356 lines
61 KiB
XML
356 lines
61 KiB
XML
<document id="4600E1E66A7B306D8C3AE430452A04F8" ENCODING="UTF-8" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6f465cbe-d9f2-462a-8c48-430690a26c4f" ModsDocAuthor="Longino, J. T." ModsDocID="20256" checkinTime="1244211219658" checkinUser="thomas" docAuthor="Longino, J. T." docDate="2003" docId="387E34C5C9FF19AE5CE2B237EFEF9050" docLanguage="en" docName="20256_gg2.xml" docOrigin="Zootaxa 151" docSource="http://antbase.org/ants/publications/20256/20256.pdf" docTitle="Crematogaster carinata Mayr" docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="49" masterDocId="B2C0C7EDBC793BBEEE49752470438506" masterDocTitle="The Crematogaster (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Myrmicinae) of Costa Rica." masterLastPageNumber="150" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="44" updateTime="1701311168608" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="EF9316ACB3A576D5C2BA2C245D15A430">The Crematogaster (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Myrmicinae) of Costa Rica.</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="05C3B49F89150E80F32C00EB4001D6A9">Longino, J. T.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="562A97B7172A3640E0456B22EEB0BB7A">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="0BFDFBA55C2907AF56670E11D2D0BA42">2003</mods:date>
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<mods:classification id="518C06E2C715813D5BF8701FC5DBAAFD">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="2BF907D2002C5053AFA322D707ED967C" type="HNS-Pub">20256</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="A3C0E79D4F4EB17258AFC3A584924F22" type="ZooBank">9813210B-5B9F-4FDE-86DD-3AE55166EC9C</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="387E34C5C9FF19AE5CE2B237EFEF9050" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6274998" ID-GBIF-Taxon="100126190" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6274998" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:387E34C5C9FF19AE5CE2B237EFEF9050" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/387E34C5C9FF19AE5CE2B237EFEF9050" lastPageNumber="49" pageNumber="44">
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<subSubSection id="7EC6D65E5533D0B59551601040412323" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="9E7F10B748E02762DE820F520C390CFF" pageNumber="44">
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<taxonomicName id="684EAC1996FEC814925D6E5D0045DCE6" ID-CoL="ZBLM" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28121" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster carinata Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinata">Crematogaster carinata Mayr</taxonomicName>
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1862
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="840B21A58D2D9BDC79278A16FA6E8EA2" type="description">
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<paragraph id="B28983AA366266744BD792D0EB2EF2F0" pageNumber="44">Plate 1</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="57BA5865B61F87E4B53FEE2CCE51BFE9" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="0A1CEC392A45B8E02F09BAE8E8F2BE8E" pageNumber="44">
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<taxonomicName id="2482E05BE077D6DB57862BA2B986CA9B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28121" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster carinata Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinata">Crematogaster carinata Mayr</taxonomicName>
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, 1862:768.
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<materialsCitation id="9732FAF0EC1414C69D555D9647029983" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1058481232" collectionCode="NMW, MCSN" collectorName="Novara" country="Brazil" location="Rio de Janeiro" stateProvince="Rio de Janeiro" typeStatus="Syntypes, Lectotype">
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<typeStatus id="754F7DA169BD258B5DDB904ABC0B7DA0">Syntype</typeStatus>
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workers:
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<collectingCountry id="FB9D87A3FD7C353AD38EE32C7B469A9C">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="0D9B48315873C5EA711AFE2B19B14009">Rio de Janeiro</collectingRegion>
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(
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<collectorName id="65EA067CD325C54986524A3FEC175F31">Novara</collectorName>
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) [
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<collectionCode id="F70D440E69546FEA4BFB9EE81497511A" collectionName="Austria, Wien, Naturhistorisches Museum Wien">NMW</collectionCode>
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,
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<collectionCode id="397C7EA3A46BD73CB367899A3D3A61B6" collectionName="Italy, Genova, Museo Civico di Storia Naturale "Giacomo Doria"">MCSN</collectionCode>
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] (examined,
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<collectionCode id="640D5671418B1F3E96E6942A6CA5D556" collectionName="Austria, Wien, Naturhistorisches Museum Wien">NMW</collectionCode>
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worker here designated
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<typeStatus id="CBAB1DEBA018C8E4280F2F21A1D85D40">LECTOTYPE</typeStatus>
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)
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</materialsCitation>
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. Emery, 1922:136: combination in
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<taxonomicName id="E76517F045EF9E2AB8D1250D24043088" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:183852" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster (Orthocrema) Santschi" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Orthocrema">C. (Orthocrema)</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B5D5E978061E14E73C67BBC0B3773E12" pageNumber="44">
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<taxonomicName id="80D403AA973D3D461D17E88508982CCD" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2435" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster Lund" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Crematogaster</taxonomicName>
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(species not indicated): Forel 1898:380 (description of parabiosis).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3C820B6EA653910443C23C4F4DF91F24" pageNumber="44">
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<taxonomicName id="FEAB8370B351384E6E556CCD827C6E9E" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:149372" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster limata parabiotica Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="limata" subSpecies="parabiotica">Crematogaster limata r. parabiotica Forel</taxonomicName>
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, 1904b:683.
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<materialsCitation id="4B753D964426996331FD9F84F090D4B2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1058481267" collectionCode="MHNG" collectorName="Forel" country="Colombia" location="Orihueca" stateProvince="Magdalena" typeStatus="Syntype, Lectotype">
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<typeStatus id="346958EE3B6047E64641DBCD277BB5D9">Syntype</typeStatus>
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worker:
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<collectingCountry id="86CCD10B5F61A8DDF5DF48D623BE83C2">Colombia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="8651E3D85F32E06CD2891C8793896BCC">Magdalena</collectingRegion>
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,
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<location id="F118D2E3E1DBDE420870606A6448C6AC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:387E34C5C9FF19AE5CE2B237EFEF9050:F118D2E3E1DBDE420870606A6448C6AC" country="Colombia" name="Orihueca" stateProvince="Magdalena">Orihueca</location>
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, parabiotic with
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<taxonomicName id="4A08C5126D5C9DBAEEA5F17E063EFE42" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28668" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dolichoderus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Dolichoderus debilis Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="debilis">Dolichoderus debilis</taxonomicName>
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(coll.
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<collectorName id="A678CDD93235EEAAB1515FFE1337DEAB">Forel</collectorName>
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) [
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<collectionCode id="7C2D5ED8087D5BF432B9942345508785" collectionName="Switzerland, Geneva, Museum d'Histoire Naturelle">MHNG</collectionCode>
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] (examined, worker here designated
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<typeStatus id="2CB0A8F72B9704BA801D5CD1EACE7261">LECTOTYPE</typeStatus>
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)
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</materialsCitation>
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. Forel, 1912:217: description of queen. Emery, 1922:136: combination in
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<taxonomicName id="4AF1B1EE81727D54776A4D3E440D4371" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:183852" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster (Orthocrema) Santschi" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Orthocrema">C. (Orthocrema)</taxonomicName>
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. Wheeler, W.M. 1921b:152; Wheeler, W.M. 1923:3; Kutter, 1931:61; Santschi, 1939:161; Kempf, 1972:88: subspecies of
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<taxonomicName id="D84623437A640CF07ABD8E8C78835963" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28283" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster limata Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="limata">limata</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="F5B517C2D695DCEE4EBA8A570FD45177">NEW SYNONYMY</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C69B6C61DDFCEEEA80C093311BFDF4C3" pageNumber="44">
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<taxonomicName id="81A1599DD7F5EE7FF1E2F020819243AD" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:149372" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster limata parabiotica Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parabiotica">Crematogaster parabiotica Forel</taxonomicName>
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(part): Wheeler, W.M. 1921a.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="ED065A47CF6C33B763BFF0000B0C949B" pageNumber="44">
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<taxonomicName id="C340A4C9F0918B36242BE9E23436FAD3" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:149372" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster limata parabiotica Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="limata" subSpecies="parabiotica">Crematogaster cf. limata parabiotica Forel</taxonomicName>
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(part): Davidson 1988, Seidel et al. 1990, Davidson et al. 1990.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="BCECBBDF0D30991834AB4F61DAA16A94" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="3D18DBBE1490EB7D8AC735E240334F5F" pageNumber="44">Range</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DCDC48B78BEC11D1462FFBD20CCA8974" pageNumber="44">Costa Rica to Brazil (Rio de Janeiro), Bolivia.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="5347C448547E4DC3F9B1EED03BF30787" type="description">
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<paragraph id="76A6ADA54C20B2F0640817CF23AF71A4" pageNumber="44">Description of worker</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="541992B49582CA46357E922D01559A4B" pageNumber="44">Color red brown; mandibles, antennal club, and tarsi usually lighter yellow; workers monomorphic in size.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9A7A367894EB0E17BF5E12BAB984AABE" lastPageNumber="45" pageNumber="44">Mandibles smooth and shining; clypeus usually with 5-6 longitudinal carinulae, these may be more abundant, making clypeus uniformly striate, or they may be nearly absent, making clypeus smooth and shining, especially medially; head about as long as wide, subquadrate, with emarginate posterior border; antenna with distinct two-segmented club, or third segment from end somewhat enlarged, blurring distinction between two and threesegmented club; scapes with abundant long erect setae; when scapes laid back from antennal insertions, they slightly surpass margin of vertex; face largely smooth and shining, with variable extent of striated region between antennal insertion and eye, and whorled above antennal insertion; face covered with abundant long flexuous white setae, no appressed pubescence; in face view abundant setae project from lateral and posterior margins.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D5A451F9EE9CD3E0AA3F83B7B8253F80" pageNumber="45">Promesonotum in profile forming evenly convex surface, varying from flattish to forming peak at juncture of pro and mesonotum; propodeal suture deep in dorsal view but obscured in profile due to lateral carinulae that bridge the suture; posterior mesonotum curves smoothly into horizontal dorsal face of propodeum; propodeal spines short, projecting posteriorly such that they are more or less in same plane as dorsal face of propodeum; dorsal and posterior face of propodeum appear well differentiated in lateral view, the dorsal face confluent with the horizontal spines, the posterior face sloping down to petiolar insertion, but faces less differentiated medially; pronotal dorsum with variably developed longitudinal carinulae, strongest laterally, becoming weaker medially, interspaces smooth and shining; mesonotal dorsum with two strong, subparallel lateral carinae, interspace smooth and shining or with faint longitudinal carinulae; dorsal face of propodeum striatorugose, rugulae extending onto spines, posterior face smooth and shining; side of pronotum smooth and shining; katepisternum and ventral portion of side of propodeum variously punctatorugose; dorsal portion of side of propodeum smooth and shining; mesosomal dorsum with abundant long flexuous white setae, setae on pronotal humeri longest; femora and tibiae with abundant long erect setae.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="36FD949A13BC78C7101EDAC71D8BEA12" pageNumber="45">Petiole in side view subtrapezoidal, varying in length and degree of narrowing anteriorly, weakly punctate to nearly smooth; anteroventral tooth well developed, often forming a right-angle to short acute tooth; dorsal face of petiole smooth and shining, elongate, widest posteriorly, regularly tapering anteriorly, with a long flexuous seta on each posterolateral tubercle and varying number of short setae along posterior border; postpetiole lacking ventral tooth, globular in dorsal view, with abundant erect setae; fourth abdominal tergite smooth and shining, with abundant long flexuous erect white setae, no appressed pubescence.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E864A8E32ADEE5CC97548DD4A599CCD8" pageNumber="45">Measurements</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="266642C16114C0A96B554BE8F60B4637" pageNumber="45">HL 0.561, 0.528, 0.657; HW 0.604, 0.563, 0.722; HC 0.565, 0.507, 0.664; SL 0.485, 0.512, 0.612; EL 0.130, 0.139, 0.175; A11L 0.215; A11W 0.101; A10L 0.113; A10W 0.089; A09L 0.068; A09W 0.064; A08L 0.051; A08W 0.051; WL 0.615, 0.585, 0.744; SPL 0.077, 0.109, 0.148; PTH 0.148, 0.137, 0.166; PTL 0.207, 0.213, 0.250; PTW 0.144, 0.138, 0.174; PPL 0.169, 0.129, 0.178; PPW 0.162, 0.119, 0.166; CI 108, 107, 110; OI 23, 26, 27; SI 86, 97, 93; PTHI 71, 64, 66; PTWI 70, 65, 70; PPI 96, 92, 93; SPI 13, 19, 20; ACI 0.64.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9ED27C3BF0A3DE72304DDEFA40C6DFED" pageNumber="46">Queen</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D09705976A3BCCD94E8A5BB16747F78E" pageNumber="46">A normal queen (dorsal face of propodeum drops steeply from postscutellum and much of propodeum appears ventral to scutellum and postscutellum, Fig. 1) with general shape, sculpture, and pilosity characters of the worker; size characters as in Figures 4 and 5.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="69FFEDF40DCE873432BE04180C1ED54A" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="E236095F3FF9AC2E601682483F7F25D0" pageNumber="46">Biology</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="CB2E395168FFC933711F6004B3EA0C78" pageNumber="46">
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<taxonomicName id="98CA1CA8CA5790876483E04DA7E24296" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28121" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster carinata Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinata">Crematogaster carinata</taxonomicName>
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is a biologically complex species and there is almost certainly some degree of genetic structuring that is not readily revealed by external morphology. This species and its close relative
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<taxonomicName id="DA6EEC1317D10F1DD29E9FE3F1C0F905" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:182992" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster levior Longino" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="levior">C. levior</taxonomicName>
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often have large polygynous colonies that blanket large sections of forest, with various degrees of mutual foraging and nesting with other unrelated ant species. Forel observed this species nesting with
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<taxonomicName id="23D187F0E1503714E8DFA1C2DA8F70E5" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28668" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dolichoderus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Dolichoderus debilis Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="debilis">Dolichoderus debilis</taxonomicName>
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in Colombia, and coined the term parabiosis for the mutual sharing of nest space and foraging columns by multiple species (Forel 1898). Further examples of parabiosis involving
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<taxonomicName id="2234FCA01A1253F54801AC8FB503808F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28121" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster carinata Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinata">carinata</taxonomicName>
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(as
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<taxonomicName id="9ADE024F4A923D9D221A1DF95D8879B7" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:149372" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster limata parabiotica Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parabiotica">parabiotica</taxonomicName>
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) were described by Wheeler (1921a).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4FF73D2F39FC5EDE357B990A105825CD" pageNumber="46">
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In the Atlantic lowland forests of northeastern Costa Rica, including coastal strand vegetation,
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<taxonomicName id="08B043251C34E4D18163347942B3CD84" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28121" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster carinata Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinata">C. carinata</taxonomicName>
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forms large polygynous, perhaps even unicolonial colonies. Columns of workers are spread over second growth vegetation and multiple crowns of trees, with small clusters of physogastric queens, brood, and workers dispersed in dead twigs and branches and under epiphytes. There is no obvious colony center, and it is difficult to discern colony boundaries. At La Selva Biological Station it is one of the most common species in the canopy. It occurred in 24 of 52 canopy fogging events. In an old treefall I once found a small aroid with a
|
|
<taxonomicName id="39C5ABF09171ABE3D1890DDF6C22809B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28121" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster carinata Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinata">carinata</taxonomicName>
|
|
nest in and around the root ball. The ants had covered the roots with a mass of carton material to form a nest volume about the size of a large orange. Inside were abundant workers, brood, and 43 dealate queens. Some of these queens had torn remnants of wings, suggesting they never left the nest for a nuptial flight and perhaps never mated. In general when multiple queens are found in nests they are evenly distributed in the nest volume, individually or in pairs. Brood is segregated by size. I observed a similar occurrence of large polygynous colonies in the Santa Marta region of Colombia, the same site as Forel's original observations of parabiosis. In contrast to these observations of polygyny, discrete nests with single physogastric queens seem to be the rule in the Pacific and southeastern Atlantic lowlands of Costa Rica, and at some sites in Venezuela.
|
|
</paragraph>
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|
<paragraph id="0B4DB0BF0471BF8C7D7A66EDECD112CE" pageNumber="46">On occasion I find aggregations of workers only, with no brood. All the dead sticks in a patch of forest understory will be filled with workers. The nest aggregation will be bounded, with all nests within about a meter of each other, but no colony center or area with brood can be found.</paragraph>
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|
<paragraph id="B8E3203A343681C3F8C9B1907DFC8303" lastPageNumber="47" pageNumber="46">
|
|
In different parts of its range, in both polygynous and monogynous forms,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="891DAC04F665CF221112300AD975C1A9" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28121" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster carinata Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinata">Crematogaster carinata</taxonomicName>
|
|
may form parabiotic associations with other ants. In the La Selva forest canopy it cohabits large ant gardens with
|
|
<taxonomicName id="D961D4AE7F2AB4BCF6D60E0085340B47" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33007" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontomachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Odontomachus panamensis Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="panamensis">Odontomachus panamensis</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Because the ant gardens are conspicuous and packed with
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FB01F91EBBC08CAB6E25177CF0044C46" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2435" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster Lund" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Crematogaster</taxonomicName>
|
|
workers and brood, it can appear that the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="DEB94E698C809651C42272DF4C4142EA" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2435" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster Lund" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Crematogaster</taxonomicName>
|
|
are a specialized associate with
|
|
<taxonomicName id="CB72C524EB895F4B665302CFD5A9547F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24840" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontomachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Odontomachus Latreille" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Odontomachus</taxonomicName>
|
|
, but closer inspection reveals that the ant gardens are nodes of higher
|
|
<taxonomicName id="9D6821284CFC921938CF550F6F424ABC" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2435" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster Lund" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Crematogaster</taxonomicName>
|
|
density in a sea of thinly spread
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4A96C8C6C5CFFF7B08384356C6546E5C" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2435" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster Lund" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Crematogaster</taxonomicName>
|
|
nests. It is possible that the ants in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A9841075C62CF784B48BAB116776B3E3" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24840" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontomachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Odontomachus Latreille" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Odontomachus</taxonomicName>
|
|
nests are genetically and behaviorally differentiated from those in the diffuse polydomous colonies, but I have not found any evidence for this based on external morphology.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="B75D07F2746B4757F1C7E11C72B1EFA1" pageNumber="47">
|
|
In the Pacific lowlands of Costa Rica I have twice seen parabiotic associations between
|
|
<taxonomicName id="DA5D0DD1F59F70A8BB66C670DBB545E3" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28121" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster carinata Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinata">carinata</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="DD99AE8530B4EFE3D7A8A2C563234C58" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2463" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dolichoderus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Dolichoderus Lund" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dolichoderus</taxonomicName>
|
|
species. At Carara I observed a parabiotic association between
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A31093DBD924A60D07B22A28B5EB91AD" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28121" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster carinata Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinata">carinata</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="C91A89EDCE3CBB59C18952815FBD805A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28668" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dolichoderus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Dolichoderus debilis Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="debilis">D. debilis</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Several nests were in a cluster of dead branches.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="C025DE7F1BFE8F7190D6DE137D91D1A4" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2435" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster Lund" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Crematogaster</taxonomicName>
|
|
workers and brood were distributed in multiple chambers, and one chamber contained a single physogastric queen. The nests of the two species were contiguous and interdigitated, with interconnections among chambers, but they were still largely segregated. In general the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="0DC79FDA2A8A8C717B84BFEE5D3E05D6" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2435" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster Lund" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Crematogaster</taxonomicName>
|
|
occupied smaller and more peripheral chambers, while the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="BA28801AE925F198072FBF52772A96A9" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2463" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dolichoderus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Dolichoderus Lund" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dolichoderus</taxonomicName>
|
|
occupied larger chambers in the center of the branches. In some peripheral chambers I found workers of both species together, but these chambers never contained brood. Any chamber with brood always contained only one species. In Corcovado National Park I observed parabiotic foraging involving
|
|
<taxonomicName id="24B961E601D2EAACBC6DFF096F09D8E2" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28121" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster carinata Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinata">carinata</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="BD44D3AA627A891144E34DB508B8C226" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28695" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dolichoderus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Dolichoderus inermis Mackay" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inermis">D. inermis Mackay</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Workers of both species were using the same foraging trails, and both species occurred together in clusters of non-foraging workers. Davidson has multiple observations of parabiotic foraging between
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5E51FE3BA8B1739B813464123E2107FE" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28121" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster carinata Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinata">carinata</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="45DBCBF33D04620533C17629E33C4D15" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28668" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dolichoderus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Dolichoderus debilis Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="debilis">D. debilis</taxonomicName>
|
|
in Peru (pers. comm.), and many similar observations are reported by Forel (1898) and Wheeler (1921a).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="E9594D422AE6B92F1D3EBC7A852051A2" pageNumber="47">
|
|
Wherever I have observed
|
|
<taxonomicName id="22219FAE0229DCFDA819DA1C712A5C0E" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28121" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster carinata Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinata">carinata</taxonomicName>
|
|
it makes use of carton construction to a variable extent. Construction may be as small as a 2cm diameter shelter over a single scale insect. Several times I have seen a 5-10cm wide globular mass of carton extending from the end of a rotten stick or investing epiphyte roots, extending the nest volume. In very humid areas these small carton nests may sprout epiphyte seedlings and in some cases form small ant gardens. Workers form large and more fully developed ant gardens only when in the presence of a larger parabiotic associate.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="6F18DC4C4F0E0CFD7FBB44CC11344EC8" pageNumber="47">Workers may be found foraging day or night, and they are generalized omnivores. I have seen them scavenging dead or wounded insects, they recruit to carbohydrate and protein baits, and they are frequent visitors at extrafloral nectaries.</paragraph>
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|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="48B8D2AE75E9E0AEB09413F009E7204F" type="discussion">
|
|
<paragraph id="C46D953BFF5AB88B2E03DB96C819AA73" pageNumber="47">Comments</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="04451C0BA217B8C2DB0F785C6A4305C4" lastPageNumber="48" pageNumber="47">
|
|
Costa Rican species in the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="2FED832A974C229B72F1F154330EE63B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28283" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster limata Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="limata">limata</taxonomicName>
|
|
complex are
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F40EA952069221A2EE78D4D9F1EFAE14" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28105" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster brasiliensis Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">brasiliensis</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="C4F7341C96726171433BB5590ED72BDA" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28121" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster carinata Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinata">carinata</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="61963EA46E83014199A5AB1025FD38AB" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28283" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster limata Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="limata">limata</taxonomicName>
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|
, and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="53D337A1381CBA2156CCFFBB60B1ABAF" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:183063" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster tenuicula Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tenuicula">tenuicula</taxonomicName>
|
|
. All have abundant erect flexuous setae on the face, moderate length to short posteriorly directed propodeal spines, and elongate tapering petioles. The four species can be difficult to separate. They differ primarily in the nature of the ventral processes of the petiole and postpetiole.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="6B31B3ECEA934CE7972C693EF85457C1" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28121" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster carinata Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinata">Crematogaster carinata</taxonomicName>
|
|
has a squared-off anteroventral petiolar process and no postpetiolar process. Both
|
|
<taxonomicName id="6ECA3A8470198CD7F720783B904E084F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28105" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster brasiliensis Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">brasiliensis</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="83A14EFF70259BF8C6421FA2542EB268" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:183063" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster tenuicula Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tenuicula">tenuicula</taxonomicName>
|
|
have ventral postpetiolar processes.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="043F3F72CC722E2102997A3006CE4F09" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28283" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster limata Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="limata">Crematogaster limata</taxonomicName>
|
|
usually lacks a petiolar process but can be very like
|
|
<taxonomicName id="C6B17ACC9D93E7BDB89432E66F921392" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28121" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster carinata Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinata">carinata</taxonomicName>
|
|
in some cases.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="0DCC74A5BC1F2D3BA4E13570D2BCFD76" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28283" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster limata Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="limata">Crematogaster limata</taxonomicName>
|
|
is a larger ant with longer propodeal spines.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A2CF5B842367F836351B8B8761CCE61E" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28121" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster carinata Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinata">Crematogaster carinata</taxonomicName>
|
|
may also be confused with
|
|
<taxonomicName id="D4582690BAC88755443E8C3CD10293FE" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:182985" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster foliocrypta Longino" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="foliocrypta">foliocrypta</taxonomicName>
|
|
, but
|
|
<taxonomicName id="57A4BFC45291FDDA2FFEC2427EE77DE1" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:182985" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster foliocrypta Longino" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="foliocrypta">foliocrypta</taxonomicName>
|
|
has appressed rather than erect tibial pilosity.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="49334F86E17947E223EC2E26DAEC3565" pageNumber="48">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="C9AFEEBF4FA9D866B769C97DF828ADB0" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28121" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster carinata Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinata">Crematogaster carinata</taxonomicName>
|
|
is also very similar to the South American species
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F43244645C5F15DE3B7A70027919D353" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:182992" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster levior Longino" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="levior">Crematogaster levior Longino</taxonomicName>
|
|
(see Miscellanea). The two species are not cleanly separable on morphological grounds. In this revision I have restricted
|
|
<taxonomicName id="2ADFD36A6B208AA9556493AF41882A69" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:182992" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster levior Longino" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="levior">C. levior</taxonomicName>
|
|
to a specialized parabiotic associate of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F6C7FE3E45812E1AC32360C79B7967E0" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:26478" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Camponotus femoratus (Fabricius)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="femoratus">Camponotus femoratus (Fabricius)</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F82D04A21E825B4866B136CEBC303AFF" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:182992" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster levior Longino" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="levior">Crematogaster levior</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A4188107647B4A85F5269B81D64ABC1C" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:26478" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Camponotus femoratus (Fabricius)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="femoratus">Camponotus femoratus</taxonomicName>
|
|
inhabit ant gardens throughout Amazonian South America. All
|
|
<taxonomicName id="CC382A582EA8228EE6A60CB625ED3583" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2435" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster Lund" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Crematogaster</taxonomicName>
|
|
material collected from these ant gardens has the worker pronotum completely smooth and shining. In contrast, I have identified as
|
|
<taxonomicName id="2E20DF3A5337F67684245637A40A3B9A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28121" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster carinata Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinata">carinata</taxonomicName>
|
|
all material with longitudinal carinulae on the pronotum. However, on purely morphological grounds there is continuous variation from strongly carinate forms, to forms with faint traces of carinulae, to the completely smooth pronotum of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="86DA3FBD72FB4534300250924DB1492D" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:182992" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster levior Longino" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="levior">levior</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E7C35A8787A7CFF746752DD52C7A54FB" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:182992" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster levior Longino" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="levior">Crematogaster levior</taxonomicName>
|
|
is polygynous and polydomous like some populations of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="49C7326AC1A6DC2732CEB94A8D071568" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28121" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster carinata Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinata">carinata</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="9BEA2179C280361196872F181092E775" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:182992" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster levior Longino" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="levior">Crematogaster levior</taxonomicName>
|
|
is always parabiotic with
|
|
<taxonomicName id="CA255E8980D689589F3290E886938DDB" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:26478" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Camponotus femoratus (Fabricius)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="femoratus">Camponotus femoratus</taxonomicName>
|
|
, while
|
|
<taxonomicName id="799D2A2562F2E40EE8339C74BB7D3D62" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28121" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster carinata Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinata">C. carinata</taxonomicName>
|
|
is facultatively parabiotic with other large ants in the genera
|
|
<taxonomicName id="772568005CEE79848551C909A987AB70" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2463" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dolichoderus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Dolichoderus Lund" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dolichoderus</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="151EA9CF1F65F9CD131BF103B89213C4" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24840" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontomachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Odontomachus Latreille" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Odontomachus</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="F5A0F09DA3C712FBEA218C3EFA1E6A66" pageNumber="48">
|
|
Further evidence for separate species has been found by D. Davidson at her study site at Cocha Cashu Biological Station in Amazonian Peru. In early studies of ant gardens and their ants (Davidson 1988, Seidel et al. 1990, Davidson et al. 1990) I helped identify the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FE02A996A331F106D203A06E8E522ED3" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2435" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster Lund" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Crematogaster</taxonomicName>
|
|
and I failed to differentiate
|
|
<taxonomicName id="70ADAB3DC4E7D16FD14BCC7D9F199553" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:182992" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster levior Longino" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="levior">levior</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="6A4A38209157FF95F72913D19E5AFB87" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28121" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster carinata Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinata">carinata</taxonomicName>
|
|
. More recent observations on behavior and defensive chemistry suggest discrete sympatric forms, with
|
|
<taxonomicName id="3F3E4BF776B9CEBA3BFA4E89B436DD30" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:182992" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster levior Longino" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="levior">levior</taxonomicName>
|
|
inhabiting ant gardens with
|
|
<taxonomicName id="767FB8406C3D66C5D5A363AF8A66BE20" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2414" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Camponotus Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Camponotus</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5EBAD54700CE78AB9CC2B25CE1A9BE66" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28121" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster carinata Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinata">carinata</taxonomicName>
|
|
found outside those gardens (Davidson pers. comm.). Davidson has discovered that
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7ACCCCA5E2692F995FB44ED39E44CDAF" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:182992" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster levior Longino" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="levior">levior</taxonomicName>
|
|
has lost its chemical defense and instead relies on the defensive capabilities of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4294C2362B0DF3CB406FF88F389AB2D5" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:26478" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Camponotus femoratus (Fabricius)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="femoratus">C. femoratus</taxonomicName>
|
|
. In contrast,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F514607F0037D4177A2BEE40BED35CA6" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28121" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster carinata Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinata">carinata</taxonomicName>
|
|
has retained chemical defenses. Reflecting the differences in defensive chemistry,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="78E88D8751F6AB2E2BE604C6D49D30E0" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:182992" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster levior Longino" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="levior">levior</taxonomicName>
|
|
does not elevate the gaster when disturbed;
|
|
<taxonomicName id="88124D2CC696559104B9A6175DFA4E5B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28121" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster carinata Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinata">carinata</taxonomicName>
|
|
does.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A41615DE1FD78D38EEFC9D1BC22AF773" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28121" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster carinata Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinata">Crematogaster carinata</taxonomicName>
|
|
is often found living parabiotically with
|
|
<taxonomicName id="8F6F1CE0A6C13FF0174CD383F3A29997" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28668" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dolichoderus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Dolichoderus debilis Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="debilis">Dolichoderus debilis</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and in this case it is the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="49575EEB6B077569EC506687AA1B2715" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2463" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dolichoderus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Dolichoderus Lund" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dolichoderus</taxonomicName>
|
|
that has lost its chemical defense, relying on the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="C8DE6A5362FC19FDF46AB7A47BB2B81B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2435" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster Lund" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Crematogaster</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Davidson's observations on
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F45B2F95B921432696275E49C222A7E7" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28121" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster carinata Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinata">carinata</taxonomicName>
|
|
in Peru not withstanding, one should not assume that
|
|
<taxonomicName id="92325D65D447C2AC308E1F767907A32F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28121" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster carinata Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinata">carinata</taxonomicName>
|
|
exhibits the same behavior and defensive chemistry throughout the range. It would be worth investigating whether
|
|
<taxonomicName id="2FE50D22E73E1D832042505582455CB9" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28121" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster carinata Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinata">carinata</taxonomicName>
|
|
at La Selva Biological Station, which lives in ant gardens with the aggressive species
|
|
<taxonomicName id="3C80C4CD15203B638E7848BEFD70DD2B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33007" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontomachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Odontomachus panamensis Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="panamensis">Odontomachus panamensis</taxonomicName>
|
|
, exhibits behavior and chemistry more like
|
|
<taxonomicName id="D35C1365772C640E26BECABB9F59A30D" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:182992" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster levior Longino" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="levior">levior</taxonomicName>
|
|
. In contrast, the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F42F4CC191375F4B109483F336A407FE" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28121" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster carinata Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinata">carinata</taxonomicName>
|
|
from Costa Rica's Pacific slope, which is monogynous and parabiotic with non-aggressive
|
|
<taxonomicName id="257229E001ADCC99C9E70E13CA7AA021" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2463" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dolichoderus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Dolichoderus Lund" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dolichoderus</taxonomicName>
|
|
, might be like Peruvian
|
|
<taxonomicName id="BE1C52A17A2B0792BF4A1326004388BA" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28121" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster carinata Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinata">carinata</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="53B215F94DAC2E03BF187AE3B586DAFF" lastPageNumber="49" pageNumber="48">
|
|
Forel's brief description of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="09AAD59E21451CB9A45CC5EEFAC9B81F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:149372" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster limata parabiotica Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parabiotica">parabiotica</taxonomicName>
|
|
was followed by a list of specimens: Colombia, Magdalena, Orihueca, parabiotic with
|
|
<taxonomicName id="BF21EA1B8C7B7801D693FC0EDC97A37F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28668" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dolichoderus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Dolichoderus debilis Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="debilis">Dolichoderus debilis (Forel)</taxonomicName>
|
|
; Para (
|
|
<normalizedToken id="57E50468B62D14DE7B40D253A78B2024" originalValue="Göldi">Goeldi</normalizedToken>
|
|
); Costa Rica (Pittier); and Brazil, Amazonas, Jurua, Jurua Miry, among leaf bases of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="9DD651E43B0B57ED7658EE3A947CC658" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:216145" class="Liliopsida" family="Bromeliaceae" genus="Tillandsia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName-HNS="Tillandsia Linnaeus" order="Poales" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Tillandsia</taxonomicName>
|
|
No. 5734 (Ule). I examined the Colombian and Ule's Brazilian material under
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7797E7D5EAAA5F05967A6AB709B2467F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:149372" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster limata parabiotica Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parabiotica">parabiotica</taxonomicName>
|
|
at MHNG. The Colombian material had carinate pronota and matched my collections from the Santa Marta area. Ule's Brazilian material, probably from ant gardens, had smooth pronota. Forel's published description of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="71953B4D28260A888A04043EDE360E25" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:149372" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster limata parabiotica Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parabiotica">parabiotica</taxonomicName>
|
|
suggested that the Ule specimens might be a separate variety. Among the specimens at MHNG a worker from Orihueca has "typus" written on the label. Other labels have "cotypus" or no indication of type status. It appears that Forel based the description primarily on the Colombian material and I am forced to treat the Orihueca specimen as the lectotype of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="D662AA8EFB593B6479F590BD4C328434" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:149372" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster limata parabiotica Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parabiotica">parabiotica</taxonomicName>
|
|
and synonymize it under Mayr's
|
|
<taxonomicName id="D3655CD81FA9DACC67A7A8887F6C1171" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28121" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster carinata Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinata">carinata</taxonomicName>
|
|
. The Ule specimens I identify as
|
|
<taxonomicName id="66DCFDB59D6680A8AA5DA539ECC96A1A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:182992" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster levior Longino" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="levior">levior</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Following this hypothesis of species boundaries, Wheeler's (1921a) discussion of parabiosis included observations of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="143118B3BABFCDB129A15B89DFEDCDC3" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28121" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster carinata Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinata">carinata</taxonomicName>
|
|
living parabiotically with
|
|
<taxonomicName id="9BA81A935149CE47317B3514EBF23267" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2463" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dolichoderus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Dolichoderus Lund" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dolichoderus</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="325C3CEBD51AFAF9FD798F1E2C248FA4" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:182992" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster levior Longino" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="levior">levior</taxonomicName>
|
|
living parabiotically with
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|
<taxonomicName id="F791E13F9A7CABC1578C833B81E5BF3A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:26478" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Camponotus femoratus (Fabricius)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="femoratus">Camponotus femoratus</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A45C208D272E12F8E7BA7EFC3C93A7AC" pageNumber="49">
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Within
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<taxonomicName id="B2A0944A9C3A14F2119F4F84D88EA625" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28121" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster carinata Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinata">carinata</taxonomicName>
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, there is pronounced variation in the degree of anterior narrowing of the petiole in side view, strength of pronotal carinulae, size of propodeal spines, and some details of queen size and petiole shape.
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<taxonomicName id="78589DD7856891617CCB8618C24E6C89" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:182992" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster levior Longino" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="levior">Crematogaster levior</taxonomicName>
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is more likely to be a "good" species, in terms of phylogeny and/or genetic similarity.
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<taxonomicName id="F43DB1689B36F357A4EA5A9E4A8AC8B8" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28121" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster carinata Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinata">Crematogaster carinata</taxonomicName>
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, with its greater geographic range and morphological variability, is more likely to be a set of allopatric or parapatric species, or even a set of broadly sympatric cryptic species.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |