466 lines
56 KiB
XML
466 lines
56 KiB
XML
<document ID-CLB-Dataset="184861" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.72.e89647" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e83eba07-b611-4b55-b94a-96f2059d0efd" ID-Pensoft-Pub="2625-8498-72-997" ID-Pensoft-UUID="F478C7D1544650D99649E511AB6CED15" ID-ZooBank="0CA196A200E04E0AB21611AD5B3856EB" ModsDocID="2625-8498-72-997" checkinTime="1668159806196" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Kraus, Fred, Kaiser, Hinrich & O'Shea, Mark" docDate="2022" docId="62A5FF5FA17058DF9D3F1B642371F972" docLanguage="en" docName="VertZool 72: 997-1034" docOrigin="Vertebrate Zoology 72" docPubDate="2022-11-10" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.72.e89647" docTitle="Toxicocalamus vertebralis Kraus & Kaiser & O’Shea 2022, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="B622F878-E540-4FF4-9D8E-1E1C91325F07" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="4" id="F478C7D1544650D99649E511AB6CED15" lastPageNumber="997" masterDocId="F478C7D1544650D99649E511AB6CED15" masterDocTitle="Hidden diversity in semi-fossorial Melanesian forest snakes: A revision of the Toxicocalamus loriae complex (Squamata, Elapidae) from New Guinea" masterLastPageNumber="1034" masterPageNumber="997" pageNumber="997" updateTime="1732932759951" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="34F75838663D2A181C0DF3C608EC471D">Hidden diversity in semi-fossorial Melanesian forest snakes: A revision of the Toxicocalamus loriae complex (Squamata, Elapidae) from New Guinea</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E2E2BCAC6909C97BB593AF7CF6E2C145">Kraus, Fred</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="D3BE0A112D6F07108A414C6AA181A28F">Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="B6D4D9AB639005F5F5B566A1D4685C0B">Kaiser, Hinrich</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="E7D7E261A44EA4AD3B8779A9FED87D91" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-9428</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="63CCD650E90D24E6EA180BB9A0507535">Department of Biology, Victor Valley College, 18422 Bear Valley Road, Victorville, California 92395, USA & Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Leibniz-Institut zur Analyse des Biodiversitaetswandels, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="775DCCD8F6115981753E8894E99F2516" type="email">chalcopis@yahoo.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="DC00890ECBBFB441640E6A5E813E2250">O'Shea, Mark</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="93E80AEDA11591F0EC18B9E579C3C42D" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1566-7460</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="404CF9A179FF7D453E992DD6CB4D6050">Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton, West Midlands WV 1 1 LY, United Kingdom</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="2F3A37B01B6652792072F134E4113446">Vertebrate Zoology</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="6D0150824192C6F437A469182F376896">
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<mods:date id="D9346FCB3DA813A2D9C61B750CEF0317">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="664A2ADC63DCBCDA6D4CBAF7B53A5E16">2022-11-10</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="A4DC2972B29E3245C2AC398BFDFE9467">72</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="5A83D3FA96259F5F617D80A4E2B59A8A">journal article</mods:classification>
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<treatment id="62A5FF5FA17058DF9D3F1B642371F972" ID-GBIF-Taxon="204928502" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:B622F878-E540-4FF4-9D8E-1E1C91325F07" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/62A5FF5FA17058DF9D3F1B642371F972" lastPageNumber="997" pageId="0" pageNumber="997" scope_class="Squamata" scope_family="Elapidae">
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<subSubSection id="A688CF53C989CEBFEA1AEBF3B36AA9BA" pageId="0" pageNumber="997" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="C483E742D7EE3ECE64A5EBD68F319E39" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">
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<taxonomicName id="22858B0F7CC658CD9E2569B37321D186" LSID="https://zoobank.org/B622F878-E540-4FF4-9D8E-1E1C91325F07" authority="Kraus & Kaiser & O’Shea, 2022" authorityName="Kraus & Kaiser & O’Shea" authorityYear="2022" family="Elapidae" genus="Toxicocalamus" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Toxicocalamus vertebralis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="997" rank="species" species="vertebralis" status="sp. nov.">Toxicocalamus vertebralis</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="D9BAB65D6A1D005940F76F31413B1F47" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="825BCE11713CB91427E538083CDE157A" pageId="0" pageNumber="997" type="description">
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<paragraph id="054373B9191F469F89F7AE9B66D430A3" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">
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<figureCitation id="C2039356B3F19341F2B67B361CC31FFD" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Dorsal and right lateral views of heads of juveniles of Toxicocalamus loriae Group snakes. A, B T. loriae (BPBM 10966), Agaun, Milne Bay Province, PNG. C, D T. nymani comb. nov., spotted form (BPBM 5442), Kalolo, Morobe Province, PNG. E, F T. nymani, dark form (BPBM 23699), Wau, Morobe Province, PNG. G, H T. lamingtoni comb. nov. (AMS R 9352), Mt. Lamington, Oro Province, PNG. I, J T. vertebralis sp. nov. (KU 129086), Wau, Morobe Province, PNG. K, L T. spilorhynchus sp. nov. (AMNH R- 107204), Garaina, Morobe Province, PNG. M, N T. atratus sp. nov. (CAS 118958), Mintima, Chimbu Province, PNG." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.72.e89647.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/768170" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">Figs 4I, J</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="4326E2B23FFA2F1B87DB216D2C0FAAE5" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Head of holotype of Toxicocalamus vertebralis sp. nov. (AMS R 23072) from Fungoi, Kaironk Valley, Madang Province, PNG, in both photographic and line-drawing illustrations. A, A ' dorsal, B, B ' right lateral, C, C ' left lateral, and D, D ' ventral views." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.72.e89647.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/768175" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">, 8</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="5D5D692E58AD9EABABFC5E71EE455868" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. A Right, and B left sides of holotype of Toxicocalamus vertebralis sp. nov. (AMS R 23072), from Fungoi, Kaironk Valley, Madang Province, PNG. The distinctive vertebral stripe of this taxon is difficult to discern due to the position in which the holotype was fixed during preservation." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.72.e89647.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/768176" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">, 9</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="EDBF57A99426595E1FA4187714BB45AB" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Paratypes of Toxicocalamus vertebralis sp. nov. to illustrate the black vertebral stripe in this species. A AMS R 23068, from Fungoi, Kaironk Valley, Madang Province, PNG. B AMS R 16581, from Baiyer River, Western Highlands Province, PNG." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.72.e89647.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/768177" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">, 10</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="473095F6859EC1C169ADF1CE64CCBF67" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Toxicocalamus loriae Group species in live and perimortem photographs to show colour in life. A, B T. vertebralis sp. nov. (CAS 140042) from Kol, Jimi Valley, Jiwaka Province, PNG. C, D T. spilorhynchus sp. nov. (MCZ R- 152431) from Garaina, Morobe Province, PNG. E T. atratus sp. nov. (MCZ R- 84026) from Kundiawa, Wahgi Valley, Chimbu Province, PNG. F T. atratus (MCZ R- 111767) from Kundiawa, Wahgi Valley, Chimbu Province, PNG. Photographs by Fred Parker." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.72.e89647.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/768178" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">, 11A, B</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="D2F8C9574F4E91C3E13CBE72F4AE6DC3" pageId="0" pageNumber="997" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="F920B005A76FF9FD3D99016B2A38BB25" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">
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<taxonomicName id="8F6C09D0F53680E0CD29E82053FC3DE2" authority="Kraus & Kaiser & O’Shea, 2022" authorityName="Kraus & Kaiser & O’Shea" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Kraus & Kaiser & O’Shea" baseAuthorityYear="1898" family="Elapidae" genus="Toxicocalamus" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Toxicocalamus (Apistocalamus) loriae" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="997" rank="species" species="loriae" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Apistocalamus">Toxicocalamus (Apistocalamus) loriae</taxonomicName>
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(part) - McDowell, 1969: 485.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0844EABD2A0C1FE0146BF6A4E4EC85EE" pageId="0" pageNumber="997" type="holotype">
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<paragraph id="DE3BDE1A9D2D63259D226E449B48EC6B" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">Holotype.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0FDD028CB3318B513B0C7244B1037053" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">
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AMS R23072, an adult female collected by Harold G. Cogger at Fungoi, Kaironk Valley,
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<geoCoordinate id="205AEA6A7D26142EC9B1686024467A20" degrees="5.33" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="555" value="-5.33">5.33°S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="2504C2FF181B8A37FA7C3F660E1599CF" degrees="144.42" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="555" value="144.42">144.42°E</geoCoordinate>
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, elevation 1800 m, Schrader Range, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea in December 1964.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="865CF021254AC1C6B341038E319A12D3" pageId="0" pageNumber="997" type="paratypes (n = 18)">
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<paragraph id="23FE890BD8CA9B9C535D8D6AF2A705FA" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">
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Paratypes (
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<emphasis id="C81C0391CE0EDFCA43D11BBCD3C5989A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">n</emphasis>
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= 18).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A756EA2C5561BBF71B2F02115876A847" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">
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Papua New Guinea: Madang Province: same locality as holotype, AMS R23068-69, R23071, R23073; Kaironk Valley,
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<geoCoordinate id="FDFD629F8C189C84785353A538E20B01" degrees="5.23" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="555" value="-5.23">5.23°S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="9E7E5D510F68DE30E7687384EEF5182E" degrees="144.48" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="555" value="144.48">144.48°E</geoCoordinate>
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, elev. 1850 m, UPNG 963-67, 3353, 5012; Kalne River,
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<geoCoordinate id="61D1533514C75712F093D810F2749960" degrees="5.53" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="555" value="-5.53">5.53°S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="61B73A13781E8174B841FC988797984C" degrees="144.82" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="555" value="144.82">144.82°E</geoCoordinate>
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, elev. 1200 m, UPNG 8695; Morobe Province: Wau,
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<geoCoordinate id="5888BC9FAF22E92E66A3B02B2507AB44" degrees="7.33" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="555" value="-7.33">7.33°S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="D4EB625C01AAEBFAD98B021EF1C871D8" degrees="146.71" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="555" value="146.71">146.71°E</geoCoordinate>
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, elev. 1070 m, KU 129086; ridge between Aseki and No. 1 Watut Valley, ca. 30 km W Wau,
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<geoCoordinate id="B423D17EAEC783197BA0ED02ED804A6A" degrees="7.33" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="555" value="-7.33">7.33°S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="AF41A232AD0E2E8F47CFED9BBD044C1A" degrees="146.17" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="555" value="146.17">146.17°E</geoCoordinate>
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, elev. ca. 2000 m, BPBM 6497; Western Highlands Province: Kol, Jimi Valley,
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<geoCoordinate id="46C1E92A6599128C332305CD9A6CCCC8" degrees="5.70" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="555" value="-5.7">5.70°S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="7F5ED54E62B317E392790593D52C3F14" degrees="144.84" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="555" value="144.84">144.84°E</geoCoordinate>
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, elev. 1500 m, CAS 140042; Baiyer River,
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<geoCoordinate id="B2277AF16C23688194AE566FA3DF0093" degrees="5.53" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="555" value="-5.53">5.53°S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="29202D00F49FF159952EEFE2C6D0C4AA" degrees="144.16" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="555" value="144.16">144.16°E</geoCoordinate>
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, elev. 1170 m, AMS R16575, R16581; Sandaun Province: Busilmin,
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<geoCoordinate id="60F592E90CD1AB43DE228DE69F6BA4C5" degrees="4.92" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="555" value="-4.92">4.92°S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="8F90004349F34C9B6C8FBC78EE1482CE" degrees="141.14" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="555" value="141.14">141.14°E</geoCoordinate>
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, elev. 1880 m, SAMA 6275.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D5895D70E2AD46E63A3937817A626D2D" pageId="0" pageNumber="997" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="82B124C59C46794D0684AFA4C0514406" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="235ED479FF4D2CA466B855D690F92EE9" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">
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The species epithet is a Latin masculine adjective in recognition of the vertebral stripe that distinguishes this species from most other
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<taxonomicName id="B7007F870BE02F47DBDF4D2FD8A73D15" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1896" family="Elapidae" genus="Toxicocalamus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Toxicocalamus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="997" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="60C6483B072070C59E12C9524760C25A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">Toxicocalamus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F84150CB582EE670039DDDE12E1C6003" pageId="0" pageNumber="997" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="3673F5BAB0FA9DDD8B2529E01ED39547" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5EAC2944717A2BACD1692D1F6D9644C8" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">
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A large member of the
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<taxonomicName id="D239F8CA2AE0CCDED076DDDC3239675E" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. loriae" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="997" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="loriae">
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<emphasis id="B4F82E01622367CE9992AD5B79D520F0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">T. loriae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Group (known male SVL up to 565 mm, known female SVL up to 685 mm) with the following unique combination of characters: body length sexually dimorphic (
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<emphasis id="20187F94CF22DABA668333C1BE3A5AA7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">t</emphasis>
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10 = 2.3826,
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<emphasis id="A2331573AC9FD76CC89BB3B821B997A2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">p</emphasis>
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= 0.0192); two scales covering vent; three infralabials contacting first genial; a single intergenial between posterior genials, widest posteriorly; preocular contacting nasal (81%) or not (19%), not contacting internasal; relatively long snout (SNL/SNW mean = 1.07, range = 0.95-1.18); relatively large eye (EY/SNL mean = 0.21, range = 0.16-0.28); two postoculars; usually three (74%) posterior temporals; ventral scale count sexually dimorphic with overlap (
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<emphasis id="A8DA112846647DDD4B103A3BFCAF798D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">t</emphasis>
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17 = 4.7511,
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<emphasis id="51434DFF1D4A9D63FDD22BBB52A43BF5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">p</emphasis>
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<0.0001), 194-210 in nine males, 203-232 in nine females and a female embryo; subcaudals 39-52 in males, 31-38 in females, sexually dimorphic without overlap; SCR sexually dimorphic without overlap, 16.7-20.5% in males, 12.8-14.8% in females; adult females with much shorter tails than adult males, TLR 13.3-17.1% in adult males, 6.5-10.7% in adult females; pale parietal blotch absent; pale markings on prefrontals absent (95%) or vague (5%); tail spine white, paler than remainder of tail; and venter uniformly yellow.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="FDC772CBA01837EE95DE58C1CD0CB49F" pageId="0" pageNumber="997" type="comparisons">
|
||
<paragraph id="071F2B040A356E264E97DEFC6F14623C" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">Comparisons with other species.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="226B848DA8F9CBDEC8488C880034391D" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B104688C778E668F84AB4E7F8953093" authorityName="Kraus & Kaiser & O’Shea" authorityYear="2022" family="Elapidae" genus="Toxicocalamus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Toxicocalamus vertebralis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="997" rank="species" species="vertebralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="159FCDDCE5272B5E4C04DB5B8AB2FBAA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">Toxicocalamus vertebralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished from all other members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AA8CA37B55A547E57C47DE16B86BB534" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. loriae" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="997" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="loriae">
|
||
<emphasis id="5FA9F2219D6AF3549E92366D513AAE85" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">T. loriae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Group except
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9D69C165A20C94FA0DD45EEE0A29595F" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. loennbergii" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="997" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="loennbergii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B84AB77FED2DF004747EB883213252EC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">T. loennbergii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by its dark vertebral line. It is further distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9745558093C2A22931D072CB72B304C" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. mattisoni" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="997" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mattisoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="A9529290502EF3387213FEDA1764F57E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">T. mattisoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FC26C8FEC000C5D486221509FF4816BF" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. nigrescens" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="997" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="813F48DB48AABB98574EEF7F27F21202" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">T. nigrescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by its greater number of ventrals (198-228 vs. 170-181 and 184-193 in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AAA3AD63B7E378FAB64B7A5288B013F" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. mattisoni" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="997" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mattisoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="C40972D686365B7A7349196F98C9555A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">T. mattisoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEEAC778AE48FFF2658C6A5D73ED4B42" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. nigrescens" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="997" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="C8EC26E6819970B514A5CDBA41214077" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">T. nigrescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, respectively) and yellow venter (grey or yellow barred with grey in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="41999BD81A7E61CB2616A938F7108764" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. mattisoni" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="997" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mattisoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="052F4D650DA9AD7376F471A40DF12C48" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">T. mattisoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C13A508678E6642A7AFA7E41DAF75094" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. nigrescens" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="997" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="83F51D9E5D1F3205AD2189C94B6D2EAD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">T. nigrescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="362C0DF075024571395B67ED7FC39C4B" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. loriae" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="997" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="loriae">
|
||
<emphasis id="0AFD43D5FD7837AF08DEFE3D337F6069" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">T. loriae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having only a single intergenial (vs. two in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83B6F9A73E30DF68452A187D056A0DBB" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. loriae" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="997" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="loriae">
|
||
<emphasis id="6C77304646CA8C817F0B17AD413F0417" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">T. loriae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); from juvenile
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F60D6C9DEDC07C5075D48E5FB972CA02" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. nymani" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="997" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nymani">
|
||
<emphasis id="85C40F25C09E6027891FB585C9720E16" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">T. nymani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by lacking a pale blotch on the prefrontals (vs. present in 80% of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5D60726A020E9CF217EB058FE9AE4D5C" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. nymani" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="997" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nymani">
|
||
<emphasis id="6B46E9A6FBCFE1B603963D0E57FF8D7F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">T. nymani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and from all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="75E4118C6E9F2FB38BD041FA9BF2C154" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. nymani" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="997" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nymani">
|
||
<emphasis id="412A6FF8615F2E868957C193526A7618" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">T. nymani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by significant differences in ventral scale counts for both sexes (males: 194-210 vs. 178-198 in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1CD9DCACC137B8A6815FB2E2AAD353F8" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. nymani" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="997" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nymani">
|
||
<emphasis id="412EEC4E765111FECC22E5815F504B42" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">T. nymani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="6D6FDEDA1486166869F4F48912E02BEF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">t</emphasis>
|
||
24 = 5.2049,
|
||
<emphasis id="D2994CDADBF6EA9B5095EF3EC75C1007" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">p</emphasis>
|
||
= 0.000012; females: 203-232 vs. 182-210 in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4F69A5CCBF19F5DBDEF594FF5A5E4B2B" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. nymani" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="997" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nymani">
|
||
<emphasis id="D92F0A5D9BB7E81BF3C2D78234BF5DEE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">T. nymani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="6D3BB48AACFC3FD6C1A03262FFF2EE87" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">t</emphasis>
|
||
30 = 7.3288,
|
||
<emphasis id="411CA73921CDFAD9940239D6548B70F0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">p</emphasis>
|
||
<0.00001) and subcaudal scale counts in females (31-38 vs. 26-39 in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C2941D5107D1AC03039B45FB6B4E171E" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. nymani" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="997" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nymani">
|
||
<emphasis id="28A87C7B04AB0198376E7CD3506E840F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">T. nymani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="64C7F0141855BCC49710E5007CECFCB3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">t</emphasis>
|
||
29 = -3.5633,
|
||
<emphasis id="F5541A2633DE1A77941192441AB36EEB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">p</emphasis>
|
||
= 0.000645); and from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5316E55BB7BFEBEC1552F12B1AB63437" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. lamingtoni" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="997" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lamingtoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="85472B6EE7FF045901556EA698E6CA74" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">T. lamingtoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having two scales covering the vent (vs. one scale in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="345B0C8472E4328D585DBB3FCBC6FE0E" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. lamingtoni" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="997" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lamingtoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="4B26F9078BE18CAAED135004047A1148" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">T. lamingtoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), non-overlapping ventral scale counts in both sexes (males: 194-210 vs. 160-178 in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB3F2A647FD5BCBD4903BF37D99E4534" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. lamingtoni" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="997" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lamingtoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B0C697DB1EC0C49FBB670F8D46A1D1F3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">T. lamingtoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; females: 203-232 vs. 189-194 in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="12BD665BA68D9753C72763865FBEDCCD" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. lamingtoni" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="997" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lamingtoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="DF6F1C6EFB26EE5543BD55BF7C2BE7C5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">T. lamingtoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and subcaudal scale counts in females (31-38 vs. 26-34 in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="869092065C8463CB482B08163872F208" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. lamingtoni" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="997" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lamingtoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8108636944196D232BD29380C6DAF13" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">T. lamingtoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="248DA81A41350759F6349D60903CF9AB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">t</emphasis>
|
||
17 = -4.9232,
|
||
<emphasis id="E3C0DFFCE14AE1D99616272409095CD1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">p</emphasis>
|
||
= 0.000064), and a white (vs. dark brown in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6449E87AC6409BFD1C41B92E736240EA" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. lamingtoni" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="997" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lamingtoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="3FFF7E2990C37E66543D68988E2B3C2B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">T. lamingtoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) tail spine. The uniformly yellow venter and dark vertebral stripe make
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45B34A63465AB70DBE9B5E459E02BACA" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. vertebralis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="997" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vertebralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="8F3EDF858B5F79E292DA9FC4967253D0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">T. vertebralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
most similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A21933700B8592A34E84FE9197A22B94" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. loennbergii" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="997" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="loennbergii">
|
||
<emphasis id="7CB7C1274D54C1A69091395AE04907A2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">T. loennbergii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but it can be distinguished from that species in having two postoculars (vs. one in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="39FFB5D1FC12E205C56DFF63C19EC1B4" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. loennbergii" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="997" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="loennbergii">
|
||
<emphasis id="64757FFBD9459E9C40B4F2A04BE0D105" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">T. loennbergii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), a significantly greater number of subcaudals in females (31-38 vs. 23-32 in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EA85527E3D00F827148C61B8513CDDD2" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. loennbergii" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="997" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="loennbergii">
|
||
<emphasis id="7E202E0900C53E3D483B48D9702B5B37" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">T. loennbergii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="85CCEC79832FB15E2928316B8D5D5D41" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">t</emphasis>
|
||
12 = -4.3818,
|
||
<emphasis id="E56ED17192120EB693859CA057677903" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">p</emphasis>
|
||
= 0.000447), three (vs. four) infralabials contacting the anterior pair of genials, a longer snout (SNL/SNW mean = 1.07, range = 0.95-1.18 vs. 0.95 and 0.93-0.99 in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B3327611E1D5108E18AF1E6C27AAE3DA" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. loennbergii" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="997" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="loennbergii">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC3D216A0779FA3A5E685199D07062B8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">T. loennbergii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), larger eye (EY/SNL mean = 0.21, range = 0.16-0.28 vs. 0.16 and 0.15-0.18 in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F35B38782E3E93C9878EB1703FA4C940" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. loennbergii" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="997" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="loennbergii">
|
||
<emphasis id="CCC6F8050B394D4DEFD7196370F2D5D2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">T. loennbergii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and lacking a pale blotch on the parietals (present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="36AA9A44AB89ACA278F4E8F473F9638D" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. loennbergii" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="997" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="loennbergii">
|
||
<emphasis id="1F07312B8F4833602521BEC578A6FEFE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">T. loennbergii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="186C9AAC5666743FFF88F79110C60E4E" pageId="0" pageNumber="997" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="DF20A4018432EE73BC3410F80C599F99" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">Description of the holotype.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6C9556A6B333799E0EFF1EE491377E48" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">
|
||
Adult female with mid-ventral slit extending through 47 ventrals anterior to vent; 666 mm SVL + 69 mm TL = 735 TTL. Rostral broader than high, notched ventromedially, extending dorsoposteriorly behind nares; internasals angulate, semi-triangular, wider than long (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="B4B93C2B9A251A45012F69124013D8AB" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Head of holotype of Toxicocalamus vertebralis sp. nov. (AMS R 23072) from Fungoi, Kaironk Valley, Madang Province, PNG, in both photographic and line-drawing illustrations. A, A ' dorsal, B, B ' right lateral, C, C ' left lateral, and D, D ' ventral views." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.72.e89647.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/768175" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">8A, A</figureCitation>
|
||
'); prefrontals distinct from preoculars, approximately square, wider anteriorly than posteriorly, rounded posterolaterally, bordered below by preocular and nasal; preoculars elongate, narrower anteriorly, approximately twice as long as deep, bordered anteriorly by nasal, bordered below by second and fourth supralabials on right (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="FF36F9E15BCC2820139757B42CD1CCC1" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Head of holotype of Toxicocalamus vertebralis sp. nov. (AMS R 23072) from Fungoi, Kaironk Valley, Madang Province, PNG, in both photographic and line-drawing illustrations. A, A ' dorsal, B, B ' right lateral, C, C ' left lateral, and D, D ' ventral views." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.72.e89647.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/768175" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">8B, B</figureCitation>
|
||
') and by second and third supralabials on left (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="606BD1CC8DCE7186E7EFB7A688C1B2EF" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Head of holotype of Toxicocalamus vertebralis sp. nov. (AMS R 23072) from Fungoi, Kaironk Valley, Madang Province, PNG, in both photographic and line-drawing illustrations. A, A ' dorsal, B, B ' right lateral, C, C ' left lateral, and D, D ' ventral views." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.72.e89647.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/768175" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">8C, C</figureCitation>
|
||
'); frontal shield-shaped, lateral margins angled obliquely, not fused with supraoculars, anterior margin extending slightly anterior to remainder of scale medially; parietals approximately twice as long as wide. Nasals divided by large nares, without grooves above or below naris. Postoculars two, upper longer and larger than lower, both smaller than eye; one elongate anterior temporal above fifth and sixth supralabials on left, sixth and seventh supralabials on right, separating supralabials from parietal; two posterior temporals on left, three on right, lowest abutting posterodorsal margin of sixth supralabial. Supralabials six on left, seven on right; third and fourth supralabials contacting eye on left, fourth and fifth supralabials contacting eye on right; infralabials six, first three in contact with anterior genial, third and fourth in contact with posterior genials. Mental small, shallow, triangular, wider than deep, bordered behind by first supralabials; anterior genials slightly larger than posterior genials, in medial contact along entire length; posterior genials in point contact anteriorly; intergenial single, widest posteriorly; five gulars separate intergenial from first ventral in the midline; first sublabial separates posterior genial from fifth infralabial (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="870633F8BA8DAC416ACF17D6B4AB8408" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Head of holotype of Toxicocalamus vertebralis sp. nov. (AMS R 23072) from Fungoi, Kaironk Valley, Madang Province, PNG, in both photographic and line-drawing illustrations. A, A ' dorsal, B, B ' right lateral, C, C ' left lateral, and D, D ' ventral views." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.72.e89647.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/768175" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">8D, D</figureCitation>
|
||
'). Eye relatively small; pupil round.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="AAC6F72CE58E63FF940F32D428827BB4" doi="10.3897/vz.72.e89647.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/768175" pageId="0" pageNumber="997" start="Figure 8" startId="F8">
|
||
<paragraph id="D91DA4501ED52CA51BC181F36F14CE9B" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">
|
||
<emphasis id="CF772D138CABF7A0183E613444B0B779" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">Figure 8.</emphasis>
|
||
Head of holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8C17AEABB050B0D45659809FE54C7449" authorityName="Kraus & Kaiser & O’Shea" authorityYear="2022" family="Elapidae" genus="Toxicocalamus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Toxicocalamus vertebralis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="997" rank="species" species="vertebralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="E6BF048270175A27D353939834F5AE72" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">Toxicocalamus vertebralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="20CD9F78D7813EBA997DA82D1C50B197" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
(AMS R23072) from Fungoi, Kaironk Valley, Madang Province, PNG, in both photographic and line-drawing illustrations.
|
||
<emphasis id="B4FEAF9FD0A30995743E2D58B17E6F53" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">A</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="E01D40C675C4385AA8B580260DCD2E0D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">A</emphasis>
|
||
' dorsal,
|
||
<emphasis id="A8E3ADF60D8795E6123B8250890FDEF7" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">B</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="E8F77F3D4D12534EDA9EA8C66606C0E2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">B</emphasis>
|
||
' right lateral,
|
||
<emphasis id="241C48AA95749CFB28761D7D2FDF5357" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">C</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E4529909BDE77771A0E5028BD8B706" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">C</emphasis>
|
||
' left lateral, and
|
||
<emphasis id="251B0EDAC817783A74E08179D517B2F3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">D</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="4F878C63C18426FD90CE5EE7DDE6520B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">D</emphasis>
|
||
' ventral views.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="FFB9D19FC51B947409712EF59ED21123" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">Dorsal scale rows 15-15-15, smooth, not notched posteriorly, without apical pits. Ventrals 220, each approximately four times wider than long; two scales covering vent; subcaudals 33, paired. Tail tipped by a pointed conical spine.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0803438F54D31B7BD13E3C79715DE189" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">
|
||
In preservative (52 years after collection), dorsum pale brown (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="2CD6064FC3419208955BA97BB14DD898" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. A Right, and B left sides of holotype of Toxicocalamus vertebralis sp. nov. (AMS R 23072), from Fungoi, Kaironk Valley, Madang Province, PNG. The distinctive vertebral stripe of this taxon is difficult to discern due to the position in which the holotype was fixed during preservation." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.72.e89647.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/768176" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">9A</figureCitation>
|
||
), with darker brown vertebral stripe one scale wide; lowest one and one-half dorsal scale rows yellow, with brown spots on ventral margin of each scale on approximately posterior three-fourths of body, giving this ventrolateral region the appearance of being striped. Venter and subcaudals uniformly pale yellow (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="AC1491AFEADF877120557C8944C4410A" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. A Right, and B left sides of holotype of Toxicocalamus vertebralis sp. nov. (AMS R 23072), from Fungoi, Kaironk Valley, Madang Province, PNG. The distinctive vertebral stripe of this taxon is difficult to discern due to the position in which the holotype was fixed during preservation." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.72.e89647.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/768176" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">9B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Supralabials pale yellow ventrally, brown dorsally on supralabials 3-6 on left, 4-7 on right. Remnants of a yellow nuchal collar present but widely infused with brown, not meeting mid-dorsally. Nasals largely yellow; yellow mottling on rostral, internasals, dorsal portions of nasals, and anterior portions of preoculars. Chin and throat pale yellow, with few small brown flecks along sutures joining mental, first two infralabials, and anterior genials. Conical tail spine white with brown tip. Iris black.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="1BD652D7E59344F80C08DC5A13EDE376" doi="10.3897/vz.72.e89647.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/768176" pageId="0" pageNumber="997" start="Figure 9" startId="F9">
|
||
<paragraph id="7E268AEE88BA0DDFA1B15C8798A3E6EC" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">
|
||
<emphasis id="2B3D9DBB01E5CC1C86874208E226E22E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">Figure 9.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B54DD91AEA50FABAE215C73C39EDD508" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">A</emphasis>
|
||
Right, and
|
||
<emphasis id="6CC518E533573D9B1D786B45F241517A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">B</emphasis>
|
||
left sides of holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9AEF43620438992D76B2CD2863F8418C" authorityName="Kraus & Kaiser & O’Shea" authorityYear="2022" family="Elapidae" genus="Toxicocalamus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Toxicocalamus vertebralis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="997" rank="species" species="vertebralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="1E92C4B4DC80402F472690FD4E325CBC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">Toxicocalamus vertebralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="6B95AD03F16B78613E5A4DE240EA1DC1" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
(AMS R23072), from Fungoi, Kaironk Valley, Madang Province, PNG. The distinctive vertebral stripe of this taxon is difficult to discern due to the position in which the holotype was fixed during preservation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F08CA3275E58717078C86A1E9132AACA" pageId="0" pageNumber="997" type="variation">
|
||
<paragraph id="4DAF9F421E055DEE504E6DCF80A36546" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">Variation.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="88B719D598BE657BF64333363924BF25" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">
|
||
Ventrals 194-210 (201
|
||
<normalizedToken id="BD1A259E0D3CC8FA43ACE3008726C766" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
5) in nine males and 203-232 (218
|
||
<normalizedToken id="B5DCF9851F7D987FE449896AB1AEDABB" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
9) in ten females; subcaudals 39-52 (45
|
||
<normalizedToken id="8178E9C2C25B834938E3AF9EE74F2A70" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
4) in nine males and 31-38 (35
|
||
<normalizedToken id="17D8BB76777A5C413F96331AF6D15918" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
2) in ten females; SCR 16.7-20.5% (18.4
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A08699694016154416A3A78A357E54D6" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
1.0%) in males, 12.8-14.8% (13.7
|
||
<normalizedToken id="6E1A7BBCFA31594598959A6CEF045DA0" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.7%) in females. The lowest male ventral and subcaudal counts are in SAMA 6275 from Busilmin (194 and 39, respectively) but these are not strong outliers. Numbers of postoculars are two, except on the left side of AMS R16581, which has one. TLR 13.3-17.1% (14.7
|
||
<normalizedToken id="1E5EFD2B05B7BC56BDD982AB6CCBFB0B" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
1.3%) in six adult males, 6.5-10.7% (9.4
|
||
<normalizedToken id="4F7CE95E23E08DF9AEBC9DFA12B0211C" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
1.4%) in six adult females, sexually dimorphic without overlap. Numbers of posterior temporals are usually three (74%) but sometimes two (24%) or four (3%). Preoculars typically broadly contact the nasals, except for two specimens that have the two scales separated by point contact between the prefrontal and second supralabial; a third specimen (UPNG 8695) has the two scales separated by broad contact between the prefrontal and second supralabial. Typically, only a single intergenial separates the posterior genials; however, two specimens also have a small intercalary scale anterior to the intergenial and between the posterior genials, and a third specimen has three small intergenials: one anterior and two posterior. Posterior genials are entirely separated by the intergenial(s) in ten specimens and in anterior contact for
|
||
<normalizedToken id="59B4FE13B47DD23623EDCFAD14717FBE" originalValue="¼-½">1/4-1/2</normalizedToken>
|
||
their length in eight.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C5AA22B72DCA1C2236E8D75818DD0EDD" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">
|
||
Specimens are red brown (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="923E0850A3EC7F272A79514AED95B7F1" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Paratypes of Toxicocalamus vertebralis sp. nov. to illustrate the black vertebral stripe in this species. A AMS R 23068, from Fungoi, Kaironk Valley, Madang Province, PNG. B AMS R 16581, from Baiyer River, Western Highlands Province, PNG." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.72.e89647.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/768177" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">10A</figureCitation>
|
||
) or medium brown (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="71C6F10AE710AA54294B58F364818250" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Paratypes of Toxicocalamus vertebralis sp. nov. to illustrate the black vertebral stripe in this species. A AMS R 23068, from Fungoi, Kaironk Valley, Madang Province, PNG. B AMS R 16581, from Baiyer River, Western Highlands Province, PNG." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.72.e89647.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/768177" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">10B</figureCitation>
|
||
) dorsally with a dark-brown vertebral stripe. Venters are uniformly yellow at all sizes. Heads are dark above in all specimens except in the one from Busilmin (SAMA 6275), which is vaguely mottled with dark yellow on several scales. All supralabials are yellow, except for the upper portions of the larger scales; the nasal and ventral portion of the rostral are also typically coloured with yellow. Chin and throat typically uniformly yellow, but a few brown flecks may occur anteriorly, and the specimen from Busilmin has the junctions between the infralabials narrowly margined in brown. In neonates and small juveniles (153-213 mm) the nuchal collar consists of a lateral yellow crescent on each side of the neck, each of which narrows medially and almost meets its opposite member (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="39831C0BF0FB9789857460604FFC7D82" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Dorsal and right lateral views of heads of juveniles of Toxicocalamus loriae Group snakes. A, B T. loriae (BPBM 10966), Agaun, Milne Bay Province, PNG. C, D T. nymani comb. nov., spotted form (BPBM 5442), Kalolo, Morobe Province, PNG. E, F T. nymani, dark form (BPBM 23699), Wau, Morobe Province, PNG. G, H T. lamingtoni comb. nov. (AMS R 9352), Mt. Lamington, Oro Province, PNG. I, J T. vertebralis sp. nov. (KU 129086), Wau, Morobe Province, PNG. K, L T. spilorhynchus sp. nov. (AMNH R- 107204), Garaina, Morobe Province, PNG. M, N T. atratus sp. nov. (CAS 118958), Mintima, Chimbu Province, PNG." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.72.e89647.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/768170" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">4I, J</figureCitation>
|
||
). In larger animals, these yellow blotches are invaded with brown and become obscure.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="5C46C84628B8FC35B765E90916714DB0" doi="10.3897/vz.72.e89647.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/768177" pageId="0" pageNumber="997" start="Figure 10" startId="F10">
|
||
<paragraph id="3C5B5C63DC17E2A8AF84E51859DDB8C7" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6F7840A2E6F6D298D61F4F03143B6D2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">Figure 10.</emphasis>
|
||
Paratypes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E3335B22C27E2224D393DED2EBAEE08" authorityName="Kraus & Kaiser & O’Shea" authorityYear="2022" family="Elapidae" genus="Toxicocalamus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Toxicocalamus vertebralis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="997" rank="species" species="vertebralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0A8506E38C4DCEDE02D6A0679A39308A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">Toxicocalamus vertebralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="AD10A5D818BCA27267527F7EEDDBD2E2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
to illustrate the black vertebral stripe in this species.
|
||
<emphasis id="180C9DF30C84F70285514C543E41156E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">A</emphasis>
|
||
AMS R23068, from Fungoi, Kaironk Valley, Madang Province, PNG.
|
||
<emphasis id="1EFCA081564F8270752255F766EEBE18" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">B</emphasis>
|
||
AMS R16581, from Baiyer River, Western Highlands Province, PNG.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="7B614865DE4367C9376168D65945154E" pageId="0" pageNumber="997" type="colour in life">
|
||
<paragraph id="64C308CFD1CF51264088316BDCE159EF" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">Colour in life.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="215A6F93B8C83C5A8447AC1A8533957E" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">
|
||
A photo of CAS 140042, a large (685 mm SVL) male, shows a dark-brown animal with a darker-brown vertebral region and yellow venter, lips, and tail spine (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="7D6CD51DD2AF45A8F560F7C9C0FAEF99" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Toxicocalamus loriae Group species in live and perimortem photographs to show colour in life. A, B T. vertebralis sp. nov. (CAS 140042) from Kol, Jimi Valley, Jiwaka Province, PNG. C, D T. spilorhynchus sp. nov. (MCZ R- 152431) from Garaina, Morobe Province, PNG. E T. atratus sp. nov. (MCZ R- 84026) from Kundiawa, Wahgi Valley, Chimbu Province, PNG. F T. atratus (MCZ R- 111767) from Kundiawa, Wahgi Valley, Chimbu Province, PNG. Photographs by Fred Parker." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.72.e89647.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/768178" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">11A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="2997FE55DAA87ADDA97E2DE75701AE0B" doi="10.3897/vz.72.e89647.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/768178" pageId="0" pageNumber="997" start="Figure 11" startId="F11">
|
||
<paragraph id="25D4FCBDB4C0A60775373806ABC63D6D" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">
|
||
<emphasis id="D57330A57CF71524D1A73106B53FE0E2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">Figure 11.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BA66994D0C5C9A3E15CDD3E3339FB22F" authorityName="Kraus & Kaiser & O’Shea" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Kraus & Kaiser & O’Shea" baseAuthorityYear="1898" family="Elapidae" genus="Toxicocalamus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Toxicocalamus loriae" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="997" rank="species" species="loriae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B3CAB1BC89A87E6F81073C3A2FCA67C6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">Toxicocalamus loriae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Group species in live and perimortem photographs to show colour in life.
|
||
<emphasis id="F7D53AD8F7A5635AEFE093D9F2D4C9F5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">A</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="F71B673DDAF1E4F3F1190442E5EBE304" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">B</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F181D5A2D64EA3833FC687FCFCEC92D1" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. vertebralis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="997" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vertebralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="2774F1301DDE1148F8A3528E8D6075C1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">T. vertebralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="3E7F8F4B757052602BC61B6A33314095" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
(CAS 140042) from Kol, Jimi Valley, Jiwaka Province, PNG.
|
||
<emphasis id="DD28A27419B7C88D5047F30E9D60597F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">C</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="8B0E74A42DA21EB8AE0C9C453A40F06D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">D</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DC175061E6B406944E217FBBDB1FE4A" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. spilorhynchus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="997" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spilorhynchus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3FB04D578C9D5CC5B7C9E9949000A8CB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">T. spilorhynchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="E7AAD249AF2757348C79E94F4A257F9B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
(MCZ R-152431) from Garaina, Morobe Province, PNG.
|
||
<emphasis id="E881CF25687EAB50AAE16885BA1883EB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">E</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A610EEBACA8EAE9B1E8E704B7E4E037E" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. atratus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="997" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="24D122C13A44B0021441BDB2EB6B7680" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">T. atratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="4FA027AEB3A02A11FCAC1E2464CB32EF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
(MCZ R-84026) from Kundiawa, Wahgi Valley, Chimbu Province, PNG.
|
||
<emphasis id="2698590E0ABA6B87361EC7713158458B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">F</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A27E0AEEBDDBF59C88B7BA30D79277EC" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. atratus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="997" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="322B82B073A178262A0F5585F8EFD076" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">T. atratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MCZ R-111767) from Kundiawa, Wahgi Valley, Chimbu Province, PNG. Photographs by Fred Parker.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="E84241CAF7E5F7CA796B8613CC702E19" pageId="0" pageNumber="997" type="range">
|
||
<paragraph id="5153723AE400143FC5E7AAA4405FCBC7" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">Range.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6D97645D67967D2B37FD91F2DD0BF550" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">
|
||
Known from the Schrader and Bismarck Ranges at the eastern end of the Central Highlands of Papua New Guinea, the vicinity of Wau (Morobe Province), and the Star Mountains near the Indonesian border, at elevations from 1170-1880 m (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="D1E59BDFA95ECA03EDED83A3CE5D8FA5" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Type localities (stars) and other collection sites (circles) of Toxicocalamus loriae Group species. A Map of New Guinea and its satellite islands, showing the positions of the inset maps and the type locality of T. mintoni (magenta), an endemic of Sudest Island, Milne Bay Province, PNG. Scale = 500 km. B Papua New Guinea and adjacent areas of West New Guinea, Indonesia, with white lines demarcating provincial boundaries. Scale = 250 km. C West Papua Province, Indonesia (WP), showing the type locality of T. loennbergii comb. nov. (orange). Other species treated in this report are T. loriae (dark blue), T. lamingtoni comb. nov. (yellow), T. spilorhynchus sp. nov. (red), T. nymani comb. nov. (neon green), T. vertebralis sp. nov. (pink), and T. atratus sp. nov. (light blue). Additional related species in the T. loriae clade are T. goodenoughensis (brown), T. mattisoni (violet), T. nigrescens (black), T. pachysomus (dark green), and T. " Toxicocalamus loriae " Clade 4 (white). The type locality of the recently described dubious taxon T. longhagen (tan) is also indicated. Scale = 250 km. Provinces of PNG are Central (Ce), Chimbu (Ch; also spelled Simbu), Gulf (Gu), Hela (He; created in 2012), Eastern Highlands (EH), East Sepik (ES), Enga (En), Jiwaka (Ji; created in 2012), Madang (Ma), Milne Bay (MB), Morobe (Mo), National Capital District (NCD), Oro (Or; also known as Northern Province); Sandaun (Sa; formerly West Sepik), Southern Highlands (SH), Western (We), and Western Highlands (WH). Provinces of West New Guinea are Highland Papua (HP; created in 2022), Papua (Pa), and South Papua (SP; created in 2022). Sites of sympatry are Wau (W; neon green + pink) with two species and Garaina (G; neon green + red + yellow) with three species." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.72.e89647.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/768172" pageId="0" pageNumber="997">6B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |