treatments-xml/data/63/4F/91/634F91F3DFC2968D4D45911D58D0D18B.xml
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<mods:title id="8FD0510D658B49D106ED5CEEC5C96E8D">Gymnotus ucamara: a new species of Neotropical electric fish from the Peruvian Amazon (Ostariophysi: Gymnotidae), with notes on ecology and electric organ discharges.</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="028ECD3B348C977A6A21C6A279D57019">William G. R. Crampton</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D377E2462C635162667628E52133D5E3">Nathan R. Lovejoy</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="35B49D7E66C25E0DE615486B8385C41A">James S. Albert</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="634F91F3DFC2968D4D45911D58D0D18B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6275209" ID-GBIF-Taxon="100125010" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6275209" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:634F91F3DFC2968D4D45911D58D0D18B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/634F91F3DFC2968D4D45911D58D0D18B" lastPageNumber="2" pageNumber="1">
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<paragraph id="7928F81E923C8C933ADF4C6329B153CA">
[[ Genus
<taxonomicName id="D5F3B50E0454BDCC95824CD2D60FACD5" ID-CoL="4RYJ" ID-ENA="36670" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8F927E13-DF20-4313-BF35-89BA8B7DE1CE" family="Gymnotidae" genus="Gymnotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Gymnotus Linnaeus 1758:246" order="Gymnotiformes" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gymnotus Linnaeus</taxonomicName>
]]
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="E2ABA427C0BB4A756191A58D7ABA5B90" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8810E5E8488D734DF5DE0A2C7C6FDE2F" pageNumber="1">
The weakly electric Neotropical fish genus
<taxonomicName id="3E432DB0DB1944EB03A57ECA3920B4A9" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8F927E13-DF20-4313-BF35-89BA8B7DE1CE" family="Gymnotidae" genus="Gymnotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Gymnotus Linnaeus 1758:246" order="Gymnotiformes" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gymnotus</taxonomicName>
has been the subject of several taxonomic studies in recent years (Mago-Leccia 1994; Albert &amp; Miller 1995; Campos da Paz 1996; Campos da Paz &amp; Costa 1996; Albert et al. 1999; Campos da Paz 2000; Albert 2001; Albert &amp; Crampton 2001; Campos da Paz 2002). Until recently
<taxonomicName id="3D8A999EE0AAF0C141D68337D35DB030" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8F927E13-DF20-4313-BF35-89BA8B7DE1CE" family="Gymnotidae" genus="Gymnotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Gymnotus Linnaeus 1758:246" order="Gymnotiformes" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gymnotus</taxonomicName>
was recognized as the only genus in the family Gymnotidae. The monotypic genus
<taxonomicName id="B25E8958C8CBAF44C023B597DDB94C4A" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:49CB3AFB-2B08-424B-B3F9-F721357C8702" family="Gymnotidae" genus="Electrophorus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Electrophorus Gill 1864:151" order="Gymnotiformes" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Electrophorus Gill</taxonomicName>
, comprising the single strongly electric species
<taxonomicName id="4DBEF4B8450DBC385AD78D5AEF35C292" family="Gymnotidae" genus="Electrophorus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="electricus">Electrophorus electricus (L.)</taxonomicName>
was recently included in the Gymnotidae (Albert 2001).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CABE035B09593E2008660F9F69B1CA16" lastPageNumber="3" pageNumber="2">
Albert (2001) and Albert and Crampton (2001) summarized the diagnostic characters of
<taxonomicName id="4266E6107AC029D4F9CB9DFBFB5F3360" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8F927E13-DF20-4313-BF35-89BA8B7DE1CE" family="Gymnotidae" genus="Gymnotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Gymnotus Linnaeus 1758:246" order="Gymnotiformes" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gymnotus</taxonomicName>
. Albert and Miller (1995) and Albert (2001) recognized three species groups within the genus based on color pattern, body proportions and counts. These are the
<taxonomicName id="66CA3334F5CF7336C6A8409DA43AD21D" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C49F8B13-DE26-4766-BDA0-3B44A5D64C80" family="Gymnotidae" genus="Gymnotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Gymnotus cylindricus La Monte 1935:2" order="Gymnotiformes" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cylindricus">G. cylindricus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="FE6C46EC95691C101E250CE148836571" family="Gymnotidae" genus="Gymnotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pantherinus">G. pantherinus</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="38E16841A328F214B59A893D193F6FE0" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:5F46381A-E70B-478D-9692-D0720712B71B" family="Gymnotidae" genus="Gymnotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Gymnotus carapo Linnaeus 1758:246" order="Gymnotiformes" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carapo">G. carapo</taxonomicName>
species-groups. The species composition and geographical range of these groups are summarized in Table 1. The
<taxonomicName id="B5B9B4271A3A0CFF6DF72F985BBB2FEE" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C49F8B13-DE26-4766-BDA0-3B44A5D64C80" family="Gymnotidae" genus="Gymnotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Gymnotus cylindricus La Monte 1935:2" order="Gymnotiformes" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cylindricus">G. cylindricus</taxonomicName>
species-group is endemic to both Atlantic and Pacific drainages of Middle America and comprises just two species. The
<taxonomicName id="56AD0F63E5CA5DE3E8F36F0159152A52" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:5F46381A-E70B-478D-9692-D0720712B71B" family="Gymnotidae" genus="Gymnotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Gymnotus carapo Linnaeus 1758:246" order="Gymnotiformes" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carapo">G. carapo</taxonomicName>
species-group is endemic to South America and is represented by seven species distributed from the Pacific slope of Colombia to the Pampas of Argentina. The
<taxonomicName id="360CA052C3E7E0910701CDCF7EC5F6D7" family="Gymnotidae" genus="Gymnotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pantherinus">G. pantherinus</taxonomicName>
species-group is represented by nine species with distributions from Panama to Paraguay. Species in the
<taxonomicName id="5A7491A0F5F2402807020D20F92F40DC" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:5F46381A-E70B-478D-9692-D0720712B71B" family="Gymnotidae" genus="Gymnotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Gymnotus carapo Linnaeus 1758:246" order="Gymnotiformes" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carapo">G. carapo</taxonomicName>
species-group, including the new species described here, can be distinguished from species in the
<taxonomicName id="00C61ED22791FFCE40C66EBF51352C7C" family="Gymnotidae" genus="Gymnotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pantherinus">G. pantherinus</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="95682BC635257884B3427E6AD5CF915A" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C49F8B13-DE26-4766-BDA0-3B44A5D64C80" family="Gymnotidae" genus="Gymnotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Gymnotus cylindricus La Monte 1935:2" order="Gymnotiformes" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cylindricus">G. cylindricus</taxonomicName>
species-groups by the possession of a clear or pale patch near the caudal end of the anal fin, and two (vs. one) laterosensory canal pores in the preopercular-mandibular series of the dorso-posterior portion of the preopercle. We use the above classification of
<taxonomicName id="B5C1E806BAC13D23DF9BFF86DAA6BC09" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8F927E13-DF20-4313-BF35-89BA8B7DE1CE" family="Gymnotidae" genus="Gymnotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Gymnotus Linnaeus 1758:246" order="Gymnotiformes" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gymnotus</taxonomicName>
as a basis for the differential diagnosis of the new species described in this report. There are currently 18 valid species of
<taxonomicName id="D2FF3F0D94A8B57BA9E8E02814B5A723" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8F927E13-DF20-4313-BF35-89BA8B7DE1CE" family="Gymnotidae" genus="Gymnotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Gymnotus Linnaeus 1758:246" order="Gymnotiformes" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gymnotus</taxonomicName>
, of which thirteen are found in the Amazon basin. Several new species of
<taxonomicName id="4F1F1667BA51019938BD52909DECDD00" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8F927E13-DF20-4313-BF35-89BA8B7DE1CE" family="Gymnotidae" genus="Gymnotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Gymnotus Linnaeus 1758:246" order="Gymnotiformes" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gymnotus</taxonomicName>
have recently been discovered in the Brazilian portion of the Amazon basin (Albert &amp; Crampton 2001; Campos da Paz 2002), including seven new species from whitewater floodplains or
<normalizedToken id="2D3D9AB91CEB762F0C7A6E0068D77309" originalValue="várzeas">varzeas</normalizedToken>
along the Amazon Rivers main stem (Albert &amp; Crampton 2001). Here we describe a new species from
<normalizedToken id="AE1E1CAC7266431EC75DF7F62D4ACFC0" originalValue="várzea">varzea</normalizedToken>
floodplains of the Rio Ucayali Basin in the Peruvian Amazon.
</paragraph>
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