="https://journals.australian.museum/warren-1997-rec-aust-mus-491-2533/" docStyle="DocumentStyle:D3147822FB22E0797CFA40BA2FBFB595.2:RecAustMus.1986-1997.journal_article" docStyleId="D3147822FB22E0797CFA40BA2FBFB595" docStyleName="RecAustMus.1986-1997.journal_article" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Bothriceps major Huxley 1859" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="30" masterDocId="FFADFFB0FFB3FFCB5177FFEEFFEFF772" masterDocTitle="A tetrapod fauna from the Permian of the Sydney Basin" masterLastPageNumber="33" masterPageNumber="25" pageId="2" pageNumber="27" updateTime="1643595256397" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A tetrapod fauna from the Permian of the Sydney Basin</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Warren, Anne</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Records of the Australian Museum</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>1997</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>1997-07-04</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>49</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>1</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>25</mods:start>
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<mods:end>33</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>https://journals.australian.museum/warren-1997-rec-aust-mus-491-2533/</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.3853/j.0067-1975.49.1997.297</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">78989402-3ffe-41bf-a69f-9bba3a047743</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">0067-1975</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">4655086</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4658520" ID-GBIF-Taxon="180784484" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4658520" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039487C8FFB1FFCE50F1F8E4F788FB3A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039487C8FFB1FFCE50F1F8E4F788FB3A" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">
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<paragraph blockId="2.[390,1068,1802,1841]" box="[390,1068,1802,1841]" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">
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<subSubSection box="[390,955,1802,1841]" pageId="2" pageNumber="27" type="nomenclature">
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<taxonomicName authority="Woodward, 1909" authorityName="Huxley" authorityYear="1859" box="[390,955,1802,1841]" class="Amphibia" family="Brachyopidae" genus="Bothriceps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Temnospondyli" pageId="2" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" species="major">
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<heading box="[390,586,1802,1841]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="27" reason="2">
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<emphasis box="[390,586,1802,1841]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">Bothriceps</emphasis>
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</heading>
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<heading box="[616,955,1802,1841]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="27" reason="2">
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<emphasis box="[616,722,1802,1841]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">major</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Woodward, A. S." box="[748,955,1802,1841]" pageId="2" pageNumber="27" pagination="317 - 319" refId="ref4240" refString="Woodward, A. S., 1909. A new labyrinthodont from oil shale at Airly. Records of the Geological Survey of New South Wales 8 (4): 317 - 319." type="journal article" year="1909">Woodward,</bibRefCitation>
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</heading>
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</taxonomicName>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="2" pageNumber="27" type="description">
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1909
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<paragraph blockId="2.[234,1223,1907,3187]" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">
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This specimen (
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<figureCitation box="[529,637,1907,1946]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[395,451,1630,1665]" captionTargetBox="[257,2255,464,1543]" captionText="Fig. 3. The temnospondyl amphibian Bothriceps major; head MMF12697a, body AM F50977." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4658855" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4658855/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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) which was recovered from the Commonwealth Oil Corporation's shale mine at Airly, near Capertee in the west of the Sydney Basin is preserved in three pieces distributed in three different repositories as follows: head, Geological Survey ofNew South Wales, Sydney, MMF l2697a; body, Australian Museum, Sydney, AM
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<accessionNumber box="[660,812,2183,2222]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/F50977" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">F 50977</accessionNumber>
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; counterpart head and body, Natural History Museum, London, BM(NH) R3728.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[234,1223,1907,3187]" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">
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<bibRefCitation author="Woodward, A. S." box="[286,611,2274,2313]" pageId="2" pageNumber="27" pagination="317 - 319" refId="ref4240" refString="Woodward, A. S., 1909. A new labyrinthodont from oil shale at Airly. Records of the Geological Survey of New South Wales 8 (4): 317 - 319." type="journal article" year="1909">Woodward (1909)</bibRefCitation>
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recognised the specimen as a brachyopid amphibian, placing it in the same genus as
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<emphasis box="[237,465,2366,2405]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Huxley" authorityYear="1859" box="[237,458,2366,2405]" class="Amphibia" family="Brachyopidae" genus="Bothriceps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Temnospondyli" pageId="2" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="australis">B. australis</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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presumably because they were both Australian, but decided to separate it specifically because of a difference in the size of its orbits, those of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Woodward" authorityYear="1909" box="[299,466,2504,2543]" class="Amphibia" family="Brachyopidae" genus="Bothriceps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Temnospondyli" pageId="2" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
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<emphasis box="[299,466,2504,2543]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">B. major</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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being relatively smaller.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[234,1223,1907,3187]" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">
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<bibRefCitation author="Watson, D. M. S." box="[285,547,2551,2590]" pageId="2" pageNumber="27" pagination="315 - 392" refId="ref4162" refString="Watson, D. M. S., 1956. The brachyopid labyrinthodonts. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology 2 (8): 315 - 392." type="journal article" year="1956">Watson (1956)</bibRefCitation>
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transferred the specimen to a new genus,
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<emphasis box="[377,633,2596,2635]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Watson" authorityYear="1956" box="[377,627,2596,2635]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhytidosteidae" genus="Trucheosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Temnospondyli" pageId="2" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Trucheosaurus</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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largely because in the few structures clearly shown in the only known specimen it differs from the
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<typeStatus box="[598,669,2688,2727]" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">type</typeStatus>
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of the genus
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Huxley" authorityYear="1859" box="[948,1131,2688,2727]" class="Amphibia" family="Brachyopidae" genus="Bothriceps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Temnospondyli" pageId="2" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[948,1131,2688,2727]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">Bothriceps</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and indeed from all other known genera of the family" and also because "the specimen is important as showing the occurrence of a typical brachyopid at an early horizon".
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[234,1223,1907,3187]" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">
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The name
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<emphasis box="[429,696,2872,2911]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Watson" authorityYear="1956" box="[429,690,2872,2911]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhytidosteidae" genus="Trucheosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Temnospondyli" pageId="2" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Trucheosaurus</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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from the Greek for rags and tatters, reflects Watson's opinion of the state of preservation of the specimen. It was returned to
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Huxley" authorityYear="1859" box="[235,424,3010,3049]" class="Amphibia" family="Brachyopidae" genus="Bothriceps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Temnospondyli" pageId="2" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[235,424,3010,3049]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">Bothriceps</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by
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<bibRefCitation author="Welles, S. P. & R. Estes" box="[527,1008,3010,3049]" pageId="2" pageNumber="27" pagination="1 - 56" refId="ref4196" refString="Welles, S. P., & R. Estes, 1969. Hadrokkosaurus bradyi from the Upper Moenkopi Formation of Arizona with a review of the brachyopid labyrinthodonts. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 84: 1 - 56." type="journal article" year="1969">Welles and Estes (1969)</bibRefCitation>
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. All three blocks of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Woodward" authorityYear="1909" box="[428,593,3056,3095]" class="Amphibia" family="Brachyopidae" genus="Bothriceps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Temnospondyli" pageId="2" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
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<emphasis box="[428,593,3056,3095]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">B. major</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are currently being restudied by Dr C. A. Marsicano and myself; we intend removing
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Woodward" authorityYear="1909" box="[234,400,3147,3187]" class="Amphibia" family="Brachyopidae" genus="Bothriceps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Temnospondyli" pageId="2" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
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<emphasis box="[234,400,3147,3187]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">B. major</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from the family
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<taxonomicName box="[752,998,3147,3187]" class="Amphibia" family="Brachyopidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Temnospondyli" pageId="2" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Brachyopidae</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[1291,2278,1801,2254]" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">
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Stratigraphic position. The torbanite from which
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Woodward" authorityYear="1909" class="Amphibia" family="Brachyopidae" genus="Bothriceps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Temnospondyli" pageId="2" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">B. major</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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originated is in the Glen Davis Formation of the Charbon Subgroup, a lower deltaic facies of the Late Permian Illawarra Coal Measures (Eui Kyoo Yoo pers. com., 1995). Palynological evidence indicates that the Glen Davis Formation is older than Tatarian but not older than Kazanian (
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<bibRefCitation author="McMinn, A." box="[1856,2134,2077,2116]" pageId="2" pageNumber="27" pagination="301 - 309" refId="ref3914" refString="McMinn, A., 1985. Palynostratigraphy of the Middle Permian coal sequences of the Sydney Basin. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 32: 301 - 309." type="journal article" year="1985">McMinn, 1985</bibRefCitation>
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; Foster pers. com., 1995). Thus
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Woodward" authorityYear="1909" box="[1756,1919,2123,2162]" class="Amphibia" family="Brachyopidae" genus="Bothriceps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Temnospondyli" pageId="2" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
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<emphasis box="[1756,1919,2123,2162]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">B. major</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is indeed Permian and stratigraphically the earliest recorded member of the stereospondyl radiation.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[1438,2129,2344,2383]" box="[1438,2129,2344,2383]" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">New material from West Wallsend</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[1292,2275,2448,3177]" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">
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A rock fall in 1984 from the roof of the Borehole Seam at the West Wallsend Colliery owned by Oceanic Coal
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<collectingCountry box="[1292,1447,2541,2580]" name="Australia" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">Australia</collectingCountry>
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Ltd. was recognised by mining engineer, Bruce Ross, as containing fossil vertebrates. These are preserved in concretions within a highly carbonaceous shale and have been dorsoventrally compressed and partially metamorphosed so that little detail of their anatomy remains. All appear to have been split through the centre of the specimen so that none present a dorsal or ventral aspect. While the majority of the specimens are fish, as indicated by the presence of lepidotrichia and scales, four concretions appear to contain tetrapod remains.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[1292,2275,2448,3177]" lastBlockId="3.[225,1211,2070,3166]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">
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AM F9542l, AM
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<accessionNumber box="[1670,1799,3000,3039]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/F95122" pageId="2" pageNumber="27">F95122</accessionNumber>
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. These specimens (Figs 4, 5) are part and counterpart of a boomerang shaped concretion which contains most of a tetrapod vertebral column with attached ribs. It is possible to count approximately 24 presacral vertebrae and about ten caudals. A count of between 23 and 26 is typical of the few temnospondyls in which an articulated column is preserved and a similar range is found in early reptiles (
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<bibRefCitation author="Romer, A. S." box="[394,644,2254,2292]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" refId="ref4021" refString="Romer, A. S., 1956. The Osteology of the Reptiles. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, pp xxi + 772." type="book" year="1956">Romer, 1956</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4655093" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4655093" box="[382,1853,1898,1933]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4655093/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" startId="3.[382,436,1898,1933]" targetBox="[250,2205,454,1759]" targetPageId="3">
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<paragraph blockId="3.[382,1853,1898,1933]" box="[382,1853,1898,1933]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[382,441,1898,1933]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">Fig.</emphasis>
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4. Temnospondyl vertebral column from West Wallsend: AM F9542l, AM F95422.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph blockId="3.[225,1211,2070,3166]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">Anteriorly the column is twisted so that neural arches are visible as well as ribs. Here several vertebrae appear typically rhachitomous; neural arches articulate with large pleurocentra separated by smaller intercentra. Posterior to the eighth neural spine the column twists so that it is seen in frontal section, with symmetrically arranged ribs. At centrum twenty four the column again twists revealing two neural arches in the same section as ribs. This part of the column may be immediately postsacral; tetrapods typically have a postsacral area which is rib bearing before the haemal arches begin and the ribs are lost. The final two centra preserved appear to bear haemal arches as well as neural arches.</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="3.[225,1211,2070,3166]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">Beneath vertebrae five and six three bones may be parts of the anterior limb or they could be expanded pectoral ribs.</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="3.[225,1211,2070,3166]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">This specimen appears to be a temnospondyl amphibian as evidenced by the rhachitomous appearance of several of its more anterior vertebrae.</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="3.[1277,2263,2070,3166]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">
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AM
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<accessionNumber box="[1412,1538,2070,2109]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/F97240" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">F97240</accessionNumber>
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(Fig. 6A). Unfortunately the counterpart of this small concretion was not recovered. An articulated but buckled section of vertebral column is represented by approximately fifteen centra at least five of which are associated with ribs. It is not possible to tell whether these represent rhachitomous or stereospondylous centra, or whether they are from temnospondyls or amniotes.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="3.[1277,2263,2070,3166]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">
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AM
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<accessionNumber box="[1425,1551,2391,2430]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/F97241" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">F97241</accessionNumber>
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(Figs 6B, 7). Potentially the most complete of the collection, this specimen, which is preserved in part and counterpart, includes what appear to be cranial and mandibular remains as well as centra, ribs, and possible skin impressions.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="3.[1277,2263,2070,3166]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">A single tooth associated with the mandible is longitudinally infolded in its lower half indicating probable temnospondyl affinity. Although the bones associated with this tooth together define the shape of a mandible none can be positively identified as individual mandibular elements.</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="3.[1277,2263,2070,3166]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">Some of the presumed cranial bones are ornamented, with fine ridges radiating from the centres of ossification. No midline symmetry can be found among these elements and none can be named. Individual bones are larger than expected if they are considered to belong to a skull associated with the</paragraph>
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4655095" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4655095" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4655095/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" startId="4.[377,433,1898,1933]" subCaptionStartIDs="4.[566,669,1940,1975]" subCaptionStarts="figures a" targetBox="[451,1973,532,1725]" targetPageId="4">
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<paragraph blockId="4.[376,2103,1898,2017]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[377,438,1898,1933]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">Fig.</emphasis>
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5. Outline of bones of temnospondyl vertebral column AM
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<accessionNumber box="[1456,1574,1898,1933]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/F95421" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">F95421</accessionNumber>
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. Abbreviations used in this and subsequent figures are as follows: c~centrum, 桳繨慥浡氠 spine, ic~intercentrum, l~limb element, m~ mandible, 灣繰汥畲潣敮瑲畭Ⱐ r~rib, 獾㽳歩渠 impression, t~tooth.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph blockId="4.[218,1209,2145,3148]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">mandible and together they occupy too large an area for such a skull. Therefore it is likely that elements of the pectoral girdle are also present.</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="4.[218,1209,2145,3148]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">
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The two vertebral centra associated with AM
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<accessionNumber box="[1076,1199,2283,2322]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/F97241" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">F97241</accessionNumber>
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could be rhachitomous or stereospondylous.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="4.[218,1209,2145,3148]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">
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Dimpled areas of sediment (Fig. 7) adjacent to the bone in this and AM
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<accessionNumber box="[633,760,2420,2459]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/F97243" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">F97243</accessionNumber>
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may be impressions of soft body parts but equally could be cleavage patterning. They are not present elsewhere on the block of sediment or in the other specimens. Their indentations are too irregular in arrangement to be marks left by small scales and they may be skin impressions.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="4.[218,1209,2145,3148]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">
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This specimen is identified as most likely to be a temnospondyl amphibian on the basis of its infolded teeth. Some fish, notably some sarcopterygians, shared folded teeth with early tetrapods, but the last known of these was
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<emphasis box="[437,692,2880,2919]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">Ectosteorachis</emphasis>
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from the Early Permian. Rarely, actinopterygians may have folded teeth. The absence of lepidotrichia or fish-like scales associated with the specimen suggests that it is not an actinopterygian, and the vertebral centra are rather large and heavily ossified for a fish.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="4.[1276,2260,2144,3148]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">
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AM
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<accessionNumber box="[1415,1545,2144,2183]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/F97242" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">F97242</accessionNumber>
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(Fig. 6C). While this concretion did not split cleanly through the specimen, so that it is fragmented into five main blocks, the colour differentiation is better. Possible cranial material, vertebrae, ribs and limb elements are present. The cranial segment is traversed by a groove which could be a sensory canal and has a raised area which may be a centre of ossification adjacent to the groove. Two slightly curved lateral margins could be the posterolateral borders of interpterygoid vacuities if the element is a parasphenoid. On the other hand they could define the stem of an interclavicle!
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="4.[1276,2260,2144,3148]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">The centra look more reptilian than amphibian, being spool-shaped with one or both ends concave as some sections are solid and others bear a central perforation of varying diameter. Mesozoic temnospondyls sometimes have such centra but Palaeozoic temnospondyls do not, and reptiliomorph amphibians, which do have spool-shaped centra, have not been found in the Southern Hemisphere.</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="4.[1276,2260,2144,3148]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">All limb remains, except one, have flattened rather than rounded ends and could be temnospondyl or reptile.</paragraph>
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4658857" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4658857" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4658857/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" targetBox="[247,2208,386,2378]" targetPageId="5">
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<paragraph blockId="5.[378,2106,2456,2658]" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[378,438,2456,2491]" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">Fig.</emphasis>
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6. Outline drawings ofbones discernible on A-AM F97240, tetrapod vertebral column; B-AM F97241,? temnospondyl remains; C-AM F97242, tetrapod? cranial (left) and postcranial (centre and right) elements. In B the tooth is transposed from the counterpart. Photographs of specimens A and C are not provided as too little colour differentiation exists between bone and sediment. The three areas of bone depicted in C are shown in their natural relationship.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph blockId="5.[223,1204,2783,3052]" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">Their size indicates that they are distal limb elements or metapodials.</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="5.[223,1204,2783,3052]" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">
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AM
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<accessionNumber box="[356,493,2875,2914]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/F97243" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">F97243</accessionNumber>
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. All remains on this fragmented block are carbonised and difficult to differentiate from the matrix. It appears to be a partial articulated vertebral column with associated ribs.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="5.[223,1202,3094,3179]" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[224,648,3094,3133]" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">Stratigraphic position.</emphasis>
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The Borehole Seam is the lowermost part of the Lambton Subgroup and lies
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="5.[1275,2262,2783,3144]" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">
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immediately above the Waratah Sandstone which forms the base of the
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<collectingRegion box="[1621,1798,2829,2868]" country="United Kingdom" name="Newcastle upon Tyne" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">Newcastle</collectingRegion>
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Coal Measures in the
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<collectingRegion box="[1275,1450,2875,2914]" country="United Kingdom" name="Newcastle upon Tyne" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">Newcastle</collectingRegion>
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area (
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<bibRefCitation author="McMinn, A." box="[1567,1832,2875,2914]" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" pagination="301 - 309" refId="ref3914" refString="McMinn, A., 1985. Palynostratigraphy of the Middle Permian coal sequences of the Sydney Basin. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 32: 301 - 309." type="journal article" year="1985">McMinn, 1985</bibRefCitation>
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|
). The Borehole Seam is Kazanian in age (
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<bibRefCitation author="Diessel, C. F. K." box="[1657,1934,2921,2960]" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" pagination="100 - 114" refId="ref3709" refString="Diessel, C. F. K., 1980. Newcastle and Tomago Coal Measures. Pp 100 - 114. In Herbert, C. & Helby, R. eds. 1980. A guide to the Sydney Basin. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of New South Wales 26." type="journal article" year="1980">Diessel, 1980</bibRefCitation>
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|
). On McMinn's palynostratigraphic correlation of the Upper Permian of the Sydney Basin (1985, fig. 3) it is a little younger than the Glen Davis Formation from which the temnospondyl,
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<emphasis box="[1548,1865,3105,3144]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">
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|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Woodward" authorityYear="1909" box="[1548,1859,3105,3144]" class="Amphibia" family="Brachyopidae" genus="Bothriceps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Temnospondyli" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">Bothriceps major</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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was recovered.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</paragraph>
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</treatment>
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</document> |