330 lines
41 KiB
XML
330 lines
41 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="B84D4B36AB5895B6C8D7538CD213EB11">Phylogenetic Classification of the Atlides Section of the Eumaeini (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9F2D1D8521554E262DCD4EA820D07B86">Martins, Ananda Regina P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="35FD408BCAA98C4DFB77B6C97215FECB">Robbins, Robert K.</mods:namePart>
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<paragraph id="8B86682B7B02FFABFF5BFDC9FE3C7E65" blockId="2.[151,388,582,608]" box="[151,388,582,608]" pageId="2" pageNumber="121">
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<heading id="D0CEDF477B02FFABFF5BFDC9FE3C7E65" bold="true" box="[151,388,582,608]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="121" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B94DB4397B02FFABFF5BFDC9FE3C7E65" bold="true" box="[151,388,582,608]" pageId="2" pageNumber="121">
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The
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<taxonomicName id="4C3913A87B02FFABFF03FDC9FE9A7E65" ID-CoL="9CK2L" box="[207,290,582,608]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Atlides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94DB4397B02FFABFF03FDC9FE9A7E65" bold="true" box="[207,290,582,608]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="121">Atlides</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Section
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B86682B7B02FFABFF5BFD02FE8C7FC3" blockId="2.[151,1437,653,966]" pageId="2" pageNumber="121">
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Six synapomorphies characterize the
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<taxonomicName id="4C3913A87B02FFABFDF0FD02FD327EA3" box="[572,650,653,678]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Atlides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94DB4397B02FFABFDF0FD02FD327EA3" box="[572,650,653,678]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="121">Atlides</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Section in the phylogenetic results (
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<tableCitation id="C6BB5D907B02FFABFBEAFD02FBC47EA3" box="[1062,1148,653,678]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,239,1013,1036]" captionText="TABLE 1. List of synapomorphies from the phylogenetic analysis of the Atlides Section (Martins et al. 2018)." pageId="2" pageNumber="121">Table 1</tableCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="130274AE7B02FFABFB46FD02FB767EA3" box="[1162,1230,653,678]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionText="FIGURE 8. Cladogram modified from Martins et al. (2018)." pageId="2" pageNumber="121">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
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), including a cleft anal angle of the hindwing (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA815DA7B02FFABFE02FD3EFD107ECF" author="Martins, A. R. P. & Duarte, M. & Robbins, R. K." box="[462,680,689,714]" pageId="2" pageNumber="121" pagination="1 - 25" refId="ref9760" refString="Martins, A. R. P., Duarte, M. & Robbins, R. K. (2018) Evolution of male secondary sexual organs in hairstreak butterflies (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae). Cladistics, 1 - 25." type="book chapter" year="2018">
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Martins
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<emphasis id="B94DB4397B02FFABFDE1FD3DFDDD7ECF" box="[557,613,689,714]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="121">et al.</emphasis>
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2018
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</bibRefCitation>
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). This trait was used historically to characterize the group (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA815DA7B02FFABFAF5FD3EFEF87EEB" author="Godman, F. D. & Salvin, O." pageId="2" pageNumber="121" refId="ref9506" refString="Godman, F. D. & Salvin, O. (1887 - 1901) Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta. Lepidoptera-Rhopalocera. Fam. Lycaenidae. London, Dulau & Co., Bernard Quaritch, 2, 112 pp." type="book" year="1887">
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Godman & Salvin
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<date id="FF874EEB7B02FFABFECAFD59FEF87EEB" box="[262,320,726,750]" pageId="2" pageNumber="121" value="1887" valueMax="1901">1887</date>
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</bibRefCitation>
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–1901;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA815DA7B02FFABFE59FD5AFDFD7EEB" author="Robbins, R. K." box="[405,581,725,750]" pageId="2" pageNumber="121" refId="ref9921" refString="Robbins, R. K. (2004 a) Introduction to the checklist of Eumaeini (Lycaenidae). In: Lamas, G. (Ed.), Checklist: Part 4 A. Hesperioidea - Papilionoidea. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Folume 5 A. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera, Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, pp. xxiv-xxx." type="book" year="2004">Robbins 2004a</bibRefCitation>
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). It occurs in all species of the
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<taxonomicName id="4C3913A87B02FFABFC7BFD5AFBBD7EEB" box="[951,1029,725,750]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Atlides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94DB4397B02FFABFC7BFD5AFBBD7EEB" box="[951,1029,725,750]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="121">Atlides</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Section (illustrated for each genus,
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<figureCitation id="130274AE7B02FFABFF5BFD76FEA97F17" box="[151,273,761,786]" captionStart="FIGURES 9–15" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1027,1049]" captionTargetBox="[171,1426,412,991]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1437,397,1006]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 9–15. Hindwing anal lobe cleft (black arrows). 9. Arcas imperialis, 10. Brangas getus, 11. Atlides cosa (with a forewing double scent pad in the discal cell—red arrow), 12. Theritas drucei, 13. Lucilda danaus, 14. Pseudolycaena damo, 15. Denivia silma." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601021/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="121">Figs. 9–15</figureCitation>
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). The cleft anal angle occurs at vein 2A, which usually terminates on the distal side of the indentation. Indentations are unreported in other
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<taxonomicName id="4C3913A87B02FFABFDF2FC92FD157F33" authorityName="E.Doubleday" authorityYear="1847" box="[574,685,797,822]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Eumaeini">Eumaeini</taxonomicName>
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, except for two species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C3913A87B02FFABFC25FC92FBDF7F33" box="[1001,1127,797,822]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Panthiades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94DB4397B02FFABFC25FC92FBDF7F33" box="[1001,1127,797,822]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="121">Panthiades</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA815DA7B02FFABFBB4FC92FA357F33" author="Godman, F. D. & Salvin, O." box="[1144,1421,797,822]" pageId="2" pageNumber="121" refId="ref9506" refString="Godman, F. D. & Salvin, O. (1887 - 1901) Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta. Lepidoptera-Rhopalocera. Fam. Lycaenidae. London, Dulau & Co., Bernard Quaritch, 2, 112 pp." type="book" year="1887">
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Godman & Salvin
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<date id="FF874EEB7B02FFABFA9AFC91FA357F33" box="[1366,1421,798,822]" pageId="2" pageNumber="121" value="1887" valueMax="1901">1887</date>
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</bibRefCitation>
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– 1901). The depth of the cleft anal angle was treated as three states in the phylogenetic analysis (
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA815DA7B02FFABFB72FCCEFA297F5F" author="Martins, A. R. P. & Duarte, M. & Robbins, R. K." box="[1214,1425,833,858]" pageId="2" pageNumber="121" pagination="1 - 25" refId="ref9760" refString="Martins, A. R. P., Duarte, M. & Robbins, R. K. (2018) Evolution of male secondary sexual organs in hairstreak butterflies (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae). Cladistics, 1 - 25." type="book chapter" year="2018">
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||
Martins
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<emphasis id="B94DB4397B02FFABFAD1FCCDFAF47F5C" box="[1309,1356,834,857]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="121">et a.</emphasis>
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2018
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</bibRefCitation>
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). As noted by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA815DA7B02FFABFEE1FCEAFDF27F7B" author="Godman, F. D. & Salvin, O." box="[301,586,869,894]" pageId="2" pageNumber="121" refId="ref9506" refString="Godman, F. D. & Salvin, O. (1887 - 1901) Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta. Lepidoptera-Rhopalocera. Fam. Lycaenidae. London, Dulau & Co., Bernard Quaritch, 2, 112 pp." type="book" year="1887">
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Godman & Salvin (
|
||
<date id="FF874EEB7B02FFABFDDCFCE9FDF27F7B" box="[528,586,870,894]" pageId="2" pageNumber="121" value="1887" valueMax="1901">1887</date>
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
–1901), a deep indentation occurs in
