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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.68.729" ID-GBIF-Dataset="84c8a2ac-d7b8-46f3-9888-ce6c1485ac65" ID-PMC="PMC3088436" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-68-1" ID-PubMed="21594036" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2010" ModsDocID="1313-2970-68-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 68" ModsDocTitle="Skeletons in confusion: a review of astrophorid sponges with (dicho)calthrops as structural megascleres (Porifera, Demospongiae, Astrophorida)" checkinTime="1451250894870" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Van Soest, Rob W. M., Beglinger, Elly J. &amp; De Voogd, Nicole J." docDate="2010" docId="24B689F81360534E336850A983DCC68A" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 68: 1-88" docOrigin="ZooKeys 68" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.68.729" docTitle="Calthropella (Calthropella) simplex Sollas 1888" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="48" masterDocId="5D0AFFB7C87613675E79FFF7DA38AE2E" masterDocTitle="Skeletons in confusion: a review of astrophorid sponges with (dicho-) calthrops as structural megascleres (Porifera, Demospongiae, Astrophorida)" masterLastPageNumber="88" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="46" updateTime="1668164561298" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Skeletons in confusion: a review of astrophorid sponges with (dicho-) calthrops as structural megascleres (Porifera, Demospongiae, Astrophorida)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Van Soest, Rob W. M.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Beglinger, Elly J.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>De Voogd, Nicole J.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2010</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>68</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>88</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.68.729</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.68.729</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-68-1</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="159360742" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:24B689F81360534E336850A983DCC68A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/24B689F81360534E336850A983DCC68A" lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<subSubSection pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<taxonomicName authority="Sollas, 1888" authorityName="Sollas" authorityYear="1888" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) simplex" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella Calthropella simplex Sollas, 1888</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella simplex" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex">Calthropella simplex</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Sollas, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 458" title="Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876" volume="25" year="1888">Sollas 1888</bibRefCitation>
: 107, pl. X figs 13-14, 21-29;
<bibRefCitation author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I Monaco" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 165" title="Contribution a l'etude des Spongiaires de l'Atlantique Nord (Golfe de Gascogne, Terre-Neuve, Acores)" volume="2" year="1892">Topsent 1892</bibRefCitation>
: 42, pl. VII fig. 9.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="material examined">
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">None. Type material could not be found in the Natural History Museum (query in 2009).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="46" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Description</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
(from
<bibRefCitation author="Sollas, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 458" title="Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876" volume="25" year="1888">Sollas 1888</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I Monaco" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 165" title="Contribution a l'etude des Spongiaires de l'Atlantique Nord (Golfe de Gascogne, Terre-Neuve, Acores)" volume="2" year="1892">Topsent 1892</bibRefCitation>
). Massive, with irregular upper surface, in places with tuberculate oscules; pale yellow to grey. Size up to 9
<normalizedToken originalValue="×4.5×">x4.5x</normalizedToken>
3.8 cm (
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sollas">Sollas'</normalizedToken>
type). Ectosomal cover of globular asters. Choanosome cavernous, but densely spiculated with a mass of calthrops.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
Spicules: calthrops, globular spherasters and
<normalizedToken originalValue="normal">'normal'</normalizedToken>
oxyspherasters.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
Calthrops, of widely different sizes, according to Sollas divisible into larger (cladi dimensions 800
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
90
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
) and smaller (150
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
20
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
Spheroxyasters, considered a young stage of the tuberculated asters by Sollas, but identified as a proper separate aster-type by Topsent; no size given by either authors but according to Topsent the same size as the truncated asters, so 12-24
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
in diameter.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
<pageBreakToken pageId="46" pageNumber="47" start="start">Globular</pageBreakToken>
spherasters with tuberculated rays, variable, often irregular, in a wide size range, possibly divisible in two size categories, 24
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
and 12
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="habitat">
<paragraph pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
Deep water, on gravel/sand bottom. Sollas provides no depth data,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Topsents">Topsent's</normalizedToken>
material came from 454 -861 m.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Cape Verde Islands (off Porto Praya, Santiago Island), Azores (38-39°N 30°W).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
This species differs from the closely similar
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides</taxonomicName>
in the lack of dichocalthrops (but these are small and rare in
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides</taxonomicName>
) and oxeas
<pageBreakToken pageId="47" pageNumber="48" start="start">(</pageBreakToken>
but these are an unstable complement not certainly proper in
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides</taxonomicName>
). Apart from
<bibRefCitation author="Sollas, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 458" title="Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876" volume="25" year="1888">Sollas (1888)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I Monaco" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 280" title="Spongiaires des Acores" volume="25" year="1904">Topsent (1904)</bibRefCitation>
(who expressed doubts whether
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella simplex" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex">Calthropella simplex</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides">Calthropella geodioides</taxonomicName>
might be synonyms), no records of this species have been published. It is also closely similar to a new species from Indonesia,
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) xavierae" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="xavierae" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) xavierae</taxonomicName>
sp. n. (see below).
<bibRefCitation author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I Monaco" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 165" title="Contribution a l'etude des Spongiaires de l'Atlantique Nord (Golfe de Gascogne, Terre-Neuve, Acores)" volume="2" year="1892">Topsent (1892)</bibRefCitation>
distinguished a variety
<normalizedToken originalValue="durissima">'durissima'</normalizedToken>
for specimens with globular spherasters becoming entirely irregularly rounded in some specimens; these specimens are here assigned to a separate species of
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella)" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella)</taxonomicName>
(see below).
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
Table 5. Spicule data for
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella)" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella)</taxonomicName>
species.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<table pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<tr pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<th colspan="1" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rowspan="1">Author</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rowspan="1">calthrops cladi</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rowspan="1">oxeas</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rowspan="1">tuberculated sphaerasters</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rowspan="1">oxyasters</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rowspan="1">dicho- calthrops</th>
</tr>
<tr pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<th colspan="6" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) simplex" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) simplex</taxonomicName>
</th>
</tr>
<tr pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<td colspan="1" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Sollas, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 458" title="Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876" volume="25" year="1888">Sollas 1888</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<th colspan="6" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides</taxonomicName>
</th>
</tr>
<tr pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<td colspan="1" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Carter, HJ" journalOrPublisher="Annals and Magazine of Natural History (4)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="226 - 479" title="Descriptions and Figures of Deep-Sea Sponges and their Spicules, from the Atlantic Ocean, dredged up on board H. M. S. ' Porcupine', chiefly in 1869 (concluded)" volume="18" year="1876">Carter 1876</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation author="Sollas, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 458" title="Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876" volume="25" year="1888">Sollas 1888</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<td colspan="1" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I Monaco" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 280" title="Spongiaires des Acores" volume="25" year="1904">Topsent 1904</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<th colspan="6" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) durissima" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="durissima" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) durissima</taxonomicName>
</th>
</tr>
<tr pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<th colspan="6" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella pathologica" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pathologica">Calthropella pathologica</taxonomicName>
</th>
</tr>
<tr pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<td colspan="1" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Schmidt, O" journalOrPublisher="Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="Die Spongien der Kueste von Algier" volumeTitle="Mit Nachtraegen zu den Spongien des Adriatischen Meeres (Drittes Supplement)" year="1868">Schmidt 1868</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<td colspan="1" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Vacelet, J" journalOrPublisher="Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (A, Zoologie)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="145 - 219" title="Eponges de la Roche du Large et de l'etage bathyal de Mediterranee (Recoltes de la soucoupe plongeante Cousteau et dragages)" volume="59" year="1969">Vacelet 1969</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<td colspan="1" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Pouliquen, L" journalOrPublisher="Tethys" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="717 - 758" title="Les spongiaires des grottes sous-marines de la region de Marseille: Ecologie et systematique." volume="3" year="1972">Pouliquen 1972</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<td colspan="1" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Voultsiadou, E" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="593 - 598" title="Rare sponge (Porifera: Demospongiae) species from the Mediterranean Sea." volume="84" year="2004">Voultsiadou and Vafidis 2004</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<th colspan="6" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella inopinata" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="inopinata">Calthropella inopinata</taxonomicName>
</th>
</tr>
<tr pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<td colspan="1" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Pulitzer-Finali, G" journalOrPublisher="Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale Giacomo Doria" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="445 - 621" title="A collection of Mediterranean Demospongiae (Porifera) with, in appendix, a list of the Demospongiae hitherto recorded from the Mediterranean Sea." volume="84" year="1983">Pulitzer-Finali 1983</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<th colspan="6" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella xavierae" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="xavierae">Calthropella xavierae</taxonomicName>
sp. n.
</th>
</tr>
<tr pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<th colspan="6" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella simplex" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex">Calthropella simplex</taxonomicName>
var. Topsent, 1897 (Ambon)
</th>
</tr>
<tr pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<td colspan="1" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Desqueyroux-Faundez, R" journalOrPublisher="Revue suisse de Zoologie" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="723 - 764" title="Revision de la collection d'eponges d'Amboine (Moluques, Indonesie) constitue par Bedot et Pictet et conservee au Museum d'histoire naturelle de Geneve." volume="88" year="1981">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Desqueyroux-Faúndez">Desqueyroux-Faundez</normalizedToken>
1981
</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>