253 lines
24 KiB
XML
253 lines
24 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6331155" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a7d8d69c-0188-4a74-b785-432bf1c60c9e" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-49-1" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6331155" checkinTime="1646522525642" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2009" docId="03ACCF40BF21FFDF7E92F685F6CBD128" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_1_Canidae_0352.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Urocyon littoralis Baird 1857" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="433" masterDocId="FF95B738BF37FFC97E1BFF90FFDBDD06" masterDocTitle="Canidae" masterLastPageNumber="446" masterPageNumber="352" pageNumber="433" updateTime="1658776966409" updateUser="carolina">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Canidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2009</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2009-01-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>352</mods:start>
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<mods:end>446</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6331155</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">a7d8d69c-0188-4a74-b785-432bf1c60c9e</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-96553-49-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6331155</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6585167" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195657018" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6585167" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03ACCF40BF21FFDF7E92F685F6CBD128" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ACCF40BF21FFDF7E92F685F6CBD128" lastPageNumber="433" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">
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<subSubSection box="[137,193,2325,2371]" pageId="22" pageNumber="433" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="22.[134,938,2325,2450]" box="[137,193,2325,2371]" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">
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<heading box="[137,193,2325,2371]" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">
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<figureCitation box="[137,193,2325,2371]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="18.[139,169,3404,3425]" captionTargetBox="[14,2795,12,3635]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="On following pages: 16. South American Gray Fox (Pseudalopex griseus); 17. Pampas Fox (Pseudalopex gymnocercus); 18. Sechuran Fox (Pseudalopex sechurae); 19. Hoary Fox (Pseudalopex vetulus); 20. Northern Gray Fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus); 21. Island Fox (Urocyon littoralis)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6331237" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6331237/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">21.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection box="[210,426,2325,2371]" pageId="22" pageNumber="433" type="vernacular_names">
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||
<paragraph blockId="22.[134,938,2325,2450]" box="[210,426,2325,2371]" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">
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||
<heading box="[210,426,2325,2371]" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">
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<vernacularName box="[210,426,2325,2371]" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">Island Fox</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[445,757,2325,2371]" pageId="22" pageNumber="433" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="22.[134,938,2325,2450]" box="[445,757,2325,2371]" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">
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<heading box="[445,757,2325,2371]" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Baird" authorityYear="1857" baseAuthorityName="Baird" baseAuthorityYear="1858" box="[445,757,2325,2371]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Urocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="22" pageNumber="433" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="littoralis">
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<emphasis box="[445,757,2325,2371]" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">Urocyon littoralis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="22" pageNumber="433" type="vernacular_names">
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||
<paragraph blockId="22.[134,938,2325,2450]" box="[135,936,2388,2409]" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">
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<heading box="[135,936,2388,2409]" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">
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<emphasis box="[135,212,2388,2409]" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[222,380,2388,2409]" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">Renard insulaire</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis box="[401,492,2388,2409]" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[502,656,2388,2409]" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">Insel-Graufuchs</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis box="[678,769,2388,2409]" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[778,936,2388,2409]" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">Cachalillo islefo</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="22.[134,938,2325,2450]" box="[135,758,2428,2449]" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">
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<heading box="[135,758,2428,2449]" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">
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<emphasis box="[135,381,2428,2449]" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[392,545,2428,2449]" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">Island Gray Fox</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName box="[558,758,2428,2449]" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">Channel Islands Fox</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[749,1333,2495,2528]" pageId="22" pageNumber="433" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="22.[749,1337,2495,2921]" box="[749,1333,2495,2528]" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">
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<emphasis box="[749,904,2495,2528]" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Baird, 1858" authorityName="Baird" authorityYear="1858" box="[931,1329,2495,2528]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="22" pageNumber="433" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="littoralis">Vulpes littoralis Baird, 1858</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[750,1245,2542,2567]" pageId="22" pageNumber="433" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="22.[749,1337,2495,2921]" box="[750,1245,2542,2567]" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3784256311" box="[750,1245,2542,2567]" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">
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San Miguel Island,
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<collectingRegion box="[1019,1160,2542,2567]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">California</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[1176,1241,2542,2567]" name="United States of America" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">USA</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="22" pageNumber="433" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="22.[749,1337,2495,2921]" lastBlockId="22.[134,1131,2931,3117]" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Baird" authorityYear="1857" box="[753,850,2573,2606]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Urocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="22" pageNumber="433" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Urocyon</taxonomicName>
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is currently considered a basal genus within the
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Fischer" authorityYear="1817" box="[966,1080,2617,2646]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="22" pageNumber="433" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Canidae</taxonomicName>
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and has only two surviving members,
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Schreber" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[1035,1275,2656,2685]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Urocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="22" pageNumber="433" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereoargenteus">U. cinereoargenteus</taxonomicName>
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and U. lttoralis. The latter is believed to be a direct descendant of the former, having reached the Channel Islands either by chance over-water dispersal or human-assisted dispersal. A series of genetic analyses justifies the current classification of Island Foxes as a separate species and the recognition ofsix subspecies.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="22" pageNumber="433" type="synonymic_list">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6331203" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6331203" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6331203/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="433" targetBox="[132,715,2504,2914]" targetPageId="22">
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<paragraph blockId="22.[134,1131,2931,3117]" box="[134,533,2965,2998]" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">
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<emphasis box="[134,533,2965,2998]" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="22.[134,1131,2931,3117]" box="[138,843,3005,3038]" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">
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<taxonomicName authority="Baird, 1858" authorityName="Baird" authorityYear="1858" box="[138,471,3005,3038]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Urocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="22" pageNumber="433" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="littoralis" subSpecies="littoralis">U. l. littoralis Baird, 1858</taxonomicName>
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— SW
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<collectingCountry box="[560,623,3005,3038]" name="United States of America" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">USA</collectingCountry>
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(San Miguel I).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="22.[134,1131,2931,3117]" box="[138,945,3049,3078]" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">
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<taxonomicName authority="Merriam, 1903" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1903" box="[138,529,3049,3078]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Urocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="22" pageNumber="433" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="littoralis" subSpecies="catalinae">U. l. catalinae Merriam, 1903</taxonomicName>
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— SW
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<collectingCountry box="[618,681,3049,3078]" name="United States of America" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">USA</collectingCountry>
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(Santa Catalina I).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="22.[134,1131,2931,3117]" box="[138,944,3088,3117]" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">
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<taxonomicName authority="Merriam, 1903" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1903" box="[138,532,3088,3117]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Urocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="22" pageNumber="433" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="littoralis" subSpecies="clementae">U. l. clementae Merriam, 1903</taxonomicName>
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— SW
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<collectingCountry box="[622,685,3088,3117]" name="United States of America" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">USA</collectingCountry>
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(San Clemente I).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="22.[1400,2612,299,3121]" box="[1413,2296,299,328]" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">
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<taxonomicName authority=": Grinnell & Linsdale 1930" authorityName=": Grinnell & Linsdale" authorityYear="1930" box="[1413,1919,299,328]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Urocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="22" pageNumber="433" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="littoralis" subSpecies="dickey">U. l. dickey: Grinnell & Linsdale 1930</taxonomicName>
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— SW
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<collectingCountry box="[2008,2071,299,328]" name="United States of America" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">USA</collectingCountry>
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(San Nicolas I).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="22.[1400,2612,299,3121]" box="[1413,2206,338,367]" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">
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<taxonomicName authority="Merriam, 1903" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1903" box="[1413,1837,338,367]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Urocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="22" pageNumber="433" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="littoralis" subSpecies="santacruzae">U. l. santacruzae Merriam, 1903</taxonomicName>
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— SW
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<collectingCountry box="[1928,1991,338,367]" name="United States of America" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">USA</collectingCountry>
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(Santa Cruz I).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="22.[1400,2612,299,3121]" box="[1413,2335,378,407]" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">
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<taxonomicName authority="Grinnell & Linsdale 1930" authorityName="Grinnell & Linsdale" authorityYear="1930" box="[1413,1967,378,407]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Urocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="22" pageNumber="433" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="littoralis" subSpecies="santarosae">U. l. santarosae Grinnell & Linsdale 1930</taxonomicName>
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— SW
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<collectingCountry box="[2057,2121,378,407]" name="United States of America" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">USA</collectingCountry>
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(Santa Rosa I).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="22" pageNumber="433" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="22.[1400,2612,299,3121]" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">
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<emphasis box="[1409,1658,417,446]" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body
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<quantity box="[1837,1971,417,446]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.3" metricValueMax="5.9" metricValueMin="4.7" pageId="22" pageNumber="433" unit="cm" value="53.0" valueMax="59.0" valueMin="47.0">47-59 cm</quantity>
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for males and 45-6-63-
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||
<quantity box="[2307,2378,417,446]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="433" unit="cm" value="4.0">4 cm</quantity>
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for females, tail 14-
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||
<quantity box="[1455,1571,452,485]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" metricValueMax="3.1" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="22" pageNumber="433" unit="cm" value="18.0" valueMax="31.0" valueMin="5.0">5-31 cm</quantity>
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for males and 11-5-29-
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<quantity box="[1910,1980,452,485]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="433" unit="cm" value="5.0">5 cm</quantity>
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for females; weight 1-4-
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||
<quantity box="[2328,2420,452,485]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="433" unit="kg" value="3.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="2.0">2-5 kg</quantity>
|
||
for males an 1-3-
|
||
<quantity box="[1462,1557,491,524]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="433" unit="kg" value="3.0" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="2.0">2-4 kg</quantity>
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||
for females. The Island Fox is the smallest North American canid. Males are significantly heavier than females. The head is gray with black patches on the sides of the muzzle, and the upper and lower lips are outlined in black. White patches on the muzzle extend behind the lateral black patches, to the cheek, and blend into the ventral surface of the neck, which is mostly white. There are small white patches on the side of the nose. Variable degrees of white and rufous color on the chest and belly. The body and tail are mostly gray, the tail with a conspicuous black stripe on the dorsal surface ending in a black tip. Pelage is relatively short. Eight mammae are present. Dental formulais 13/3, C1/1,PM 4/4, M 2/3 = 42. Island Foxes typically have fewer caudal vertebrae (15-22) than the Northern Gray Fox (21-22).
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="22" pageNumber="433" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="22.[1400,2612,299,3121]" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">
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||
<emphasis box="[1408,1519,884,917]" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Present in all habitats on the islands, including native perennial and exotic European grassland, coastal sage scrub, maritime desert scrub, Coreopsis scrub, Isocoma scrub, chaparral, oak woodland, pine woodland,riparian, and inland and coastal dune. Generally not found in areas highly degraded by human disturbance or overgrazing. Recently, Foxes have become scarce owing to precipitous population declines. On the northern Channel Islands declines are principally a consequence of hyperpredation by golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos); on those islands the foxes are more numerous in habitats with dense cover.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="22" pageNumber="433" type="food_feeding">
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||
<paragraph blockId="22.[1400,2612,299,3121]" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">
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<emphasis box="[1407,1669,1203,1232]" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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Island Foxes are omnivorous and feed on a wide variety of insects, vertebrates, fruits, terrestrial molluscs, and nearshore invertebrates. The relative abundance of insects, mammals, and plant material in the diet has been found to differ by habitat
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<typeStatus box="[1650,1709,1316,1349]" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">type</typeStatus>
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||
, and by island, depending upon availability of food items. For example, North American Deermouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) occur at high densities on
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<collectingRegion box="[1454,1612,1395,1428]" country="El Salvador" name="San Miguel" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">San Miguel</collectingRegion>
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Island, where they constitute a large proportion of Fox diet. On
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<collectingRegion country="Bolivia" name="Santa Cruz" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">Santa Cruz</collectingRegion>
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Island,
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<collectingRegion box="[1579,1721,1438,1467]" country="Israel" name="Jerusalem" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">Jerusalem</collectingRegion>
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crickets (Stenopelmatusfuscus) are a principal prey. The fruits of the coastal prickly pear cactus (
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<taxonomicName box="[1842,2064,1474,1507]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Opuntia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="22" pageNumber="433" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="littoralis">Opuntia littoralis</taxonomicName>
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) are a principal food on San Clemente Island. Bird remains in droppings are usually occur infrequently (3- 6%), except in
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<collectingRegion box="[1408,1564,1552,1585]" country="El Salvador" name="San Miguel" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">San Miguel</collectingRegion>
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Island where bird remains were found in 22% (n = 208). Island Foxes primarily forage alone, by coursing back and forth through suitable habitat patches and then moving past little-used habitats to other suitable habitat patches.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1406,2485,1670,1703]" pageId="22" pageNumber="433" type="activity">
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||
<paragraph blockId="22.[1400,2612,299,3121]" box="[1406,2485,1670,1703]" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">
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<emphasis box="[1406,1640,1670,1703]" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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Island Foxes forage mostly at night, but also during the day.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="22" pageNumber="433" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="22.[1400,2612,299,3121]" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1407,2133,1709,1742]" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Island Foxes typically form monogamous pairs occupying discrete territories. Full-grown young may remain within their natal range into their second year. The home ranges are among the smallest recorded for any canid, ranging between 0-15 and
|
||
<quantity box="[2087,2169,1827,1860]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="433" unit="km" value="4.5" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="0.0">0-9 km</quantity>
|
||
®*. On
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[2264,2415,1827,1860]" country="Bolivia" name="Santa Cruz" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">Santa Cruz</collectingRegion>
|
||
Island, home ranges expanded when neighboring foxes were killed by golden eagles, suggesting that density of foxes and the spatial distribution of neighbors may influence territory size. Foxes communicate using visual, auditory and olfactory cues. Males have been observed chasing and fighting with other males. Foxes demarcate territory boundaries with latrine sites and have been observed urinating as frequently as every
|
||
<quantity box="[2436,2523,2024,2057]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="433" unit="m" value="7.5" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="6.0">
|
||
6-
|
||
<specimenCount box="[2465,2523,2024,2057]" pageId="22" pageNumber="433" type="generic">9 m</specimenCount>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="22" pageNumber="433" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="22.[1400,2612,299,3121]" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1406,1540,2063,2096]" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Foxes breed once a year, mainly in April. Recent research suggests they may have induced ovulation, allowing for plasticity in the timing of reproduction. Litter size varies from one to five, but most litters are smaller, from one to three. Average litter size for 24 dens located on
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1834,1984,2181,2214]" country="Bolivia" name="Santa Cruz" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">Santa Cruz</collectingRegion>
|
||
was 2-2. Weaning is complete by mid- to late June and pups reach adult weight and become independent by September. Although most foxes are typically monogamous, extra-pair fertilization has been recorded: of 16 pups whose paternity was tested genetically, 25% were the result of extra-pairfertilizations. Dens consist of rock piles, dense brush, and natural cavities in the ground or under tree trunks.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="22" pageNumber="433" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="22.[1400,2612,299,3121]" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1406,1755,2417,2450]" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES not listed. Classified as Critically Endangered on The IUCN Red List. Listed by the state of
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1935,2074,2456,2489]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
as “threatened”. Four of the six subspecies were also listed in 2004 as “
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1898,1962,2496,2529]" name="United States of America" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
federally endangered”, including santacruzae, santarosae,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1559,1662,2535,2568]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Opuntia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="22" pageNumber="433" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="littoralis">littoralis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and catalinae. In recent years there have been catastrophic population declines. Island Fox numbers fell from approximately 6000 individuals to less than
|
||
<quantity box="[1484,1586,2614,2647]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.81" pageId="22" pageNumber="433" unit="in" value="1500.0">1500 in</quantity>
|
||
2002. The current primary threats to the species include golden eagle predation on the northern Channel Islands and the introduction of canine diseases, especially canine distemper virus (CDV), to all populations. An outbreak of CDV decimated the Santa Catalina Island Fox population from 1998-2000. All populations are small, several critically, and are thus especially vulnerable to any catastrophic mortality source, be it predation, canine disease, or environmental extremes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="22" pageNumber="433" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="22.[1400,2612,299,3121]" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1407,1557,2858,2883]" pageId="22" pageNumber="433">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Collins (1991a, 1991b, 1993), Collins & Laughrin (1979), Coonan (2002), Coonan & Rutz (2002), Cooper et al. (2001), Crooks & van Vuren (1995, 1996), Elliot & Popper (1999), Fausett (1982), Garcelon, Roemer etal. (1999), Garcelon, Wayne & Gonzales (1992), Goeden et al. (1967), Hall (1981), Kovach & Dow (1981), Laughrin (1973, 1977), Moore & Collins (1995), Roemer (1999), Roemer & Wayne (2003), Roemer, Coonan, Garcelon et al. (2001), Roemer, Coonan, Munson & Wayne (2004), Roemer, Donlan & Courchamp (2002), Roemer, Garcelon etal. (1994), Schmidt et al. (2002), Suckling & Garcelon (2000), Thompson et al. (1998), Timm, Barker et al. (2002), Timm, Stokely et al. (2000), Wayne, Geffen et al. (1997), Wayne, George et al. (1991).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |