280 lines
27 KiB
XML
280 lines
27 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714044" ID-GBIF-Dataset="df4b6a3c-ae64-4bcf-a990-77fc6599759c" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-49-1" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5714044" approvalRequired="2" approvalRequired_for_treatments="2" checkinTime="1633643323770" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2009" docId="038F87D4CA4AFFA4CFE83488FAF0F3C7" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_1_Mustelidae_0564.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Aonyx capensis" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="646" masterDocId="FFB6FFACCA50FFBFCA653C08FF86FF9C" masterDocTitle="Mustelidae" masterLastPageNumber="656" masterPageNumber="564" pageNumber="645" updateTime="1658242128427" updateUser="carolina">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Mustelidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2009</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2009-01-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>564</mods:start>
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<mods:end>656</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714044</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">df4b6a3c-ae64-4bcf-a990-77fc6599759c</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-96553-49-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">5714044</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714121" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190302327" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5714121" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038F87D4CA4AFFA4CFE83488FAF0F3C7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038F87D4CA4AFFA4CFE83488FAF0F3C7" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="646" pageId="26" pageNumber="645">
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<heading pageId="26" pageNumber="645">
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<subSubSection box="[1421,1477,2176,2222]" pageId="26" pageNumber="645" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="26.[1418,2254,2176,2303]" box="[1421,1477,2176,2222]" pageId="26" pageNumber="645">
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<figureCitation box="[1421,1477,2176,2222]" captionStart="Plate 35: Mustelidae" captionStartId="22.[135,165,3391,3412]" captionTargetBox="[12,2804,13,3640]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="27. Giant Otter (Pteronura brasiliensis), 28. North American River Otter (Lontra canadensis), 29. Marine Otter (Lontra felina), 30. Neotropical Otter (Lontra longicaudis), 31. Southern River Otter (Lontra provocax), 32. Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris), 33. Spotted-necked Otter (Hydrictis maculicollis), 34. Eurasian Otter (Lutra lutra), 35. Hairy-nosed Otter (Lutra sumatrana), 36. African Clawless Otter (Aonyx capensis), 37. Asian Small-clawed Otter (Aonyx cinereus), 38. Smooth-coated Otter (Lutrogale perspicillata)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6363026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6363026/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="645">36.</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1491,1956,2176,2222]" pageId="26" pageNumber="645" type="vernacular_names">
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||
<paragraph blockId="26.[1418,2254,2176,2303]" box="[1491,1956,2176,2222]" pageId="26" pageNumber="645">
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<vernacularName box="[1491,1956,2176,2222]" pageId="26" pageNumber="645">African Clawless Otter</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1968,2253,2176,2222]" pageId="26" pageNumber="645" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="26.[1418,2254,2176,2303]" box="[1968,2253,2176,2222]" pageId="26" pageNumber="645">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Schinz" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[1968,2253,2176,2222]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Aonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="26" pageNumber="645" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
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<emphasis box="[1968,2253,2176,2222]" pageId="26" pageNumber="645">Aonyx capensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="26" pageNumber="645" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="26.[1418,2254,2176,2303]" box="[1419,2236,2240,2261]" pageId="26" pageNumber="645">
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<emphasis box="[1419,1496,2240,2261]" pageId="26" pageNumber="645">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1506,1743,2240,2261]" pageId="26" pageNumber="645">Loutre a joues blanches</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis box="[1763,1855,2240,2261]" pageId="26" pageNumber="645">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1865,1973,2240,2261]" pageId="26" pageNumber="645">Fingerotter</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis box="[1994,2085,2240,2261]" pageId="26" pageNumber="645">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[2094,2236,2240,2261]" pageId="26" pageNumber="645">Nutria africana</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="26.[1418,2254,2176,2303]" box="[1419,2114,2279,2300]" pageId="26" pageNumber="645">
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<emphasis box="[1419,1665,2279,2300]" pageId="26" pageNumber="645">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1674,1880,2279,2300]" pageId="26" pageNumber="645">Cape Clawless Otter</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName box="[1893,2114,2279,2300]" pageId="26" pageNumber="645">
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<collectingCountry box="[1893,1957,2279,2300]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="26" pageNumber="645">Congo</collectingCountry>
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Clawless Otter
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</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</heading>
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<subSubSection box="[2033,2616,2355,2380]" pageId="26" pageNumber="645" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="26.[2033,2620,2355,2774]" box="[2033,2616,2355,2380]" pageId="26" pageNumber="645">
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<emphasis box="[2033,2188,2355,2380]" pageId="26" pageNumber="645">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Schinz, 1821" authorityName="Schinz" authorityYear="1821" box="[2211,2611,2355,2380]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Lutra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="26" pageNumber="645" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">Lutra capensis Schinz, 1821</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[2035,2324,2386,2419]" pageId="26" pageNumber="645" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="26.[2033,2620,2355,2774]" box="[2035,2324,2386,2419]" pageId="26" pageNumber="645">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3707806320" box="[2035,2324,2386,2419]" pageId="26" pageNumber="645">
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<collectingRegion box="[2035,2105,2386,2419]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="26" pageNumber="645">Cape</collectingRegion>
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of Good Hope.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="26" pageNumber="645" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="26.[2033,2620,2355,2774]" pageId="26" pageNumber="645">
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The
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<collectingCountry box="[2098,2189,2426,2459]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="26" pageNumber="645">Congo</collectingCountry>
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Clawless Otter (
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1827" box="[2412,2605,2426,2459]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Aonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="26" pageNumber="645" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="congicus">Aonyx congicus</taxonomicName>
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) is considered a separate species by some authors, based on morphological and ecological evidence; however, further research is needed to determine its taxonomic status. It is here included as a subspecies of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Schinz" authorityYear="1821" box="[2033,2173,2665,2694]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Lutra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="26" pageNumber="645" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">A. capensis</taxonomicName>
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. Two subspecies are recognized.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="26" pageNumber="645" type="distribution">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714235" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5714235" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5714235/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="645" targetBox="[1417,2005,2355,2767]" targetPageId="26">
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<paragraph blockId="26.[2033,2620,2355,2774]" box="[2033,2432,2701,2734]" pageId="26" pageNumber="645">
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<emphasis box="[2033,2432,2701,2734]" pageId="26" pageNumber="645">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="26.[2033,2620,2355,2774]" lastBlockId="26.[1416,2619,2779,3480]" pageId="26" pageNumber="645">
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<taxonomicName authority="Schinz, 1821" authorityName="Schinz" authorityYear="1821" box="[2033,2397,2749,2774]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Aonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="26" pageNumber="645" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="capensis" subSpecies="capensis">A. c. capensis Schinz, 1821</taxonomicName>
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— Sub-Saharan Africa from
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<collectingCountry box="[1595,1702,2779,2812]" name="Senegal" pageId="26" pageNumber="645">Senegal</collectingCountry>
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in the W to E
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<collectingCountry box="[1928,2049,2779,2812]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="26" pageNumber="645">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
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, and E Africa to Western Cape. Absent from
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<collectingCountry box="[1495,1588,2818,2851]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="26" pageNumber="645">Congo</collectingCountry>
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Basin and the most arid zones of
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<collectingCountry box="[2064,2184,2818,2851]" name="Namibia" pageId="26" pageNumber="645">Namibia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[2201,2334,2818,2851]" name="Botswana" pageId="26" pageNumber="645">Botswana</collectingCountry>
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, and
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<collectingCountry box="[2412,2588,2818,2851]" name="South Africa" pageId="26" pageNumber="645">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="26.[1416,2619,2779,3480]" box="[1417,2231,2861,2890]" pageId="26" pageNumber="645">
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<taxonomicName authority="Lonnberg, 1910" authorityName="Lonnberg" authorityYear="1910" box="[1417,1823,2861,2890]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Aonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="26" pageNumber="645" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="capensis" subSpecies="congicus">A. c. congicus Lonnberg, 1910</taxonomicName>
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—
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<collectingCountry box="[1858,1950,2861,2890]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="26" pageNumber="645">Congo</collectingCountry>
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Basin in WC Africa.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="26" pageNumber="645" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="26.[1416,2619,2779,3480]" pageId="26" pageNumber="645">
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<emphasis box="[1417,1668,2900,2929]" pageId="26" pageNumber="645">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body
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<quantity box="[1849,2012,2900,2929]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.209999999999999" metricValueMax="8.8" metricValueMin="7.62" pageId="26" pageNumber="645" unit="cm" value="82.1" valueMax="88.0" valueMin="76.2">76.2-88 cm</quantity>
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(males),
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<quantity box="[2155,2317,2900,2929]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.33" metricValueMax="7.359999999999999" metricValueMin="7.3" pageId="26" pageNumber="645" unit="cm" value="73.3" valueMax="73.6" valueMin="73.0">73-73.6 cm</quantity>
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(females), tail 46-5— 51-
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<quantity box="[1460,1528,2940,2969]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="26" pageNumber="645" unit="cm" value="5.0">5 cm</quantity>
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(males),
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<quantity box="[1665,1853,2940,2969]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.05" metricValueMax="5.15" metricValueMin="4.95" pageId="26" pageNumber="645" unit="cm" value="50.5" valueMax="51.5" valueMin="49.5">49.5-51.5 cm</quantity>
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(females); weight
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<quantity box="[2121,2243,2940,2969]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.55" metricValueMax="2.1" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="26" pageNumber="645" unit="kg" value="15.5" valueMax="21.0" valueMin="10.0">10-21 kg</quantity>
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(males),
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||
<quantity box="[2382,2560,2940,2969]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.345" metricValueMax="1.63" metricValueMin="1.06" pageId="26" pageNumber="645" unit="kg" value="13.45" valueMax="16.3" valueMin="10.6">10.6-16.3 kg</quantity>
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(females), adult males are larger and heavier than females. The African Clawless Otteris large and heavily built. The pelage is dark brown to black throughout, but the sides of the face, neck and throat are white or pale gray. There is a quadrangular dark brown patch between the eye and the nose; the cheeks are white. The hindfeet are partially webbed, but the front feet are not. The toes are clawless except for the three middle toes of each hindfoot, which bear small grooming claws. The cheek teeth are smaller in congicus than in
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Schinz" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[1680,1783,3219,3244]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Aonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="26" pageNumber="645" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">capensis</taxonomicName>
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. Dental formula: 13/3, C1/1,P 4/3, M 1/2 = 36.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="646" pageId="26" pageNumber="645" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="26.[1416,2619,2779,3480]" lastBlockId="27.[190,1400,298,3164]" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="646" pageId="26" pageNumber="645">
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<emphasis box="[1416,1526,3250,3283]" pageId="26" pageNumber="645">Habitat.</emphasis>
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African Clawless Otters are mainly found in rainforests and lowland swamp forests, but may also inhabit forested rivers and streams in open coastal plains and semi-arid country. They occur mostly in fresh water; some populations inhabit saltwater coasts, but because they require fresh water to drink, even coastal populations occur near freshwater tributaries. They also occupy many natural or man-made lakes and reservoirs, but prefer areas of shallow water. In
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<collectingCountry box="[2092,2271,3447,3480]" name="South Africa" pageId="26" pageNumber="645">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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, African Clawless Otters prefer riverine habitats covered with dense vegetation, while areas of short grass are avoided. They also select areas with boulders and/or reed beds, which provide high crab density and shelter. In southern
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<collectingCountry box="[731,836,377,410]" name="Nigeria" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
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, African Clawless Otters are mainly restricted to brackish streams (with mangrove vegetation along the banks) and, more occasionally, transitional habitats between freshwater and brackish-water environments.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="27" pageNumber="646" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="27.[190,1400,298,3164]" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">
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<emphasis box="[191,455,495,528]" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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African Clawless Otters are primarily crab eaters, but other foods such as frogs, fish, and insects are consumed. Fish increases in importance in the diet during winter, when they are lethargic and easier to capture. Lobsters, octopus, and shellfish are eaten along the seacoast. In two reserves in the
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<collectingRegion box="[1062,1386,613,646]" country="South Africa" name="Eastern Cape" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">Eastern Cape Province</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[193,373,652,685]" name="South Africa" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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, the diet was more varied at Mkambati (15 prey species) than Dwessa (seven species). In terms of relative percentage frequency of occurrence, the spiny lobster (Panulirus homarus) was found to be the most common prey item at both Mkambati (37-9%) and at Dwessa (35-2%), followed by fish (31% and 36-6%, respectively), crabs (22:4% and 19-7%) and molluscs (3-1% and 4-2%). Lobster and fish are relatively abundant within these reserves, suggesting prey availability rather than selective feeding influenced diet. At another site in the
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<collectingRegion box="[851,1171,888,921]" country="South Africa" name="Eastern Cape" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">Eastern Cape Province</collectingRegion>
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, the three most common prey categories found in otter spraints were the crab Potamonaules perlatus (51%), insects (19%), and the fish
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<taxonomicName box="[696,787,971,1000]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Tilapia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="646" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tilapia</taxonomicName>
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sparrmanii (18%). At Betty’s Bay,
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<collectingCountry name="South Africa" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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, fish are the most important prey category (59% of the biomass), followed by octopus (15%), red rock crab Plagusia chabrus (13%), cape lobsterJasus lalandii (10%), and the brown rock crab Cyclograpsus punctatus (0-8%). In eastern
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<collectingCountry box="[1125,1271,1085,1118]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
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, the diet is mainly the river crab Potamon perlatus (42%). African Clawless Otters use various hunting methods. In shallow or murky water, they detect crabs with their forefeet as they feel around underwater rock crevices. Prey is grabbed with the forefeet and then bitten and eaten. In shallow but clear water, African Clawless Otters may immerse their heads and scan for prey visually while feeling under rocks with the forefeet. In deeper water, they dive straight down and can remain underwater for up to 50 seconds. African Clawless Otters eat small prey while they swim upright at the surface, whereas larger prey are taken to shore for consumption. In
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<collectingCountry box="[920,1097,1400,1433]" name="South Africa" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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, African Clawless Otters were observed to select open water within
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<quantity box="[875,929,1439,1472]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="646" unit="m" value="8.0">8 m</quantity>
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of the shore. Foraging involved moving into shallow water (c.
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<quantity box="[615,693,1478,1511]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="646" unit="m" value="1.0" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="0.0">0-2 m</quantity>
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deep) and walking along the substrate feeling for prey with the forefeet. African Clawless Otters prefer hunting at depths of 0-5-
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<quantity box="[1298,1379,1522,1551]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="646" unit="m" value="3.0" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="1.0">
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1-
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<specimenCount box="[1321,1383,1522,1551]" pageId="27" pageNumber="646" type="generic">5 m.</specimenCount>
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</quantity>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="27" pageNumber="646" type="activity">
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<paragraph blockId="27.[190,1400,298,3164]" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">
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<emphasis box="[193,428,1557,1590]" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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Mainly nocturnal, but may be active during the day in areas remote from human disturbance. Rest sites are in burrows (holts), under large rocks or root systems, or in dense vegetation near water; they may dig their own burrows. In
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||
<collectingCountry name="South Africa" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the occurrence of spraints, couches and resting places is closely tied to freshwater sources; holts are located adjacent to river banks, oxbow lakes, or dam shores, and spraint sites are found in dense, tall grass cover beside water less than
|
||
<quantity box="[1169,1217,1754,1787]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="646" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
|
||
deep. In the Tsitsikama Coastal National Park,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[682,861,1793,1826]" name="South Africa" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the activity at several holts indicated about 32% utilization, with an estimated one otter to every three holts.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="27" pageNumber="646" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="27.[190,1400,298,3164]" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">
|
||
<emphasis box="[195,904,1872,1905]" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
African Clawless Otters are highly mobile and nightly movements may reach
|
||
<quantity box="[829,920,1911,1944]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="27" pageNumber="646" unit="km" value="13.0">13 km</quantity>
|
||
. Although mostly solitary, family groups comprising
|
||
<specimenCount box="[470,626,1954,1983]" pageId="27" pageNumber="646" type="female">one female</specimenCount>
|
||
with her young, or groups of males, may occur. Home ranges are estimated at
|
||
<quantity box="[537,671,1990,2023]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.4" pageId="27" pageNumber="646" unit="km" value="17.0" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="14.0">14-20 km</quantity>
|
||
”. In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[741,918,1990,2023]" name="South Africa" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
, a radio-tracked adult male had a minimum home range of 19-
|
||
<quantity box="[605,674,2037,2062]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="646" unit="km" value="5.0">5 km</quantity>
|
||
of coast, with a core area of
|
||
<quantity box="[1077,1162,2037,2062]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="27" pageNumber="646" unit="km" value="12.0">12 km</quantity>
|
||
; an adult female had a 14-3 km-long home range, with a 7-
|
||
<quantity box="[776,844,2068,2101]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="646" unit="km" value="5.0">5 km</quantity>
|
||
core area. Apparently, there was a clantype social organization, with groups of related animals defending jointterritories. In another area in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[425,603,2147,2180]" name="South Africa" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
, total range length varied from 4-9 to 54-
|
||
<quantity box="[1193,1261,2147,2180]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="646" unit="km" value="1.0">1 km</quantity>
|
||
and core length from 0-2 to 9-
|
||
<quantity box="[490,562,2195,2220]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="646" unit="km" value="8.0">8 km</quantity>
|
||
; the total area of water used varied between 4-9 and 1062-5 ha, and core areas from 1-1 to 138-9 ha. The pattern of home range use by females was suggestive ofterritoriality, whereas male otters had overlapping home ranges, both with other males and females. Population densities vary with food abundance (especially crabs) and range from 2-7 otters per
|
||
<quantity box="[828,912,2344,2377]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="646" unit="km" value="10.0">10 km</quantity>
|
||
of coastline or stream. Along the coast of
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[312,489,2383,2416]" name="South Africa" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the mean population density was one per
|
||
<quantity box="[1094,1186,2383,2416]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="646" unit="km" value="5.0" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="1.0">1-9 km</quantity>
|
||
and dens were spaced at intervals of
|
||
<specimenCount box="[499,590,2424,2457]" pageId="27" pageNumber="646" type="generic">
|
||
<quantity box="[499,586,2424,2457]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.7" pageId="27" pageNumber="646" unit="m" value="470.0">470 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="27" pageNumber="646" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="27.[190,1400,298,3164]" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">
|
||
<emphasis box="[197,331,2462,2495]" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Mating may occur anytime during the year, but most births occur during the start of the rainy season. Births have been recorded in July and August in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1285,1391,2501,2534]" name="Zambia" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">Zambia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and young have been found in March and April in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[903,1015,2540,2573]" name="Uganda" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">Uganda</collectingCountry>
|
||
. There appears to be no set breeding season in West Africa. Most births in a coastal area of
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1087,1261,2580,2613]" name="South Africa" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
occurred in December and January. Gestation lasts 63 days. The litter size is one to three. The young are born blind, but with some fur. Their eyes open after 16-30 days, and weaning occurs after 60 days. Sexual maturity is reached during the first year.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="27" pageNumber="646" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="27.[190,1400,298,3164]" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">
|
||
<emphasis box="[198,555,2737,2770]" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectionCode box="[572,662,2737,2770]" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">CITES</collectionCode>
|
||
Appendix I and II. Classified as Least Concern in The
|
||
<collectionCode box="[256,335,2776,2809]" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">IUCN</collectionCode>
|
||
Red List; the
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[517,609,2776,2809]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">Congo</collectingCountry>
|
||
Clawless Otter (congicus) is also listed as Least Concern. Habitat alteration and water pollution are the main threats to this species, asit affects the abundance of crabs and other prey. Additionally, the African Clawless Otter is hunted for its pelt and medicinal purposes in some areas and killed in others as a perceived competitorfor fish, particularly where the Rainbow Trout has been introduced.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="27" pageNumber="646" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="27.[190,1400,298,3164]" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">
|
||
<emphasis box="[200,350,2981,3006]" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Angelici et al. (2005), Arden-Clark (1986), Baranga (1995), Carugati et al. (1995), Emmerson & Philip (2004), Kingdon (1971-1982), Ligthart et al. (1994), Nel & Somers (2007), Perrin & Carugati (2000), Purves et al. (1994), Reuther et al. (2003), Roberts (1951), Rosevear (1974), Rowe-Rowe (1977a, 1977b, 1992a, 1995), Rowe-Rowe & Somers (1998), Somers (2000), Somers & Nel (2004), Somers & Purves (1996), Stuart (1981),
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[199,236,3142,3163]" country="Turkey" name="Van" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">Van</collectingRegion>
|
||
der Zee (1981, 1982),
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[480,517,3142,3163]" country="Turkey" name="Van" pageId="27" pageNumber="646">Van</collectingRegion>
|
||
Niekerk et al. (1998), Verwoerd (1987), Watson & Lang (2003), Wozencraft (2005).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |