514 lines
51 KiB
XML
514 lines
51 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714044" ID-GBIF-Dataset="df4b6a3c-ae64-4bcf-a990-77fc6599759c" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-49-1" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5714044" checkinTime="1633643323770" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2009" docId="038F87D4CA4EFFA0CFFA3D2AFB7EF53F" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_1_Mustelidae_0564.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Mustela erminea Linnaeus 1758" docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="650" masterDocId="FFB6FFACCA50FFBFCA653C08FF86FF9C" masterDocTitle="Mustelidae" masterLastPageNumber="656" masterPageNumber="564" pageNumber="649" updateTime="1658240032535" updateUser="carolina">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Mustelidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2009</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2009-01-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>564</mods:start>
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<mods:end>656</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714044</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">df4b6a3c-ae64-4bcf-a990-77fc6599759c</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-96553-49-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">5714044</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714137" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190302362" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5714137" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038F87D4CA4EFFA0CFFA3D2AFB7EF53F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F87D4CA4EFFA0CFFA3D2AFB7EF53F" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="650" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">
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<heading pageId="30" pageNumber="649">
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<subSubSection box="[1439,1496,290,328]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="30.[1437,2089,289,406]" box="[1439,1496,290,328]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">
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<figureCitation box="[1439,1496,290,328]" captionStart="Plate 36: Mustelidae" captionStartId="30.[169,199,3334,3355]" captionTargetBox="[11,2806,13,3640]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="39. Amazon Weasel (Mustela africana), 40. Altai Mountain Weasel (Mustela altaica), 41. Ermine (Mustela erminea), 42. Steppe Polecat (Mustela eversmanai), 43. Colombian Weasel (Mustela feliper), 44. Long-tailed Weasel (Mustela frenata), 45. Japanese Weasel (Mustela itatsi), 46. Yellow-bellied Weasel (Mustela kathiah), 47. European Mink (Mustela lutreola), 48. Indonesian Mountain Weasel (Mustela lutreolina), 49. Black-footed Ferret (Mustela nigripes), 50. Least Weasel (Mustela nivalis), 51. Malay Weasel (Mustela nudipes), 52. European Polecat (Mustela putorius), 53. Siberian Weasel (Mustela sibirica), 54. Back-striped Weasel (Mustela strigidorsa), 55. Egyptian Weasel (Mustela subpalmata), 56. American Mink (Neovison vison), 57. Patagonian Weasel (Lyncodon patagonicus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6363028" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6363028/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">41.</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1513,1668,290,328]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="30.[1437,2089,289,406]" box="[1513,1668,290,328]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">
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<vernacularName box="[1513,1668,290,328]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Ermine</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1684,1996,290,328]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="30.[1437,2089,289,406]" box="[1684,1996,290,328]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1684,1996,290,328]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erminea">
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<emphasis box="[1684,1996,290,328]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Mustela erminea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="30" pageNumber="649" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="30.[1437,2089,289,406]" box="[1439,2088,346,367]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">
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<emphasis box="[1439,1516,346,367]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1526,1686,346,367]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Belette hermine</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis box="[1706,1797,346,367]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1807,1895,346,367]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Hermelin</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis box="[1917,2008,346,367]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[2017,2088,346,367]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Armino</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="30.[1437,2089,289,406]" box="[1439,1953,385,406]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">
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<emphasis box="[1439,1685,385,406]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1694,1745,385,406]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Stoat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName box="[1760,1953,385,406]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Short-tailed Weasel</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</heading>
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<subSubSection pageId="30" pageNumber="649" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="30.[2053,2639,455,877]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">
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<emphasis box="[2053,2208,455,484]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erminea">Mustela erminea Linnaeus, 1758</taxonomicName>
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,
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3707806305" box="[2138,2251,495,524]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">
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<collectingCountry box="[2138,2247,495,524]" name="Sweden" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Sweden</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="30.[2053,2639,455,877]" box="[2054,2586,534,563]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Thirty-four subspecies are recognized.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="30" pageNumber="649" type="distribution">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714249" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5714249" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5714249/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" targetBox="[1439,2023,460,870]" targetPageId="30">
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<paragraph blockId="30.[2053,2639,455,877]" box="[2054,2453,574,603]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">
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<emphasis box="[2054,2453,574,603]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="30.[2053,2639,455,877]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">
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<taxonomicName authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[2055,2474,612,641]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="erminea" subSpecies="erminea">M. e. erminea Linnaeus, 1758</taxonomicName>
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—
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<collectingCountry box="[2522,2631,612,641]" name="Finland" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Finland</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[2054,2158,656,681]" name="Norway" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Norway</collectingCountry>
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, NW
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<collectingCountry box="[2238,2326,656,681]" name="Russia" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Russia</collectingCountry>
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, and
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<collectingCountry box="[2404,2513,656,681]" name="Sweden" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Sweden</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="30.[2053,2639,455,877]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">
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<taxonomicName authority="Kerr, 1792" authorityName="Kerr" authorityYear="1792" box="[2055,2361,691,720]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="erminea" subSpecies="aestiva">M. e. aestiva Kerr, 1792</taxonomicName>
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— most of mainland N & C Europe to C Asia in
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<collectingCountry box="[2472,2632,726,759]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[2055,2204,770,799]" name="Kyrgyzstan" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Kyrgyzstan</collectingCountry>
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, and
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<collectingCountry box="[2281,2416,770,799]" name="Tajikistan" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Tajikistan</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="30.[2053,2639,455,877]" box="[2055,2621,810,839]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">
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<taxonomicName authority="Merriam, 1896" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1896" box="[2055,2466,810,839]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="erminea" subSpecies="alascensis">M. e. alascensis Merriam, 1896</taxonomicName>
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— S
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<collectingRegion box="[2524,2617,810,839]" country="United States of America" name="Alaska" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Alaska</collectingRegion>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="30.[2053,2639,455,877]" lastBlockId="30.[1427,2640,888,3237]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">
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<taxonomicName authority="Hall, 1932" authorityName="Hall" authorityYear="1932" box="[2055,2424,844,877]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="erminea" subSpecies="anguinae">M. e. anguinae Hall, 1932</taxonomicName>
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— SW
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<collectingCountry box="[2533,2639,844,877]" name="Canada" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Canada</collectingCountry>
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(Vancouver I,
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<collectingRegion box="[1639,1884,888,917]" country="Canada" name="British Columbia" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">British Columbia</collectingRegion>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="30.[1427,2640,888,3237]" box="[1440,2180,932,957]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">
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<taxonomicName authority="Merriam, 1896" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1896" box="[1440,1811,932,957]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="erminea" subSpecies="arctica">M. e. arctica Merriam, 1896</taxonomicName>
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— Alaska and NW
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<collectingCountry box="[2068,2175,932,957]" name="Canada" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Canada</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="30.[1427,2640,888,3237]" box="[1440,2112,971,996]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">
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<taxonomicName authority="Hall, 1945" authorityName="Hall" authorityYear="1945" box="[1440,1745,971,996]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="erminea" subSpecies="bangsi">M. e. bangsi Hall, 1945</taxonomicName>
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— C
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<collectingCountry box="[1811,1916,971,996]" name="Canada" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Canada</collectingCountry>
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and NC
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<collectingCountry box="[2043,2108,971,996]" name="United States of America" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">USA</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="30.[1427,2640,888,3237]" box="[1440,2158,1006,1035]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">
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<taxonomicName authority="Hall, 1944" authorityName="Hall" authorityYear="1944" box="[1440,1756,1006,1035]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="erminea" subSpecies="celenda">M. e. celenda Hall, 1944</taxonomicName>
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—
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<collectingRegion box="[1789,1879,1006,1035]" country="United States of America" name="Alaska" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Alaska</collectingRegion>
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(Prince of Wales I).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="30.[1427,2640,888,3237]" box="[1441,2261,1045,1074]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">
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<taxonomicName authority="Bonaparte, 1838" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1838" box="[1441,1881,1045,1074]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="erminea" subSpecies="cicognanii">M.e. cicognanii Bonaparte, 1838</taxonomicName>
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— SE
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<collectingCountry box="[1962,2067,1045,1074]" name="Canada" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Canada</collectingCountry>
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and NE
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<collectingCountry box="[2193,2257,1045,1074]" name="United States of America" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">USA</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="30.[1427,2640,888,3237]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">
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<taxonomicName authority="Hall, 1945" authorityName="Hall" authorityYear="1945" box="[1440,1791,1085,1114]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="erminea" subSpecies="fallenda">M. e. fallenda Hall, 1945</taxonomicName>
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— W
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<collectingCountry box="[1877,1985,1085,1114]" name="Canada" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Canada</collectingCountry>
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(
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<collectingRegion box="[2011,2264,1085,1114]" country="Canada" name="British Columbia" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">British Columbia</collectingRegion>
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) and NW
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<collectingCountry box="[2427,2490,1085,1114]" name="United States of America" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">USA</collectingCountry>
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(N
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<collectingRegion country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Washington</collectingRegion>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="30.[1427,2640,888,3237]" box="[1441,2369,1163,1192]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">
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<taxonomicName authority="Thomas, 1895" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1895" box="[1441,1840,1163,1192]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="erminea" subSpecies="ferghanae">M. e. ferghanae Thomas, 1895</taxonomicName>
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—
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<collectingCountry box="[1874,2045,1163,1192]" name="Afghanistan" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
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, N
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<collectingCountry box="[2094,2168,1163,1192]" name="India" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">India</collectingCountry>
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, and
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<collectingCountry box="[2247,2365,1163,1192]" name="Pakistan" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="30.[1427,2640,888,3237]" box="[1486,2144,1203,1232]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">
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<taxonomicName authority="Hall, 1945" authorityName="Hall" authorityYear="1945" box="[1486,1744,1203,1232]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="erminea" subSpecies="gulosa">M.e. gulosa Hall, 1945</taxonomicName>
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— NW
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<collectingCountry box="[1843,1906,1203,1232]" name="United States of America" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">USA</collectingCountry>
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(E
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<collectingRegion box="[1956,2131,1203,1232]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Washington</collectingRegion>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="30.[1427,2640,888,3237]" box="[1493,2570,1242,1271]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">
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<taxonomicName authority="Preble, 1898" authorityName="Preble" authorityYear="1898" box="[1493,1822,1242,1271]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="erminea" subSpecies="haidarum">M.e. haidarum Preble, 1898</taxonomicName>
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— W
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<collectingCountry box="[1894,1999,1242,1271]" name="Canada" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Canada</collectingCountry>
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(Queen Charlotte Is,
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<collectingRegion box="[2312,2556,1242,1271]" country="Canada" name="British Columbia" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">British Columbia</collectingRegion>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="30.[1427,2640,888,3237]" box="[1493,2260,1285,1310]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">
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<taxonomicName authority="Thomas & Barrett-Hamilton, 1895" authorityName="Thomas & Barrett-Hamilton" authorityYear="1895" box="[1493,2117,1285,1310]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="erminea" subSpecies="hibernica">M.e. hibernica Thomas & Barrett-Hamilton, 1895</taxonomicName>
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—
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<collectingCountry box="[2152,2256,1285,1310]" name="Ireland" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Ireland</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="30.[1427,2640,888,3237]" box="[1491,2027,1325,1350]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">
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<taxonomicName authority="Hall, 1944" authorityName="Hall" authorityYear="1944" box="[1491,1729,1325,1350]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="erminea" subSpecies="imatis">M.e. imatis Hall, 1944</taxonomicName>
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||
—
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<collectingRegion box="[1762,1852,1325,1350]" country="United States of America" name="Alaska" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Alaska</collectingRegion>
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(Baranof I).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="30.[1427,2640,888,3237]" box="[1493,2579,1360,1389]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">
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<taxonomicName authority="Hall, 1945" authorityName="Hall" authorityYear="1945" box="[1493,1752,1360,1389]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="erminea" subSpecies="invicta">M.e. invicta Hall, 1945</taxonomicName>
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— SW
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1842,1947,1360,1389]" name="Canada" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1969,2074,1360,1389]" country="Canada" name="Alberta" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Alberta</collectingRegion>
|
||
) and NW
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2222,2284,1360,1389]" name="United States of America" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[2307,2390,1360,1389]" country="United States of America" name="Idaho" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Idaho</collectingRegion>
|
||
&
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[2433,2565,1360,1389]" country="United States of America" name="Montana" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Montana</collectingRegion>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[1427,2640,888,3237]" box="[1493,2156,1399,1428]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Merriam, 1896" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1896" box="[1493,1870,1399,1428]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="erminea" subSpecies="kadiacensis">M.e. kadiacensis Merriam, 1896</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1903,1993,1399,1428]" country="United States of America" name="Alaska" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Alaska</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Kodiak I).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[1427,2640,888,3237]" box="[1493,2204,1439,1468]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Baird, 1857" authorityName="Baird" authorityYear="1857" box="[1493,1758,1439,1468]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="erminea" subSpecies="kaneti">M.e. kaneti Baird, 1857</taxonomicName>
|
||
— NE
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1846,1931,1439,1468]" name="China" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1949,2035,1439,1468]" name="Russia" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(E Siberia).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[1427,2640,888,3237]" box="[1493,2297,1478,1507]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Jurgenson, 1936" authorityName="Jurgenson" authorityYear="1936" box="[1493,1907,1478,1507]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="erminea" subSpecies="karaginensis">M.e. karaginensis Jurgenson, 1936</taxonomicName>
|
||
— NE
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1996,2081,1478,1507]" name="Russia" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Karaginsky I).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[1427,2640,888,3237]" box="[1493,2242,1517,1546]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Hollister, 1912" authorityName="Hollister" authorityYear="1912" box="[1493,1811,1517,1546]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="erminea" subSpecies="lymani">M.e. lymani Hollister, 1912</taxonomicName>
|
||
— E
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1874,1960,1517,1546]" name="Russia" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1982,2047,1517,1546]" country="Russia" name="Altay" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Altai</collectingRegion>
|
||
Mts, Siberia).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[1427,2640,888,3237]" box="[1498,2014,1561,1586]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Cavazza, 1912" authorityName="Cavazza" authorityYear="1912" box="[1498,1812,1561,1586]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="erminea" subSpecies="minima">M.e. minima Cavazza, 1912</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1847,2010,1561,1586]" name="Switzerland" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[1427,2640,888,3237]" box="[1494,2308,1592,1625]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Ognev, 1928" authorityName="Ognev" authorityYear="1928" box="[1494,1822,1592,1625]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="erminea" subSpecies="mongolica">M.e. mongolica Ognev, 1928</taxonomicName>
|
||
— NW
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1919,2003,1592,1625]" name="China" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Mongolian Altai.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[1427,2640,888,3237]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Bangs, 1899" authorityName="Bangs" authorityYear="1899" box="[1441,1785,1639,1664]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="erminea" subSpecies="muricus">M. e. muricus Bangs, 1899</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1818,1881,1639,1664]" name="United States of America" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
(N
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1936,2077,1639,1664]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[2092,2225,1639,1664]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Colorado</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[2241,2324,1639,1664]" country="United States of America" name="Idaho" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Idaho</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[2340,2513,1639,1664]" country="United States of America" name="New Mexico" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">New Mexico</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[2528,2633,1639,1664]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Nevada</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1440,1550,1675,1704]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Oregon</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1567,1759,1675,1704]" country="United States of America" name="South Dakota" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">South Dakota</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1776,1843,1675,1704]" country="United States of America" name="Utah" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Utah</collectingRegion>
|
||
&
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1885,2027,1675,1704]" country="United States of America" name="Wyoming" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Wyoming</collectingRegion>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[1427,2640,888,3237]" box="[1440,1926,1714,1743]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Cabrera, 1913" authorityName="Cabrera" authorityYear="1913" box="[1440,1807,1714,1743]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="erminea" subSpecies="nippon">M. e. nippon Cabrera, 1913</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1836,1923,1714,1743]" name="Japan" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[1427,2640,888,3237]" box="[1487,2427,1753,1782]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Hall, 1945" authorityName="Hall" authorityYear="1945" box="[1487,1773,1753,1782]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="erminea" subSpecies="olympica">M.e. olympica Hall, 1945</taxonomicName>
|
||
— NW
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1871,1934,1753,1782]" name="United States of America" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Olympic Peninsula,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[2239,2414,1753,1782]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Washington</collectingRegion>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[1427,2640,888,3237]" box="[1487,2122,1793,1822]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barrett-Hamilton, 1904" authorityName="Barrett-Hamilton" authorityYear="1904" box="[1487,1931,1793,1822]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="erminea" subSpecies="polaris">M.e. polaris Barrett-Hamilton, 1904</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1966,2118,1793,1822]" name="Greenland" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Greenland</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[1427,2640,888,3237]" box="[1516,2082,1828,1861]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Bonaparte, 1838" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1838" box="[1516,1903,1828,1861]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="erminea" subSpecies="richardsonii">M.e.richardsonii Bonaparte, 1838</taxonomicName>
|
||
— N
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1971,2078,1828,1861]" name="Canada" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[1427,2640,888,3237]" box="[1472,2126,1871,1901]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="G. S. Miller, 1907" authorityName="G. S. Miller" authorityYear="1907" box="[1472,1846,1871,1901]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="erminea" subSpecies="ricinae">M.e. ricinae G. S. Miller, 1907</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1880,2001,1871,1900]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Scotland</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Islay I).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[1427,2640,888,3237]" box="[1515,2101,1911,1940]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Hall, 1944" authorityName="Hall" authorityYear="1944" box="[1515,1731,1911,1940]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="erminea" subSpecies="salva">M.e.salva Hall, 1944</taxonomicName>
|
||
— SE
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1810,1900,1911,1940]" country="United States of America" name="Alaska" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Alaska</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Admiralty I).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[1427,2640,888,3237]" box="[1515,2092,1950,1979]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Hall, 1944" authorityName="Hall" authorityYear="1944" box="[1515,1752,1950,1979]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="erminea" subSpecies="seclusa">M.e.seclusa Hall, 1944</taxonomicName>
|
||
— SE
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1830,1920,1950,1979]" country="United States of America" name="Alaska" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Alaska</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Suemez I).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[1427,2640,888,3237]" box="[1515,2559,1989,2018]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Sutton & Hamilton, 1932" authorityName="Sutton & Hamilton" authorityYear="1932" box="[1515,1963,1989,2018]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="erminea" subSpecies="sempler">M.e.sempler Sutton & Hamilton, 1932</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1999,2104,1989,2018]" name="Canada" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Franklin & Keewatin Districts).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[1427,2640,888,3237]" box="[1515,2157,2029,2058]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barrett-Hamilton, 1904" authorityName="Barrett-Hamilton" authorityYear="1904" box="[1515,1934,2029,2058]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="erminea" subSpecies="stabilis">M.e.stabilis Barrett-Hamilton, 1904</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1968,2153,2029,2058]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Great Britain</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[1427,2640,888,3237]" box="[1515,2637,2068,2097]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Merriam, 1896" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1896" box="[1515,1827,2068,2097]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="erminea" subSpecies="streatori">M.e.streatori Merriam, 1896</taxonomicName>
|
||
— W
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1899,1962,2068,2097]" name="United States of America" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
(NE
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[2039,2180,2068,2097]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[2196,2303,2068,2097]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Oregon</collectingRegion>
|
||
& coastal
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[2449,2624,2068,2097]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Washington</collectingRegion>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[1427,2640,888,3237]" box="[1516,2110,2111,2136]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kornejv, 1941" authorityName="Kornejv" authorityYear="1941" box="[1516,1822,2111,2136]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="erminea" subSpecies="teberdina">M.e.teberdina Kornejv, 1941</taxonomicName>
|
||
— Russian Caucasus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[1427,2640,888,3237]" box="[1487,1963,2147,2176]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Ognev, 1923" authorityName="Ognev" authorityYear="1923" box="[1487,1789,2147,2176]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="erminea" subSpecies="tobolica">M.e. tobolica Ognev, 1923</taxonomicName>
|
||
— W Siberia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[1427,2640,888,3237]" box="[1440,1833,2186,2215]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">
|
||
Introduced to
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1645,1829,2186,2215]" name="New Zealand" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="30" pageNumber="649" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[1427,2640,888,3237]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1439,1692,2226,2255]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head-body 22:
|
||
<quantity box="[1918,2037,2226,2255]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.95" metricValueMax="3.4" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" unit="cm" value="19.5" valueMax="34.0" valueMin="5.0">5-34 cm</quantity>
|
||
(males),
|
||
<quantity box="[2186,2319,2226,2255]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" metricValueMax="2.9" metricValueMin="1.9" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" unit="cm" value="24.0" valueMax="29.0" valueMin="19.0">19-29 cm</quantity>
|
||
(females); tail
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.1" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="4.2" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" unit="cm" value="8.1" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="4.2">4.2-12 cm</quantity>
|
||
; weight of males is 208-283 ¢ in Europe,
|
||
<quantity box="[2078,2154,2264,2293]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.2" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" unit="g" value="320.0">320 g</quantity>
|
||
in Britain,
|
||
<quantity box="[2318,2461,2264,2293]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.2049999999999996" metricValueMax="3.56" metricValueMin="2.85" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" unit="g" value="320.5" valueMax="356.0" valueMin="285.0">285-356 g</quantity>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry name="New Zealand" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
(introduced population),
|
||
<quantity box="[1878,2019,2300,2333]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.9899999999999998" metricValueMax="3.65" metricValueMin="2.33" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" unit="g" value="299.0" valueMax="365.0" valueMin="233.0">233-365 g</quantity>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2066,2169,2300,2333]" name="Ireland" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Ireland</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity box="[2188,2327,2300,2333]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.625" metricValueMax="1.91" metricValueMin="1.34" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" unit="g" value="162.5" valueMax="191.0" valueMin="134.0">134-191 g</quantity>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2374,2462,2300,2333]" name="Russia" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity box="[2478,2603,2300,2333]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.31" metricValueMax="2.06" metricValueMin="0.5599999999999999" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" unit="g" value="131.0" valueMax="206.0" valueMin="56.0">56-206 g</quantity>
|
||
in North America, adult males are 40-80% larger than females. The Ermine has a long, slender body and short limbs. Except in certain southern parts of their range, Ermines change color in April-May and October-November. In the summer, the back, flanks, and outersides of the limbs are reddish or chocolate brown; the underparts are white and the tip of the tail is black. During winter, the pelage becomes white throughout except for the black tip of the tail. There are four pairs of mammae. The skull has a long braincase, inflated tympanic bullae, and is relatively flat. Dental formula: I 3/3, Cl/A.P3/3:;M1/2=34.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="30" pageNumber="649" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[1427,2640,888,3237]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1439,1550,2662,2687]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Ermines are found in a wide range of habitats, including tundra, alpine meadows, woodlands, marshes, mountains, riparian habitats, farmland, and hedgerows, from sea level up to
|
||
<quantity box="[1733,1839,2736,2765]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" unit="m" value="3000.0">3000 m</quantity>
|
||
. They prefer areas with vegetative or rocky cover. In the mountains of south-east British Columbia, Ermines were detected in all forests surveyed; these covered the range from open dry Douglas-fir forests to dense wet western red cedar (Thwa plicata) and western hemlock (75uga heterophylla) forests, and from very recent clear-cuts to mature stands over 300 years in age. In a subarctic area in
|
||
<collectingCountry name="Finland" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Finland</collectingCountry>
|
||
, adult females were found to live in areas where the abundance of their preferred Microtus prey was the highest; dominant males lived in less productive habitats than females, but in more productive areas than non-dominant mature males.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="650" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[1427,2640,888,3237]" lastBlockId="31.[176,1383,294,2726]" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="650" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1440,1708,3055,3080]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The diet consists mainly of small mammals, such as voles, mice, rats, lemmings, squirrels, and lagomorphs, but also includes birds, eggs, lizards, frogs, snakes, insects, earthworms, and fruit. In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2148,2340,3134,3159]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">Great Britain</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the percentage frequency of occurrence in the diet consists of 65% lagomorphs, 16% small rodents, and 17% birds and birds’ eggs; males eat a greater proportion of lagomorphs than females, which eat more small rodents. In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[805,939,294,323]" name="Denmark" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Denmark</collectingCountry>
|
||
(where European Rabbits are absent), a dietary study showed that rodents are the most important prey group, constituting 84% of their diet (frequency of occurrence). Ermines ate birds and birds’ eggs more often than sympatric Least Weasels, while Least Weasels ate more insectivores. Ermines ate more Microtus voles and Water Voles than Least Weasels, while Least Weasels ate more Bank Voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) and Moles (Talpa europaea). In the Italian Alps, 60% of scats contained small rodents, indicating that they were the main prey. However, the frequency of occurrence offruits in the diet increased significantly in August, after rodent biomass had dropped by more than 50% in July. In the forests of
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[583,801,644,677]" country="Canada" name="New Brunswick" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">New Brunswick</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[817,926,644,677]" name="Canada" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the frequency of occurrence of prey is 28-0% soricids, 24:6% arvicolines, and 17-3% cricetines; the Deer Mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus, 17-3%) and shrews (Sorex sp., 28-:0%) have the highest percent occurrence, whereas the Red Squirrel and the Eastern Chipmunk (7amius
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Perry" authorityYear="1810" box="[1271,1367,762,795]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Ictonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="31" pageNumber="650" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="striatus">striatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
) comprise 11-2% of the diet. Ermines generally hunt in a zig-zag pattern, progressing by a series of leaps that are up to
|
||
<quantity box="[681,768,845,874]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="31" pageNumber="650" unit="cm" value="50.0">50 cm</quantity>
|
||
long. Prey are located mostly by smell or sound, and are often pursued into underground burrows or under snow. Ermines usually kill prey by biting the base of the skull. They sometimes attack animals considerably larger than themselves, such as adult hares. Ermines may cache excess food underground for later use during the winter.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6363028" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6363028" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6363028/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" startId="30.[169,199,3334,3355]" targetBox="[11,2806,13,3640]" targetPageId="29">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[167,2588,3332,3475]" pageId="30" pageNumber="649">
|
||
On following pages: 42. Steppe Polecat (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[619,706,3334,3355]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Mustela</taxonomicName>
|
||
eversmanii); 43. Colombian Weasel (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1117,1205,3334,3355]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Mustela</taxonomicName>
|
||
felipei); 44. Long-tailed Weasel (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lichtenstein" authorityYear="1831" box="[1566,1739,3334,3355]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frenata">Mustela frenata</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 45. Japanese Weasel (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[2009,2096,3334,3355]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Mustela</taxonomicName>
|
||
itatsi); 46. Yellow-bellied Weasel (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[2474,2562,3334,3355]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Mustela</taxonomicName>
|
||
kathiah); 47. European Mink (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[491,578,3369,3394]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Mustela</taxonomicName>
|
||
lutreola); 48. Indonesian Mountain Weasel (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1065,1152,3369,3394]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Mustela</taxonomicName>
|
||
lutreolina); 49. Black-footed Ferret (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1549,1636,3369,3394]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Mustela</taxonomicName>
|
||
nigripes); 50. Least Weasel (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1766" box="[1958,2120,3369,3394]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nivalis">Mustela nivalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 51. Malay Weasel (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[2353,2440,3369,3394]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Mustela</taxonomicName>
|
||
nudipes); 52. European Polecat (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[376,561,3408,3433]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="putorius">Mustela putorius</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 53. Siberian Weasel (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1773" box="[815,987,3408,3433]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sibirica">Mustela sibirica</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 54. Back-striped Weasel (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1289,1376,3408,3433]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Mustela</taxonomicName>
|
||
strigidorsa); 55. Egyptian Weasel (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hemprich & Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1833" box="[1760,1981,3408,3433]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subpalmata">Mustela subpalmata</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 56. American Mink (
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Schreber" baseAuthorityYear="1777" box="[2226,2392,3408,3433]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Neovison" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vison">Neovison vison</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 57. Patagonian Weasel (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1845" box="[265,370,3452,3473]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Lyncodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="649" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Lyncodon</taxonomicName>
|
||
patagonicus).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="650" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="31.[176,1383,294,2726]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">
|
||
<emphasis box="[177,418,1038,1071]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Primarily nocturnal, but can be active at any time during the day. Their long shape makes them sensitive to cold temperatures and this, combined with a high metabolic rate, requires that Ermines hunt constantly to fulfill their energetic demands. Short periods of activity and rest alternate every three to five hours. Dens/ rest sites are in crevices, among tree roots, in hollow logs, or in burrows taken over from a rodent. Several nests are maintained within an individual’s home range; these are lined with dry vegetation or the fur and feathers of its prey. Ermines can easily run over or tunnel in snow to escape predators and search for food.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="650" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="31.[176,1383,294,2726]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">
|
||
<emphasis box="[178,883,1356,1385]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Ermines are solitary and primarily terrestrial, but they are also agile tree climbers and strong swimmers. Daily movements may reach
|
||
<quantity box="[333,418,1431,1464]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="31" pageNumber="650" unit="km" value="15.0">15 km</quantity>
|
||
, but usually average c.
|
||
<quantity box="[741,809,1431,1464]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="31" pageNumber="650" unit="km" value="1.0">1 km</quantity>
|
||
. Movements increase when prey are rare or dispersed. Home ranges may reach 200 ha, but are typically 10-40 ha; male ranges are generally larger than female ranges. Both sexes maintain exclusive territories, but a male home range may overlap one or more female ranges. Males show a marked seasonal shift in their social organization from a pattern of intra-sexual territories during the non-breeding season (autumn and winter) to a non-territorial pattern with extensive and overlapping ranges during the mating season (spring and summer). Boundaries are regularly patrolled and scent-marked, and neighbors usually avoid each other. Population density fluctuates with prey abundance and may range from 2-6 individuals per km®.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="650" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="31.[176,1383,294,2726]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">
|
||
<emphasis box="[179,315,1829,1858]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Females are polyestrous, but produce only one litter per year; the estrous cycle is four weeks. Mating occurs in late spring or early summer, but implantation of the fertilized eggs into the uterus is delayed for 9-10 months. Embryonic development is just over one month. Births occur in April or May in the Northern Hemisphere and around October in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[624,811,1981,2014]" name="New Zealand" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Litter size may reach 18, but typically is four to eight. Neonates are born blind, naked, and weigh 2-7-4-
|
||
<quantity box="[1088,1135,2021,2054]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.0" pageId="31" pageNumber="650" unit="g" value="2.0">2 g</quantity>
|
||
. Their eyes open after four to six weeks. Solid food is taken after four or five weeks, though lactation may continue until weeks seven to twelve. They grow rapidly and by eight weeks are able to hunt with their mother. At two to three months, their permanent detention is complete. Females reach adult size at six months. They attain sexual maturity at two to three months and sometimes mate during their first summer. Males attain full size and sexual maturity after one year.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="650" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="31.[176,1383,294,2726]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">
|
||
<emphasis box="[179,531,2301,2330]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern in The
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1046,1126,2301,2330]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">IUCN</collectionCode>
|
||
Red List. Ermines are considered common throughout their distribution. They rarely molest poultry and are valuable to humans because they prey on mice and rats. However, Ermines are considered pests in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[462,649,2414,2447]" name="New Zealand" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
, where they were introduced to control rabbits but subsequently decimated populations of native birds. On the Iberian Peninsula, the Ermine is dependent on two Arvicola species, which are declining in numbers. Ermines are trapped in North America and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[681,768,2532,2565]" name="Russia" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
for their fur; the white winter fur has long been used in trimming coats and making stoles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="650" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="31.[176,1383,294,2726]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">
|
||
<emphasis box="[179,330,2619,2644]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Edwards & Forbes (2003), EImeros (2006), Erlinge & Sandell (1986), Hellstedt & Henttonen (2006), Hellstedt et al. (2006), King (1983, 1990), Martinoli et al. (2001),
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[871,979,2658,2683]" name="Heard Island and McDonald Islands" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">McDonald</collectingCountry>
|
||
et al. (2000), Mowat & Poole (2005), Robitaille & Raymond (1995), Samson & Raymond (1998), Svendsen (2003), Wozencraft (2005, 2008).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |