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<mods:title id="3D13A292C2B4E2A5B33550D7386D269C">The taxonomy of Indian gorgonians: an assessment of the descriptive records of gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) recorded as occurring in the territorial waters of India, along with neighbouring regions and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the highlighting of perceived unethical practice</mods:title>
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<treatment id="0388B6417B09FFB3FF56FF6EFE2FFAFA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7639386" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209291094" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7639386" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0388B6417B09FFB3FF56FF6EFE2FFAFA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0388B6417B09FFB3FF56FF6EFE2FFAFA" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B09FFB3FF56FF6EFD50FF7E" box="[151,686,151,178]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B09FFB3FF56FF6EFD50FF7E" blockId="31.[151,686,151,178]" box="[151,686,151,178]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<heading id="D0D6B03B7B09FFB3FF56FF6EFD50FF7E" bold="true" box="[151,686,151,178]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" reason="4">
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B09FFB3FF56FF6EFD50FF7E" ID-CoL="3ZKLW" ID-ENA="328233" authority="(Wright &amp; Studer, 1889)" baseAuthorityName="Wright &amp; Studer" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[151,686,151,178]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Melithaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rubeola">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B09FFB3FF56FF6EFD50FF7E" bold="true" box="[151,686,151,178]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B09FFB3FF56FF6EFE88FF7D" bold="true" box="[151,374,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Melithaea rubeola</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B09FFB3FE44FF6EFD5BFF7E" author="Wright E. &amp; Studer, T." box="[389,677,151,177]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 314" refId="ref110920" refString="Wright E. &amp; Studer, T. (1889) Report on the Alcyonaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during 1873 - 1876, Zoology, 31 (4), I - IXXII, 1 - 314." type="journal article" year="1889">Wright &amp; Studer, 1889</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B09FFB3FF56FF25FC70FE7E" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B09FFB3FF56FF25FC75FF3B" blockId="31.[151,935,219,366]" box="[151,907,219,244]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B09FFB3FF56FF25FC75FF3B" box="[151,907,219,244]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B09FFB3FF56FF25FD8DFF3C" author="Wright E. &amp; Studer, T." box="[151,627,219,244]" page="176" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" year="1889">
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B09FFB3FF56FF25FD8DFF3C" ID-CoL="874VJ" authority="Wright &amp; Studer, 1889: 176" authorityName="Wright &amp; Studer" authorityPageNumber="176" authorityYear="1889" box="[151,627,219,244]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Melitodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rubeola">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B09FFB3FF56FF25FEAEFF3B" box="[151,336,220,244]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Melitodes rubeola</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B09FFB3FE97FF25FD8DFF3C" author="Wright E. &amp; Studer, T." box="[342,627,219,244]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 314" refId="ref110920" refString="Wright E. &amp; Studer, T. (1889) Report on the Alcyonaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report of the Scientific results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during 1873 - 1876, Zoology, 31 (4), I - IXXII, 1 - 314." type="journal article" year="1889">Wright &amp; Studer, 1889: 176</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 40 fig. 7 (Arafura Sea).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B09FFB3FF56FF03FC59FEDD" blockId="31.[151,935,219,366]" box="[151,935,250,274]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B09FFB3FF56FF03FC59FEDD" box="[151,935,250,274]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B09FFB3FF56FF03FDE0FEDD" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[151,542,250,274]" page="50" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" year="1911">
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B09FFB3FF56FF03FDE0FEDD" authority="Nutting, 1911: 50" authorityName="Nutting" authorityPageNumber="50" authorityYear="1911" box="[151,542,250,274]" class="Insecta" family="Ectobiidae" genus="Mopsella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spongiosa">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B09FFB3FF56FF03FE9DFEDD" box="[151,355,250,274]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Mopsella spongiosa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B09FFB3FEA8FF03FDE0FEDD" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[361,542,250,274]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 62" refId="ref105110" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1911) The Gorgonacea of the Sib oga Expedition VIII. The Scleraxonia. Siboga-Expeditie Monographie, 13 b, 1 - 62." type="journal article" year="1911">Nutting, 1911: 50</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 8 fig. 1, pl. 12 fig. 7 (Aru Islands).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B09FFB3FF56FEE0FC84FEFE" blockId="31.[151,935,219,366]" box="[151,890,281,305]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B09FFB3FF56FEE0FC84FEFE" box="[151,890,281,305]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B09FFB3FF56FEE0FEB5FEFE" baseAuthorityName="Wright &amp; Studer" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[151,331,281,305]" class="Insecta" family="Ectobiidae" genus="Mopsella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubeola">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B09FFB3FF56FEE0FEB5FEFE" box="[151,331,281,305]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Mopsella rubeola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(part)
<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B09FFB3FE51FEE0FD78FEFE" author="Hickson, S. J." box="[400,646,281,305]" page="135" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" year="1937">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B09FFB3FE51FEE0FD78FEFE" author="Hickson, S. J." box="[400,646,281,305]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="74 - 212" refId="ref102579" refString="Hickson, S. J. (1937) The Family Melitodidae. Transactions of the Zoological Society, 23 (1), 74 - 212. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1937. tb 00362. x" type="journal article" year="1937">Hickson 1937: 135139</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, 1 text fig., pl. 14, fig 3.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B09FFB3FF56FEC1FD10FE9F" blockId="31.[151,935,219,366]" box="[151,750,311,336]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B09FFB3FF56FEC1FDBAFE80" authority="Ofwgen 2000: 291 - 295" authorityName="Ofwgen" authorityPageNumber="291 - 295" authorityYear="2000" box="[151,580,311,336]" class="Insecta" family="Ectobiidae" genus="Mopsella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubeola">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B09FFB3FF56FEC1FEB5FE9F" box="[151,331,312,336]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Mopsella rubeola</emphasis>
Ofwgen 2000: 291295
</taxonomicName>
, figs. 57, tbl. 2.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B09FFB3FF56FEAEFD0EFEA1" blockId="31.[151,935,219,366]" box="[151,752,342,366]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B09FFB3FF56FEAEFD0EFEA1" box="[151,752,342,366]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
Not
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B09FFB3FF05FEAFFD12FEA1" ID-CoL="8NN9" authority="Ofwegen 1987: 23 - 27" authorityName="Ofwegen" authorityPageNumber="23 - 27" authorityYear="1987" box="[196,748,342,366]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Acabaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rubeola">
<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B09FFB3FF05FEAFFD9EFEA1" author="van Ofwegen, L. P." box="[196,608,342,366]" page="27" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" year="1987">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B09FFB3FF05FEAFFE89FEA1" box="[196,375,342,366]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Acabaria rubeola</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B09FFB3FEBCFEAFFD9EFEA1" author="van Ofwegen, L. P." box="[381,608,342,366]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 57" refId="ref109235" refString="van Ofwegen, L. P. (1987) Melithaeidae (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) from the Indian Ocean and the Malay Archipelago. Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 239, 1 - 57." type="journal article" year="1987">Ofwegen 1987: 2327</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(
<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B09FFB3FDACFEAFFD1BFEA1" box="[621,741,342,366]" name="Philippines" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Philippines</collectingCountry>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B09FFB3FF56FE6EFC70FE7E" blockId="31.[151,910,407,434]" box="[151,910,407,434]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Opinion: There is no evidence that this species occurs in the region.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B09FFB3FF56FE26FE2FFAFA" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B09FFB3FF56FE26FED7FE36" blockId="31.[151,1437,479,613]" box="[151,297,479,505]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Justification:</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B09FFB3FF06FDFAFE5EFDAA" blockId="31.[151,1437,479,613]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B09FFB3FF06FDFAFC41FDD2" box="[199,959,515,541]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">These Indian records seem to be either invalid or unconfirmable</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B09FFB3FC13FDFAFB24FDD2" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[978,1242,515,541]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando 2011: 2223</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 4, fig. 22d (Yerwadi);
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B09FFB3FEDBFDD1FDD0FD8E" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. &amp; Raghunathan, C. &amp; Raghuraman, R. &amp; Sreeraj, C. R. &amp; Venkataraman, K." box="[282,558,551,578]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. &amp; Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
Kumar
<emphasis id="B955DB457B09FFB3FEB3FDD1FE59FD8E" box="[370,423,551,577]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al</emphasis>
. 2014a: 98
</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 46, fig. AD (S Andaman);
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B09FFB3FC6FFDDEFB2FFD8E" author="Fernando, S. &amp; Venkataraman, K. &amp; Raghunathan, C." box="[942,1233,551,578]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. &amp; Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
Fernando
<emphasis id="B955DB457B09FFB3FBE2FDD1FBA9FD8E" box="[1059,1111,551,577]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al</emphasis>
. 2017: 37
</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 14, fig. AD (Yerwadi; S Andaman).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B09FFB3FF06FD6DFB70FCAE" blockId="31.[151,1437,659,1333]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B09FFB3FF06FD6DFE62FD62" box="[199,412,659,685]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Literature analysis</emphasis>
: This species was originally described as
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B09FFB3FCB6FD6AFBBAFD62" authorityName="Wright &amp; Studer" authorityYear="1889" box="[887,1092,659,685]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Melitodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rubeola">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B09FFB3FCB6FD6AFBBAFD62" box="[887,1092,659,685]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Melitodes rubeola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Arafura Sea north of
<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B09FFB3FF56FD4EFEFFFD1E" box="[151,257,695,721]" name="Australia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Australia</collectingCountry>
, but is not possible to determine the detailed characteristics of the material from the original descriptive text and inadequate sclerite illustrations.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B09FFB3FDB1FD22FCDCFD3A" author="Hickson, S. J." box="[624,802,731,757]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="74 - 212" refId="ref102579" refString="Hickson, S. J. (1937) The Family Melitodidae. Transactions of the Zoological Society, 23 (1), 74 - 212. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1937. tb 00362. x" type="journal article" year="1937">Hickson (1937)</bibRefCitation>
examined the type and reassigned the species it to the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B09FFB3FF25FD06FEB2FCD6" box="[228,332,767,793]" class="Insecta" family="Ectobiidae" genus="Mopsella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B09FFB3FF25FD06FEB2FCD6" box="[228,332,767,793]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Mopsella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with several simplistic sclerite drawings.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B09FFB3FCFAFD06FC09FCD6" author="van Ofwegen, L. P." box="[827,1015,767,793]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 57" refId="ref109235" refString="van Ofwegen, L. P. (1987) Melithaeidae (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) from the Indian Ocean and the Malay Archipelago. Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 239, 1 - 57." type="journal article" year="1987">Ofwegen (1987)</bibRefCitation>
reassigned the species to the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B09FFB3FF56FCDAFF01FCF2" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1859" box="[151,255,803,829]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Acabaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B09FFB3FF56FCDAFF01FCF2" box="[151,255,803,829]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Acabaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and gave a comprehensive description, but negated this identification later in
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B09FFB3FBA2FCDAFAA7FCF2" author="van Ofwegen, L. P. &amp; Goh, N. K. C. &amp; Chou, L. M." box="[1123,1369,803,830]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="285 - 304" refId="ref109450" refString="van Ofwegen, L. P., Goh, N. K. C. &amp; Chou, L. M. (2000) The Melithaeidae (Coelenterata: Octocorallia) of Singapore. Zoologische Mededelingen, Leiden, 73, 285 - 304." type="journal article" year="2000">
Ofwegen
<emphasis id="B955DB457B09FFB3FB10FCDDFAFFFCF2" box="[1233,1281,803,829]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al</emphasis>
. (2000)
</bibRefCitation>
when placing the species back in the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B09FFB3FDFDFCBEFD5AFCAE" box="[572,676,839,865]" class="Insecta" family="Ectobiidae" genus="Mopsella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B09FFB3FDFDFCBEFD5AFCAE" box="[572,676,839,865]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Mopsella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and illustrating sclerites from the
<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B09FFB3FBE5FCBEFB74FCAE" box="[1060,1162,839,865]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B09FFB3FF06FC95FA72FBDA" blockId="31.[151,1437,659,1333]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
In the account of the species (as
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B09FFB3FDF1FC92FD0BFC4A" authorityName="Ofwgen" authorityYear="2000" box="[560,757,875,901]" class="Insecta" family="Ectobiidae" genus="Mopsella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubeola">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B09FFB3FDF1FC92FD0BFC4A" box="[560,757,875,901]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Mopsella rubeola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) in
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B09FFB3FCE0FC92FC25FC4A" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[801,987,875,901]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando (2011)</bibRefCitation>
and (as
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B09FFB3FBF6FC92FAF8FC4A" baseAuthorityName="Wright &amp; Studer" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[1079,1286,875,901]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Melithaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rubeola">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B09FFB3FBF6FC92FAF8FC4A" box="[1079,1286,875,901]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Melithaea rubeola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) in
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B09FFB3FAF3FC92FEDDFC66" author="Fernando, S. &amp; Venkataraman, K. &amp; Raghunathan, C." pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. &amp; Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
Fernando
<emphasis id="B955DB457B09FFB3FF56FC69FF37FC66" box="[151,201,911,937]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al</emphasis>
. (2017)
</bibRefCitation>
the text is identical, but the illustrations are different even though the material examined is the same. But in the account of the species (as
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B09FFB3FD88FC4AFCEDFC02" authorityName="Ofwgen" authorityYear="2000" box="[585,787,947,973]" class="Insecta" family="Ectobiidae" genus="Mopsella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubeola">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B09FFB3FD88FC4AFCEDFC02" box="[585,787,947,973]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Mopsella rubeola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) in
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B09FFB3FC87FC4DFBC4FC02" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. &amp; Raghunathan, C. &amp; Raghuraman, R. &amp; Sreeraj, C. R. &amp; Venkataraman, K." box="[838,1082,947,974]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. &amp; Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
Kumar
<emphasis id="B955DB457B09FFB3FC5FFC4DFC27FC02" box="[926,985,947,973]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
(2014a)
</bibRefCitation>
and (as
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B09FFB3FB60FC4AFA8DFC02" baseAuthorityName="Wright &amp; Studer" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[1185,1395,947,973]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Melithaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rubeola">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B09FFB3FB60FC4AFA8DFC02" box="[1185,1395,947,973]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Melithaea rubeola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) in
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B09FFB3FF56FC2EFE6AFC3E" author="Fernando, S. &amp; Venkataraman, K. &amp; Raghunathan, C." box="[151,404,983,1010]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. &amp; Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
Fernando
<emphasis id="B955DB457B09FFB3FEC8FC21FEC5FC3E" box="[265,315,983,1009]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al</emphasis>
. (2017)
</bibRefCitation>
the text is different, but the illustrations are identical even though the material examined is different. Curiously, in the
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B09FFB3FE07FC05FD4FFBDA" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. &amp; Raghunathan, C. &amp; Raghuraman, R. &amp; Sreeraj, C. R. &amp; Venkataraman, K." box="[454,689,1019,1046]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. &amp; Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
Kumar
<emphasis id="B955DB457B09FFB3FDDBFC05FDADFBDA" box="[538,595,1019,1045]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
(2014a)
</bibRefCitation>
publication the stated distribution includes Midway reef,
<collectingRegion id="49E5C9B57B09FFB3FAF6FC02FA76FBDA" box="[1335,1416,1019,1045]" country="United States of America" name="Alaska" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Alaska</collectingRegion>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B09FFB3FF06FBE6FB7CFB22" blockId="31.[151,1437,659,1333]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
Only the
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B09FFB3FEF4FBD9FDD6FBF6" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. &amp; Raghunathan, C. &amp; Raghuraman, R. &amp; Sreeraj, C. R. &amp; Venkataraman, K." box="[309,552,1055,1082]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. &amp; Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
Kumar
<emphasis id="B955DB457B09FFB3FE4CFBD9FE36FBF6" box="[397,456,1055,1081]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
(2014a)
</bibRefCitation>
publication includes a description in the text, but virtually all of the section on the sclerites is taken word-for-word from
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B09FFB3FD5BFBBAFC6FFB92" author="van Ofwegen, L. P. &amp; Goh, N. K. C. &amp; Chou, L. M." box="[666,913,1091,1117]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="285 - 304" refId="ref109450" refString="van Ofwegen, L. P., Goh, N. K. C. &amp; Chou, L. M. (2000) The Melithaeidae (Coelenterata: Octocorallia) of Singapore. Zoologische Mededelingen, Leiden, 73, 285 - 304." type="journal article" year="2000">Ofwegen (2000: 291)</bibRefCitation>
, including the exact sclerite dimensions! This plagiarising has resulted in the figures of the sclerites bearing little resemblance to those described in their text or to those of the
<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B09FFB3FEE0FB72FE79FB6A" box="[289,391,1163,1189]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
. Interestingly, the sclerites figured in the earlier
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B09FFB3FC65FB72FBA1FB6A" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[932,1119,1163,1189]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando (2011)</bibRefCitation>
publication are much closer to those of the
<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B09FFB3FEFDFB56FE5CFB06" box="[316,418,1199,1225]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
: however, the unilateral processes are not thin, leaf-like and disorganised as in the type, but are rounded and more-or-less uniserial, which indicates they represent a different species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B09FFB3FF06FB01FE2FFAFA" blockId="31.[151,1437,659,1333]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B09FFB3FF06FB01FE50FADD" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. &amp; Raghunathan, C. &amp; Venkataraman, K." box="[199,430,1271,1298]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="15 - 33" refId="ref103709" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C. &amp; Venkataraman, K. (2015) Abundance of shallow water octocorals in the Andaman and Nicobar Archipelago, India. In: Venkataraman, K. &amp; Sivaperuman, C. (Eds.), Marine faunal diversity in India: taxonomy, ecology and conservation. London Academic Press, London, pp. 15 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / B 978 - 0 - 12 - 801948 - 1.00002 - 1" type="book chapter" year="2015">
Kumar
<emphasis id="B955DB457B09FFB3FEDEFB01FEADFADE" box="[287,339,1271,1297]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al</emphasis>
. (2015)
</bibRefCitation>
lists the species and provides a colony image, and
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B09FFB3FBC6FB01FB0BFADE" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. &amp; Geetha, S. &amp; Raghunathan, C. &amp; Sornaraj, R." box="[1031,1269,1271,1298]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="96 - 102" refId="ref103354" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Geetha, S., Raghunathan, C. &amp; Sornaraj, R. (2018 a) Diversity and distribution of gorgonians (Octocorallia) in the Long Island and it's adjacent areas in Middle Andaman, India. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences, 47, 96 - 102." type="journal article" year="2018">
Kumar
<emphasis id="B955DB457B09FFB3FB9EFB01FB6DFADE" box="[1119,1171,1271,1297]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al</emphasis>
. (2018
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B09FFB3FB29FB0EFB0BFADE" author="Grudniewicz, A. &amp; Moher, D. &amp; Cobey, K. D. &amp; Bryson, G. L. &amp; Cukier, S. &amp; Allen, K. &amp; Ardern, C. &amp; Balcom, L. &amp; Barros, T. &amp; Berger, M. &amp; Ciro, J. B. &amp; Cugusi, L. &amp; Donaldson, M. R. &amp; Egger, M. &amp; Graham, I. D. &amp; Hodgkinson, M. &amp; Khan, K. M. &amp; Mabizela, M. &amp; Manca, A. &amp; Milzow, K. &amp; Mouton, J. &amp; Muchenje, M. &amp; Olijhoek, T. &amp; Ommaya, A. &amp; Patwardhan, B. &amp; Poff, D. &amp; Proulx, L. &amp; Rodger, M. &amp; Severin, A. &amp; Strinzel, M. &amp; Sylos-Labini, M. &amp; Tamblyn, R. &amp; van Niekerk, M. &amp; Wicherts, J. M. &amp; Lalu, M. M." box="[1256,1269,1271,1297]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="210 - 212" refId="ref101942" refString="Grudniewicz, A., Moher, D., Cobey, K. D., Bryson, G. L., Cukier, S., Allen, K., Ardern, C., Balcom, L., Barros, T., Berger, M., Ciro, J. B., Cugusi, L., Donaldson, M. R., Egger, M., Graham, I. D., Hodgkinson, M., Khan, K. M., Mabizela, M., Manca, A., Milzow, K., Mouton, J., Muchenje, M., Olijhoek, T., Ommaya, A., Patwardhan, B., Poff, D., Proulx, L., Rodger, M., Severin, A., Strinzel, M., Sylos-Labini, M., Tamblyn, R., van Niekerk, M., Wicherts, J. M. &amp; Lalu, M. M. (2019) Predatory journals: no definition, no defence. Nature, 576, 210 - 212. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / d 41586 - 019 - 03759 - y" type="journal article" year="2019">a</bibRefCitation>
</bibRefCitation>
, 2019) list the species and give references.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>