376 lines
53 KiB
XML
376 lines
53 KiB
XML
<document id="1645C8ADB0B59EA552E2C8B815C69E50" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.156828" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ebe93e88-c844-4730-bfff-76a537806951" ID-ISSN="11755326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="156828" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459599522113" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Shelley, Rowland M." docDate="2003" docId="132EE018E817FC51FEF93F0BFC0FF975" docLanguage="en" docName="zt00180.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 180" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF.3:Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleId="FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Amphelictogon subterraneus subsp. bahamiensis Chamberlin 1918" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="7" masterDocId="EF179860E816FC57FFF13967FFCDFFF7" masterDocTitle="Redescription of the milliped Amphelictogon subterraneus bahamiensis Chamberlin, 1918, with an assessment of the family Chelodesmidae in the Bahamas (Polydesmida: Leptodesmidea)" masterLastPageNumber="8" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="2" updateTime="1698202737827" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="D6BB66BF053F91191CACA135D9E33DB3">Redescription of the milliped Amphelictogon subterraneus bahamiensis Chamberlin, 1918, with an assessment of the family Chelodesmidae in the Bahamas (Polydesmida: Leptodesmidea)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="12DA7D141A7542D6728D8E9B9AFBF68B">Shelley, Rowland M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="04FAD5BD91E6ECEDDA3C8F5FE961B730">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="9CC4476B7B1BB9445405DD7BA3C7805D">2003</mods:date>
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<treatment id="132EE018E817FC51FEF93F0BFC0FF975" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6275850" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119331329" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6275850" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:132EE018E817FC51FEF93F0BFC0FF975" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/132EE018E817FC51FEF93F0BFC0FF975" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<subSubSection id="D39D0285E817FC56FEF93F0BFEBCF959" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="9B38510EE817FC56FEF93F0BFC21F972" blockId="1.[264,1004,1643,1710]" box="[264,1004,1643,1670]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<heading id="C070E662E817FC56FEF93F0BFC21F972" bold="true" box="[264,1004,1643,1670]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="5C872A8DE817FC56FEF93F0BFC21F972" ID-CoL="5DGP4" authority="Chamberlin, 1918" authorityName="Chamberlin" authorityYear="1918" box="[264,1004,1643,1670]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Amphelictogon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="subterraneus" subSpecies="bahamiensis">
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<emphasis id="A9F38D1CE817FC56FEF93F0BFC21F972" bold="true" box="[264,1004,1643,1670]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<emphasis id="A9F38D1CE817FC56FEF93F0BFCC9F971" bold="true" box="[264,772,1644,1670]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Amphelictogon subterraneus bahamiensis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="FF162CFFE817FC56FCFD3F0CFC21F972" author="Chamberlin" box="[780,1004,1643,1669]" pageId="1" pageNumber="8" refString="Chamberlin, R. V. (1918) The Chilopoda and Diplopoda of the West Indies. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 62, 151 - 262." type="journal article" year="1918">Chamberlin, 1918</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9B38510EE817FC56FEF93FF3FEBCF959" blockId="1.[264,1004,1643,1710]" box="[264,369,1684,1710]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<figureCitation id="03BC4D8BE817FC56FEF93FF3FEBCF959" box="[264,369,1684,1710]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 3" captionStartId="2.[264,383,1593,1617]" captionTargetBox="[272,1314,337,1580]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[272,1314,326,1587]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 3. Amphelictogon subterraneus bahamiensis. 1, right gonopod of male from Eleuthera, medial view. 2, telopodite of the same, lateral view. 3, right cyphopod of female from Cat Island, caudal view. A, acropodite; C, coxa; PF, prefemur; PFP, prefemoral process; R, receptacle, V, valve. Scale line = 1.00 mm for fig. 1, 0.80 mm for fig. 2, 0.46 mm for fig. 3." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/156829/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Figs. 13</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D39D0285E817FC56FEF93FBEFAE6F8A7" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="9B38510EE817FC56FEF93FBEFE11F8E7" blockId="1.[264,1323,1753,1872]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="BB977620E817FC56FEF93FBEFE11F8E7" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<taxonomicName id="5C872A8DE817FC56FEF93FBEFCE1F907" ID-CoL="CYS2" authority="Chamberlin, 1918:231" authorityName="Chamberlin" authorityPageNumber="231" authorityYear="1918" box="[264,812,1753,1776]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Amphelictogon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bahamiensis">
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<emphasis id="A9F38D1CE817FC56FEF93FBEFDF8F907" box="[264,565,1753,1776]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Amphelictogon bahamiensis</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="1A26771FE817FC56FDCD3FBEFCE1F907" author="Chamberlin" box="[572,812,1753,1776]" page="231" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" year="1918">
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<bibRefCitation id="FF162CFFE817FC56FDCD3FBEFD32F907" author="Chamberlin" box="[572,767,1753,1776]" pageId="1" pageNumber="8" refString="Chamberlin, R. V. (1918) The Chilopoda and Diplopoda of the West Indies. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 62, 151 - 262." type="journal article" year="1918">Chamberlin, 1918</bibRefCitation>
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:231
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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232.
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<treatmentCitation id="1A26771FE817FC56FC813FBEFBFFF907" author="Attems" box="[880,1074,1753,1776]" page="160" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" year="1938">
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<bibRefCitation id="FF162CFFE817FC56FC813FBEFBC9F907" author="Attems" box="[880,1028,1753,1776]" pageId="1" pageNumber="7" refString="Attems, C. (1938) Myriapoda 3. Polydesmoidea II. Fam. Leptodesmidae, Platyrhacidae, Oxydesmidae, Gomphodesmidae. Das Tierreich, 69, 1 - 487." type="journal article" year="1938">Attems, 1938</bibRefCitation>
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:160
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</treatmentCitation>
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161.
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<treatmentCitation id="1A26771FE817FC56FB9D3FBEFAEEF907" author="Loomis" box="[1132,1315,1753,1776]" page="35" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" year="1941">
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<bibRefCitation id="FF162CFFE817FC56FB9D3FBEFAC9F907" author="Loomis" box="[1132,1284,1753,1776]" pageId="1" pageNumber="8" refString="Loomis, H. F. (1941) A new Cuban milliped, with notes and drawings of other West Indian species. Psyche, 48, 35 - 39." type="journal article" year="1941">Loomis, 1941</bibRefCitation>
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:35
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</treatmentCitation>
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36, pl. 4, fig. b.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9B38510EE817FC56FEF93E7EFAE6F8A7" blockId="1.[264,1323,1753,1872]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="BB977620E817FC56FEF93E7EFAE6F8A7" infered="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<taxonomicName id="5C872A8DE817FC56FEF93E7EFD79F8C7" ID-CoL="CYS3" authority="Loomis, 1934:29" authorityName="Loomis" authorityPageNumber="29" authorityYear="1934" box="[264,692,1817,1840]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Amphelictogon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bidens">
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<emphasis id="A9F38D1CE817FC56FEF93E7EFE3BF8C7" box="[264,502,1817,1840]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Amphelictogon bidens</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="1A26771FE817FC56FE0C3E7EFD79F8C7" author="Loomis" box="[509,692,1817,1840]" page="29" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" year="1934">
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<bibRefCitation id="FF162CFFE817FC56FE0C3E7EFD59F8C7" author="Loomis" box="[509,660,1817,1840]" pageId="1" pageNumber="8" refString="Loomis, H. F. (1934) Millipeds of the West Indies and Guiana collected by the Allison V. Armour expedition in 1932. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 89, 1 - 69." type="journal article" year="1934">Loomis, 1934</bibRefCitation>
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:29
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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30, figs. 14a, b, pl. 1, fig. 4.
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<treatmentCitation id="1A26771FE817FC56FC013E7EFB7FF8C7" author="Attems" box="[1008,1202,1817,1840]" page="161" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" year="1938">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="FF162CFFE817FC56FC013E7EFB48F8C7" author="Attems" box="[1008,1157,1817,1840]" pageId="1" pageNumber="7" refString="Attems, C. (1938) Myriapoda 3. Polydesmoidea II. Fam. Leptodesmidae, Platyrhacidae, Oxydesmidae, Gomphodesmidae. Das Tierreich, 69, 1 - 487." type="journal article" year="1938">Attems, 1938</bibRefCitation>
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:161
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="5C872A8DE817FC56FEF93E5EFC5FF8A7" ID-CoL="5DGP4" authority="Perez-Asso, 1996" authorityName="Perez-Asso" authorityYear="1996" box="[264,914,1849,1872]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Amphelictogon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="subterraneus" subSpecies="bahamiensis">
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<emphasis id="A9F38D1CE817FC56FEF93E5EFD0BF8A7" box="[264,710,1849,1872]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Amphelictogon subterraneus bahamiensis</emphasis>
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||
:
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<bibRefCitation id="FF162CFFE817FC56FD253E5EFC5FF8A7" author="Perez-Asso" box="[724,914,1849,1872]" pageId="1" pageNumber="8" refString="Perez-Asso, A. R. (1996) Revision del genero Amphelictogon (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Chelodesmidae) en Cuba. Insecta Mundi, 10 (1 - 4), 181 - 216." type="journal article" year="1996">PérezAsso, 1996</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, figs. 13AB, 14. Hoffman, 1999:282.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<caption id="CFF80186E814FC55FEF93F5EFBAEF94F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/156829/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" targetBox="[272,1314,337,1580]" targetPageId="2">
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||
<paragraph id="9B38510EE814FC55FEF93F5EFBAEF94F" blockId="2.[264,1322,1593,1720]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<emphasis id="A9F38D1CE814FC55FEF93F5EFE7DF9A6" bold="true" box="[264,432,1593,1617]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">FIGURES 13.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="5C872A8DE814FC55FE4F3F5EFCB0F9A7" box="[446,893,1593,1616]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Amphelictogon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="subterraneus" subSpecies="bahamiensis">
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<emphasis id="A9F38D1CE814FC55FE4F3F5EFCB0F9A7" box="[446,893,1593,1616]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Amphelictogon subterraneus bahamiensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. 1, right gonopod of male from Eleuthera, medial view. 2, telopodite of the same, lateral view. 3, right cyphopod of female from Cat Island, caudal view. A, acropodite; C, coxa; PF, prefemur; PFP, prefemoral process; R, receptacle, V, valve. Scale line = 1.00 mm for fig. 1, 0.80 mm for fig. 2, 0.46 mm for fig. 3.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<subSubSection id="D39D0285E814FC54FEF93F9DFD5FFE59" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="9B38510EE814FC54FEF93F9DFD5FFE59" blockId="2.[264,1323,1785,1891]" lastBlockId="3.[264,1324,284,1870]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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||
<emphasis id="A9F38D1CE814FC55FEF93F9DFE08F8E4" box="[264,453,1786,1811]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<typeStatus id="443CEFACE814FC55FEF93F9DFEF2F8E4" box="[264,319,1786,1811]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Type</typeStatus>
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specimens
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</emphasis>
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. Male
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<typeStatus id="443CEFACE814FC55FDDE3F9EFD5BF8E4" box="[559,662,1785,1811]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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of
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<taxonomicName id="5C872A8DE814FC55FD363F9DFC4CF8E4" box="[711,897,1786,1811]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Amphelictogon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bahamiensis">
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<emphasis id="A9F38D1CE814FC55FD363F9DFC4CF8E4" box="[711,897,1786,1811]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">A. bahamiensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<collectionCode id="FD96C9CBE814FC55FC643F9EFC15F8E4" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" box="[917,984,1785,1811]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" name="Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">MCZ</collectionCode>
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) collected by O. Bryant in
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<date id="EF3977CEE814FC55FEF93E46FE6EF8CC" box="[264,419,1825,1851]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1904-08">August 1904</date>
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at an unspecified site on Mangrove Cay, Andros Island,
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<collectingCountry id="E390119EE814FC55FB973E46FB18F8CC" box="[1126,1237,1825,1851]" name="Bahamas" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
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. Male
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<typeStatus id="443CEFACE814FC55FEF93E2EFEA3F894" box="[264,366,1865,1891]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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and female
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<typeStatus id="443CEFACE814FC55FDF13E2EFDA8F894" box="[512,613,1865,1891]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
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||
of
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<taxonomicName id="5C872A8DE814FC55FD7C3E2DFD37F894" box="[653,762,1866,1891]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Amphelictogon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bidens">
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||
<emphasis id="A9F38D1CE814FC55FD7C3E2DFD37F894" box="[653,762,1866,1891]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">A. bidens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<collectionCode id="FD96C9CBE814FC55FCFB3E2EFCAAF894" box="[778,871,1865,1891]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/142r-0w94" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">NMNH</collectionCode>
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) collected by H. F. Loomis on
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<date id="EF3977CEE814FC54FB253E2EFEA2FEC1" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1932-01-04">4 January 1932</date>
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near Arthur’s Town, Cat Island,
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<collectingCountry id="E390119EE815FC54FD1C387BFC91FEC1" box="[749,860,284,310]" name="Bahamas" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
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; the original description (
|
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<bibRefCitation id="FF162CFFE815FC54FB75387BFAEEFEC1" author="Loomis" box="[1156,1315,284,310]" pageId="3" pageNumber="8" refString="Loomis, H. F. (1934) Millipeds of the West Indies and Guiana collected by the Allison V. Armour expedition in 1932. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 89, 1 - 69." type="journal article" year="1934">Loomis 1934</bibRefCitation>
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||
) mentions two females, but there is only one in the sample today. Mr. Loomis was a participant on the Allison V. Armour Expedition to the West Indies,
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<collectingCountry id="E390119EE815FC54FC1C380BFB86FE71" box="[1005,1099,364,390]" name="Guyana" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Guyana</collectingCountry>
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||
, and
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||
<collectingCountry id="E390119EE815FC54FB7B380BFB23FE71" box="[1162,1262,364,390]" name="Suriname" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Surinam</collectingCountry>
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(formerly British and
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<collectingCountry id="E390119EE815FC54FE2D38F3FD4BFE59" box="[476,646,404,430]" name="Suriname" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Dutch Guiana</collectingCountry>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="D39D0285E815FC54FEC938DBFD1FFDD1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="9B38510EE815FC54FEC938DBFD1FFDD1" blockId="3.[264,1324,284,1870]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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||
<emphasis id="A9F38D1CE815FC54FEC938DBFE62FE22" box="[312,431,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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. Prefemoral process and acropodite extending anteriad for equivalent lengths before curving strongly dorsomediad, distal extremity of former smooth and entire, without teeth, not apically bifid.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D39D0285E815FC53FEC93B53FB6BFA99" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="9B38510EE815FC54FEC93B53FCA7FD31" blockId="3.[264,1324,284,1870]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="A9F38D1CE815FC54FEC93B53FE0FFDBA" box="[312,450,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Description</emphasis>
|
||
. Body relatively short and slender but typical for family in being comparatively long in proportion to width, sides extending backwards in subparallel arrangement; adult lengths varying from around
|
||
<quantity id="5C7FFCEBE815FC54FD163BE3FCA9FD69" box="[743,868,644,670]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.15" metricValueMax="2.8" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="21.5" valueMax="28.0" valueMin="15.0">1528 mm</quantity>
|
||
, maximum widths 2.23.5 mm (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FF162CFFE815FC54FB283BE3FE5FFD31" author="Chamberlin" pageId="3" pageNumber="8" refString="Chamberlin, R. V. (1918) The Chilopoda and Diplopoda of the West Indies. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 62, 151 - 262." type="journal article" year="1918">Chamberlin 1918</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FF162CFFE815FC54FE6C3BCBFDF6FD31" author="Loomis" box="[413,571,684,710]" pageId="3" pageNumber="8" refString="Loomis, H. F. (1934) Millipeds of the West Indies and Guiana collected by the Allison V. Armour expedition in 1932. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 89, 1 - 69." type="journal article" year="1934">Loomis 1934</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FF162CFFE815FC54FDB63BCBFD48FD31" author="Loomis" box="[583,645,684,710]" pageId="3" pageNumber="8" refString="Loomis, H. F. (1941) A new Cuban milliped, with notes and drawings of other West Indian species. Psyche, 48, 35 - 39." type="journal article" year="1941">1941</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FF162CFFE815FC54FD633BCBFC90FD31" author="Perez-Asso" box="[658,861,684,710]" pageId="3" pageNumber="8" refString="Perez-Asso, A. R. (1996) Revision del genero Amphelictogon (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Chelodesmidae) en Cuba. Insecta Mundi, 10 (1 - 4), 181 - 216." type="journal article" year="1996">PérezAsso 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9B38510EE815FC54FEC93BB3FD0DFC29" blockId="3.[264,1324,284,1870]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Head with epicranial suture distinct, terminating in interantennal region. Genae narrowly rounded, extending well beyond adjacent cranial margins. Antennae reaching back to caudal margin of 3rd tergite, 1st antennomere short and subglobose, 26 clavate, 7 short and truncate with four terminal sensory cones, relative lengths of antennomeres 2>3=4>6>5>1>7. Facial setae as follows: epicranial 22, supraantennal 22, interantennal 11, subantennal 11, frontal about 66, scattered irregularly across surface, genal 33, clypeal about 77, labral about 1010.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9B38510EE815FC54FEC93A8BFAC4FB39" blockId="3.[264,1324,284,1870]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Dorsum glabrous. Collum narrower than succeeding segment, barely overlapping epicranium. Paranota only slightly declined, interrupting slope of dorsum and extending subparallel to substrate, margins angling caudolaterad and extending beyond caudal margins of metaterga, caudolateral corners acutely produced; peritremata moderately thickened, ozopores located near midlength, opening laterad. Epiproct narrow but blunt, with four long apical hairs and four to five pairs of long marginal or submarginal hairs proximad.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9B38510EE815FC54FEC93DBBFC97FA49" blockId="3.[264,1324,284,1870]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Sternum of segment 4 with two rounded, hirsute lobes between anterior legs; postgonopodal sterna shallowly depressed, with three to five pairs of hairs. Gonapophyses in form of short, rounded, indistinct knobs on coxae of 2nd legs. Legs relatively long and slender, without modifications, tarsal claws gently curved. Hypoproct short and inconspicuous, prolonged in midline and apically pointed; paraprocts with margins distinctly thickened and two pairs of long submarginal hairs.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9B38510EE815FC53FEC93CABFD5FFE09" blockId="3.[264,1324,284,1870]" lastBlockId="4.[264,1324,284,1870]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
Gonopodal aperture broad, rounded, and obchordate, extending caudad between 9th legs nearly to caudal edge of segment, sides and caudal margin strongly elevated above metazonal surface, anteriolateral corners slightly indented. Gonopods
|
||
<emphasis id="A9F38D1CE815FC54FB623F7BFB2BF9C2" box="[1171,1254,1564,1589]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">in situ</emphasis>
|
||
with telopodites extending anteriad over anterior margin of aperture, apices of prefemoral processes and acropodites curving dorsomediad and extending across midline, overlapping opposite member or intertwining. Gonopod structure as follows (
|
||
<figureCitation id="03BC4D8BE815FC54FBC33FF3FB6FF959" box="[1074,1186,1684,1710]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 3" captionStartId="2.[264,383,1593,1617]" captionTargetBox="[272,1314,337,1580]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[272,1314,326,1587]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 3. Amphelictogon subterraneus bahamiensis. 1, right gonopod of male from Eleuthera, medial view. 2, telopodite of the same, lateral view. 3, right cyphopod of female from Cat Island, caudal view. A, acropodite; C, coxa; PF, prefemur; PFP, prefemoral process; R, receptacle, V, valve. Scale line = 1.00 mm for fig. 1, 0.80 mm for fig. 2, 0.46 mm for fig. 3." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/156829/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
): coxa and prefemur small, former with rounded distal lobe. Prefemoral process long and complex, extending directly anteriad, sides widening and narrowing with broadly subtriangular spur on anterior margin at 2/3 length, narrowing thereafter and curving strongly dorsomediad, sides narrowing and tapering to smooth, blunt tip. Acropodite extending anteriad for equivalent distance to prefemoral process, with basal shelf, short blunt spur on medial surface at 1/4 length, and spiniform process on anterior margin at ½ length, curving strongly dorsomediad thereafter with sides narrowing continuously into flagelloid prolongation, latter passing through one coil and continuing mediad to acuminate termination. Prostatic groove running along caudal side of acropodite basally, crossing to anterior margin at dorsomedial curve, opening apically.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9B38510EE812FC53FEC93B6BFB9DFD81" blockId="4.[264,1324,284,1870]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Cyphopods (
|
||
<figureCitation id="03BC4D8BE812FC53FE3F3B6BFDD8FDD1" box="[462,533,524,550]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 3" captionStartId="2.[264,383,1593,1617]" captionTargetBox="[272,1314,337,1580]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[272,1314,326,1587]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 3. Amphelictogon subterraneus bahamiensis. 1, right gonopod of male from Eleuthera, medial view. 2, telopodite of the same, lateral view. 3, right cyphopod of female from Cat Island, caudal view. A, acropodite; C, coxa; PF, prefemur; PFP, prefemoral process; R, receptacle, V, valve. Scale line = 1.00 mm for fig. 1, 0.80 mm for fig. 2, 0.46 mm for fig. 3." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/156829/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
) minute, oriented obliquely in aperture. Valves subequal and subrhomboid, with a few scattered hairs along ventral margins. Receptacle located on dorsomedial side of valves, with long ventral hairs. Operculum not detected.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9B38510EE812FC53FEC93BE3FDB8FCC9" blockId="4.[264,1324,284,1870]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="A9F38D1CE812FC53FEC93BE3FE6FFD6A" box="[312,418,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Var ia t io n</emphasis>
|
||
. In addition to being fragmented, the Eleuthera specimen was rigid, darkened, and discolored after over a century in alcohol; there was no evidence of the original pigmentation pattern as was also the case with the
|
||
<typeStatus id="443CEFACE812FC53FC873BB3FC64FD19" box="[886,937,724,750]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5C872A8DE812FC53FC273BB3FE9DFCE1" authority="Chamberlin 1918" authorityName="Chamberlin" authorityYear="1918" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Amphelictogon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bahamiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="A9F38D1CE812FC53FC273BB3FB40FD1A" box="[982,1165,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">A. bahamiensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FF162CFFE812FC53FB6F3BB3FE8AFCE1" author="Chamberlin" pageId="4" pageNumber="8" refString="Chamberlin, R. V. (1918) The Chilopoda and Diplopoda of the West Indies. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 62, 151 - 262." type="journal article" year="1918">Chamberlin 1918</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FF162CFFE812FC53FE943B9BFD52FCE1" author="Perez-Asso" box="[357,671,764,790]" pageId="4" pageNumber="8" refString="Perez-Asso, A. R. (1996) Revision del genero Amphelictogon (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Chelodesmidae) en Cuba. Insecta Mundi, 10 (1 - 4), 181 - 216." type="journal article" year="1996">PérezAsso (1996, fig. 14)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
discussed the extraordinary color variation in this species and illustrated 38 variants.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9B38510EE812FC53FEC93A2BFDB0FBF1" blockId="4.[264,1324,284,1870]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">The acropodite tapers into a fragile, flagelloid prolongation that normally coils through a complete loop at the level of the tip of the prefemoral process before continuing outward to the termination. The coils of opposing acropodites may overlap or intertwine, requiring one to untangle them during dissection; it is thus easy to disrupt this coiled configuration as happened in fig. 1.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9B38510EE812FC53FEC93D73FB6BFA99" blockId="4.[264,1324,284,1870]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="A9F38D1CE812FC53FEC93D73FE5BFBDA" box="[312,406,1044,1069]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Ecology</emphasis>
|
||
. Habitat is not provided on vial labels for the Andros and Eleuthera samples, nor did
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FF162CFFE812FC53FE903D5BFD8CFBA1" author="Chamberlin" box="[353,577,1084,1110]" pageId="4" pageNumber="8" refString="Chamberlin, R. V. (1918) The Chilopoda and Diplopoda of the West Indies. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 62, 151 - 262." type="journal article" year="1918">Chamberlin (1918)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
mention it for the former. According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FF162CFFE812FC53FBEB3D5BFB06FBA1" author="Loomis" box="[1050,1227,1084,1110]" pageId="4" pageNumber="8" refString="Loomis, H. F. (1934) Millipeds of the West Indies and Guiana collected by the Allison V. Armour expedition in 1932. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 89, 1 - 69." type="journal article" year="1934">Loomis (1934)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the Cat Island sample was discovered in a natural pit in limestone, referred to locally as a “banana hole” because banana trees are planted in them to provide protection from the winds. Loomis also noted that humus layers in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E390119EE812FC53FD4E3DD3FC95FB39" box="[703,856,1204,1230]" name="Bahamas" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">the Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
||
are sparse because the islands are low and consist primarily of porous limestone that drains rapidly; moreover, rains are seasonal, droughts are frequent, and sea breezes cause rapid surface evaporation. Consequently, vegetation is rarely dense enough to support the accumulation of substantial humus layers, and pits offer the most favorable habitat for moisture requiring soil arthropods.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D39D0285E812FC53FEC93C1BFEB0F9A9" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="9B38510EE812FC53FEC93C1BFB51F9F9" blockId="4.[264,1324,284,1870]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="A9F38D1CE812FC53FEC93C1BFE0AFA62" box="[312,455,1404,1429]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
. Known from Cayo Coco,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E390119EE812FC53FCE23C1BFC99FA61" box="[787,852,1404,1430]" name="Cuba" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Cuba</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and single localities apiece on Andros, Cat, and Eleuthera islands,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E390119EE812FC53FDA03CC3FD71FA49" box="[593,700,1444,1470]" name="Bahamas" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="03BC4D8BE812FC53FD3F3CC3FCD4FA49" box="[718,793,1444,1470]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[264,368,1118,1142]" captionTargetBox="[277,1321,409,1091]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[266,1321,409,1091]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Distributions of Amphelictogon (shading) and A. subterraneus bahamiensis (dots). According to PérezAsso (1996, 1998), the genus has only been encountered in the indicated areas of Cuba and not throughout the island; it also occurs on Isla de la Juventud (formerly Isla de Pinos). The dotted lines depict the approximate sizes and configurations of Cuba and the superisland “ Great Bahama Bank ” during the Pleistocene, and the arrows show the postulated directions of rafting and dispersal. The dashed line in the lower right denotes the boundary between the Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/156830/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). Hoffman (1999) implied that the milliped occurs throughout the Archipiélago de Camagüey, but the only localities that I am aware of are from Cayo Coco specifically. Details of the new sample are as follows:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9B38510EE812FC53FEC93F7BFEB0F9A9" blockId="4.[264,1324,284,1870]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E390119EE812FC53FEC93F7BFE02F9C1" box="[312,463,1564,1590]" name="Bahamas" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">BAHAMAS</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="A9F38D1CE812FC53FE2F3F7BFDAAF9C2" box="[478,615,1564,1589]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Eleuthera I</emphasis>
|
||
., Tarpum Bay,,
|
||
<date id="EF3977CEE812FC53FCBF3F7BFBF6F9C1" box="[846,1083,1564,1590]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="1890-11-17">17 November 1890</date>
|
||
, collector unknown (AMNH).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D39D0285E812FC51FEC93F0BFC0FF975" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="9B38510EE812FC51FEC93F0BFC7EFEA9" blockId="4.[264,1324,284,1870]" lastBlockId="6.[264,1324,284,350]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="A9F38D1CE812FC53FEC93F0BFE53F972" box="[312,414,1644,1669]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5C872A8DE812FC53FE443F0BFC6CF972" box="[437,929,1644,1669]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Amphelictogon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="subterraneus" subSpecies="bahamiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="A9F38D1CE812FC53FE443F0BFC6CF972" box="[437,929,1644,1669]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Amphelictogon subterraneus bahamiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the only Bahamian representative of the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5C872A8DE812FC53FE2F3FF3FD5EF959" box="[478,659,1684,1710]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chelodesmidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the suborder Leptodesmidea. Hoffman (1999) suspected that the Andros record was inauthentic, but with samples now known from three different islands, it is unlikely that they all reflect human agency or mislabeling. I believe they represent genuine Bahamian populations that may be small and possibly no longer exist, particularly on Andros Island, which is covered by extensive pine forests that typically harbor few millipeds. Andros, Eleuthera, and Cat islands are centrally located in the archipelago and are coherent with regards to Cayo Coco (
|
||
<figureCitation id="03BC4D8BE813FC52FC5A3823FC3EFEA9" box="[939,1011,324,350]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[264,368,1118,1142]" captionTargetBox="[277,1321,409,1091]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[266,1321,409,1091]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Distributions of Amphelictogon (shading) and A. subterraneus bahamiensis (dots). According to PérezAsso (1996, 1998), the genus has only been encountered in the indicated areas of Cuba and not throughout the island; it also occurs on Isla de la Juventud (formerly Isla de Pinos). The dotted lines depict the approximate sizes and configurations of Cuba and the superisland “ Great Bahama Bank ” during the Pleistocene, and the arrows show the postulated directions of rafting and dispersal. The dashed line in the lower right denotes the boundary between the Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/156830/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
), so their populations conceivably arose by rafting, particularly since hurricanes uproot trees and deposit substantial debris into the waters off
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E390119EE813FC52FDC638F3FDB8FE59" box="[567,629,404,430]" name="Cuba" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Cuba</collectingCountry>
|
||
nearly every year. Andros is around
|
||
<quantity id="5C7FFCEBE813FC52FBC038F3FB49FE59" box="[1073,1156,404,430]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.14042752" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mi" value="133.0">133 mi</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<quantity id="5C7FFCEBE813FC52FB6538F3FB3DFE59" box="[1172,1264,404,430]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.13" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="km" value="213.0">213 km</quantity>
|
||
) due north of Cayo Coco, within plausible rafting distance; Cat and Eleuthera islands, only
|
||
<quantity id="5C7FFCEBE813FC52FAFF38DBFEEAFE09" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.414016" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mi" value="15.0">15 mi</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<quantity id="5C7FFCEBE813FC52FEC73883FE4EFE09" box="[310,387,484,510]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="km" value="24.0">24 km</quantity>
|
||
) apart, are more distant, ca. 209 and
|
||
<quantity id="5C7FFCEBE813FC52FCC33883FC49FE09" box="[818,900,484,510]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7014912" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mi" value="230.0">230 mi</quantity>
|
||
(334 and
|
||
<quantity id="5C7FFCEBE813FC52FC093883FB9FFE09" box="[1016,1106,484,510]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6799999999999997" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="km" value="368.0">368 km</quantity>
|
||
) from Cayo Coco, but individuals could have subsequently rafted from Andros to these two islands, some 100 and
|
||
<quantity id="5C7FFCEBE813FC52FE813B53FE09FDB9" box="[368,452,564,590]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9312128" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mi" value="120.0">120 mi</quantity>
|
||
(160 and
|
||
<quantity id="5C7FFCEBE813FC52FDCE3B53FD56FDB9" box="[575,667,564,590]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.92" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="km" value="192.0">192 km</quantity>
|
||
) to the east, though today it would require a circuitous route to avoid running aground on the intervening islands and reefs. However, when sea levels were lower during the Pleistocene, the present Bahamian Archipelago was reduced to five “superislands” that correspond to the present “banks” shown on maps; Andros, Eleuthera, and Cat islands were part of the irregularly shaped largest island represented by “Great
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E390119EE813FC52FE913B9BFE0DFCE1" box="[352,448,764,790]" name="Bahamas" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Bahama</collectingCountry>
|
||
Bank,” which also included Long Island, the Exumas, New Providence, and Bimini (
|
||
<figureCitation id="03BC4D8BE813FC52FE6D3A43FE28FCC9" box="[412,485,804,830]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[264,368,1118,1142]" captionTargetBox="[277,1321,409,1091]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[266,1321,409,1091]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Distributions of Amphelictogon (shading) and A. subterraneus bahamiensis (dots). According to PérezAsso (1996, 1998), the genus has only been encountered in the indicated areas of Cuba and not throughout the island; it also occurs on Isla de la Juventud (formerly Isla de Pinos). The dotted lines depict the approximate sizes and configurations of Cuba and the superisland “ Great Bahama Bank ” during the Pleistocene, and the arrows show the postulated directions of rafting and dispersal. The dashed line in the lower right denotes the boundary between the Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/156830/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E390119EE813FC52FDF33A43FD8DFCC9" box="[514,576,804,830]" name="Cuba" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Cuba</collectingCountry>
|
||
too was larger, and the present Archipiélago de Camagüey was fused with the main island; the shortest distance across the “Old
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E390119EE813FC52FBBF3A2BFB63FC91" box="[1102,1198,844,870]" name="Bahamas" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Bahama</collectingCountry>
|
||
Channel” between these two ancient land masses was where the Camagüey islands are today and was only about
|
||
<quantity id="5C7FFCEBE813FC52FE203AFBFDD6FC41" box="[465,539,924,950]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.218688" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mi" value="20.0">20 mi</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<quantity id="5C7FFCEBE813FC52FDC13AFBFD48FC41" box="[560,645,924,950]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="km" value="32.0">32 km</quantity>
|
||
), a much more feasible distance for a rafting event to traverse. Rafting from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E390119EE813FC52FDEF3AA3FD91FC29" box="[542,604,964,990]" name="Cuba" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Cuba</collectingCountry>
|
||
and possibly also
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E390119EE813FC52FCC93AA3FC02FC29" box="[824,975,964,990]" name="Bahamas" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">the Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
||
is considered the most likely explanation for the populations of the centipede,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5C872A8DE813FC52FCA83A8BFAC8FBF1" authority="Leach, 1813" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1813" box="[857,1285,1004,1030]" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alternans">
|
||
<emphasis id="A9F38D1CE813FC52FCA83A8BFBABFBF2" box="[857,1126,1004,1029]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Scolopendra alternans</emphasis>
|
||
Leach, 1813
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in Collier, Dade, and Monroe counties, Florida (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FF162CFFE813FC52FCD13D73FC06FBDA" author="Shelley" box="[800,971,1044,1070]" pageId="5" pageNumber="8" refString="Shelley, R. M. (2002 b) A synopsis of the North American centipedes of the order Scolopendromorpha (Chilopoda). Virginia Museum of Natural History Memoir 5, 1 - 108." type="journal article" year="2002" yearSuffix="b">
|
||
Shelley 2002
|
||
<emphasis id="A9F38D1CE813FC52FC4D3D73FC06FBDA" box="[956,971,1044,1069]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">b</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FF162CFFE813FC52FBE73D73FAE6FBD9" author="Roth" box="[1046,1323,1044,1070]" pageId="5" pageNumber="8" refString="Roth, B., & Bogan, A. E. (1984) Shell color and banding parameters of the Liguus fasciatus phenotype (Mollusca: Pulmonata). American Malacological Bulletin, 3, 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="1984">Roth and Bogan (1984)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
concluded that rafting was the only plausible explanation for the occurrence in south Florida of the Cuban tree snail,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5C872A8DE813FC52FDBB3D03FCBAFB89" authority="Muller" authorityName="Muller" box="[586,887,1124,1150]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bulimulidae" genus="Liguus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="fasciatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A9F38D1CE813FC52FDBB3D03FCC4FB8A" box="[586,777,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Liguus fasciatus</emphasis>
|
||
(Müller)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Likewise, rafting from the coasts of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E390119EE813FC52FEF93DEBFEA7FB51" box="[264,362,1164,1190]" name="Ecuador" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E390119EE813FC52FE5A3DEBFE29FB51" box="[427,484,1164,1190]" name="Peru" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
, a much greater distance than that postulated here, is considered the most likely explanation for the occurrence of the centipede,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5C872A8DE813FC52FC123DD3FE70FB01" authority="Bollman, 1889" authorityName="Bollman" authorityYear="1889" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="galapagoensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="A9F38D1CE813FC52FC123DD3FAE7FB3A" box="[995,1322,1204,1229]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Scolopendra galapagoensis</emphasis>
|
||
Bollman, 1889
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in the Galápagos Archipelago (Shelley and Kiser 2000). Additionally,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FF162CFFE813FC52FEF93C63FE3EFAE9" box="[264,499,1284,1310]" pageId="5" pageNumber="8" refString="Pereira, L. A., Minelli, A., & Foddai, D. (1999) Pectiniunguis bollmani n. sp., from the coralline island Cayo Sombrero (Venezuela), with notes on P. halirrhytus Crabill, 1959 (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha: Schendylidae). Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 34, 176 - 185." type="journal article">
|
||
Pereira
|
||
<emphasis id="A9F38D1CE813FC52FE923C63FE53FAEA" box="[355,414,1284,1309]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1999)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported that the centipede,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5C872A8DE813FC52FCB23C63FAEAFAE9" authority="Crabill, 1959" authorityName="Crabill" authorityYear="1959" box="[835,1319,1284,1310]" class="Chilopoda" family="Schendylidae" genus="Pectiniunguis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Geophilomorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="halirrhytus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A9F38D1CE813FC52FCB23C63FBA3FAEA" box="[835,1134,1284,1309]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pectiniunguis halirrhytus</emphasis>
|
||
(Crabill, 1959)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which has only been found on beaches in association with seaweed and “beach drift,” some below the high tide line, occurs in both the lower Keys of Florida and Cozumel and Quintana Roo,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E390119EE813FC52FE4C3C1BFDD7FA61" box="[445,538,1404,1430]" name="Mexico" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
, implying that rafting is also operative in its dispersal. It is therefore reasonable to hypothesize that the Bahamian populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5C872A8DE813FC52FBE33CC3FB29FA4A" box="[1042,1252,1444,1469]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Amphelictogon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="subterraneus" subSpecies="bahamiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="A9F38D1CE813FC52FBE33CC3FB29FA4A" box="[1042,1252,1444,1469]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">A. s. bahamiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
arose during the Pleistocene by rafting the short
|
||
<quantity id="5C7FFCEBE813FC52FD0F3CABFC8FFA11" box="[766,834,1484,1510]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.218688" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mi" value="20.0">20 mi</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<quantity id="5C7FFCEBE813FC52FCA33CABFC52FA11" box="[850,927,1484,1510]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="km" value="32.0">32 km</quantity>
|
||
) distance between the Cuban and “Great
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E390119EE813FC52FEAF3C93FE73F9F9" box="[350,446,1524,1550]" name="Bahamas" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Bahama</collectingCountry>
|
||
Bank” land masses that existed at that time. The milliped then dispersed through the latter (
|
||
<figureCitation id="03BC4D8BE813FC52FE153F7BFDE0F9C1" box="[484,557,1564,1590]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[264,368,1118,1142]" captionTargetBox="[277,1321,409,1091]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[266,1321,409,1091]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Distributions of Amphelictogon (shading) and A. subterraneus bahamiensis (dots). According to PérezAsso (1996, 1998), the genus has only been encountered in the indicated areas of Cuba and not throughout the island; it also occurs on Isla de la Juventud (formerly Isla de Pinos). The dotted lines depict the approximate sizes and configurations of Cuba and the superisland “ Great Bahama Bank ” during the Pleistocene, and the arrows show the postulated directions of rafting and dispersal. The dashed line in the lower right denotes the boundary between the Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/156830/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
, arrows), and the present populations represent fragments of this single Pleistocene population that became isolated on the three known islands as sea levels rose during the postPleistocene era. The available samples were taken from 71 to 113 years ago, so Andros, Eleuthera, and Cat islands warrant investigation to determine if this unique component of the Bahamian arthropod fauna still survives. An extant population on Cat Island seems plausible, because it was formerly covered with hardwoods and there is permanent moisture and decomposing litter around the entrances to caves. The other islands that were once joined into this “superisland” also warrant investigation, particularly Long Island, Great Exuma, and New Providence, which lie between presentday Andros and Eleuthera/Cat islands on Great
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E390119EE810FC51FCF73823FCABFEA9" box="[774,870,324,350]" name="Bahamas" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Bahama</collectingCountry>
|
||
Bank.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="CFF80186E810FC51FEF93D39FDBDFAB2" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/156830/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" targetBox="[277,1321,409,1091]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="9B38510EE810FC51FEF93D39FDBDFAB2" blockId="6.[264,1324,1118,1349]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="A9F38D1CE810FC51FEF93D39FE40FB81" bold="true" box="[264,397,1118,1142]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Distributions of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5C872A8DE810FC51FDA63D39FD34FB82" box="[599,761,1118,1141]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Amphelictogon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A9F38D1CE810FC51FDA63D39FD34FB82" box="[599,761,1118,1141]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Amphelictogon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(shading) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5C872A8DE810FC51FC503D39FB16FB82" box="[929,1243,1118,1141]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Amphelictogon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="subterraneus" subSpecies="bahamiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="A9F38D1CE810FC51FC503D39FB16FB82" box="[929,1243,1118,1141]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">A. subterraneus bahamiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(dots). According to PérezAsso (1996, 1998), the genus has only been encountered in the indicated areas of Cuba and not throughout the island; it also occurs on Isla de la Juventud (formerly Isla de Pinos). The dotted lines depict the approximate sizes and configurations of Cuba and the superisland “Great Bahama Bank” during the Pleistocene, and the arrows show the postulated directions of rafting and dispersal. The dashed line in the lower right denotes the boundary between the Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="9B38510EE810FC51FEC93C1FFC0FF975" blockId="6.[264,1324,1400,1666]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
The Bahamian samples of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5C872A8DE810FC51FD833C1EFC8CFA65" box="[626,833,1401,1426]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Amphelictogon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="subterraneus" subSpecies="bahamiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="A9F38D1CE810FC51FD833C1EFC8CFA65" box="[626,833,1401,1426]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">A. s. bahamiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are further significant in being the northernmost for the subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5C872A8DE810FC51FDB03CC7FD3BFA4D" box="[577,758,1440,1466]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chelodesminae">Chelodesminae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the only ones occurring north of the Tropic of Cancer; the Eleuthera site specifically is the northernmost for the subfamily, genus, species, and subspecies. The only chelodesmid occurring farther north is the prepodesmine
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5C872A8DE810FC51FEF93F7EFD2BF9C5" authority="Mauries, 1971" authorityName="Mauries" authorityYear="1971" box="[264,742,1560,1586]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Cantabrodesmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lorioli">
|
||
<emphasis id="A9F38D1CE810FC51FEF93F7EFDEBF9C5" box="[264,550,1561,1586]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Cantabrodesmus lorioli</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FF162CFFE810FC51FDC53F7FFD2BF9C5" author="Mauries" box="[564,742,1560,1586]" pageId="6" pageNumber="8" refString="Mauries, J. - P. (1971) Diplopodes epiges et cavernicoles des Pyrenees Espagnoles et des Monts Cantabriques. VI. Polydesmides. Bulletin de la Societe d'Histoire Naturelle de Toulouse, 107 (1 / 2), 117 - 124." type="journal article" year="1971">Mauriès, 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, from Cueva del Molino, Santander Province,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E390119EE810FC51FEF93F27FE86F9AD" box="[264,331,1600,1626]" name="Spain" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Spain</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FF162CFFE810FC51FEAF3F27FDC5F9AD" author="Mauries" box="[350,520,1600,1626]" pageId="6" pageNumber="8" refString="Mauries, J. - P. (1971) Diplopodes epiges et cavernicoles des Pyrenees Espagnoles et des Monts Cantabriques. VI. Polydesmides. Bulletin de la Societe d'Histoire Naturelle de Toulouse, 107 (1 / 2), 117 - 124." type="journal article" year="1971">Mauriès 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FF162CFFE810FC51FDE93F27FD9BF9AD" author="Mauries" box="[536,598,1600,1626]" pageId="6" pageNumber="8" refString="Mauries, J. - P. (1974) Interet phylogenique et biogeographique de quelques diplopodes recemment decrits du nord de l'Espagne. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London Number 32, 53 - 63." type="book chapter" year="1974">1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FF162CFFE810FC51FD943F27FCD5F9AD" author="Hoffman" box="[613,792,1600,1626]" pageId="6" pageNumber="8" refString="Hoffman, R. L. (1980) [1979] Classification of the Diplopoda. Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Geneve, Switzerland, 237 pp." type="book" year="1980">Hoffman 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Shelley
|
||
<emphasis id="A9F38D1CE810FC51FC7B3F26FC04F9AD" box="[906,969,1601,1626]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2000), which is known only from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="443CEFACE810FC51FE823F0FFE17F975" box="[371,474,1640,1666]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
and
|
||
<typeStatus id="443CEFACE810FC51FDE33F0FFDBAF975" box="[530,631,1640,1666]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
that were collected in 1961.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |