treatments-xml/data/8A/16/FE/8A16FE5F1E221228C6C5FA5DFF74FEB8.xml

<document id="6E625ACB1D2A465E8343E0BED07F44C9" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.1945.1.1" ID-ISSN="1175­5334" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5231281" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1629574680409" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Jones, Hugh D., Webster, Bonnie L., Littlewood, D. Timothy J. &amp; Mcdonald, Jillian C." docDate="2008" docId="8A16FE5F1E221228C6C5FA5DFF74FEB8" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01945p038.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1945 (1)" docSource="https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1945.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Microplana kwiskea Jones &amp; Webster &amp; Littlewood &amp; Mcdonald 2008, n. sp." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="32" masterDocId="762F86271E341237C652FFCBFFA3FFEA" masterDocTitle="Molecular and morphological evidence for two new species of terrestrial planarians of the genus Microplana (Platyhelminthes; Turbellaria; Tricladida; Terricola) from Europe" masterLastPageNumber="38" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="23" updateTime="1699078447982" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="BF56BE3C4E5D59F9487918B343423EFE">Molecular and morphological evidence for two new species of terrestrial planarians of the genus Microplana (Platyhelminthes; Turbellaria; Tricladida; Terricola) from Europe</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="6DE1D94E2214CA0846E982A7ADEC1DDB" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="8A81D74F3B7B850AF9E26240A55AC77D">Jones, Hugh D.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="145212C64B3D066EDF64BBE54A3AE484">6 Off Hayfield Road, Birch Vale, High Peak, SK 22 1 DG, UK. (Scientific Associate, The Natural History Museum, London; Honorary Lecturer, University of Manchester) E-mail: flatworm @ btopenworld. com Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW 7 5 BD, UK. E-mails: B. Webster @ nhm. ac. uk; T. Littlewood @ nhm. ac. uk Bridge House, Kirby Wiske, Thirsk, YO 7 4 ER, UK. E-mail: jill @ ntas. demon. co. uk Corresponding author</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="852F9EB9697A547D6DFD0DB57CE13C80">Webster, Bonnie L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4DE5FD513B0B01B5E0C2000FED532EBD">Littlewood, D. Timothy J.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="DDEAA04650FAF042038F8767B9294D66" type="email">ebster@nhm.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="EEBA3F87DA763DFAC727890B890002C9">Mcdonald, Jillian C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:number id="1714179E36FBF8C8E612B1904A91F4DE">1945</mods:number>
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<paragraph id="02004F491E221221C6C5FA5DFE76FA5A" blockId="22.[151,469,1430,1456]" box="[151,469,1430,1456]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<heading id="5948F8251E221221C6C5FA5DFE76FA5A" bold="true" box="[151,469,1430,1456]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" reason="1">
<emphasis id="30CB935B1E221221C6C5FA5DFE76FA5A" bold="true" box="[151,469,1430,1456]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<taxonomicName id="C5BF34CA1E221221C6C5FA5DFE2FFA5A" authority="Jones &amp; Webster &amp; Littlewood &amp; Mcdonald, 2008" authorityName="Jones &amp; Webster &amp; Littlewood &amp; Mcdonald" authorityYear="2008" box="[151,396,1430,1456]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Rhynchodemidae" genus="Microplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="kwiskea" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="30CB935B1E221221C6C5FA5DFE2FFA5A" bold="true" box="[151,396,1430,1456]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Microplana kwiskea</emphasis>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="2BF82E201E221221C7C1FA5DFE76FA5A" box="[403,469,1430,1456]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="02004F491E221221C6C5FA2BFE70F9C9" blockId="22.[151,1436,1504,2011]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="30CB935B1E221221C6C5FA2BFE2CFA10" bold="true" box="[151,399,1504,1530]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Material examined:</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="DD04F1EB1E221221C7CBFA2AFDA5FA11" box="[409,518,1505,1531]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
K9. 
<typeStatus id="DD04F1EB1E221221C416FA2AFD0CFA11" box="[580,687,1505,1531]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="syntype">Syntypes</typeStatus>
K1a to K8 (see above). All collected a few days prior to, and fixed on, 
<date id="760169891E221221C754F9C2FE6CF9C9" box="[262,463,1545,1571]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="2004-10-25">25 October 2004</date>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="02004F491E221221C697F9FBFE0AF999" blockId="22.[151,1436,1504,2011]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<materialsCitation id="B2D745141E221221C697F9FBFE06F999" accessionNumber="SE375849" collectionCode="SE" country="United Kingdom" county="Yorkshire" location="Bridge House" municipality="Thirsk" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="30CB935B1E221221C697F9FBFED3F9A0" bold="true" box="[197,368,1584,1610]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<typeStatus id="DD04F1EB1E221221C697F9FBFEA1F9A0" box="[197,258,1584,1610]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Type</typeStatus>
locality:
</emphasis>
<location id="076019921E221221C728F9FAFD83F9A1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8A16FE5F1E221228C6C5FA5DFF74FEB8:076019921E221221C728F9FAFD83F9A1" box="[378,544,1585,1611]" country="United Kingdom" county="Yorkshire" municipality="Thirsk" name="Bridge House" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Bridge House</location>
, 
<location id="076019921E221221C47CF9FAFD6BF9A1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8A16FE5F1E221228C6C5FA5DFF74FEB8:076019921E221221C47CF9FAFD6BF9A1" box="[558,712,1585,1611]" country="United Kingdom" county="Yorkshire" municipality="Thirsk" name="Kirby Wiske" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Kirby Wiske</location>
, 
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, 
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, 
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(Ordnance Survey Grid Reference: 
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375849)
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.
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<emphasis id="30CB935B1E221221C697F94BFEF5F970" bold="true" box="[197,342,1664,1690]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Etymology:</emphasis>
The specific epithet “ 
<taxonomicName id="C5BF34CA1E221221C40BF94AFD16F970" authorityName="Jones &amp; Webster &amp; Littlewood &amp; Mcdonald" authorityYear="2008" box="[601,693,1665,1690]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Rhynchodemidae" genus="Microplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="kwiskea">
<emphasis id="30CB935B1E221221C40BF94AFD16F970" box="[601,693,1665,1690]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">kwiskea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” is an abbreviation of Kirby Wiske, the 
<typeStatus id="DD04F1EB1E221221C2C2F94AFB60F971" box="[1168,1219,1665,1691]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">type</typeStatus>
locality.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="4AA51CC21E221229C697F963FDDCFA58" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="description">
<paragraph id="02004F491E22122BC697F963FF6FF890" blockId="22.[151,1436,1504,2011]" lastBlockId="28.[151,1436,1728,2034]" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="30CB935B1E221221C697F963FEC3F928" bold="true" box="[197,352,1704,1730]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Description:</emphasis>
Live animals (
<figureCitation id="9A8453CC1E221221C442F962FDC5F929" box="[528,614,1705,1731]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,255,1594,1618]" captionTargetBox="[242,1346,283,1550]" captionTargetId="figure-240@2.[236,1350,277,1567]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Microplana spp. Colour photographs of live specimens (stills from digital video). Scale line = 1 cm (the circular depressions on the background stone are 1 cm apart and about 2 mm in diameter): a. Microplana scharffi (about 35 mm long, anterior to the right). b. Microplana kwiskea n. sp. a khaki flatworm (upper, about 23 mm long, anterior to the right) and M. terrestris (lower, the dark grey specimen, about 20mm long, anterior to the bottom). c. The same specimens as (b) when contracted and lying on their dorsal side. The narrow end of both is anterior. The ventral creeping sole is visible in both. d. A “granular” specimen of M. terrestris (about 15 mm long, anterior to the right). All specimens from Kirby Wiske, Yorkshire." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5231283" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5231283/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fig. 1b</figureCitation>
, upper) are up to 
<quantity id="C547E2AC1E221221C565F962FC24F929" box="[823,903,1705,1731]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="cm" value="2.5">2.5 cm</quantity>
long and about 
<quantity id="C547E2AC1E221221C217F962FB29F929" box="[1093,1162,1705,1731]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
in diameter at the widest point when extended. When contracted they are about 
<quantity id="C547E2AC1E221221C51BF91AFC2DF901" box="[841,910,1745,1771]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
long and 
<quantity id="C547E2AC1E221221C255F91AFBE8F901" box="[1031,1099,1745,1771]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
wide (
<figureCitation id="9A8453CC1E221221C2CDF91AFB57F901" box="[1183,1268,1745,1771]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,255,1594,1618]" captionTargetBox="[242,1346,283,1550]" captionTargetId="figure-240@2.[236,1350,277,1567]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Microplana spp. Colour photographs of live specimens (stills from digital video). Scale line = 1 cm (the circular depressions on the background stone are 1 cm apart and about 2 mm in diameter): a. Microplana scharffi (about 35 mm long, anterior to the right). b. Microplana kwiskea n. sp. a khaki flatworm (upper, about 23 mm long, anterior to the right) and M. terrestris (lower, the dark grey specimen, about 20mm long, anterior to the bottom). c. The same specimens as (b) when contracted and lying on their dorsal side. The narrow end of both is anterior. The ventral creeping sole is visible in both. d. A “granular” specimen of M. terrestris (about 15 mm long, anterior to the right). All specimens from Kirby Wiske, Yorkshire." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5231283" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5231283/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fig. 1c</figureCitation>
, upper). They are cylindrical and taper towards the anterior and posterior ends both of which are blunt. They are a uniform mid-brown (khaki) colour, even ventrally. There is a creeping sole mid-ventrally in the form a narrow ridge. Observations on creeping animals through transparent tubes showed little muscular distortion of the sole suggesting that locomotion is primarily by means of the cilia of the sole. Two small eyes, visible as black spots, are present at the anterior end. Otherwise there are no markings or orifices visible on live specimens. Preserved specimens are up to 
<quantity id="C547E2AC1E221221C788F80AFD8FF831" box="[474,556,1985,2011]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="18.0">18 mm</quantity>
long, the anterior end particularly being contracted and curled ventrally (
<figureCitation id="9A8453CC1E28122BC6CDF90BFE9FF930" box="[159,316,1728,1754]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="22.[151,255,1211,1235]" captionTargetBox="[169,1421,209,1175]" captionTargetId="figure-285@22.[151,1436,194,1187]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 16. Microplana kwiskea n. sp. a &amp; b. Outline drawings of preserved specimens K7 and K6 respectively, both to the same scale. Anterior end to the left in both. c. Diagram of the copulatory apparatus in longitudinal section, based on Specimen K9 (Fig. 18). d. Diagram in horizontal section through the copulatory apparatus, based on Specimen K1a (Fig. 19)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5231440" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5231440/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 16a &amp; b</figureCitation>
). The mouth (pharyngeal aperture) is about 
<quantity id="C547E2AC1E28122BC518F90BFC2CF930" box="[842,911,1728,1754]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
from the anterior end (44% of body length) and the gonopore is about 
<quantity id="C547E2AC1E28122BC799F923FDBFF8E8" box="[459,540,1768,1794]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="12.0">12 mm</quantity>
from the anterior end (67%), but these must be regarded as approximate due to contraction. The gonopore in the remaining preserved specimens (
<figureCitation id="9A8453CC1E28122BC5ECF8DBFBF6F8C0" box="[958,1109,1808,1834]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="22.[151,255,1211,1235]" captionTargetBox="[169,1421,209,1175]" captionTargetId="figure-285@22.[151,1436,194,1187]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 16. Microplana kwiskea n. sp. a &amp; b. Outline drawings of preserved specimens K7 and K6 respectively, both to the same scale. Anterior end to the left in both. c. Diagram of the copulatory apparatus in longitudinal section, based on Specimen K9 (Fig. 18). d. Diagram in horizontal section through the copulatory apparatus, based on Specimen K1a (Fig. 19)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5231440" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5231440/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 16a &amp; b</figureCitation>
) and in the sectioned specimens is raised and prominent with a slightly protruded penis, presumably from muscular contraction at fixation.
</paragraph>
<caption id="56C01FC11E231220C6C5F858FB66F805" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5231442" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5231442" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5231442/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" startId="23.[151,255,1939,1963]" targetBox="[178,1388,199,1905]" targetPageId="23">
<paragraph id="02004F491E231220C6C5F858FB66F805" blockId="23.[151,1436,1939,2031]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="30CB935B1E231220C6C5F858FE84F841" bold="true" box="[151,295,1939,1963]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">FIGURE 17.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="C5BF34CA1E231220C77CF858FDA5F840" authority="Jones &amp; Webster &amp; Littlewood &amp; Mcdonald, 2008" authorityName="Jones &amp; Webster &amp; Littlewood &amp; Mcdonald" authorityYear="2008" box="[302,518,1939,1962]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Rhynchodemidae" genus="Microplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="kwiskea" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="30CB935B1E231220C77CF858FDA5F840" box="[302,518,1939,1962]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Microplana kwiskea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="30CB935B1E231220C45DF858FDE8F841" bold="true" box="[527,587,1939,1963]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="2BF82E201E231220C45DF858FDE8F841" box="[527,587,1939,1963]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
a. Specimen K2, NHML, 2006.6.28.31. Section through the pharynx. Anterior to the left. b-e. Specimen K8, NHML, 2006.6.28.37. b. Section through an eye. c. Section through an ovary near the anterior end. d. Transverse section, anterior to the pharynx. e. Enlarged view of the ventral portion of (d)
</paragraph>
</caption>
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<paragraph id="02004F491E2C122FC6C5F89BFD4FF818" blockId="24.[151,1436,1872,2034]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="30CB935B1E2C122FC6C5F89BFE84F882" bold="true" box="[151,295,1872,1896]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">FIGURE 18.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="C5BF34CA1E2C122FC77DF89AFDABF882" authority="Jones &amp; Webster &amp; Littlewood &amp; Mcdonald, 2008" authorityName="Jones &amp; Webster &amp; Littlewood &amp; Mcdonald" authorityYear="2008" box="[303,520,1873,1896]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Rhynchodemidae" genus="Microplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="kwiskea" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="30CB935B1E2C122FC77DF89AFDABF882" box="[303,520,1873,1896]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Microplana kwiskea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="30CB935B1E2C122FC442F89BFDEEF882" bold="true" box="[528,589,1872,1896]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="2BF82E201E2C122FC442F89BFDEEF882" box="[528,589,1872,1896]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
Holotype, specimen K9, NHML, 2006.6.28.38. Longitudinal sections through the copulatory apparatus. Anterior is to the left and the sections are progressively from approximately the midline towards the right side. a. Through the tip of the penis and also the junction of the ovo-vitelline ducts, vagina and genitointestinal canal. b. Through the base of the penis showing the entry of the sperm ducts to the ejaculatory duct. c. Through the opening of the genito-intestinal duct to the intestine.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="56C01FC11E2D122EC6C5F8EEFA93F803" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5231446" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5231446" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5231446/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" startId="25.[151,255,1829,1853]" targetBox="[207,1367,183,1793]" targetPageId="25">
<paragraph id="02004F491E2D122EC6C5F8EEFA93F803" blockId="25.[151,1436,1829,2025]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="30CB935B1E2D122EC6C5F8EEFE85F8D7" bold="true" box="[151,294,1829,1853]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">FIGURE 19.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="C5BF34CA1E2D122EC77FF8EEFDA6F8D6" authority="Jones &amp; Webster &amp; Littlewood &amp; Mcdonald, 2008" authorityName="Jones &amp; Webster &amp; Littlewood &amp; Mcdonald" authorityYear="2008" box="[301,517,1829,1852]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Rhynchodemidae" genus="Microplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="kwiskea" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="30CB935B1E2D122EC77FF8EEFDA6F8D6" box="[301,517,1829,1852]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Microplana kwiskea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="30CB935B1E2D122EC45EF8EEFDE4F8D7" bold="true" box="[524,583,1829,1853]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="2BF82E201E2D122EC45EF8EEFDE4F8D7" box="[524,583,1829,1853]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
Specimen K1a, NHML, 2006.6.28.30. Horizontal longitudinal sections through the copulatory apparatus. Anterior to the right. a–d are progressively more ventral. a. The penis and genito-intestinal canal. b. The penis and, to its right, the opening of the genito-intestinal canal into a digestive diverticulum. c. The conjunction of the genito-intestinal canal and the ovo-vitelline ducts. d. The vagina and penis. e. Micrograph in polarised light of the section in (b) showing the circular muscle of the penis and the highly refractive granules (white) present in the digestive epithelium. There are no granules in the genito-intestinal canal (cf. 
<taxonomicName id="C5BF34CA1E2D122EC5A1F819FBD4F803" baseAuthorityName="Muller" baseAuthorityYear="1774" box="[1011,1143,2002,2025]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Rhynchodemidae" genus="Microplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="terrestris">
<emphasis id="30CB935B1E2D122EC5A1F819FBD4F803" box="[1011,1143,2002,2025]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">M. terrestris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="C5BF34CA1E2D122EC2F9F819FA83F803" authorityName="Graff" authorityYear="1896" box="[1195,1312,2002,2025]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Rhynchodemidae" genus="Rhynchodemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="scharffi">
<emphasis id="30CB935B1E2D122EC2F9F819FA83F803" box="[1195,1312,2002,2025]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">M. scharffi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="56C01FC11E2E122DC6C5F8C1FEBFF825" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5231448" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5231448" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5231448/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" startId="26.[151,255,1802,1826]" targetBox="[171,1421,186,1772]" targetPageId="26">
<paragraph id="02004F491E2E122DC6C5F8C1FEBFF825" blockId="26.[151,1436,1802,1999]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="30CB935B1E2E122DC6C5F8C1FE85F8C8" bold="true" box="[151,294,1802,1826]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">FIGURE 20.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="C5BF34CA1E2E122DC77FF8C0FDA7F8C8" authority="Jones &amp; Webster &amp; Littlewood &amp; Mcdonald, 2008" authorityName="Jones &amp; Webster &amp; Littlewood &amp; Mcdonald" authorityYear="2008" box="[301,516,1803,1826]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Rhynchodemidae" genus="Microplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="kwiskea" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="30CB935B1E2E122DC77FF8C0FDA7F8C8" box="[301,516,1803,1826]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Microplana kwiskea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="30CB935B1E2E122DC459F8C1FDE4F8C8" bold="true" box="[523,583,1802,1826]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="2BF82E201E2E122DC459F8C1FDE4F8C8" box="[523,583,1802,1826]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
Specimen K2, NHML, 2006.6.28.31. Longitudinal sections at an oblique angle. Anterior to the left. a–e show the course of the genito-intestinal canal from its origin at the posterior of the vagina (a) to its opening into the digestive diverticulum (e). c. shows the opening of the sperm ducts into the ejaculatory duct. f. Micrograph in polarised light of the section in (e) showing the circular muscle of the penis and the highly refractive granules (white) present in the digestive epithelium. There are no granules in the genito-intestinal canal (cf. 
<taxonomicName id="C5BF34CA1E2E122DC2B8F85DFACDF847" baseAuthorityName="Muller" baseAuthorityYear="1774" box="[1258,1390,1942,1965]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Rhynchodemidae" genus="Microplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="terrestris">
<emphasis id="30CB935B1E2E122DC2B8F85DFACDF847" box="[1258,1390,1942,1965]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">M. terrestris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="C5BF34CA1E2E122DC6C5F873FEAFF825" authorityName="Graff" authorityYear="1896" box="[151,268,1976,1999]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Rhynchodemidae" genus="Rhynchodemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="scharffi">
<emphasis id="30CB935B1E2E122DC6C5F873FEAFF825" box="[151,268,1976,1999]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">M. scharffi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="56C01FC11E2F122CC6C5F88FFEA7F84B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5231450" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5231450" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5231450/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" startId="27.[151,255,1860,1884]" targetBox="[435,1159,204,1827]" targetPageId="27">
<paragraph id="02004F491E2F122CC6C5F88FFEA7F84B" blockId="27.[151,1436,1860,1953]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis id="30CB935B1E2F122CC6C5F88FFE85F8B6" bold="true" box="[151,294,1860,1884]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">FIGURE 21.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="C5BF34CA1E2F122CC77CF88EFDA5F8B6" authorityName="Jones &amp; Webster &amp; Littlewood &amp; Mcdonald" authorityYear="2008" box="[302,518,1861,1884]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Rhynchodemidae" genus="Microplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="kwiskea">
<emphasis id="30CB935B1E2F122CC77CF88EFDA5F8B6" box="[302,518,1861,1884]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Microplana kwiskea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Manchester (1985) specimens (HDJ collection). a. Photograph of a live (partly autodigested) specimen. Anterior to the right. 2 mm graph paper. b &amp; c. Sections through the copulatory apparatus. Anterior to the left.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="56C01FC11E28122BC6C5F9E4FD57F966" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5231452" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5231452" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5231452/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" startId="28.[151,255,1583,1607]" targetBox="[458,1132,182,1559]" targetPageId="28">
<paragraph id="02004F491E28122BC6C5F9E4FD57F966" blockId="28.[151,1436,1583,1676]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="30CB935B1E28122BC6C5F9E4FE8BF9AD" bold="true" box="[151,296,1583,1607]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">FIGURE 22.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="C5BF34CA1E28122BC763F9FBFDA9F9AD" authorityName="Jones &amp; Webster &amp; Littlewood &amp; Mcdonald" authorityYear="2008" box="[305,522,1584,1607]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Rhynchodemidae" genus="Microplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="kwiskea">
<emphasis id="30CB935B1E28122BC763F9FBFDA9F9AD" box="[305,522,1584,1607]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Microplana kwiskea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Shirdley Hill (1992) specimens (HDJ collection). a. Live specimen, anterior to the right, on 2 mm graph paper, thus the worm was about 2.2 cm long and 2 mm wide. b &amp; c. Sections through the copulatory apparatus of a further specimen. Anterior to the left.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="02004F491E281229C697F843FCFEFC10" blockId="28.[151,1436,1728,2034]" lastBlockId="30.[151,1437,152,2018]" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
The general anatomy is typically rhynchodemid. The two eyes of K8 have a diameter about 
<quantity id="C547E2AC1E28122BC349F843FACBF848" box="[1307,1384,1928,1954]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="35.0">35 µm</quantity>
and length about 
<quantity id="C547E2AC1E28122BC767F87BFE20F820" box="[309,387,1968,1994]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="50.0">50 µm</quantity>
(
<figureCitation id="9A8453CC1E28122BC7C4F87BFE5CF820" box="[406,511,1968,1994]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="23.[151,255,1939,1963]" captionTargetBox="[178,1388,199,1905]" captionTargetId="figure-72@23.[173,1414,181,1928]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 17. Microplana kwiskea n. sp. a. Specimen K2, NHML, 2006.6.28.31. Section through the pharynx. Anterior to the left. b-e. Specimen K8, NHML, 2006.6.28.37. b. Section through an eye. c. Section through an ovary near the anterior end. d. Transverse section, anterior to the pharynx. e. Enlarged view of the ventral portion of (d)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5231442" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5231442/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 17b</figureCitation>
). The gut is triclad and there is a cylindrical pharynx. The pharynx of K2 is about 
<quantity id="C547E2AC1E28122BC68DF813FE9BF818" box="[223,312,2008,2034]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
long and 
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in diameter (
<figureCitation id="9A8453CC1E28122BC4F1F813FCA4F818" box="[675,775,2008,2034]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="23.[151,255,1939,1963]" captionTargetBox="[178,1388,199,1905]" captionTargetId="figure-72@23.[173,1414,181,1928]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 17. Microplana kwiskea n. sp. a. Specimen K2, NHML, 2006.6.28.31. Section through the pharynx. Anterior to the left. b-e. Specimen K8, NHML, 2006.6.28.37. b. Section through an eye. c. Section through an ovary near the anterior end. d. Transverse section, anterior to the pharynx. e. Enlarged view of the ventral portion of (d)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5231442" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5231442/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 17a</figureCitation>
). The wall of the pharynx is about 
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thick. The outer epithelium of the pharynx is about 
<quantity id="C547E2AC1E29122AC42AF988FD68F9B7" box="[632,715,1603,1629]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 µm</quantity>
thick and densely ciliated, the cilia being about 
<quantity id="C547E2AC1E29122AC354F988FAFAF9B7" box="[1286,1369,1603,1629]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 µm</quantity>
long. Inside this is a loose layer of radial and longitudinal muscle about 
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thick with an inner dense layer of circular and longitudinal muscle about 
<quantity id="C547E2AC1E29122AC432F958FD08F947" box="[608,683,1683,1709]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 µm</quantity>
thick. The inner wall is not ciliated. The creeping sole (
<figureCitation id="9A8453CC1E29122AC36BF958FF66F93F" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="23.[151,255,1939,1963]" captionTargetBox="[178,1388,199,1905]" captionTargetId="figure-72@23.[173,1414,181,1928]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 17. Microplana kwiskea n. sp. a. Specimen K2, NHML, 2006.6.28.31. Section through the pharynx. Anterior to the left. b-e. Specimen K8, NHML, 2006.6.28.37. b. Section through an eye. c. Section through an ovary near the anterior end. d. Transverse section, anterior to the pharynx. e. Enlarged view of the ventral portion of (d)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5231442" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5231442/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 17d &amp; e</figureCitation>
) is distinct, narrow (
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wide, about one third of the total width) and raised as a mid-ventral ridge (
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high). The epidermis of the creeping sole is about 
<quantity id="C547E2AC1E29122AC520F928FC1CF917" box="[882,959,1763,1789]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 µm</quantity>
thick, has few, narrow, rhabdites and is densely ciliated with cilia about 
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long. Dorsal and lateral epithelium is about 
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thick with copious broad rhabdites but apparently devoid of cilia. Sub-epidermal muscle is indiscernable. Rhabdites are formed sub-epidermally, just inside the epidermis, about 
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from the outer surface. Inside the rhabdite-forming zone is a layer of parenchymal longitudinal muscle, about 
<quantity id="C547E2AC1E29122AC51BF848FC37F877" box="[841,916,1923,1949]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="50.0">50 µm</quantity>
thick dorsally and laterally, thickening ventrally over the creeping sole to about 
<quantity id="C547E2AC1E29122AC418F860FD04F82F" box="[586,679,1963,1989]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="100.0">100 µm</quantity>
. There are further longitudinal muscle bundles dorsal to the ventral nerve cords (
<figureCitation id="9A8453CC1E29122AC725F818FD8AF807" box="[375,553,2003,2029]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="23.[151,255,1939,1963]" captionTargetBox="[178,1388,199,1905]" captionTargetId="figure-72@23.[173,1414,181,1928]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 17. Microplana kwiskea n. sp. a. Specimen K2, NHML, 2006.6.28.31. Section through the pharynx. Anterior to the left. b-e. Specimen K8, NHML, 2006.6.28.37. b. Section through an eye. c. Section through an ovary near the anterior end. d. Transverse section, anterior to the pharynx. e. Enlarged view of the ventral portion of (d)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5231442" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5231442/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 17d &amp; e</figureCitation>
). The paired ventral nerve cords are joined by occasional transverse commissures (
<figureCitation id="9A8453CC1E2A1229C713FF53FE7FFF58" box="[321,476,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="23.[151,255,1939,1963]" captionTargetBox="[178,1388,199,1905]" captionTargetId="figure-72@23.[173,1414,181,1928]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 17. Microplana kwiskea n. sp. a. Specimen K2, NHML, 2006.6.28.31. Section through the pharynx. Anterior to the left. b-e. Specimen K8, NHML, 2006.6.28.37. b. Section through an eye. c. Section through an ovary near the anterior end. d. Transverse section, anterior to the pharynx. e. Enlarged view of the ventral portion of (d)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5231442" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5231442/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 17d &amp; e</figureCitation>
). The epithelium of the intestinal diverticula is between 
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and 
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thick and contains numerous very small refractive granules. The paired ovaries of K8 are 
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from the anterior end (
<figureCitation id="9A8453CC1E2A1229C681FF23FE9BFEE8" box="[211,312,232,258]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="23.[151,255,1939,1963]" captionTargetBox="[178,1388,199,1905]" captionTargetId="figure-72@23.[173,1414,181,1928]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 17. Microplana kwiskea n. sp. a. Specimen K2, NHML, 2006.6.28.31. Section through the pharynx. Anterior to the left. b-e. Specimen K8, NHML, 2006.6.28.37. b. Section through an eye. c. Section through an ovary near the anterior end. d. Transverse section, anterior to the pharynx. e. Enlarged view of the ventral portion of (d)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5231442" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5231442/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 17c</figureCitation>
). The paired ovo-vitelline ducts run posteriorly dorso-lateral to the ventral nerve cords. Testes lie ventrally between the intestinal diverticula. They are oval, about 
<quantity id="C547E2AC1E2A1229C5E2FEDBFBAAFEC0" box="[944,1033,272,298]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" unit="mm" value="100.0">100 µm</quantity>
by 
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. It is not possible to discern the sperm ducts in transverse sections of the anterior of the body, but posterior to the pharynx they run dorso-lateral to each ventral nerve cord in the vicinity of the ovo-vitelline ducts. The two sperm ducts broaden to about 
<quantity id="C547E2AC1E2A1229C6ADFE43FEEFFE48" box="[255,332,392,418]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 µm</quantity>
in diameter just before they reach the penis to form sperm storage organs which are reflexed forwards (
<figureCitation id="9A8453CC1E2A1229C75DFE7BFEC6FE20" box="[271,357,432,458]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="24.[151,255,1872,1896]" captionTargetBox="[488,1111,180,1838]" captionTargetId="figure-101@24.[488,1112,180,1850]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 18. Microplana kwiskea n. sp. Holotype, specimen K9, NHML, 2006.6.28.38. Longitudinal sections through the copulatory apparatus. Anterior is to the left and the sections are progressively from approximately the midline towards the right side. a. Through the tip of the penis and also the junction of the ovo-vitelline ducts, vagina and genitointestinal canal. b. Through the base of the penis showing the entry of the sperm ducts to the ejaculatory duct. c. Through the opening of the genito-intestinal duct to the intestine." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5231444" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5231444/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
). Presumably these straighten on penis eversion. Each then narrows to about 
<quantity id="C547E2AC1E2A1229C2B9FE7BFA94FE20" box="[1259,1335,432,458]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 µm</quantity>
external diameter, 
<quantity id="C547E2AC1E2A1229C759FE13FEE4FE18" box="[267,327,472,498]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 µm</quantity>
internal diameter, enters the muscular base of the penis and the two ducts discharge separately but close together into the ejaculatory duct. The penis is long, about 
<quantity id="C547E2AC1E2A1229C59DFDCBFBBBFDF0" box="[975,1048,512,538]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
, and the distal half is free in the antrum (
<figureCitation id="9A8453CC1E2A1229C6AAFDE3FEFEFDA8" box="[248,349,552,578]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="22.[151,255,1211,1235]" captionTargetBox="[169,1421,209,1175]" captionTargetId="figure-285@22.[151,1436,194,1187]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 16. Microplana kwiskea n. sp. a &amp; b. Outline drawings of preserved specimens K7 and K6 respectively, both to the same scale. Anterior end to the left in both. c. Diagram of the copulatory apparatus in longitudinal section, based on Specimen K9 (Fig. 18). d. Diagram in horizontal section through the copulatory apparatus, based on Specimen K1a (Fig. 19)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5231440" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5231440/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Figs 16c</figureCitation>
&amp; 
<figureCitation id="9A8453CC1E2A1229C7D0FDE3FE01FDA8" box="[386,418,552,578]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="24.[151,255,1872,1896]" captionTargetBox="[488,1111,180,1838]" captionTargetId="figure-101@24.[488,1112,180,1850]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 18. Microplana kwiskea n. sp. Holotype, specimen K9, NHML, 2006.6.28.38. Longitudinal sections through the copulatory apparatus. Anterior is to the left and the sections are progressively from approximately the midline towards the right side. a. Through the tip of the penis and also the junction of the ovo-vitelline ducts, vagina and genitointestinal canal. b. Through the base of the penis showing the entry of the sperm ducts to the ejaculatory duct. c. Through the opening of the genito-intestinal duct to the intestine." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5231444" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5231444/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">18</figureCitation>
). For most of its length it is roughly parallel-sided, about 
<quantity id="C547E2AC1E2A1229C26DFDE3FB3BFDA8" box="[1087,1176,552,578]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" unit="mm" value="200.0">200 µm</quantity>
in diameter. The ejaculatory duct is broad, about 
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in diameter and has numerous internal short projections or folds. At its distal end (the last 
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) the penis narrows to a blunt point and the ejaculatory duct in the distal 
<quantity id="C547E2AC1E2A1229C374FDB3FA22FD78" box="[1318,1409,632,658]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" unit="mm" value="100.0">100 µm</quantity>
is narrow, about 
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in diameter, and has a smooth internal wall. The free portion of the penis has a dense outer layer of circular muscle fibres about 
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thick. Transverse sections of the penis show it to consist mostly of dense circular muscle fibres with a thin layer of longitudinal muscle near the outer epithelium (
<figureCitation id="9A8453CC1E2A1229C335FD3BFF61FCD8" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="22.[151,255,1211,1235]" captionTargetBox="[169,1421,209,1175]" captionTargetId="figure-285@22.[151,1436,194,1187]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 16. Microplana kwiskea n. sp. a &amp; b. Outline drawings of preserved specimens K7 and K6 respectively, both to the same scale. Anterior end to the left in both. c. Diagram of the copulatory apparatus in longitudinal section, based on Specimen K9 (Fig. 18). d. Diagram in horizontal section through the copulatory apparatus, based on Specimen K1a (Fig. 19)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5231440" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5231440/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Figs 16d</figureCitation>
&amp; 
<figureCitation id="9A8453CC1E2A1229C6B8FCD3FEA9FCD8" box="[234,266,792,818]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="25.[151,255,1829,1853]" captionTargetBox="[207,1367,183,1793]" captionTargetId="figure-127@25.[202,1387,178,1798]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 19. Microplana kwiskea n. sp. Specimen K1a, NHML, 2006.6.28.30. Horizontal longitudinal sections through the copulatory apparatus. Anterior to the right. a–d are progressively more ventral. a. The penis and genito-intestinal canal. b. The penis and, to its right, the opening of the genito-intestinal canal into a digestive diverticulum. c. The conjunction of the genito-intestinal canal and the ovo-vitelline ducts. d. The vagina and penis. e. Micrograph in polarised light of the section in (b) showing the circular muscle of the penis and the highly refractive granules (white) present in the digestive epithelium. There are no granules in the genito-intestinal canal (cf. M. terrestris and M. scharffi)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5231446" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5231446/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">19</figureCitation>
). The vagina is narrow and short, 
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long. The posterior end of the vagina receives the openings of the two ovo-vitelline ducts ventrally and the genito-intestinal duct dorsally. The genito-intestinal duct is clearly defined, strongly ciliated internally and has an internal diameter of 
<quantity id="C547E2AC1E2A1229C27AFCA3FBD7FC68" box="[1064,1140,872,898]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 µm</quantity>
and external diameter of 
<quantity id="C547E2AC1E2A1229C6C5FC5BFF47FC40" box="[151,228,912,938]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 µm</quantity>
for its entire length. It runs dorsally from the vagina, forwards and to the right to open into the right posterior intestinal diverticulum at about the level of the penis. The refractive granules of the digestive epithelium do not enter the genito-intestinal duct (
<figureCitation id="9A8453CC1E2A1229C4C8FC2BFD5CFC10" box="[666,767,992,1018]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="25.[151,255,1829,1853]" captionTargetBox="[207,1367,183,1793]" captionTargetId="figure-127@25.[202,1387,178,1798]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 19. Microplana kwiskea n. sp. Specimen K1a, NHML, 2006.6.28.30. Horizontal longitudinal sections through the copulatory apparatus. Anterior to the right. a–d are progressively more ventral. a. The penis and genito-intestinal canal. b. The penis and, to its right, the opening of the genito-intestinal canal into a digestive diverticulum. c. The conjunction of the genito-intestinal canal and the ovo-vitelline ducts. d. The vagina and penis. e. Micrograph in polarised light of the section in (b) showing the circular muscle of the penis and the highly refractive granules (white) present in the digestive epithelium. There are no granules in the genito-intestinal canal (cf. M. terrestris and M. scharffi)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5231446" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5231446/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Figs 19e</figureCitation>
&amp; 
<figureCitation id="9A8453CC1E2A1229C577FC2BFCF2FC10" box="[805,849,992,1018]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="26.[151,255,1802,1826]" captionTargetBox="[171,1421,186,1772]" captionTargetId="figure-122@26.[151,1436,172,1778]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 20. Microplana kwiskea n. sp. Specimen K2, NHML, 2006.6.28.31. Longitudinal sections at an oblique angle. Anterior to the left. a–e show the course of the genito-intestinal canal from its origin at the posterior of the vagina (a) to its opening into the digestive diverticulum (e). c. shows the opening of the sperm ducts into the ejaculatory duct. f. Micrograph in polarised light of the section in (e) showing the circular muscle of the penis and the highly refractive granules (white) present in the digestive epithelium. There are no granules in the genito-intestinal canal (cf. M. terrestris and M. scharffi)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5231448" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5231448/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">20f</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="56C01FC11E29122AC6C5FA5EFEC6F9FE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5231480" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5231480" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5231480/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" startId="29.[151,255,1429,1453]" targetBox="[154,1433,187,1393]" targetPageId="29">
<paragraph id="02004F491E29122AC6C5FA5EFEC6F9FE" blockId="29.[151,1437,1429,1556]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="30CB935B1E29122AC6C5FA5EFE84FA47" bold="true" box="[151,295,1429,1453]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">FIGURE 23.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="C5BF34CA1E29122AC77CFA5EFE52FA46" authority="Jones &amp; Webster &amp; Littlewood &amp; Mcdonald, 2008" authorityName="Jones &amp; Webster &amp; Littlewood &amp; Mcdonald" authorityYear="2008" box="[302,497,1429,1452]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Rhynchodemidae" genus="Microplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="groga" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="30CB935B1E29122AC77CFA5EFE52FA46" box="[302,497,1429,1452]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Microplana groga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="30CB935B1E29122AC7AAFA5EFD96FA47" bold="true" box="[504,565,1429,1453]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="2BF82E201E29122AC7AAFA5EFD96FA47" box="[504,565,1429,1453]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
a &amp; b, the pharynx of specimen FG2. a is of the whole pharynx and (b) is a high magnification view of part of (a). c &amp; d, similar low and high magnification views of the pharynx of specimen FG3. Anterior to the right. e. Composite diagram of the copulatory apparatus, based mostly on specimen FG1 (cf. Figure 24). Anterior to the left.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="02004F491E2A1229C697FBC3FAE3FB00" blockId="30.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
Specimen from 
<collectingRegion id="C07B81AB1E2A1229C72DFBC3FDA9FBC8" box="[383,522,1032,1058]" country="United Kingdom" name="Manchester" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Manchester</collectingRegion>
. Collected 
<date id="760169891E2A1229C4D9FBC3FCF2FBC8" box="[651,849,1032,1058]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" value="1985-10-20">20 October 1985</date>
, Ecology Study Area, campus of the University of 
<collectingRegion id="C07B81AB1E2A1229C6C5FBFBFEBCFBA0" box="[151,287,1072,1098]" country="United Kingdom" name="Manchester" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Manchester</collectingRegion>
(Grid Reference: SJ846968). This specimen (
<figureCitation id="9A8453CC1E2A1229C56BFBFBFC2EFBA0" box="[825,909,1072,1098]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="27.[151,255,1860,1884]" captionTargetBox="[435,1159,204,1827]" captionTargetId="figure-54@27.[425,1162,194,1836]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 21. Microplana kwiskea. Manchester (1985) specimens (HDJ collection). a. Photograph of a live (partly autodigested) specimen. Anterior to the right. 2 mm graph paper. b &amp; c. Sections through the copulatory apparatus. Anterior to the left." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5231450" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5231450/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
) partially autodigested before it was fixed. It is not quite fully mature in that the penis is not very large, but the ejaculatory duct extends for most of its length and has internal folds or projections, similar to the above. The genito-intestinal duct is well-defined, narrow and runs directly to a digestive diverticulum on one side. Its identity was uncertain until compared with the above specimens from Kirby Wiske and we are confident that it is a specimen of 
<taxonomicName id="C5BF34CA1E2A1229C2E7FB1BFA9BFB03" authorityName="Jones &amp; Webster &amp; Littlewood &amp; Mcdonald" authorityYear="2008" box="[1205,1336,1232,1257]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Rhynchodemidae" genus="Microplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="kwiskea">
<emphasis id="30CB935B1E2A1229C2E7FB1BFA9BFB03" box="[1205,1336,1232,1257]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">M. kwiskea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="02004F491E2A1229C697FB33FDDCFA58" blockId="30.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
Specimens from Shirdley Hill, 
<collectingRegion id="C07B81AB1E2A1229C412FB33FD67FAF8" box="[576,708,1272,1298]" country="United Kingdom" name="Lancashire" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Lancashire</collectingRegion>
. Collected 
<date id="760169891E2A1229C51FFB33FC53FAF8" box="[845,1008,1272,1298]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" value="1992-10">October 1992</date>
at the site of population studies of 
<taxonomicName id="C5BF34CA1E2A1229C6C5FAEBFD1FFAD0" authority="(sensu Jones 1981)" baseAuthorityName="Jones" baseAuthorityYear="1981" box="[151,700,1312,1338]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Australoplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="sanguinea">
<emphasis id="30CB935B1E2A1229C6C5FAEBFE67FAD3" box="[151,452,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Australoplana sanguinea</emphasis>
(sensu Jones 1981)
</taxonomicName>
reported by Jones 
<emphasis id="30CB935B1E2A1229C5E3FAEBFC51FAD3" box="[945,1010,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">et al.</emphasis>
(1998 and 2001) (Grid reference: SD360129). Two specimens have been sectioned (in addition to undoubted 
<taxonomicName id="C5BF34CA1E2A1229C244FA83FB0BFA8B" baseAuthorityName="Muller" baseAuthorityYear="1774" box="[1046,1192,1352,1377]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Rhynchodemidae" genus="Microplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="terrestris">
<emphasis id="30CB935B1E2A1229C244FA83FB0BFA8B" box="[1046,1192,1352,1377]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">M. terrestris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the same site). Both have the same penis structure and direct genito-intestinal duct typical of 
<taxonomicName id="C5BF34CA1E2A1229C27DFABBFB17FA63" authorityName="Jones &amp; Webster &amp; Littlewood &amp; Mcdonald" authorityYear="2008" box="[1071,1204,1392,1417]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Rhynchodemidae" genus="Microplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="kwiskea">
<emphasis id="30CB935B1E2A1229C27DFABBFB17FA63" box="[1071,1204,1392,1417]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">M. kwiskea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="9A8453CC1E2A1229C296FABBFAB8FA60" box="[1220,1307,1392,1418]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="28.[151,255,1583,1607]" captionTargetBox="[458,1132,182,1559]" captionTargetId="figure-207@28.[446,1141,178,1559]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 22. Microplana kwiskea. Shirdley Hill (1992) specimens (HDJ collection). a. Live specimen, anterior to the right, on 2 mm graph paper, thus the worm was about 2.2 cm long and 2 mm wide. b &amp; c. Sections through the copulatory apparatus of a further specimen. Anterior to the left." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5231452" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5231452/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
) and again we are confident these are of that species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4AA51CC21E2A1228C697FA74FF74FEB8" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="02004F491E2A1229C697FA74FCC9F808" blockId="30.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="30CB935B1E2A1229C697FA74FDD4FA33" bold="true" box="[197,631,1471,1497]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
Discussion on 
<emphasis id="30CB935B1E2A1229C72BFA74FDD4FA33" bold="true" box="[377,631,1471,1497]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<taxonomicName id="C5BF34CA1E2A1229C72BFA74FDD1FA33" authorityName="Jones &amp; Webster &amp; Littlewood &amp; Mcdonald" authorityYear="2008" box="[377,626,1471,1497]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Rhynchodemidae" genus="Microplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="kwiskea">Microplana kwiskea</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</emphasis>
The presence of a single pair of eyes and of a genito-intestinal connection means that these specimens are undoubtedly of the genus 
<taxonomicName id="C5BF34CA1E2A1229C5C4FA23FBBCF9EB" authorityName="Vejdovsky" authorityYear="1890" box="[918,1055,1512,1537]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Rhynchodemidae" genus="Microplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="30CB935B1E2A1229C5C4FA23FBBCF9EB" box="[918,1055,1512,1537]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Microplana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. There was little doubt about 
<taxonomicName id="C5BF34CA1E2A1229C32EFA23FF57F9C3" authorityName="Jones &amp; Webster &amp; Littlewood &amp; Mcdonald" authorityYear="2008" class="Rhabditophora" family="Rhynchodemidae" genus="Microplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="kwiskea">
<emphasis id="30CB935B1E2A1229C32EFA23FF57F9C3" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">M. kwiskea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
being different from 
<taxonomicName id="C5BF34CA1E2A1229C7BCF9DBFDCDF9C3" authorityName="Graff" authorityYear="1896" box="[494,622,1552,1577]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Rhynchodemidae" genus="Rhynchodemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="scharffi">
<emphasis id="30CB935B1E2A1229C7BCF9DBFDCDF9C3" box="[494,622,1552,1577]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">M. scharffi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the shape, size and colour being sufficient to distinguish the species. The different anatomy of the copulatory apparatus simply confirms this distinction. However, the size and shape of 
<taxonomicName id="C5BF34CA1E2A1229C750F9ABFE25F993" authorityName="Jones &amp; Webster &amp; Littlewood &amp; Mcdonald" authorityYear="2008" box="[258,390,1632,1657]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Rhynchodemidae" genus="Microplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="kwiskea">
<emphasis id="30CB935B1E2A1229C750F9ABFE25F993" box="[258,390,1632,1657]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">M. kwiskea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is broadly similar to that of 
<taxonomicName id="C5BF34CA1E2A1229C485F9ABFCCAF993" baseAuthorityName="Muller" baseAuthorityYear="1774" box="[727,873,1632,1657]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Rhynchodemidae" genus="Microplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="terrestris">
<emphasis id="30CB935B1E2A1229C485F9ABFCCAF993" box="[727,873,1632,1657]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">M. terrestris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, though the colour is different, hence our original uncertainty. The molecular results are unequivocal, the specimens are of a different species to 
<taxonomicName id="C5BF34CA1E2A1229C374F943FF1DF923" baseAuthorityName="Muller" baseAuthorityYear="1774" class="Rhabditophora" family="Rhynchodemidae" genus="Microplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="terrestris">
<emphasis id="30CB935B1E2A1229C374F943FF1DF923" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">M. terrestris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The anatomy of the male ducts, penis and of the genito-intestinal duct are quite different in the two species. The expanded ejaculatory duct with internal projections (seminal vesicle of some authors) runs most of the length of the penis in 
<taxonomicName id="C5BF34CA1E2A1229C7B6F8CBFDCBF8F3" authorityName="Jones &amp; Webster &amp; Littlewood &amp; Mcdonald" authorityYear="2008" box="[484,616,1792,1817]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Rhynchodemidae" genus="Microplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="kwiskea">
<emphasis id="30CB935B1E2A1229C7B6F8CBFDCBF8F3" box="[484,616,1792,1817]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">M. kwiskea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but in 
<taxonomicName id="C5BF34CA1E2A1229C491F8CBFCF7F8F3" baseAuthorityName="Muller" baseAuthorityYear="1774" box="[707,852,1792,1817]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Rhynchodemidae" genus="Microplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="terrestris">
<emphasis id="30CB935B1E2A1229C491F8CBFCF7F8F3" box="[707,852,1792,1817]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">M. terrestris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
it occupies only the basal half of the penis. In 
<taxonomicName id="C5BF34CA1E2A1229C32EF8CBFF57F8AB" authorityName="Jones &amp; Webster &amp; Littlewood &amp; Mcdonald" authorityYear="2008" class="Rhabditophora" family="Rhynchodemidae" genus="Microplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="kwiskea">
<emphasis id="30CB935B1E2A1229C32EF8CBFF57F8AB" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">M. kwiskea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the genito-intestinal duct is of constant diameter for its entire length and it runs noticeably forwards to open into the intestine to one side (the right) of the penis. In 
<taxonomicName id="C5BF34CA1E2A1229C520F89BFBA1F883" baseAuthorityName="Muller" baseAuthorityYear="1774" box="[882,1026,1872,1897]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Rhynchodemidae" genus="Microplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="terrestris">
<emphasis id="30CB935B1E2A1229C520F89BFBA1F883" box="[882,1026,1872,1897]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">M. terrestris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the genito-intestinal duct broadens to a sinus-like cavity before narrowing to its opening or openings to the intestine which, though forwards of its origin, are somewhat dorsal and not as far forwards as in 
<taxonomicName id="C5BF34CA1E2A1229C519F86BFC73F853" authorityName="Jones &amp; Webster &amp; Littlewood &amp; Mcdonald" authorityYear="2008" box="[843,976,1952,1977]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Rhynchodemidae" genus="Microplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="kwiskea">
<emphasis id="30CB935B1E2A1229C519F86BFC73F853" box="[843,976,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">M. kwiskea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The pharyngeal opening (mouth) and gonopore are further apart in 
<taxonomicName id="C5BF34CA1E2A1229C7BDF803FDD1F80B" authorityName="Jones &amp; Webster &amp; Littlewood &amp; Mcdonald" authorityYear="2008" box="[495,626,1992,2017]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Rhynchodemidae" genus="Microplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="kwiskea">
<emphasis id="30CB935B1E2A1229C7BDF803FDD1F80B" box="[495,626,1992,2017]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">M. kwiskea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than in 
<taxonomicName id="C5BF34CA1E2A1229C480F803FCC0F80B" baseAuthorityName="Muller" baseAuthorityYear="1774" box="[722,867,1992,2017]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Rhynchodemidae" genus="Microplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="terrestris">
<emphasis id="30CB935B1E2A1229C480F803FCC0F80B" box="[722,867,1992,2017]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">M. terrestris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="02004F491E2B1228C697FF53FF74FEB8" blockId="31.[151,1436,152,338]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
Apart from their different colour, probably the best discriminating feature between the two species when alive is the ventral creeping sole. This is best seen when the animals are viewed from the ventral side when placed in a transparent container. In 
<taxonomicName id="C5BF34CA1E2B1228C411FF23FD77FEEB" baseAuthorityName="Muller" baseAuthorityYear="1774" box="[579,724,232,257]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Rhynchodemidae" genus="Microplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="terrestris">
<emphasis id="30CB935B1E2B1228C411FF23FD77FEEB" box="[579,724,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">M. terrestris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the sole is wide, almost half the ventral width, hardly raised and almost white. In 
<taxonomicName id="C5BF34CA1E2B1228C7CAFEDBFDBCFEC3" authorityName="Jones &amp; Webster &amp; Littlewood &amp; Mcdonald" authorityYear="2008" box="[408,543,272,297]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Rhynchodemidae" genus="Microplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="kwiskea">
<emphasis id="30CB935B1E2B1228C7CAFEDBFDBCFEC3" box="[408,543,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">M. kwiskea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the sole is narrow, ridged and virtually the same colour as the rest of the body.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>