227 lines
32 KiB
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227 lines
32 KiB
XML
<document id="878D67DB287D207FF394423278BCE0F4" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5424.3.3" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10821361" ID-ZooBank="524CF65D-F877-42E1-B983-EDC7D3ED1623" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="karina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="karina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="karina" IM.treatments_approvedBy="karina" checkinTime="1710500736614" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Gordon, Dennis P., Randolph Quek, Z. B. & Huang, Danwei" docDate="2024" docId="0381104DFFCDB95CEAF0FA94F190FD4E" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5424.3.3.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5424 (3)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5424.3.3" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Rhabdopleura normani Allman" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="332" masterDocId="FFB86835FFC5B955EA67FFECF562FF83" masterDocTitle="Four new species and a ribosomal phylogeny of Rhabdopleura (Hemichordata: Graptolithina) from New Zealand, with a review and key to all described extant taxa" masterLastPageNumber="357" masterPageNumber="323" pageNumber="331" updateTime="1710798204585" updateUser="karina" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="93DE7E36F10C6D2F4CDDAC2AF9437288">Four new species and a ribosomal phylogeny of Rhabdopleura (Hemichordata: Graptolithina) from New Zealand, with a review and key to all described extant taxa</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="14AB45D32F61BC90A9CE9D46778B5E4A">Gordon, Dennis P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="66BD162DA394D0D1F418F97683A0B419">National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Private Bay 14901, Kilbirnie, Wellington 6241, New Zealand</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="E915E441EC055E87668250DF2B6C8AEA">Randolph Quek, Z. B.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="13B7BEBB89413BEB8B291E9EBD201370">National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Private Bay 14901, Kilbirnie, Wellington 6241, New Zealand & Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117558, Singapore</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="9B79C421A2FEFE3B257E4A44B4559787" type="email">randolphquek@u.nus.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="A08A364F12346CC237304A98F530028B">Huang, Danwei</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="8EDDC4D7497157E992398BC36EC5C009">National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Private Bay 14901, Kilbirnie, Wellington 6241, New Zealand & Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117558, Singapore & National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Private Bay 14901, Kilbirnie, Wellington 6241, New Zealand & Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum, National University of Singapore, 2 Conservatory Drive, Singapore 117377, Singapore & National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Private Bay 14901, Kilbirnie, Wellington 6241, New Zealand & Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, 18 Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119227, Singapore & National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Private Bay 14901, Kilbirnie, Wellington 6241, New Zealand</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="DA02067466D39519598C44271CC3EBDE">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="588F47FC8A71D548B5926A45CD7A71A0">2024</mods:date>
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<treatment id="0381104DFFCDB95CEAF0FA94F190FD4E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10821331" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10821331" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0381104DFFCDB95CEAF0FA94F190FD4E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0381104DFFCDB95CEAF0FA94F190FD4E" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="332" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">
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<subSubSection id="C332F2D0FFCDB95DEAF0FA94F6EBFA11" box="[151,905,1400,1427]" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B97A15BFFCDB95DEAF0FA94F6EBFA11" blockId="8.[151,905,1400,1427]" box="[151,905,1400,1427]" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">
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<heading id="D0DF1637FFCDB95DEAF0FA94F6EBFA11" bold="true" box="[151,905,1400,1427]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFCDB95DEAF0FA94F6EBFA11" bold="true" box="[151,905,1400,1427]" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">
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<taxonomicName id="4C28DAD8FFCDB95DEAF0FA94F77AFA11" ID-CoL="4RW6Y" authority="Allman" authorityName="Allman" box="[151,536,1400,1427]" class="Pterobranchia" family="Rhabdopleuridae" genus="Rhabdopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdopleurida" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" phylum="Hemichordata" rank="species" species="normani">
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<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFCDB95DEAF0FA94F4D1FA11" bold="true" box="[151,435,1400,1427]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">Rhabdopleura normani</emphasis>
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Allman
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFCDB95DE878FA94F755FA11" bold="true" box="[543,567,1400,1426]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">in</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB9DCAAFFCDB95DE858FA95F793FA11" author="Norman, A. M." box="[575,753,1400,1427]" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" pagination="247 - 336" refId="ref23804" refString="Norman, A. M. (1869) Shetland final dredging report, Pt. II. On the Crustacea, Tunicata, Polyzoa, Echinodermata, Actinozoa, Hydrozoa and Porifera. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science for 1868, 1869, 247 - 336." type="journal article" year="1869">Norman, 1869</bibRefCitation>
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(
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<figureCitation id="1313BDDEFFCDB95DE967FA94F6E2FA10" box="[768,896,1400,1427]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1795,1819]" captionTargetBox="[175,1413,182,1758]" captionTargetId="figure-28@10.[162,1426,181,1771]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Original illustrations of described species of Rhabdopleura characterized by indirect inception of ringed erect tubes from creeping tubes via an intervening adnate portion that comprises a blind-ending branch. A, Rhabdopleura normani (from Allman 1869, pl. 8, fig. 1). Note that most of the colony is adherent; only the ringed tubes (rt) are erect, the proximal part of each side branch (ppsb) is adherent and the oblique sutures are not shown. B, schematic interpretative depiction of R. normani (after Andres 1977). C, D, Rhabdopleura grimaldii (from Jullien 1890, p. 181); note that ringed erect tubes (rt) are mostly lacking, with only the adherent proximal parts of side branches (ppsb) present. D is a cropped part of C to show the proximal parts of two side branches, with fusellar sutures and Jullien’s putative ‘very fine tubes’ (vft)—actually the side walls of the tapering pectocaulus, the proximal end of which is transparent, hence the apparent gap between it and the pectocaulus of the creeping tube. E, F, Rhabdopleura striata (from Schepotieff 1909, pl. 7, figs 2, 7); E shows longitudinally striated erect parts of side branches; oblique sutures on prostrate parts omitted in E but shown in F, with characteristic web of fusellar sutures (wfs) in branch angles from main creeping tube. G, Rhabdopleura manubialis (from Jullien & Calvet, 1903, pl. 1, fig. 2) with dormant bodies (db)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10821369" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10821369/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">Fig. 4A, B</figureCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C332F2D0FFCDB95DEAF0FA2DF591F9A0" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8B97A15BFFCDB95DEAF0FA2DF591F9A0" blockId="8.[151,1437,1472,2039]" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">
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<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFCDB95DEAF0FA2DF454FA59" bold="true" box="[151,310,1472,1499]" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">
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<typeStatus id="54931FF9FFCDB95DEAF0FA2DF5B0FA58" box="[151,210,1473,1499]" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">Type</typeStatus>
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locality.
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</emphasis>
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Outer Haaf, Unst,
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<collectingCountry id="F33FE1CBFFCDB95DE86CFA2CF712FA59" box="[523,624,1472,1498]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">Shetland</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F33FE1CBFFCDB95DE81CFA2DF7D3FA58" box="[635,689,1473,1499]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">U.K.</collectingCountry>
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at 93 fm (
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||
<quantity id="4CD00CBEFFCDB95DE943FA2DF60CFA58" box="[804,878,1473,1499]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" unit="m" value="170.0">170 m</quantity>
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) (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB9DCAAFFCDB95DE9E3FA2DF140FA59" author="Norman, A. M." box="[900,1058,1472,1499]" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" pagination="247 - 336" refId="ref23804" refString="Norman, A. M. (1869) Shetland final dredging report, Pt. II. On the Crustacea, Tunicata, Polyzoa, Echinodermata, Actinozoa, Hydrozoa and Porifera. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science for 1868, 1869, 247 - 336." type="journal article" year="1869">Norman 1869</bibRefCitation>
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) or 90 fm (~
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<quantity id="4CD00CBEFFCDB95DEED7FA2CF19BFA58" box="[1200,1273,1472,1499]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.65" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" unit="m" value="165.0">165 m</quantity>
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) on dead shell (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB9DCAAFFCDB95DEAF8FA08F45AFA7D" author="Allman, G. J." box="[159,312,1508,1534]" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" pagination="95 - 109" refId="ref20662" refString="Allman, G. J. (1869) On Rhabdopleura, a new form of Polyzoa, from deep-sea dredging in Shetland. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, New Series, 4, 95 - 109, pl. 8." type="journal article" year="1869">Allman 1869</bibRefCitation>
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||
). Burdon-Jones (1954) cited the locality as c.
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||
<quantity id="4CD00CBEFFCDB95DE927FA09F6C3FA7D" box="[832,929,1508,1535]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.437376" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" unit="mi" value="40.0">40 miles</quantity>
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east of the Whalsay Skerries,
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<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFCDB95DEE9FFA09F079FA7D" box="[1272,1307,1509,1534]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">i.e.</emphasis>
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c.
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<geoCoordinate id="EE1CC79CFFCDB95DEF5AFA08F0FAFA7C" box="[1341,1432,1508,1535]" degrees="60.4" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" precision="5555" value="60.4">60.4° N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE1CC79CFFCDB95DEAF0F9E5F58CF9A0" box="[151,238,1545,1571]" degrees="0.48" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" precision="555" value="0.48">0.48° E</geoCoordinate>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C332F2D0FFCDB95DEAA0F9C1F138F8C0" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" type="key">
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<paragraph id="8B97A15BFFCDB95DEAA0F9C1F138F8C0" blockId="8.[151,1437,1472,2039]" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">
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<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFCDB95DEAA0F9C1F405F9C5" bold="true" box="[199,359,1580,1607]" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">Key features.</emphasis>
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Inception of ringed erect tubes is indirect; blind-ending side branches comprise, for about half their length, an adherent portion that abruptly bends at a right angle upwards as an annulated tube (
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<figureCitation id="1313BDDEFFCDB95DEF77F9BCF009F9E8" box="[1296,1387,1616,1643]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1795,1819]" captionTargetBox="[175,1413,182,1758]" captionTargetId="figure-28@10.[162,1426,181,1771]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Original illustrations of described species of Rhabdopleura characterized by indirect inception of ringed erect tubes from creeping tubes via an intervening adnate portion that comprises a blind-ending branch. A, Rhabdopleura normani (from Allman 1869, pl. 8, fig. 1). Note that most of the colony is adherent; only the ringed tubes (rt) are erect, the proximal part of each side branch (ppsb) is adherent and the oblique sutures are not shown. B, schematic interpretative depiction of R. normani (after Andres 1977). C, D, Rhabdopleura grimaldii (from Jullien 1890, p. 181); note that ringed erect tubes (rt) are mostly lacking, with only the adherent proximal parts of side branches (ppsb) present. D is a cropped part of C to show the proximal parts of two side branches, with fusellar sutures and Jullien’s putative ‘very fine tubes’ (vft)—actually the side walls of the tapering pectocaulus, the proximal end of which is transparent, hence the apparent gap between it and the pectocaulus of the creeping tube. E, F, Rhabdopleura striata (from Schepotieff 1909, pl. 7, figs 2, 7); E shows longitudinally striated erect parts of side branches; oblique sutures on prostrate parts omitted in E but shown in F, with characteristic web of fusellar sutures (wfs) in branch angles from main creeping tube. G, Rhabdopleura manubialis (from Jullien & Calvet, 1903, pl. 1, fig. 2) with dormant bodies (db)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10821369" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10821369/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
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||
; see
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB9DCAAFFCDB95DEAF0F998F448F90C" author="Andres, D." box="[151,298,1652,1679]" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" pagination="52 - 93" refId="ref20705" refString="Andres, D. (1977) Graptolithen aus ordovizischen Geschieben und die fruhe Stammesgeschichte der Graptolithen. Palaontologische Zeitschrift, 51, 52 - 93. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 02986602" type="journal article" year="1977">Andres 1977</bibRefCitation>
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, fig. 1, interpretative).
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB9DCAAFFCDB95DE840F998F7A7F90D" author="Allman, G. J." box="[551,709,1652,1678]" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" pagination="95 - 109" refId="ref20662" refString="Allman, G. J. (1869) On Rhabdopleura, a new form of Polyzoa, from deep-sea dredging in Shetland. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, New Series, 4, 95 - 109, pl. 8." type="journal article" year="1869">Allman (1869</bibRefCitation>
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, p. 58) noted that adherent and erect parts of each side branch are of the same diameter (
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<figureCitation id="1313BDDEFFCDB95DEBF0F974F492F930" box="[407,496,1688,1715]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1795,1819]" captionTargetBox="[175,1413,182,1758]" captionTargetId="figure-28@10.[162,1426,181,1771]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Original illustrations of described species of Rhabdopleura characterized by indirect inception of ringed erect tubes from creeping tubes via an intervening adnate portion that comprises a blind-ending branch. A, Rhabdopleura normani (from Allman 1869, pl. 8, fig. 1). Note that most of the colony is adherent; only the ringed tubes (rt) are erect, the proximal part of each side branch (ppsb) is adherent and the oblique sutures are not shown. B, schematic interpretative depiction of R. normani (after Andres 1977). C, D, Rhabdopleura grimaldii (from Jullien 1890, p. 181); note that ringed erect tubes (rt) are mostly lacking, with only the adherent proximal parts of side branches (ppsb) present. D is a cropped part of C to show the proximal parts of two side branches, with fusellar sutures and Jullien’s putative ‘very fine tubes’ (vft)—actually the side walls of the tapering pectocaulus, the proximal end of which is transparent, hence the apparent gap between it and the pectocaulus of the creeping tube. E, F, Rhabdopleura striata (from Schepotieff 1909, pl. 7, figs 2, 7); E shows longitudinally striated erect parts of side branches; oblique sutures on prostrate parts omitted in E but shown in F, with characteristic web of fusellar sutures (wfs) in branch angles from main creeping tube. G, Rhabdopleura manubialis (from Jullien & Calvet, 1903, pl. 1, fig. 2) with dormant bodies (db)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10821369" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10821369/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
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) and illustrated the median zigzag suture (
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<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFCDB95DE9BFF974F166F931" box="[984,1028,1688,1714]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">ibid</emphasis>
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., pl. 8, fig. 4), which occupies only about a quarter of tube width. Measured from his drawing, zigzag angles are 54‒61°, mean 57°, with mode 55° (
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<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFCDB95DEF1FF951F0E4F955" box="[1400,1414,1725,1750]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">n</emphasis>
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= 11).
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB9DCAAFFCDB95DEAAEF90CF4E0F978" author="Lankester, E. R." box="[201,386,1760,1787]" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" pagination="622 - 647" refId="ref23121" refString="Lankester, E. R. (1884) A contribution to the knowledge of Rhabdopleura. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 24, 622 - 647, pls. 37 - 41. https: // doi. org / 10.1242 / jcs. s 2 - 24.96.622" type="journal article" year="1884">Lankester (1884</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 39, fig. 1) also illustrated zigzag angles, having a larger range of 36‒60° owing to sinuous bending, with mean 47° and mode = 45° (
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<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFCDB95DE800F8E9F717F89D" box="[615,629,1797,1822]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">n</emphasis>
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= 23), and also showed (
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFCDB95DE9ECF8E8F6D5F89D" box="[907,951,1796,1822]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">ibid</emphasis>
|
||
., pl. 41, fig. 2) a short ‘permanently closed’ chamber of creeping tube with zigzag angles 33‒43°, mean 40° and mode 40° (
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFCDB95DEE77F8C5F17CF8C1" box="[1040,1054,1833,1858]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 8).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C332F2D0FFCDB95CEAA8F8A0F190FD4E" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="332" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B97A15BFFCDB95CEAA8F8A0F478FDBE" blockId="8.[151,1437,1472,2039]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1437,151,717]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="332" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFCDB95DEAA8F8A0F42EF8E5" bold="true" box="[207,332,1868,1894]" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">Comment.</emphasis>
|
||
Allman’s material seems not to be represented by a type specimen. There is an unregistered slide in the collection of the Natural History Museum, London, labelled “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C28DAD8FFCDB95DE9C2F89CF07EF809" authority=", Allman." authorityName="Allman." box="[933,1308,1904,1931]" class="Pterobranchia" family="Rhabdopleuridae" genus="Rhabdopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdopleurida" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" phylum="Hemichordata" rank="species" species="normani">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFCDB95DE9C2F89CF1D1F809" box="[933,1203,1904,1930]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">Rhabdopleura Normani</emphasis>
|
||
, Allman.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(fide A.M. Norman): no doubt from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33FE1CBFFCDB95DEBCAF878F776F82D" box="[429,532,1940,1966]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="8" pageNumber="331">Shetland</collectingCountry>
|
||
”, with no other information (A. Waeschenbach, NHM, pers. comm.,
|
||
<date id="FF96879BFFCDB95DEF6EF879F0F3F82C" box="[1289,1425,1940,1967]" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" value="2024-02-09">9 Feb. 2024</date>
|
||
). The slide contains a dried piece of shell and is inadequate to establish that it represents the non-living material that Allman examined and illustrated. The species needs re-examining on the basis of topotypic material and a
|
||
<typeStatus id="54931FF9FFCDB95DEF23F831F0FFF874" box="[1348,1437,2013,2039]" pageId="8" pageNumber="331" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
established. Other slides (plus wet specimens) of putative
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C28DAD8FFCCB95CE948FF7BF6CDFF33" box="[815,943,151,176]" class="Pterobranchia" family="Rhabdopleuridae" genus="Rhabdopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdopleurida" pageId="9" pageNumber="332" phylum="Hemichordata" rank="species" species="normani">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFCCB95CE948FF7BF6CDFF33" box="[815,943,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="332">R. normani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the NE Atlantic pertain to Hardanger Fjord,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33FE1CBFFCCB95CEA85FF57F45CFF56" box="[226,318,187,213]" name="Norway" pageId="9" pageNumber="332">Norway</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9DCAAFFCCB95CEB2EFF57F77FFF56" author="Lankester, E. R." box="[329,541,187,213]" pageId="9" pageNumber="332" pagination="622 - 647" refId="ref23121" refString="Lankester, E. R. (1884) A contribution to the knowledge of Rhabdopleura. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 24, 622 - 647, pls. 37 - 41. https: // doi. org / 10.1242 / jcs. s 2 - 24.96.622" type="journal article" year="1884">Lankester’s (1884)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
material, which has aways been regarded as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C28DAD8FFCCB95CEE7EFF57F1F5FF57" box="[1049,1175,187,212]" class="Pterobranchia" family="Rhabdopleuridae" genus="Rhabdopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdopleurida" pageId="9" pageNumber="332" phylum="Hemichordata" rank="species" species="normani">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFCCB95CEE7EFF57F1F5FF57" box="[1049,1175,187,212]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="332">R. normani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, came from Hardanger Fjord (Lervik, Stordoe Island), at 40 fm (
|
||
<quantity id="4CD00CBEFFCCB95CE817FF33F7CFFF7A" box="[624,685,223,249]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.3" pageId="9" pageNumber="332" unit="m" value="73.0">73 m</quantity>
|
||
) on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C28DAD8FFCCB95CE884FF33F6FBFF7A" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1776" box="[739,921,223,249]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Ascidiidae" genus="Ascidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phlebobranchia" pageId="9" pageNumber="332" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mentula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFCCB95CE884FF33F6FBFF7A" box="[739,921,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="332">Ascidia mentula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9DCAAFFCCB95CE9CEFF33F107FF7A" author="Lankester, E. R." box="[937,1125,223,249]" pageId="9" pageNumber="332" pagination="622 - 647" refId="ref23121" refString="Lankester, E. R. (1884) A contribution to the knowledge of Rhabdopleura. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 24, 622 - 647, pls. 37 - 41. https: // doi. org / 10.1242 / jcs. s 2 - 24.96.622" type="journal article" year="1884">Lankester (1884</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 623) noted that in 1879 A.M. Norman collected the species at 150 fm (
|
||
<quantity id="4CD00CBEFFCCB95CE8CFFEEFF790FE9E" box="[680,754,259,285]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7399999999999998" pageId="9" pageNumber="332" unit="m" value="274.0">274 m</quantity>
|
||
) from the same general locality on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C28DAD8FFCCB95CEEE3FEEFF0FEFE9F" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1156,1436,259,285]" class="Anthozoa" family="Caryophylliidae" genus="Desmophyllum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="9" pageNumber="332" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pertusum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFCCB95CEEE3FEEFF0FEFE9F" box="[1156,1436,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="332">Desmophyllum pertusum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
coral (as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C28DAD8FFCCB95CEB67FECBF4ACFEC2" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[256,462,295,321]" class="Anthozoa" family="Caryophylliidae" genus="Lophelia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="9" pageNumber="332" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="prolifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFCCB95CEB67FECBF4ACFEC2" box="[256,462,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="332">Lophelia prolifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Unlike Allman,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9DCAAFFCCB95CE8FCFECBF634FEC2" author="Lankester, E. R." box="[667,854,295,321]" pageId="9" pageNumber="332" pagination="622 - 647" refId="ref23121" refString="Lankester, E. R. (1884) A contribution to the knowledge of Rhabdopleura. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 24, 622 - 647, pls. 37 - 41. https: // doi. org / 10.1242 / jcs. s 2 - 24.96.622" type="journal article" year="1884">Lankester (1884</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 630, pl. 38) was able to study the living animal, describing the zooid as having “black and orange-brown pigment, so as to give a spotted leopard-like appearance to the animal.” In comparing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C28DAD8FFCCB95CEBAFFE83F725FE0B" box="[456,583,367,392]" class="Pterobranchia" family="Rhabdopleuridae" genus="Rhabdopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdopleurida" pageId="9" pageNumber="332" phylum="Hemichordata" rank="species" species="normani">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFCCB95CEBAFFE83F725FE0B" box="[456,583,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="332">R. normani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C28DAD8FFCCB95CE8EFFE83F145FE0A" authority="(Sars, 1872)" baseAuthorityName="Sars" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[648,1063,367,393]" class="Pterobranchia" family="Rhabdopleuridae" genus="Rhabdopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdopleurida" pageId="9" pageNumber="332" phylum="Hemichordata" rank="species" species="mirabilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFCCB95CE8EFFE83F6F7FE0A" box="[648,917,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="332">Rhabdopleura mirabilis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9DCAAFFCCB95CE9C1FE83F17DFE0A" author="Sars, G. O." box="[934,1055,367,393]" pageId="9" pageNumber="332" refId="ref24443" refString="Sars, G. O. (1872) On some remarkable forms of animal life from the great deeps off the Norwegian coast I. Partly from posthumous manuscripts of the late Professor Dr. Michael Sars. University-Program for the 1 st half-year 1869. Brogger & Christie, Cristiania, 82 pp., 6 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8861" type="book" year="1872">Sars, 1872</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see below),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9DCAAFFCCB95CEEA6FE83F019FE0A" author="Lankester, E. R." box="[1217,1403,367,393]" pageId="9" pageNumber="332" pagination="622 - 647" refId="ref23121" refString="Lankester, E. R. (1884) A contribution to the knowledge of Rhabdopleura. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 24, 622 - 647, pls. 37 - 41. https: // doi. org / 10.1242 / jcs. s 2 - 24.96.622" type="journal article" year="1884">Lankester (1884</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 626) concluded: “I do not think that Sars has given sufficient reason to lead to the conclusion that his
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C28DAD8FFCCB95CEF60FE7FF0FFFE2E" baseAuthorityName="Sars" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[1287,1437,403,429]" class="Pterobranchia" family="Rhabdopleuridae" genus="Rhabdopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdopleurida" pageId="9" pageNumber="332" phylum="Hemichordata" rank="species" species="mirabilis">Rh. Mirabilis</taxonomicName>
|
||
is anything more than a variety of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C28DAD8FFCCB95CE84EFE5BF7A6FE52" box="[553,708,439,465]" class="Pterobranchia" family="Rhabdopleuridae" genus="Rhabdopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdopleurida" pageId="9" pageNumber="332" phylum="Hemichordata" rank="species" species="normani">Rh. Normani</taxonomicName>
|
||
.” Having said that, he did also admit that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C28DAD8FFCCB95CEECBFE5BF050FE52" baseAuthorityName="Sars" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[1196,1330,439,465]" class="Pterobranchia" family="Rhabdopleuridae" genus="Rhabdopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdopleurida" pageId="9" pageNumber="332" phylum="Hemichordata" rank="species" species="mirabilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFCCB95CEECBFE5BF050FE52" box="[1196,1330,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="332">R. mirabilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
does not “quite agree … since the polypide tubes are for no part of their course recumbent, but spring directly from the axis [creeping tube] at right angles to it.” He attributed this lack of correspondence in colony form to the different substratum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B97A15BFFCCB95CEAA0FDABF190FD4E" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,717]" pageId="9" pageNumber="332">
|
||
Given its purported common distribution in the northeastern Atlantic (Burdon-Jones 1954),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C28DAD8FFCCB95CEE8BFDABF00FFDE3" box="[1260,1389,583,608]" class="Pterobranchia" family="Rhabdopleuridae" genus="Rhabdopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdopleurida" pageId="9" pageNumber="332" phylum="Hemichordata" rank="species" species="normani">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFCCB95CEE8BFDABF00FFDE3" box="[1260,1389,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="332">R. normani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been surprisingly little illustrated and redescribed.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB9DCAAFFCCB95CE8B3FD87F6DAFD06" author="Maletz, J. & Lenz, A. C. & Bates, D. E. B." box="[724,952,619,645]" pageId="9" pageNumber="332" pagination="1 - 63" refId="ref23470" refString="Maletz, J., Lenz, A. C. & Bates, D. E. B. (2016) Part V, Second Revision, Chapter 4: Morphology of the pterobranch tubarium. Treatise Online, 76, 1 - 63. https: // doi. org / 10.17161 / to. v 0 i 0.5727" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Maletz
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFCCB95CE94DFD87F63EFD06" box="[810,860,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="332">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2016)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, however, photographed erect ringed tubes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C28DAD8FFCCB95CEADFFD63F45AFD2B" box="[184,312,655,680]" class="Pterobranchia" family="Rhabdopleuridae" genus="Rhabdopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdopleurida" pageId="9" pageNumber="332" phylum="Hemichordata" rank="species" species="normani">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFCCB95CEADFFD63F45AFD2B" box="[184,312,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="332">R. normani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in transparency, sourced from Bergen,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33FE1CBFFCCB95CE89AFD63F63AFD2A" box="[765,856,655,681]" name="Norway" pageId="9" pageNumber="332">Norway</collectingCountry>
|
||
, with a scale bar indicating external tube diameter between fusellar collars as 143‒154 (148) μm (
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFCCB95CE8CFFD5FF7D4FD4F" box="[680,694,691,716]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="332">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 10), and fusellus height 24‒41 (33) μm (
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C7D49FFCCB95CEEFDFD5FF1CAFD4F" box="[1178,1192,691,716]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="332">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 20).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |