211 lines
20 KiB
XML
211 lines
20 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6331155" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-49-1" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6331155" approvalRequired="75" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="4" approvalRequired_for_textStreams="26" approvalRequired_for_treatments="42" checkinTime="1646522525642" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2009" docId="03ACCF40BF17FFE97E8FFD5DF87FD933" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_1_Canidae_0352.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Vulpes bengalensis" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="443" masterDocId="FF95B738BF37FFC97E1BFF90FFDBDD06" masterDocTitle="Canidae" masterLastPageNumber="446" masterPageNumber="352" pageNumber="443" updateTime="1653508776756" updateUser="tatiana">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Canidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2009</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2009-01-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>352</mods:start>
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<mods:end>446</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6331155</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-96553-49-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6331155</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6335055" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6335055" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03ACCF40BF17FFE97E8FFD5DF87FD933" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ACCF40BF17FFE97E8FFD5DF87FD933" lastPageNumber="443" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
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<subSubSection box="[148,205,717,763]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="32.[146,917,717,845]" box="[148,205,717,763]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
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<heading box="[148,205,717,763]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
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<figureCitation box="[148,205,717,763]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="30.[143,173,3404,3429]" captionTargetBox="[12,2792,14,3638]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="On following pages: 28. Corsac Fox (Vulpes corsac); 29. Tibetan Fox (Vulpes ferrilata); 30. Indian Fox (Vulpes bengalensis); 31. Pale Fox (Vulpes pallida); 32. Riippell's Fox (Vulpes rueppellii; 33. Cape Fox (Vulpes chamal); 34. Blanford’s Fox (Vulpes cana); 35. Fennec Fox (Vulpes zerda)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6331241" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6331241/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">30.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[222,450,717,763]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="32.[146,917,717,845]" box="[222,450,717,763]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
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<heading box="[222,450,717,763]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
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<vernacularName box="[222,450,717,763]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Indian Fox</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[469,808,717,763]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="32.[146,917,717,845]" box="[469,808,717,763]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
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<heading box="[469,808,717,763]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Shaw" baseAuthorityYear="1800" box="[469,808,717,763]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="443" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bengalensis">
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<emphasis box="[469,808,717,763]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Vulpes bengalensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="32" pageNumber="443" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="32.[146,917,717,845]" box="[147,917,781,802]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
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<heading box="[147,917,781,802]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
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<emphasis box="[147,224,781,802]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[234,423,781,802]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Renard du Bengale</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis box="[444,535,781,802]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[544,666,781,802]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Bengalfuchs</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis box="[688,778,781,802]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[788,917,781,802]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Zorro bengali</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="32.[146,917,717,845]" box="[147,513,821,842]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
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<heading box="[147,513,821,842]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
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<emphasis box="[147,393,821,842]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[403,513,821,842]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Bengal Fox</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="32" pageNumber="443" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="32.[759,1350,891,1313]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
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<emphasis box="[759,915,891,920]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Shaw, 1800" authorityName="Shaw" authorityYear="1800" box="[936,1341,891,920]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="443" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bengalensis">Canis bengalensis Shaw, 1800</taxonomicName>
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,
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<materialsCitation box="[761,954,934,959]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
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Bengal,
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<collectingCountry box="[875,950,934,959]" name="India" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">India</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="32.[759,1350,891,1313]" box="[761,916,969,998]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Monotypic.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="32" pageNumber="443" type="distribution">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6331221" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6331221" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6331221/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="443" targetBox="[146,733,897,1308]" targetPageId="32">
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<paragraph blockId="32.[759,1350,891,1313]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
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<emphasis box="[760,935,1009,1038]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Endemic to the Indian subcontinent. Ranges from the foothills of the Himalayas in
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<collectingCountry box="[1006,1088,1083,1116]" name="Nepal" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Nepal</collectingCountry>
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to the S tip of the Indian peninsula, also in
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<collectingCountry box="[1122,1282,1127,1156]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry box="[761,879,1166,1195]" name="Pakistan" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="32" pageNumber="443" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="32.[759,1350,891,1313]" lastBlockId="32.[145,1354,1319,3474]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
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<emphasis box="[760,1027,1201,1234]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body
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<quantity metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="32" pageNumber="443" unit="cm" value="5.0">39-57-5 cm</quantity>
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for males and
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<quantity box="[1029,1165,1249,1274]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.7" metricValueMax="4.8" metricValueMin="4.6" pageId="32" pageNumber="443" unit="cm" value="47.0" valueMax="48.0" valueMin="46.0">46-48 cm</quantity>
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for females, tail
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<quantity box="[817,981,1280,1313]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.95" metricValueMax="3.2" metricValueMin="0.7" pageId="32" pageNumber="443" unit="cm" value="19.5" valueMax="32.0" valueMin="7.0">24-7-32 cm</quantity>
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for males and
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<quantity metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="32" pageNumber="443" unit="cm" value="2.0">24-5-31-2 cm</quantity>
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for females; weight
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<quantity box="[489,638,1319,1352]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.0" pageId="32" pageNumber="443" unit="kg" value="2.0">2:7-3-2 kg</quantity>
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for males and over
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<quantity box="[940,1026,1319,1352]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="32" pageNumber="443" unit="kg" value="4.5" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="1.0">1-8 kg</quantity>
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for females. Mediumsized, with typical vulpine appearance, though smaller than Red Foxes (
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1147,1269,1363,1392]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="441" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="vulpes" variety="vulpes">V. vulpes</taxonomicName>
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). The pelage varies from yellowish gray to silver gray, but lacks the rusty red hair that is typical of the Red Fox. The dorsal region is darker than the underparts, which are a pale cream. The ears have darker brown hair on the back. The nose and lips are black, and the eyes have dark tear marks. The muzzle is pointed, with tan to black hair around the upper part. The winter coat can be quite luxuriant. The limbs are slender, with some rufous coloring, and the tail is more than half the body length and has a black tip. The tail is carried trailing during normal travel, kept horizontal when the fox is running, and raised to almost vertical when the fox makes sudden turns. Females have three pairs of mammae. The dental formulais13/3,C1/1,PM 4/4, M 2/3 = 42.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="32" pageNumber="443" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="32.[145,1354,1319,3474]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
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||
<emphasis box="[147,258,1752,1785]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Prefers semi-arid plains, open scrub and grassland habitats where it can easily hunt and dig dens. Avoids dense forests, steep terrain, tall grasslands, and true deserts. The species is relatively abundant in areas of
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<collectingCountry box="[775,847,1830,1863]" name="India" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">India</collectingCountry>
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where rainfall is low and the typical vegetation is scrub, thorn, or dry deciduous forests, or short grasslands.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="32" pageNumber="443" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="32.[145,1354,1319,3474]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
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<emphasis box="[147,416,1909,1942]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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Indian Foxes are omnivorous, opportunistic feeders. Their diet consists mainly of insects (e.g. crickets, winged termites, grasshoppers, ants, beetle grubs) and spiders, small rodents, including Soft-furred Field Rats (
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1911" box="[1094,1332,1988,2021]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Millardia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="32" pageNumber="443" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meltada">Millardia meltada</taxonomicName>
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), field mice (
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[311,492,2035,2060]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="32" pageNumber="443" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="booduga">
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<collectingRegion box="[311,371,2035,2060]" country="Turkey" name="Mus" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Mus</collectingRegion>
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booduga
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</taxonomicName>
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), and Indian Gerbils, and birds and their eggs, including indian mynahs (Acridotheres tristis), ashy-crowned finch larks (Eremopterix grisea) and gray partridges (Francolinus pondicerianus). Other prey species include ground lizards, rat snakes (Ptyas mucuosus), hedgehogs (Paraechinus nudiventris), and Indian Hares (Lepus naigricollis). Indian Foxes feed on fruits of ber (Ziziphus spp.), neem (Azadirachta indica), mango (Mangifera indica), jambu (Syizigium cumini), banyan (Ficus bengalenss), melons,fruits, and the shoots and pods of Cicer arietum. They have also been reported eating the freshly voided pellets of sheep. They forage alone.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="32" pageNumber="443" type="activity">
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<paragraph blockId="32.[145,1354,1319,3474]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
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<emphasis box="[145,379,2346,2375]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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In most parts of their range Indian Foxes are crepuscular and nocturnal. However, they may also hunt at middayif the temperature is mild, as on rainy days.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="32" pageNumber="443" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="32.[145,1354,1319,3474]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
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<emphasis box="[147,840,2425,2454]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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The basic social unit is the breeding pair, and pair bonds may last for several years. Larger aggregations may exist when grown pups remain in the natal group for longer than normal. Two lactating females have been observed suckling pups in a single den during one year. Four adult-sized foxes were also observed resting together on two occasions. The common vocalization of the Indian Fox is a chattering cry that seems to have a major role in maintaining territoriality and may also be used as an alarm call. Foxes also growl, whimper, whine, and growl-bark. Indian Foxes scent-mark with droppings and urine.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="32" pageNumber="443" type="breeding">
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<paragraph blockId="32.[145,1354,1319,3474]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
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<emphasis box="[148,281,2735,2768]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Breeding.</emphasis>
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December to January. During the breeding season, the male vocalizes intensively, mostly in early evening and early morning. The gestation period is 50-53 days and parturition occurs between January and March. Littersize is usually 2-4. Both parents bring food to the pups and guard the den, and helpers have not been observed. The parents take turns foraging and rarely is the den left unguarded. Post-natal care lasts approximately 4-5 months, after which the young disperse, usually at the onset of the monsoon (June/July in north-west
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<collectingCountry box="[707,785,2975,3004]" name="India" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">India</collectingCountry>
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), when food is plentiful. Dens are used primarily during the pup-rearing period, and are excavated in open habitat, never in dense vegetation. Indian Foxes will usually excavate their own dens but occasionally they will appropriate and enlarge gerbil holes. Dens consist of a mosaic of tunnels in various stages of excavation, leading to a small chamber about 0-5-
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<quantity box="[1091,1144,3127,3160]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="32" pageNumber="443" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
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below the surface where the pups are born. A den complex will usually have from two to seven holes, though as many as 43 have been recorded. The holes and tunnels of a well-used den site in
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<collectingRegion box="[244,348,3245,3278]" country="India" name="Gujarat" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Gujarat</collectingRegion>
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covered an area
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<quantity box="[597,719,3245,3278]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="32" pageNumber="443" unit="m" value="8.0">
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||
10 x
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<specimenCount box="[664,719,3245,3278]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443" type="generic">8 m</specimenCount>
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||
</quantity>
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||
. Breeding sites are reused by breeding pairs in consecutive years. Pups are rarely moved between dens during the denning period, though once the pups become more mobile, they may use any of the numerous dens within their parents’ territory.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="32" pageNumber="443" type="conservation">
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<paragraph blockId="32.[145,1354,1319,3474]" lastBlockId="32.[1417,2620,300,1080]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
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<emphasis box="[149,501,3402,3435]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
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CITES not listed. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Indian Wildlife Protection Act (1972) prohibits hunting of all wildlife and lists the Indian Fox in Schedule II. Although the Indian Fox is widespread, it occurs at low densities throughoutits range, and populations can undergo major fluctuations in response to prey availability. Densities of breeding pairs may range from 0-15-0-1/km? during periods of peak rodent abundance to 0-01/km?® during periods of low rodent abundance. In more diverse and stable prey systems, Fox densities are more constant (0-04-0-06/km?®). In protected grasslands such as in Rollapadu Wildlife Sanctuary,
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<collectingRegion box="[1573,1806,532,565]" country="India" name="Andhra Pradesh" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Andhra Pradesh</collectingRegion>
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, Fox density was 1-:6/km?* and in unprotected areas only 0-4/km? in the latter area, the population declined five-fold due to an epidemic in 1995. The Indian Fox population is decreasing, due to loss of short grassland-scrub habitat to intensive agriculture and development projects, although the rate of decline remains unknown. In certain states like
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<collectingRegion box="[1988,2094,698,723]" country="India" name="Gujarat" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Gujarat</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion box="[2112,2290,698,723]" country="India" name="Maharashtra" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Maharashtra</collectingRegion>
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, and
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<collectingRegion box="[2371,2509,698,723]" country="India" name="Rajasthan" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Rajasthan</collectingRegion>
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, Indian Fox habitat is widespread, with minimal threats, but in other states, like
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<collectingRegion box="[2416,2558,737,762]" country="India" name="Karnataka" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Karnataka</collectingRegion>
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and
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<collectingRegion box="[1419,1585,768,801]" country="India" name="Tamil Nadu" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Tamil Nadu</collectingRegion>
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, habitats are limited and decreasing. In
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<collectingRegion box="[2154,2321,768,801]" country="India" name="Tamil Nadu" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Tamil Nadu</collectingRegion>
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, humans are a major mortality factor, especially nomadic tribal people who kill foxes for their flesh, teeth, claws, and skin. People also often block fox dens with stones, and foxes are hunted using smoke, nets and dogs at dens. Indian Foxes are often killed on roads, and major highways in the semi-arid tracts are likely to become barriers to dispersal.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="32" pageNumber="443" type="bibRefCitation_list">
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<paragraph blockId="32.[1417,2620,300,1080]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
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<emphasis box="[1419,1570,973,998]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Bibliography.</emphasis>
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Acharjyo & Misra (1976), Johnsingh (1978), Johnsingh & Jhala (2004), Manakadan & Rahmani (2000), Mitchell (1977), Mivart (1890a), Prakash (1975), Prater (1980), Rahmani (1989), Roberts (1977), Rodgers et al. (2000), Shrestha (1997), Tripathi et al. (1992).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
</treatment>
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||
</document> |