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<mods:title id="F92B319DB651D4B245CA61B2880C32C9">The taxonomy of Indian gorgonians: an assessment of the descriptive records of gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) recorded as occurring in the territorial waters of India, along with neighbouring regions and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the highlighting of perceived unethical practice</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="77914A69E4B45BA8FA415E015335D775">Ramvilas, Ghosh</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="0388B6417B05FFB8FF56FA2DFE96FF36" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7640859" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209291015" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7640859" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0388B6417B05FFB8FF56FA2DFE96FF36" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0388B6417B05FFB8FF56FA2DFE96FF36" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B05FFBFFF56FA2DFD2FFA21" box="[151,721,1492,1519]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B05FFBFFF56FA2DFD2FFA21" blockId="19.[151,721,1492,1519]" box="[151,721,1492,1519]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<heading id="D0D6B03B7B05FFBFFF56FA2DFD2FFA21" bold="true" box="[151,721,1492,1519]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" reason="4">
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B05FFBFFF56FA2DFD2FFA21" ID-CoL="692QL" ID-ENA="1440969" authority="(Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833)" baseAuthorityName="Quoy &amp; Gaimard" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[151,721,1492,1519]" class="Anthozoa" family="Briareidae" genus="Briareum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="violaceum">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B05FFBFFF56FA2DFD2FFA21" bold="true" box="[151,721,1492,1519]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B05FFBFFF56FA2DFE6EFA20" bold="true" box="[151,400,1492,1519]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Briareum violaceum</emphasis>
(Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833)
</emphasis>
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</heading>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B05FFBFFF56F9E0FBE2F9FE" blockId="19.[151,1437,1561,1708]" box="[151,1052,1561,1585]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B05FFBFFF56F9E0FD68F9FE" authority="Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833: 262" authorityName="Quoy &amp; Gaimard" authorityPageNumber="262" authorityYear="1833" box="[151,662,1561,1585]" class="Anthozoa" family="Clavulariidae" genus="Clavularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="violacea">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B05FFBFFF56F9E0FE9DF9FE" box="[151,355,1561,1585]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Clavularia violacea</emphasis>
Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833: 262
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 21 figs 1316 (
<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B05FFBFFCA1F9E0FBEFF9FE" box="[864,1041,1561,1585]" name="Solomon Islands" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Solomon Islands</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B05FFBFFBE2F9E0FE14F99F" blockId="19.[151,1437,1561,1708]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B05FFBFFBE2F9E0FF11F980" author="Roule, L." page="165" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" year="1908">
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B05FFBFFBE2F9E0FF11F980" ID-CoL="85W9K" authority="Roule, 1908: 165" authorityName="Roule" authorityPageNumber="165" authorityYear="1908" class="Anthozoa" family="Briareidae" genus="Pachyclavularia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="erecta">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B05FFBFFBE2F9E0FAEEF9FE" box="[1059,1296,1561,1585]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Pachyclavularia erecta</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B05FFBFFAD9F9E0FF11F980" author="Roule, L." pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="161 - 194" refId="ref106190" refString="Roule, L. (1908) Alcyonaires d'Amboine. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 16, 161 - 194. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 37386" type="journal article" year="1908">Roule, 1908: 165</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
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, pl. 6 figs 45 (
<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B05FFBFFE4CF9C1FE21F99F" box="[397,479,1592,1616]" name="Indonesia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Ambon</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B05FFBFFF56F9AFFD33F9A1" blockId="19.[151,1437,1561,1708]" box="[151,717,1622,1646]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B05FFBFFF56F9AFFE65F9A1" ID-CoL="85W9M" authority="Gohar, 1940:20" box="[151,411,1622,1646]" class="Anthozoa" family="Briareidae" genus="Pachyclavularia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="violacea">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B05FFBFFF56F9AFFE65F9A1" box="[151,411,1622,1646]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Pachyclavularia violacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(new comb.) Gohar 1940: 20.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B05FFBFFF56F98FFBF1F942" blockId="19.[151,1437,1561,1708]" box="[151,1039,1653,1677]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B05FFBFFF56F98FFBF1F942" box="[151,1039,1653,1677]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B05FFBFFF56F98FFEAAF942" ID-CoL="85W9M" baseAuthorityName="Quoy &amp; Gaimard" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[151,340,1653,1677]" class="Anthozoa" family="Briareidae" genus="Briareum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="violacea">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B05FFBFFF56F98FFEAAF942" box="[151,340,1653,1677]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Briareum violacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(sic) (new comb.)
<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B05FFBFFDD5F98CFD26F942" author="Benayahu, Y." box="[532,728,1653,1677]" page="20" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" year="2002">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B05FFBFFDD5F98CFD26F942" author="Benayahu, Y." box="[532,728,1653,1677]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="11 - 32" refId="ref99156" refString="Benayahu, Y. (2002) Soft corals (Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) of the southern Ryukyu Archipelago: The families Tubiporidae, Clavulariidae, Alcyoniidae and Briareidae. Galaxea, 4, 11 - 32. https: // doi. org / 10.3755 / jcrs. 2002.11" type="journal article" year="2002">Benayahu 2002: 20</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(Ryukyu Archipelago,
<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B05FFBFFC04F98CFBFDF942" box="[965,1027,1653,1677]" name="Japan" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Japan</collectingCountry>
).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B05FFBFFF56F96DFAE4F963" blockId="19.[151,1437,1561,1708]" box="[151,1306,1683,1708]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B05FFBFFF56F96DFAE4F963" box="[151,1306,1683,1708]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B05FFBFFF56F96DFCEDF963" author="Samimi-Namin, K. &amp; van Ofwegen, L. P." box="[151,787,1683,1708]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/1C5F0624540A55A0937B07418A1F9050" page="27" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" year="2016">
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B05FFBFFF56F96DFCEDF963" ID-CoL="692QL" authority="Samimi-Namin &amp; van Ofwegen 2016: 27" authorityName="Samimi-Namin &amp; van Ofwegen" authorityPageNumber="27" authorityYear="2016" box="[151,787,1683,1708]" class="Anthozoa" family="Briareidae" genus="Briareum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="violaceum">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B05FFBFFF56F96DFE98F963" box="[151,358,1684,1708]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Briareum violaceum</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B490D0A7B05FFBFFEADF96DFCEDF963" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4029620306" box="[364,787,1683,1708]" country="Indonesia, Palau" location="Indonesia, Palau" longitude="25.26" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" specimenCount="1">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B05FFBFFEADF96DFCEDF963" author="Samimi-Namin, K. &amp; van Ofwegen, L. P." box="[364,787,1683,1708]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="1 - 44" refId="ref106453" refString="Samimi-Namin, K. &amp; van Ofwegen, L. P. (2016) A revision of Trimuricea Gordon, 1926 (Cnidaria: Octocorallia: Plexauridae) with the description of six new species. Zootaxa, 4105 (1), 1 - 44. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4105.1.1" type="journal article" year="2016">Samimi-Namin &amp; van Ofwegen 2016: 27</bibRefCitation>
</materialsCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 19
<geoCoordinate id="EE1561907B05FFBFFCACF96AFC47F964" box="[877,953,1683,1707]" degrees="25, 26" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" precision="555" value="25.26">25, 26E</geoCoordinate>
F (
<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B05FFBFFC23F96DFB70F963" box="[994,1166,1684,1708]" isEnumeration="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Indonesia, Palau</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B05FFBFFB59F96DFAF1F963" box="[1176,1295,1684,1708]" name="Philippines" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Philippines</collectingCountry>
).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B05FFBFFF56F923FB4EF8AF" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B05FFBFFF56F923FD59F93B" blockId="19.[151,679,1754,1780]" box="[151,679,1754,1780]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Opinion: This species does occur in the region.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B05FFBFFF56F8DBFB4EF8AF" blockId="19.[151,1200,1826,1889]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
Justification:
<emphasis id="B955DB457B05FFBFFF06F8BFFD88F8AF" box="[199,630,1862,1888]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">This Indian record appears to be valid</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B05FFBFFD45F8BFFC65F8AF" author="Geetha, S. &amp; Kumar, J. S. &amp; Raghunathan, C. &amp; Sornaraj, R." box="[644,923,1862,1888]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="2390 - 2394" refId="ref100797" refString="Geetha, S., Kumar, J. S. Y, Raghunathan, C. &amp; Sornaraj, R. (2018) Space competition studies between Briareum violaceum (Octocorallia; Alcyonacea) and scleractinian corals in Shark Island, north Andaman, India. Indian Journal of Geo Marine Studies, 47 (12), 2390 - 2394." type="journal article" year="2018">
Geetha
<emphasis id="B955DB457B05FFBFFD1AF8BEFCF2F8AF" box="[731,780,1862,1888]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al</emphasis>
. 2018: 2392
</bibRefCitation>
, figs 45 (N. Andaman).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B05FFB8FF06F876FE96FF36" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B05FFB8FF06F876FE96FF36" blockId="19.[151,1436,1934,2032]" lastBlockId="20.[151,1437,151,249]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B05FFBFFF06F876FE62F867" box="[199,412,1934,1960]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Literature analysis</emphasis>
: This species, originally placed in the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B05FFBFFC60F877FBE4F867" box="[929,1050,1934,1960]" class="Anthozoa" family="Clavulariidae" genus="Clavularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B05FFBFFC60F877FBE4F867" box="[929,1050,1934,1960]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Clavularia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, has been recently well described by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B05FFBFFF7CF84BFD7DF803" author="Samimi-Namin, K. &amp; van Ofwegen, L. P." box="[189,643,1970,1996]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="1 - 44" refId="ref106453" refString="Samimi-Namin, K. &amp; van Ofwegen, L. P. (2016) A revision of Trimuricea Gordon, 1926 (Cnidaria: Octocorallia: Plexauridae) with the description of six new species. Zootaxa, 4105 (1), 1 - 44. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4105.1.1" type="journal article" year="2016">Samimi-Namin &amp; van Ofwegen (2016)</bibRefCitation>
. The sole record for its occurrence in the region is that of
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B05FFBFFAEEF84BFEF4F83F" author="Geetha, S. &amp; Kumar, J. S. &amp; Raghunathan, C. &amp; Sornaraj, R." pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="2390 - 2394" refId="ref100797" refString="Geetha, S., Kumar, J. S. Y, Raghunathan, C. &amp; Sornaraj, R. (2018) Space competition studies between Briareum violaceum (Octocorallia; Alcyonacea) and scleractinian corals in Shark Island, north Andaman, India. Indian Journal of Geo Marine Studies, 47 (12), 2390 - 2394." type="journal article" year="2018">
Geetha
<emphasis id="B955DB457B05FFBFFA49F84AFF4AF83F" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al.</emphasis>
(2018)
</bibRefCitation>
. In their Figure 4, the authors provide numerous underwater colony images of the species, but those in images P &amp; Q are very dark brown, a colour not expected for this species, and may represent another taxon. The image in Fig. 4H, however, is clearly of another genus, possibly
<emphasis id="B955DB457B02FFB8FC9CFF42FC23FF1A" box="[861,989,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B02FFB8FC9CFF42FC27FF1A" box="[861,985,187,213]" class="Anthozoa" family="Clavulariidae" genus="Clavularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Clavularia</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
as it shows a colony with broad, heavily pinnated tentacles.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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