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<taxonomicName id="4C3913A87B02FFABFC3AFCE9FB8E7F78" authorityName="Swainson" authorityYear="1832" box="[1014,1078,870,893]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Arcas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94DB4397B02FFABFC3AFCE9FB8E7F78" box="[1014,1078,870,893]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="121">Arcas</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="130274AE7B02FFABFB84FCEAFB377F7B" box="[1096,1167,869,894]" captionStart="FIGURES 9–15" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1027,1049]" captionTargetBox="[171,1426,412,991]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1437,397,1006]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 9–15. Hindwing anal lobe cleft (black arrows). 9. Arcas imperialis, 10. Brangas getus, 11. Atlides cosa (with a forewing double scent pad in the discal cell—red arrow), 12. Theritas drucei, 13. Lucilda danaus, 14. Pseudolycaena damo, 15. Denivia silma." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601021/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="121">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
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), a shallow indentation occurs in
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<taxonomicName id="4C3913A87B02FFABFEC8FC05FEDB7FA4" box="[260,355,906,929]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Brangas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94DB4397B02FFABFEC8FC05FEDB7FA4" box="[260,355,906,929]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="121">Brangas</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="130274AE7B02FFABFEBFFC06FE697FA7" box="[371,465,905,930]" captionStart="FIGURES 9–15" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1027,1049]" captionTargetBox="[171,1426,412,991]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1437,397,1006]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 9–15. Hindwing anal lobe cleft (black arrows). 9. Arcas imperialis, 10. Brangas getus, 11. Atlides cosa (with a forewing double scent pad in the discal cell—red arrow), 12. Theritas drucei, 13. Lucilda danaus, 14. Pseudolycaena damo, 15. Denivia silma." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601021/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="121">Figs. 10</figureCitation>
|
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), and an “intermediate” indentation occurs in all other members of the
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<taxonomicName id="4C3913A87B02FFABFB3FFC06FAF97FA7" box="[1267,1345,905,930]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Atlides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B02FFABFB3FFC06FAF97FA7" box="[1267,1345,905,930]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="121">Atlides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Section (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130274AE7B02FFABFF53FC22FE9F7FC3" box="[159,295,941,966]" captionStart="FIGURES 9–15" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1027,1049]" captionTargetBox="[171,1426,412,991]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1437,397,1006]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 9–15. Hindwing anal lobe cleft (black arrows). 9. Arcas imperialis, 10. Brangas getus, 11. Atlides cosa (with a forewing double scent pad in the discal cell—red arrow), 12. Theritas drucei, 13. Lucilda danaus, 14. Pseudolycaena damo, 15. Denivia silma." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601021/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="121">Figs. 11–15</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<caption id="DF4638A37B02FFABFF5BFC7AFA8F7809" box="[151,1335,1013,1036]" pageId="2" pageNumber="121">
|
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<paragraph id="8B86682B7B02FFABFF5BFC7AFA8F7809" blockId="2.[151,1428,1013,2031]" box="[151,1335,1013,1036]" pageId="2" pageNumber="121">
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||
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B02FFABFF5BFC7AFEB27809" bold="true" box="[151,266,1013,1036]" pageId="2" pageNumber="121">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
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List of synapomorphies from the phylogenetic analysis of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913A87B02FFABFC60FC7AFC4E7809" box="[940,1014,1013,1036]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Atlides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B02FFABFC60FC7AFC4E7809" box="[940,1014,1013,1036]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="121">Atlides</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
Section (Martins
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B02FFABFB7AFC7AFB5C7809" box="[1206,1252,1013,1036]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="121">et al</emphasis>
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||
. 2018).
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||
</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<subSubSection id="C3233BA07B02FFAAFF53FBA8FB4C7BC9" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="122" pageId="2" pageNumber="121" type="description">
|
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<paragraph id="8B86682B7B02FFABFF53FBA8FE847838" blockId="2.[151,1428,1013,2031]" box="[159,316,1063,1085]" pageId="2" pageNumber="121">
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||
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B02FFABFF53FBA8FE847838" bold="true" box="[159,316,1063,1085]" pageId="2" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913A87B02FFABFF53FBA8FF5F7838" box="[159,231,1063,1085]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Atlides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B02FFABFF53FBA8FF5F7838" bold="true" box="[159,231,1063,1085]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="121">Atlides</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Section
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B02FFABFF53FBC0FE677860" blockId="2.[151,1428,1013,2031]" box="[159,479,1103,1125]" pageId="2" pageNumber="121">Male, frons, color: muted green</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B02FFABFF53FBF9FDFE7889" blockId="2.[151,1428,1013,2031]" box="[159,582,1142,1164]" pageId="2" pageNumber="121">Male, paraocular area, color: muted green</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B02FFABFF53FB11FCC278B1" blockId="2.[151,1428,1013,2031]" box="[159,890,1182,1204]" pageId="2" pageNumber="121">Female, hindwing, ventral surface, submarginal region, red band: absent</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B02FFABFF53FB49FC8278D9" blockId="2.[151,1428,1013,2031]" box="[159,826,1222,1244]" pageId="2" pageNumber="121">Hindwing, outer margin split at intersection with vein 2A: present</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B02FFABFF53FB62FCFB7906" blockId="2.[151,1428,1013,2031]" box="[159,835,1261,1284]" pageId="2" pageNumber="121">Male, hindwing, number of tails: two tails (M3-Cu1 and Cu1-Cu2)</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B02FFABFF53FA9AFDC3792E" blockId="2.[151,1428,1013,2031]" box="[159,635,1301,1323]" pageId="2" pageNumber="121">Valvae, posterior margin, lateral view: rounded</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B02FFABFF53FAB2FF4E7956" blockId="2.[151,1428,1013,2031]" box="[159,246,1341,1363]" pageId="2" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913A87B02FFABFF53FAB2FF4E7956" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1818" box="[159,246,1341,1363]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Theritas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B02FFABFF53FAB2FF4E7956" bold="true" box="[159,246,1341,1363]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="121">Theritas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B02FFABFF53FAEAFAC9797E" blockId="2.[151,1428,1013,2031]" box="[159,1393,1381,1403]" pageId="2" pageNumber="121">Forewing, dorsal surface, scent patch distal of the discal cell between veins M1 and M3, not intermixed with regular wing</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B02FFABFF01FA0BFEE7799F" blockId="2.[151,1428,1013,2031]" box="[205,351,1412,1434]" pageId="2" pageNumber="121">scales: present</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B02FFABFF53FA23FD6579C7" blockId="2.[151,1428,1013,2031]" box="[159,733,1452,1474]" pageId="2" pageNumber="121">Male, forewing, ventral surface, discal cell band: present</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B02FFABFF53FA5CFD2779EC" blockId="2.[151,1428,1013,2031]" box="[159,671,1491,1514]" pageId="2" pageNumber="121">Male, forewing, origin of vein R2: discal cell apex</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B02FFABFF53FA74FCE17A14" blockId="2.[151,1428,1013,2031]" box="[159,857,1531,1553]" pageId="2" pageNumber="121">Female, forewing and hindwing, dorsal surface, ground color: brown</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B02FFABFF53F9ACFBB17A3C" blockId="2.[151,1428,1013,2031]" box="[159,1033,1571,1593]" pageId="2" pageNumber="121">Male, hindwing, ventral surface, postmedian band in cell Sc+R1-Rs: basally displaced</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B02FFABFF53F9C4FF637A64" blockId="2.[151,1428,1013,2031]" box="[159,219,1611,1633]" pageId="2" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913A87B02FFABFF53F9C4FF637A64" authorityName="Swainson" authorityYear="1832" box="[159,219,1611,1633]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Arcas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B02FFABFF53F9C4FF637A64" bold="true" box="[159,219,1611,1633]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="121">Arcas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B02FFABFF53F9FCFE497A8C" blockId="2.[151,1428,1013,2031]" box="[159,497,1651,1673]" pageId="2" pageNumber="121">Male, frons, color: emerald green</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B02FFABFF53F914FDE07AB4" blockId="2.[151,1428,1013,2031]" box="[159,600,1691,1713]" pageId="2" pageNumber="121">Male, paraocular area, color: emerald green</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B02FFABFF53F94DFD5C7ADD" blockId="2.[151,1428,1013,2031]" box="[159,740,1730,1752]" pageId="2" pageNumber="121">Male, forewing, ventral surface, postmedian band: absent</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B02FFABFF53F965FD437B05" blockId="2.[151,1428,1013,2031]" box="[159,763,1770,1792]" pageId="2" pageNumber="121">Female, forewing, ventral surface, postmedian band: absent</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B02FFABFF53F89DFBB57B2D" blockId="2.[151,1428,1013,2031]" box="[159,1037,1810,1832]" pageId="2" pageNumber="121">Male, hindwing, ventral and dorsal surface, cell Cu1-Cu2 submarginal macule: present</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B02FFABFF53F8B5FC227B55" blockId="2.[151,1428,1013,2031]" box="[159,922,1850,1872]" pageId="2" pageNumber="121">Hindwing, anal region, size of split at vein 2A: reaching postmedian region</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B02FFABFF53F8EDFD697B7D" blockId="2.[151,1428,1013,2031]" box="[159,721,1890,1912]" pageId="2" pageNumber="121">Male, hindwing, shape of anal lobe structure: triangular</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B02FFABFF53F806FD977B9A" blockId="2.[151,1428,1013,2031]" box="[159,559,1929,1951]" pageId="2" pageNumber="121">Saccus, length (cm): Long (0.30 - 0.40)</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B02FFABFF53F83DFE537BC2" blockId="2.[151,1428,1013,2031]" box="[159,491,1969,1991]" pageId="2" pageNumber="121">Ductus bursae, shape: in S shape</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B02FFABFB91F856FA2C7BEA" blockId="2.[151,1428,1013,2031]" box="[1117,1428,2009,2031]" pageId="2" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B02FFABFB91F856FA2C7BEA" box="[1117,1428,2009,2031]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="121">......continued on the next page</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF4638A37B03FFAAFF53FF10FD0A7EBF" pageId="3" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B03FFAAFF53FF10FE357CB0" blockId="3.[159,1393,159,1404]" box="[159,397,159,181]" pageId="3" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B03FFAAFF53FF10FEB47CB0" bold="true" box="[159,268,159,181]" pageId="3" pageNumber="122">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
(Continued)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B03FFAAFF53FF48FD4B7CD9" blockId="3.[159,1393,159,1404]" box="[159,755,198,220]" pageId="3" pageNumber="122">Ductus bursae, posterior region, membranous area: present</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B03FFAAFF53FF61FF577D01" blockId="3.[159,1393,159,1404]" box="[159,239,238,260]" pageId="3" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B03FFAAFF53FF61FF577D01" bold="true" box="[159,239,238,260]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="122">Lucilda</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B03FFAAFF53FE99FC127D29" blockId="3.[159,1393,159,1404]" box="[159,938,278,300]" pageId="3" pageNumber="122">Male, hindwing, number of tails: One tail (Cu1-Cu2) and one stub (M3-Cu1)</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B03FFAAFF53FEB1FED37D51" blockId="3.[159,1393,159,1404]" box="[159,363,318,340]" pageId="3" pageNumber="122">Brush-organ: absent</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B03FFAAFF53FEE9FDB07D79" blockId="3.[159,1393,159,1404]" box="[159,520,358,380]" pageId="3" pageNumber="122">Vinculum, dorsal projection: absent</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B03FFAAFF53FE02FE837DA6" blockId="3.[159,1393,159,1404]" box="[159,315,397,419]" pageId="3" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913A87B03FFAAFF53FE02FE837DA6" authorityName="Wallengren" authorityYear="1858" box="[159,315,397,419]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Pseudolycaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B03FFAAFF53FE02FE837DA6" bold="true" box="[159,315,397,419]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="122">Pseudolycaena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B03FFAAFF53FE3AFD967DCE" blockId="3.[159,1393,159,1404]" box="[159,558,437,459]" pageId="3" pageNumber="122">Male, forewing, outer margin: Concave</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B03FFAAFF53FE52FDF77DF6" blockId="3.[159,1393,159,1404]" box="[159,591,477,499]" pageId="3" pageNumber="122">Male, forewing, apex of cell R2-M1: acute</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B03FFAAFF53FD8AFB827E1E" blockId="3.[159,1393,159,1404]" box="[159,1082,517,539]" pageId="3" pageNumber="122">Male, forewing, ventral surface, submarginal band, color: black macules with white outline</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B03FFAAFF53FDA2FBE97E46" blockId="3.[159,1393,159,1404]" box="[159,1105,557,579]" pageId="3" pageNumber="122">Female, forewing, ventral surface, submarginal band, color: black macules with white outline</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B03FFAAFF53FDDBFBB57E6F" blockId="3.[159,1393,159,1404]" box="[159,1037,596,618]" pageId="3" pageNumber="122">Male, hindwing, ventral and dorsal surface, cell Cu1-Cu2 submarginal macule: present</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B03FFAAFF53FDF3FDC37E97" blockId="3.[159,1393,159,1404]" box="[159,635,636,658]" pageId="3" pageNumber="122">Male, thorax covered by white bristles: present</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B03FFAAFF53FD2BFD0A7EBF" blockId="3.[159,1393,159,1404]" box="[159,690,676,698]" pageId="3" pageNumber="122">Male, abdomen, ventral surface, ground color: white</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B03FFAAFF53FD42FF407EE7" blockId="3.[159,1393,159,1404]" box="[159,248,717,738]" pageId="3" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913A87B03FFAAFF53FD42FF407EE7" box="[159,248,717,738]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Brangas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B03FFAAFF53FD42FF407EE7" bold="true" box="[159,248,717,738]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="122">Brangas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B03FFAAFF53FD7BFD917F0F" blockId="3.[159,1393,159,1404]" box="[159,553,756,778]" pageId="3" pageNumber="122">Male, forewing, costal margin: straight</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B03FFAAFF53FC94FB407F34" blockId="3.[159,1393,159,1404]" box="[159,1272,795,817]" pageId="3" pageNumber="122">Male and female, forewing ventral surface at the base, red scaling between vein Sc and the discal cell: present</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B03FFAAFF53FCCCFA907F5C" blockId="3.[159,1393,159,1404]" box="[159,1320,835,857]" pageId="3" pageNumber="122">Male and female, hindwing ventral surface at the base, red scaling between vein Sc+R1 and the discal cell: present</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B03FFAAFF53FCE4FC777F84" blockId="3.[159,1393,159,1404]" box="[159,975,875,897]" pageId="3" pageNumber="122">Male, hindwing, ventral surface, cell 2A-3A with a small pencil of hairs: present</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B03FFAAFF53FC1CFC707FAC" blockId="3.[159,1393,159,1404]" box="[159,968,915,937]" pageId="3" pageNumber="122">Hindwing, anal region, size of split at vein 2A: not reaching submarginal region</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B03FFAAFF53FC35FD2A7FD5" blockId="3.[159,1393,159,1404]" box="[159,658,954,976]" pageId="3" pageNumber="122">Valvae, posterior margin, lateral view: finger-like</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B03FFAAFF53FC6DFDA57FFD" blockId="3.[159,1393,159,1404]" box="[159,541,994,1016]" pageId="3" pageNumber="122">Saccus, length (cm): short (0.05 0.07)</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B03FFAAFF53FB85FBCF7825" blockId="3.[159,1393,159,1404]" box="[159,1143,1034,1056]" pageId="3" pageNumber="122">Vinculum, dorsal projection, location and shape: lies under and on the inner edge of brush organs</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B03FFAAFF53FBBDFF5F784D" blockId="3.[159,1393,159,1404]" box="[159,231,1074,1096]" pageId="3" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913A87B03FFAAFF53FBBDFF5F784D" box="[159,231,1074,1096]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Atlides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B03FFAAFF53FBBDFF5F784D" bold="true" box="[159,231,1074,1096]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="122">Atlides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B03FFAAFF53FBD6FEE5788B" blockId="3.[159,1393,159,1404]" pageId="3" pageNumber="122">Forewing, dorsal surface, scent patch distal of the discal cell between veins M1 and M3, not intermixed with regular wing scales: present</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B03FFAAFF53FB2FFDE378B3" blockId="3.[159,1393,159,1404]" box="[159,603,1184,1206]" pageId="3" pageNumber="122">Forewing, dorsal surface, scent pad: present</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B03FFAAFF53FB47FCC378DB" blockId="3.[159,1393,159,1404]" box="[159,891,1224,1246]" pageId="3" pageNumber="122">Male, hindwing, ventral surface, veins covered by black scales: all veins</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B03FFAAFF53FB60FDFE7900" blockId="3.[159,1393,159,1404]" box="[159,582,1263,1285]" pageId="3" pageNumber="122">Male, hindwing, postmedian band: absent</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B03FFAAFF53FA98FD077928" blockId="3.[159,1393,159,1404]" box="[159,703,1303,1325]" pageId="3" pageNumber="122">Male, abdomen, ventral surface, ground color: orange</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B03FFAAFF53FAB0FF497950" blockId="3.[159,1393,159,1404]" box="[159,241,1343,1365]" pageId="3" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913A87B03FFAAFF53FAB0FF497950" box="[159,241,1343,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Denivia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B03FFAAFF53FAB0FF497950" bold="true" box="[159,241,1343,1365]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="122">Denivia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B03FFAAFF53FAE8FD4B7979" blockId="3.[159,1393,159,1404]" box="[159,755,1382,1404]" pageId="3" pageNumber="122">Ductus bursae, posterior region, membranous area: present</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B03FFAAFF0BFA33FCB57A45" blockId="3.[151,1436,1467,1996]" pageId="3" pageNumber="122">
|
||
We do not propose a subtribe name for the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913A87B03FFAAFD63FA34FD4579D1" box="[687,765,1467,1492]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Atlides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B03FFAAFD63FA34FD4579D1" box="[687,765,1467,1492]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="122">Atlides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Section. It is one of numerous unresolved clades with long branches (Quental, unpublished dissertation). Genomic sequencing currently in progress may resolve eumaeine subtribe classification, but it is currently premature to propose a more extensive higher classification. For now, we adhere to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA815DA7B03FFAAFEC9F9A8FE187A45" author="Eliot, J. N." box="[261,416,1575,1600]" pageId="3" pageNumber="122" pagination="371 - 505" refId="ref9348" refString="Eliot, J. N. (1973) The higher classification of the Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera): a tentative arrangement. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology, 28, 371 - 505. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 11171" type="journal article" year="1973">Eliot’s (1973)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
classification based on sections.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B03FFAAFF0BF9C4FEE97AF1" blockId="3.[151,1436,1467,1996]" pageId="3" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA815DA7B03FFAAFF0BF9C4FE387A61" author="Robbins, R. K." box="[199,384,1611,1636]" pageId="3" pageNumber="122" refId="ref9921" refString="Robbins, R. K. (2004 a) Introduction to the checklist of Eumaeini (Lycaenidae). In: Lamas, G. (Ed.), Checklist: Part 4 A. Hesperioidea - Papilionoidea. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Folume 5 A. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera, Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, pp. xxiv-xxx." type="book" year="2004">Robbins (2004a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA815DA7B03FFAAFE43F9C4FE267A61" author="Robbins, R. K." box="[399,414,1611,1636]" pageId="3" pageNumber="122" pagination="118 - 137" refId="ref9998" refString="Robbins, R. K. (2004 b) Lycaenidae. Theclinae. Tribe Eumaeini. In: Lamas, G. (Ed.), Checklist: Part 4 A. Hesperioidea - Papilionoidea. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Folume 5 A. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera, Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, pp. 118 - 137." type="book chapter" year="2004">b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) excluded
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913A87B03FFAAFDEDF9C3FD387A66" box="[545,640,1612,1635]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Brangas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B03FFAAFDEDF9C3FD387A66" box="[545,640,1612,1635]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="122">Brangas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913A87B03FFAAFD35F9C4FCFF7A61" box="[761,839,1611,1636]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Atlides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B03FFAAFD35F9C4FCFF7A61" box="[761,839,1611,1636]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="122">Atlides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Section based on morphological differences of the genitalia and male secondary sexual traits. As noted,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913A87B03FFAAFD29F9FFFCFC7A82" box="[741,836,1648,1671]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Brangas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B03FFAAFD29F9FFFCFC7A82" box="[741,836,1648,1671]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="122">Brangas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
possesses a hindwing anal cleft, and the phylogenetic results strongly support the inclusion of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913A87B03FFAAFDA8F91BFD7B7AAE" box="[612,707,1684,1707]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Brangas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B03FFAAFDA8F91BFD7B7AAE" box="[612,707,1684,1707]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="122">Brangas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913A87B03FFAAFD19F91BFCE87AAE" baseAuthorityName="Stoll" baseAuthorityYear="1780" box="[725,848,1684,1707]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Brangas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caranus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B03FFAAFD19F91BFCE87AAE" box="[725,848,1684,1707]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="122">B. caranus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913A87B03FFAAFC47F91BFC5F7AAE" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1787" box="[907,999,1684,1707]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Brangas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="getus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B03FFAAFC47F91BFC5F7AAE" box="[907,999,1684,1707]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="122">B. getus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913A87B03FFAAFB8EF91CFB287AA9" box="[1090,1168,1683,1708]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Atlides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B03FFAAFB8EF91CFB287AA9" box="[1090,1168,1683,1708]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="122">Atlides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Section as the sister of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913A87B03FFAAFF5BF938FF5D7AD5" box="[151,229,1719,1744]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Atlides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B03FFAAFF5BF938FF5D7AD5" box="[151,229,1719,1744]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="122">Atlides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The morphological differences that distinguish
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913A87B03FFAAFCC9F937FCDC7ACA" box="[773,868,1720,1743]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Brangas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B03FFAAFCC9F937FCDC7ACA" box="[773,868,1720,1743]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="122">Brangas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913A87B03FFAAFBDEF938FBD87AD5" box="[1042,1120,1719,1744]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Atlides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B03FFAAFBDEF938FBD87AD5" box="[1042,1120,1719,1744]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="122">Atlides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Section genera appear to be autapomorphies.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B03FFAAFF0BF970FAA27BAD" blockId="3.[151,1436,1467,1996]" pageId="3" pageNumber="122">
|
||
The phylogeny based on DNA sequences in Quental (unpublished dissertation) was rooted on the lineage leading to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913A87B03FFAAFEC3F8ACFE017B39" authorityName="Wallengren" authorityYear="1858" box="[271,441,1827,1852]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Pseudolycaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B03FFAAFEC3F8ACFE017B39" box="[271,441,1827,1852]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="122">Pseudolycaena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. If one roots the Quental phylogeny where the tree of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA815DA7B03FFAAFBEAF8ACFAA97B39" author="Martins, A. R. P. & Duarte, M. & Robbins, R. K." box="[1062,1297,1827,1852]" pageId="3" pageNumber="122" pagination="1 - 25" refId="ref9760" refString="Martins, A. R. P., Duarte, M. & Robbins, R. K. (2018) Evolution of male secondary sexual organs in hairstreak butterflies (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae). Cladistics, 1 - 25." type="book chapter" year="2018">
|
||
Martins
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B03FFAAFB49F8ABFB0F7B39" box="[1157,1207,1827,1852]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="122">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2018)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
was rooted, the cladograms are the same, albeit with significantly fewer species in Quental. This congruence lends support to the phylogenetic results of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA815DA7B03FFAAFE05F8E4FD0E7B81" author="Martins, A. R. P. & Duarte, M. & Robbins, R. K." box="[457,694,1899,1924]" pageId="3" pageNumber="122" pagination="1 - 25" refId="ref9760" refString="Martins, A. R. P., Duarte, M. & Robbins, R. K. (2018) Evolution of male secondary sexual organs in hairstreak butterflies (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae). Cladistics, 1 - 25." type="book chapter" year="2018">
|
||
Martins
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B03FFAAFDE4F8E3FDD97B81" box="[552,609,1899,1924]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="122">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2018)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Despite the different placement of the root, which may be due to the different ingroup sampling densities, the genera that we recognize are monophyletic in all analyses.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B03FFAAFF0BF83BFB4C7BC9" blockId="3.[151,1436,1467,1996]" box="[199,1268,1971,1996]" pageId="3" pageNumber="122">
|
||
We here treat the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3913A87B03FFAAFE40F83CFE627BC9" box="[396,474,1971,1996]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Atlides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B03FFAAFE40F83CFE627BC9" box="[396,474,1971,1996]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="122">Atlides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Section as consisting of seven genera containing 71 described species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |