treatments-xml/data/D5/E1/1F/D5E11FEC11655570874EA2777DCBD84D.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.51047" ID-GBIF-Dataset="02c592c5-92dc-42d3-b050-fae7b5edc5aa" ID-GBIF-Taxon="162505229" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1860-0743-1-91" ID-Pensoft-UUID="601E4E9DE2DA5B56A874E3B5976C4FD1" ID-ZooBank="E87CE88499A0490096C1C3F15E3B01A3" ModsDocID="1860-0743-1-91" checkinTime="1584191405576" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Salvador, Rodrigo Brincalepe &amp; Cavallari, Daniel Caracanhas" docDate="2020" docId="D5E11FEC11655570874EA2777DCBD84D" docLanguage="en" docName="ZoosystEvol 96(1): 91-101" docOrigin="Zoosystematics and Evolution 96 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.51047" docTitle="Polygyratia polygyrata" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" id="601E4E9DE2DA5B56A874E3B5976C4FD1" lastPageNumber="91" masterDocId="601E4E9DE2DA5B56A874E3B5976C4FD1" masterDocTitle="Taxonomy and distribution of enigmatic &quot; helicoid &quot; Polygyratia Gray, 1847 (Gastropoda, Stylommatophora)" masterLastPageNumber="101" masterPageNumber="91" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" updateTime="1643444773149" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>Taxonomy and distribution of enigmatic &quot; helicoid &quot; Polygyratia Gray, 1847 (Gastropoda, Stylommatophora)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Salvador, Rodrigo Brincalepe</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Cavallari, Daniel Caracanhas</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date>2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number>96</mods:number>
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<taxonomicName LSID="D5E11FEC-1165-5570-874E-A2777DCBD84D" authority="(Born, 1778)" baseAuthorityName="Born" baseAuthorityYear="1778" class="Gastropoda" family="Solaropsidae" genus="Polygyratia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polygyratia polygyrata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="polygyrata">Polygyratia polygyrata (Born, 1778)</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Shells of Polygyratia polygyrata, showing the variation in conchological characters such as size, number of whorls and aperture shape, as well as colouration. Scale bar = 2 cm. A. Holotype, NHMW-MO- 14371 (NHMW). B. AMNH 43887 (AMNH). C. AMNH 119005 (AMNH). D. SMF 26248 (SMF). E. Example of a weathered specimen, which acquires a washed-off ochre / brown colouration, MNZ M. 233517 (MNZ). F. Possible holotype of Polygyratia charybdis, NHMD 615842 (NHMD)." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.51047.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/389871" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Figs 1</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Internal lamellae in the shell of Polygyratia polygyrata. A. Broken specimen showing the second set of internal lamellae, FMNH 40632 (FMNH). B-F. CT scan image showing the internal structures of an intact shell (MZSP 129318). B. Whole shell showing the two sets of internal lamellae. C, D. First set of internal lamellae. E, F. Second set of internal lamellae. Scale bar: 2 cm (A, B)." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.51047.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/389872" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">, 2</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Born" authorityYear="1778" class="Gastropoda" family="Solaropsidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helix Polygyrata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="Polygyrata">Helix Polygyrata</taxonomicName>
Born, 1778: 382; 
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: 356.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Born" authorityYear="1778" class="Gastropoda" family="Solaropsidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helix polygyrata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="polygyrata">Helix polygyrata</taxonomicName>
: Born, 1780: 373, pl. 14, figs 19-20; 
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1784
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: 266; 
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: 98, pl. 127, figs 1124-1125; 
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: 908; 
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: 4, pl. 69A, figs 7-9, pl. 69B, fig. 5); 
<bibRefCitation author="Ferussac, AEJPJFd'A" journalOrPublisher="Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" refId="B16" refString="Ferussac, AEJPJFd'A, 1821. Tableaux Systematiques des Animaux Mollusques Classes en Familles Naturelles, dans Lesquels on a Etabli la Concordance de Tous les Systemes; Suivis d'un Prodrome General po Tous les Mollusques Terrestres ou Fluviatiles, Vivants ou Fossiles. Arthur Bertrand, Paris." title="Tableaux Systematiques des Animaux Mollusques Classes en Familles Naturelles, dans Lesquels on a Etabli la Concordance de Tous les Systemes; Suivis d'un Prodrome General po Tous les Mollusques Terrestres ou Fluviatiles, Vivants ou Fossiles. Arthur Bertrand, Paris." year="1821">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Férussac">Ferussac</normalizedToken>
1821
</bibRefCitation>
: 40; Deshayes in 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.46287" author="Lamarck, JBPA" journalOrPublisher="P. Bertrand, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" refId="B24" refString="Lamarck, JBPA, 1838. Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebres: presentant les caracteres generaux et particuliers de ces animaux, leur distribution, leurs classes, leurs familles, leurs genres, et la citation des principales especes qui s'y rapportent: precedee d'une introduction offrant la determination des caracteres essentiels de l'animal, sa distinction du vegetal et des autres corps naturels, enfin, l'exposition des principes fondamentaux de la zoologie. Tome huitieme. J.B. Bailliere, Paris. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.46287" title="Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebres: presentant les caracteres generaux et particuliers de ces animaux, leur distribution, leurs classes, leurs familles, leurs genres, et la citation des principales especes qui s'y rapportent: precedee d'une introduction offrant la determination des caracteres essentiels de l'animal, sa distinction du vegetal et des autres corps naturels, enfin, l'exposition des principes fondamentaux de la zoologie. Tome huitieme. J. B. Bailliere, Paris." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.46287" year="1838">Lamarck 1838</bibRefCitation>
: 98; 
<bibRefCitation author="Moricand, S" journalOrPublisher="Memoires de la Societe de physique et d'histoire naturelle de Geneve" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" pagination="147 - 160" refId="B31" refString="Moricand, S, 1846. Troisieme supplement au memoire sur les coquilles terrestres et fluviatiles de la province de Bahia, envioyees par M. Blanchet. Memoires de la Societe de physique et d'histoire naturelle de Geneve 11: 147 - 160" title="Troisieme supplement au memoire sur les coquilles terrestres et fluviatiles de la province de Bahia, envioyees par M. Blanchet." volume="11" year="1846">Moricand 1846</bibRefCitation>
: 151, pl. 5, figs 1-3; 
<bibRefCitation author="Pfeiffer, L" journalOrPublisher="Magasin de Zoologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" refId="B38" refString="Pfeiffer, L, 1848. Monographia Heliceorum Viventium. Volumen primum. F.A. Brockhaus. Leipzig." title="Monographia Heliceorum Viventium. Volumen primum. F. A. Brockhaus. Leipzig." year="1848">Pfeiffer 1848</bibRefCitation>
: 405; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11189" author="Moerch, OAL" journalOrPublisher="Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" refId="B29" refString="Moerch, OAL, 1852. Catalogus Conchyliorum quae Reliquit D. Alphonso d'Aguirra &amp; Gadea, Comes de Yoldi, Regisdaniae Cubiculariorum Princeps, Ordinis Dannebrogici in Prima Classe &amp; Ordinis Caroli Terth Eques. L. Kleini, Copenhagen. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11189" title="Catalogus Conchyliorum quae Reliquit D. Alphonso d'Aguirra &amp; Gadea, Comes de Yoldi, Regisdaniae Cubiculariorum Princeps, Ordinis Dannebrogici in Prima Classe &amp; Ordinis Caroli Terth Eques. L. Kleini, Copenhagen." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11189" year="1852">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Mörch">Moerch</normalizedToken>
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</bibRefCitation>
: 7; 
<bibRefCitation author="Reeve, LA" journalOrPublisher="Conchologia Iconica" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" pagination="1 - 210" refId="B41" refString="Reeve, LA, 1854. Monograph of the genus Helix. Conchologia Iconica 7: 1 - 210" title="Monograph of the genus Helix." volume="7" year="1854">Reeve 1854</bibRefCitation>
: species 541, pl. 98; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10268" author="Hupe, MH" editor="Castelnau, F" journalOrPublisher="P. Bertrand, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" pagination="1 - 96" refId="B23" refString="Hupe, MH, 1857. Mollusques. In: Castelnau, F, Ed., Animaux nouveaux ou rares recueillis pedant l'expedition dans les parties centrales de l'Amerique du Sud, de Rio de Janeiro a Lima, et de Lima au Para. P. Bertrand, Paris: 1 - 96, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10268" title="Mollusques." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10268" volumeTitle="Animaux nouveaux ou rares recueillis pedant l'expedition dans les parties centrales de l'Amerique du Sud, de Rio de Janeiro a Lima, et de Lima au Para." year="1857">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hupé">Hupe</normalizedToken>
1857
</bibRefCitation>
: 12; 
<bibRefCitation author="Hidalgo, JG" journalOrPublisher="Journal de Conchyliologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" pagination="27 - 70" refId="B21" refString="Hidalgo, JG, 1870. Catalogue des coquilles terrestres recueillies par les naturalistes de la commission scientifique espagnole sur divers points de l'Amerique meridionale. Journal de Conchyliologie 18: 27 - 70" title="Catalogue des coquilles terrestres recueillies par les naturalistes de la commission scientifique espagnole sur divers points de l'Amerique meridionale." volume="18" year="1870">Hidalgo 1870</bibRefCitation>
: 32; 
<bibRefCitation author="Hidalgo, JG" editor="Hidalgo, JG" journalOrPublisher="Parte III, Descripcion de los moluscos recogidos por la comision cientifica enviada por el Gobierno Espanol a la America Meridional. Aguado, Madrid" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" pagination="75 - 134" refId="B22" refString="Hidalgo, JG, 1893. Catalogo de las conchas terrestres recogidas por los naturalistas de la comision cientifica espanola en diversos puntos de la America meridional. In: Hidalgo, JG, Ed., Obras Malacologicas. Parte III, Descripcion de los moluscos recogidos por la comision cientifica enviada por el Gobierno Espanol a la America Meridional. Aguado, Madrid: 75 - 134" title="Catalogo de las conchas terrestres recogidas por los naturalistas de la comision cientifica espanola en diversos puntos de la America meridional." volumeTitle="Obras Malacologicas." year="1893">Hidalgo 1893</bibRefCitation>
: 80.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Solaropsidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helix polygyra" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="polygyra">Helix polygyra</taxonomicName>
[sic] Gmelin, 1788: 3624.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Solaropsidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helix" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Helix</taxonomicName>
Elongata 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Röding">Roeding</normalizedToken>
, 1798: 107.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Born" authorityYear="1778" class="Gastropoda" family="Solaropsidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helix (Helicella) polygyrata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="polygyrata" subGenus="Helicella">Helix (Helicella) polygyrata</taxonomicName>
: Moricand, 1836: 422.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Say" authorityYear="1818" class="Gastropoda" family="Solaropsidae" genus="Polygyra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polygyra" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Polygyra</taxonomicName>
? 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Weller" authorityYear="1903" family="Solaropsidae" genus="Polygyrata" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polygyrata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" rank="genus">Polygyrata</taxonomicName>
: 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.77331" author="Beck, HH" journalOrPublisher="CABI, Wallingford" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" refId="B5" refString="Beck, HH, 1837. Index Molluscorum praesentis aevi Musei Principis Augustissimi Christiani Frederici. Fasciculus primus et secundus. MolluscaGastropodaPulmonata. H. Beck, Copenhagen. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.77331" title="Index Molluscorum praesentis aevi Musei Principis Augustissimi Christiani Frederici. Fasciculus primus et secundus. MolluscaGastropodaPulmonata. H. Beck, Copenhagen." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.77331" year="1837">Beck 1837</bibRefCitation>
: 23.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Born" baseAuthorityYear="1778" class="Gastropoda" family="Solaropsidae" genus="Polygyratia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polygyratia polygyrata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="polygyrata">Polygyratia polygyrata</taxonomicName>
: 
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: 173; 
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1849
</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 19, figs 14-16; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11189" author="Moerch, OAL" journalOrPublisher="Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" refId="B29" refString="Moerch, OAL, 1852. Catalogus Conchyliorum quae Reliquit D. Alphonso d'Aguirra &amp; Gadea, Comes de Yoldi, Regisdaniae Cubiculariorum Princeps, Ordinis Dannebrogici in Prima Classe &amp; Ordinis Caroli Terth Eques. L. Kleini, Copenhagen. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11189" title="Catalogus Conchyliorum quae Reliquit D. Alphonso d'Aguirra &amp; Gadea, Comes de Yoldi, Regisdaniae Cubiculariorum Princeps, Ordinis Dannebrogici in Prima Classe &amp; Ordinis Caroli Terth Eques. L. Kleini, Copenhagen." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11189" year="1852">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Mörch">Moerch</normalizedToken>
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</bibRefCitation>
: 7; 
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: 679; 
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: 603, fig. 2119; 
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: 262; 
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: pl. 13, fig. 6; 
<bibRefCitation author="Abbott, RT" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" refId="B1" refString="Abbott, RT, 1989. Compendium of Landshells. A Color Guide to More than 2,000 of the World's Terrestrial Shells. American Malacologists, Melbourne." title="Compendium of Landshells. A Color Guide to More than 2,000 of the World's Terrestrial Shells. American Malacologists, Melbourne." year="1989">Abbott 1989</bibRefCitation>
: 142, textfig.; 
<bibRefCitation author="Salgado, NC" journalOrPublisher="Tryonia" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" refId="B44" refString="Salgado, NC, Coelho, ACS, 2003. Moluscos terestres do Brasil (gastropodes operculados ou nao, exclusive Veronicellidae, Miladicae e Limacidae). Revista de Biologia Tropical 51(suppl. 3): 149-189." title="Moluscos terestres do Brasil (gastropodes operculados ou nao, exclusive Veronicellidae, Miladicae e Limacidae). Revista de Biologia Tropical 51 (suppl. 3): 149 - 189." year="2003">Salgado and Coelho 2003</bibRefCitation>
: 172; 
<bibRefCitation author="Schileyko, AA" journalOrPublisher="Ruthenica, Supplement" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" pagination="1765 - 1906" refId="B49" refString="Schileyko, AA, 2006. Treatise on recent terrestrial pulmonate molluscs. Part 13. Helicidae, Pleurodontidae, Polygyridae, Ammonitellidae, Oreohelicidae, Thysanophoridae. Ruthenica, Supplement 2: 1765 - 1906" title="Treatise on recent terrestrial pulmonate molluscs. Part 13. Helicidae, Pleurodontidae, Polygyridae, Ammonitellidae, Oreohelicidae, Thysanophoridae." volume="2" year="2006">Schileyko 2006</bibRefCitation>
: 1844, fig. 2359; 
<bibRefCitation author="Simone, LRL" journalOrPublisher="Archives of Zoological Museum of Lomonosov Moscow State University" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" refId="B52" refString="Simone, LRL, 2006. Land and Freshwater Mollusks of Brazil. EGB/FAPESP, Sao Paulo." title="Land and Freshwater Mollusks of Brazil. EGB / FAPESP, Sao Paulo." year="2006">Simone 2006</bibRefCitation>
: 247, fig. 946; 
<bibRefCitation author="Schileyko, AA" journalOrPublisher="Archives of Zoological Museum of Lomonosov Moscow State University" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" pagination="269 - 297" refId="B50" refString="Schileyko, AA, 2016. Functional interrelations between conchological and anatomical characters in Stylommatophora (Mollusca, Gastropoda). Archives of Zoological Museum of Lomonosov Moscow State University 54: 269 - 297" title="Functional interrelations between conchological and anatomical characters in Stylommatophora (Mollusca, Gastropoda)." volume="54" year="2016">Schileyko 2016</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 4; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3065" author="Breure, ASH" journalOrPublisher="Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" refId="B10" refString="Breure, ASH, Araujo, R, 2017. The Neotropical land snails (Mollusca, Gastropoda) collected by the 'Comision Cientifica del Pacifico'. PeerJ 5: e3065. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3065" title="The Neotropical land snails (Mollusca, Gastropoda) collected by the ' Comision Cientifica del Pacifico'. PeerJ 5: e 3065." url="https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3065" year="2017">Breure and Araujo 2017</bibRefCitation>
: 121, figs 47D-F; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blx082" author="Sei, M" journalOrPublisher="Biological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" pagination="697 - 728" refId="B47" refString="Sei, M, Robinson, DG, Geneva, AJ, Rosenberg, G, 2017. Doubled helix: Sagdoidea is the overlooked sister group of Helicoidea (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 122 (4): 697 - 728, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blx082" title="Doubled helix: Sagdoidea is the overlooked sister group of Helicoidea (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata)." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blx082" volume="122" year="2017">Sei et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
: table 9, fig. 5n; 
<bibRefCitation author="MolluscaBase" journalOrPublisher="Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" publicationUrl="http://www.molluscabase.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&amp;id=1320928" refId="B27" refString="MolluscaBase, 2019a. Polygyratiapolygyrata (Born, 1778). http://www.molluscabase.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&amp;id=1320928" title="Polygyratiapolygyrata (Born, 1778)." url="http://www.molluscabase.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&amp;id=1320928" year="2019 a">MolluscaBase 2019a</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Salvador, RB" journalOrPublisher="Tuhinga" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" pagination="82 - 98" refId="B45" refString="Salvador, RB, 2019. Brazilian, Uruguayan and Argentinian terrestrial gastropods in the collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. Tuhinga 30: 82 - 98" title="Brazilian, Uruguayan and Argentinian terrestrial gastropods in the collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa." volume="30" year="2019">Salvador 2019</bibRefCitation>
: 95.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
<taxonomicName authority="Albers, 1850" authorityName="Albers" authorityYear="1850" class="Gastropoda" family="Solaropsidae" genus="Ophiogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ophiogyra polygyrata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="polygyrata">Ophiogyra polygyrata</taxonomicName>
: 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11507" author="Albers, JC" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" refId="B2" refString="Albers, JC, 1850. Die Heliceen nach natuerlicher Verwandtschaft systematisch geordnet. Enslin, Berlin. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11507" title="Die Heliceen nach natuerlicher Verwandtschaft systematisch geordnet. Enslin, Berlin." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11507" year="1850">Albers 1850</bibRefCitation>
: 91; 
<bibRefCitation author="Albers, JC" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" refId="B3" refString="Albers, JC, 1860. Die Heliceen. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig." title="Die Heliceen. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig." year="1860">Albers 1860</bibRefCitation>
: 94.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Solaropsidae" genus="Polygyratia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polygyratia charybdis" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="charybdis">Polygyratia charybdis</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Mörch">Moerch</normalizedToken>
, 1852: 7.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1847" class="Gastropoda" family="Solaropsidae" genus="Polygyratia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polygyratia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Polygyratia</taxonomicName>
(detrita.): 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11189" author="Moerch, OAL" journalOrPublisher="Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" refId="B29" refString="Moerch, OAL, 1852. Catalogus Conchyliorum quae Reliquit D. Alphonso d'Aguirra &amp; Gadea, Comes de Yoldi, Regisdaniae Cubiculariorum Princeps, Ordinis Dannebrogici in Prima Classe &amp; Ordinis Caroli Terth Eques. L. Kleini, Copenhagen. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11189" title="Catalogus Conchyliorum quae Reliquit D. Alphonso d'Aguirra &amp; Gadea, Comes de Yoldi, Regisdaniae Cubiculariorum Princeps, Ordinis Dannebrogici in Prima Classe &amp; Ordinis Caroli Terth Eques. L. Kleini, Copenhagen." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11189" year="1852">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Mörch">Moerch</normalizedToken>
1852
</bibRefCitation>
: 7.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Benson" authorityYear="1856" class="Gastropoda" family="Solaropsidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helix charybdis" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="charybdis">Helix charybdis</taxonomicName>
: 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11189" author="Moerch, OAL" journalOrPublisher="Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" refId="B29" refString="Moerch, OAL, 1852. Catalogus Conchyliorum quae Reliquit D. Alphonso d'Aguirra &amp; Gadea, Comes de Yoldi, Regisdaniae Cubiculariorum Princeps, Ordinis Dannebrogici in Prima Classe &amp; Ordinis Caroli Terth Eques. L. Kleini, Copenhagen. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11189" title="Catalogus Conchyliorum quae Reliquit D. Alphonso d'Aguirra &amp; Gadea, Comes de Yoldi, Regisdaniae Cubiculariorum Princeps, Ordinis Dannebrogici in Prima Classe &amp; Ordinis Caroli Terth Eques. L. Kleini, Copenhagen." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11189" year="1852">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Mörch">Moerch</normalizedToken>
1852
</bibRefCitation>
: 170.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Benson" authorityYear="1856" class="Gastropoda" family="Solaropsidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helix Charybdis" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="Charybdis">Helix Charybdis</taxonomicName>
: 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10268" author="Hupe, MH" editor="Castelnau, F" journalOrPublisher="P. Bertrand, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" pagination="1 - 96" refId="B23" refString="Hupe, MH, 1857. Mollusques. In: Castelnau, F, Ed., Animaux nouveaux ou rares recueillis pedant l'expedition dans les parties centrales de l'Amerique du Sud, de Rio de Janeiro a Lima, et de Lima au Para. P. Bertrand, Paris: 1 - 96, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10268" title="Mollusques." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10268" volumeTitle="Animaux nouveaux ou rares recueillis pedant l'expedition dans les parties centrales de l'Amerique du Sud, de Rio de Janeiro a Lima, et de Lima au Para." year="1857">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hupé">Hupe</normalizedToken>
1857
</bibRefCitation>
: 12.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Born" authorityYear="1778" class="Gastropoda" family="Solaropsidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helix (Anchistoma) polygyrata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="polygyrata" subGenus="Anchistoma">Helix (Anchistoma) polygyrata</taxonomicName>
: 
<bibRefCitation author="Brauer, F" journalOrPublisher="Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" pagination="117 - 192" refId="B9" refString="Brauer, F, 1878. Bemerkungen ueber die im kaiserlich zoologischen Museum aufgefundenen Original-Exemplare zu Ign. v. Born's Testaceis Musei Caesarei Vindobonensis. Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe 77: 117 - 192" title="Bemerkungen ueber die im kaiserlich zoologischen Museum aufgefundenen Original-Exemplare zu Ign. v. Born's Testaceis Musei Caesarei Vindobonensis." volume="77" year="1878">Brauer 1878</bibRefCitation>
: 181.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Solaropsidae" genus="Polygyra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polygyra (Polygyratia) polygyrata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="polygyrata" subGenus="Polygyratia">Polygyra (Polygyratia) polygyrata</taxonomicName>
: 
<bibRefCitation author="Tryon, GW" journalOrPublisher="Archives of Zoological Museum of Lomonosov Moscow State University" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" refId="B54" refString="Tryon, GW, 1887. Manual of Conchology; Structural and Systematic, with illustrations of the species. Second series: Pulmonata. Vol. 3. Helicidae: Vol. 1. G.W. Tryon, Philadelphia." title="Manual of Conchology; Structural and Systematic, with illustrations of the species. Second series: Pulmonata. Vol. 3. Helicidae: Vol. 1. G. W. Tryon, Philadelphia." year="1887">Tryon 1887</bibRefCitation>
: 111, 124, pl. 25, figs 72-74.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Solaropsidae" genus="Polygyra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polygyra (Polygyratia) polygyrata subsp. var. var. charybdis" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" phylum="Mollusca" rank="variety" species="polygyrata" subGenus="Polygyratia" subSpecies="var." variety="charybdis">Polygyra (Polygyratia) polygyrata var. charybdis</taxonomicName>
: 
<bibRefCitation author="Tryon, GW" journalOrPublisher="Archives of Zoological Museum of Lomonosov Moscow State University" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" refId="B54" refString="Tryon, GW, 1887. Manual of Conchology; Structural and Systematic, with illustrations of the species. Second series: Pulmonata. Vol. 3. Helicidae: Vol. 1. G.W. Tryon, Philadelphia." title="Manual of Conchology; Structural and Systematic, with illustrations of the species. Second series: Pulmonata. Vol. 3. Helicidae: Vol. 1. G. W. Tryon, Philadelphia." year="1887">Tryon 1887</bibRefCitation>
: 124.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
<taxonomicName authority="H.Adams &amp; A.Adams, 1855" authorityName="H.Adams &amp; A.Adams" authorityYear="1855" class="Gastropoda" family="Solaropsidae" genus="Anchistoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anchistoma polygyrata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="polygyrata">Anchistoma polygyrata</taxonomicName>
: 
<bibRefCitation author="Tryon, GW" journalOrPublisher="Archives of Zoological Museum of Lomonosov Moscow State University" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" refId="B54" refString="Tryon, GW, 1887. Manual of Conchology; Structural and Systematic, with illustrations of the species. Second series: Pulmonata. Vol. 3. Helicidae: Vol. 1. G.W. Tryon, Philadelphia." title="Manual of Conchology; Structural and Systematic, with illustrations of the species. Second series: Pulmonata. Vol. 3. Helicidae: Vol. 1. G. W. Tryon, Philadelphia." year="1887">Tryon 1887</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 25, figs 72-74.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Born" baseAuthorityYear="1778" class="Gastropoda" family="Solaropsidae" genus="Polygyratia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polygyratia (Polygyratia) polygyrata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="polygyrata" subGenus="Polygyratia">Polygyratia (Polygyratia) polygyrata</taxonomicName>
: 
<bibRefCitation author="Pilsbry, HA" journalOrPublisher="Magasin de Zoologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" refId="B39" refString="Pilsbry, HA, 1894. Manual of Conchology. Second Series: Pulmonata. Volume 9: Helicidae, Vol. 7. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Philadelphia." title="Manual of Conchology. Second Series: Pulmonata. Volume 9: Helicidae, Vol. 7. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Philadelphia." year="1894">Pilsbry 1894</bibRefCitation>
: 81, pl. 20, figs 37-38.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Solaropsidae" genus="Polygyratia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polygyratia (Polygyratia) charybdis" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="charybdis" subGenus="Polygyratia">Polygyratia (Polygyratia) charybdis</taxonomicName>
: 
<bibRefCitation author="Pilsbry, HA" journalOrPublisher="Magasin de Zoologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" refId="B39" refString="Pilsbry, HA, 1894. Manual of Conchology. Second Series: Pulmonata. Volume 9: Helicidae, Vol. 7. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Philadelphia." title="Manual of Conchology. Second Series: Pulmonata. Volume 9: Helicidae, Vol. 7. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Philadelphia." year="1894">Pilsbry 1894</bibRefCitation>
: 81.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
<taxonomicName authority="polygyratia" class="Gastropoda" family="Solaropsidae" genus="Polygyratia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polygyratia polygyratia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="polygyratia">Polygyratia polygyratia</taxonomicName>
[sic] 
<bibRefCitation author="Gude, GK" journalOrPublisher="Proceeding of the Malacological Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" pagination="52 - 73" refId="B19" refString="Gude, GK, 1920. The armature of land Mollusca. Proceeding of the Malacological Society of London 14: 52 - 73" title="The armature of land Mollusca." volume="14" year="1920">Gude 1920</bibRefCitation>
: 59.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
<taxonomicName authority="polygyrata" class="Gastropoda" family="Solaropsidae" genus="Polygyratia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polygyratia polygyrata subsp. polygyrata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subSpecies" species="polygyrata" subSpecies="polygyrata">Polygyratia polygyrata polygyrata</taxonomicName>
: 
<bibRefCitation author="Morretes, FL" journalOrPublisher="Arquivos do Museu Paranaense" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" pagination="5 - 216" refId="B32" refString="Morretes, FL, 1949. Ensaio de Catalogo dos Moluscos do Brasil. Arquivos do Museu Paranaense 7: 5 - 216" title="Ensaio de Catalogo dos Moluscos do Brasil." volume="7" year="1949">Morretes 1949</bibRefCitation>
: 163.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Solaropsidae" genus="Polygyratia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polygyratia polygyrata subsp. charybdis" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subSpecies" species="polygyrata" subSpecies="charybdis">Polygyratia polygyrata charybdis</taxonomicName>
: 
<bibRefCitation author="Morretes, FL" journalOrPublisher="Arquivos do Museu Paranaense" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" pagination="5 - 216" refId="B32" refString="Morretes, FL, 1949. Ensaio de Catalogo dos Moluscos do Brasil. Arquivos do Museu Paranaense 7: 5 - 216" title="Ensaio de Catalogo dos Moluscos do Brasil." volume="7" year="1949">Morretes 1949</bibRefCitation>
: 163.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Solaropsidae" genus="Polygyratia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polygyratia charybdis" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="charybdis">Polygyratia charybdis</taxonomicName>
: 
<bibRefCitation author="Simone, LRL" journalOrPublisher="Archives of Zoological Museum of Lomonosov Moscow State University" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" refId="B52" refString="Simone, LRL, 2006. Land and Freshwater Mollusks of Brazil. EGB/FAPESP, Sao Paulo." title="Land and Freshwater Mollusks of Brazil. EGB / FAPESP, Sao Paulo." year="2006">Simone 2006</bibRefCitation>
: 247, fig. 945.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="91" type="type locality">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Type locality.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
Unknown (Born, 1780); 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Brazil”">&quot;Brazil&quot;</normalizedToken>
according to 
<bibRefCitation author="Schileyko, AA" journalOrPublisher="Ruthenica, Supplement" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" pagination="1765 - 1906" refId="B49" refString="Schileyko, AA, 2006. Treatise on recent terrestrial pulmonate molluscs. Part 13. Helicidae, Pleurodontidae, Polygyridae, Ammonitellidae, Oreohelicidae, Thysanophoridae. Ruthenica, Supplement 2: 1765 - 1906" title="Treatise on recent terrestrial pulmonate molluscs. Part 13. Helicidae, Pleurodontidae, Polygyridae, Ammonitellidae, Oreohelicidae, Thysanophoridae." volume="2" year="2006">Schileyko (2006)</bibRefCitation>
; restricted to Bahia state herein.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="91" type="type material">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
NHMW-MO-14371, holotype (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Shells of Polygyratia polygyrata, showing the variation in conchological characters such as size, number of whorls and aperture shape, as well as colouration. Scale bar = 2 cm. A. Holotype, NHMW-MO- 14371 (NHMW). B. AMNH 43887 (AMNH). C. AMNH 119005 (AMNH). D. SMF 26248 (SMF). E. Example of a weathered specimen, which acquires a washed-off ochre / brown colouration, MNZ M. 233517 (MNZ). F. Possible holotype of Polygyratia charybdis, NHMD 615842 (NHMD)." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.51047.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/389871" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">1A</figureCitation>
; see also 
<bibRefCitation author="Brauer, F" journalOrPublisher="Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" pagination="117 - 192" refId="B9" refString="Brauer, F, 1878. Bemerkungen ueber die im kaiserlich zoologischen Museum aufgefundenen Original-Exemplare zu Ign. v. Born's Testaceis Musei Caesarei Vindobonensis. Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe 77: 117 - 192" title="Bemerkungen ueber die im kaiserlich zoologischen Museum aufgefundenen Original-Exemplare zu Ign. v. Born's Testaceis Musei Caesarei Vindobonensis." volume="77" year="1878">Brauer 1878</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="91" type="common name">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Common name.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
Reported (and maybe given) by 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11581" author="Born, Iv" journalOrPublisher="CABI, Wallingford" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" refId="B6" refString="Born, Iv, 1778. Index rerum naturalium Musei Caesarei Vindobonensis. Pars 1, Testacea. Verzeichniss der Natuerlichen Seltenheiten des K.K. Naturalien Kabinets zu Wien. Erster Theil, Schalthiere. Officina Krausiana, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11581" title="Index rerum naturalium Musei Caesarei Vindobonensis. Pars 1, Testacea. Verzeichniss der Natuerlichen Seltenheiten des K. K. Naturalien Kabinets zu Wien. Erster Theil, Schalthiere. Officina Krausiana, Vienna." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11581" year="1778">Born (1778)</bibRefCitation>
, in German: &quot;die Schnirkelscheibe&quot;. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Schnirkelschnecken”">&quot;Schnirkelschnecken&quot;</normalizedToken>
is a general term often applied to any member of family 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1815" family="Helicidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" rank="family">Helicidae</taxonomicName>
, so the German name can be roughly translated to English as &quot;discoid helix&quot;; or, allowing for a broader interpretation, it could be translated as &quot;ornate disc&quot;. However, using those names could bring unwanted confusion, because it would make the classification of 
<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. polygyrata" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" rank="species" species="polygyrata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">P. polygyrata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
unclear by conflating it with 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1815" family="Helicidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" rank="family">Helicidae</taxonomicName>
and disc snails (family 
<taxonomicName family="Discidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" rank="family">Discidae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.132272" author="Ferussac, AEJPJFd'A" journalOrPublisher="Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" refId="B15" refString="Ferussac, AEJPJFd'A, 1819. Histoire Naturelle Generale et Particuliere des Mollusques Terrestres et Fluviatiles tant des Especes que l'on Trouve Aujourd'hui Vivantes, que des Depouilles Fossiles ce Celles qui N'existent Plus; Classes d'apres les Caracteres Essentiels que Presentent ces Animaux et Leurs Coquilles. Tome Premier. Chez J.-B. Beilliere, Paris. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.132272" title="Histoire Naturelle Generale et Particuliere des Mollusques Terrestres et Fluviatiles tant des Especes que l'on Trouve Aujourd'hui Vivantes, que des Depouilles Fossiles ce Celles qui N'existent Plus; Classes d'apres les Caracteres Essentiels que Presentent ces Animaux et Leurs Coquilles. Tome Premier. Chez J. - B. Beilliere, Paris." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.132272" year="1819">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Férussac">Ferussac</normalizedToken>
(1819)
</bibRefCitation>
, Deshayes (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">in</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.46287" author="Lamarck, JBPA" journalOrPublisher="P. Bertrand, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" refId="B24" refString="Lamarck, JBPA, 1838. Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebres: presentant les caracteres generaux et particuliers de ces animaux, leur distribution, leurs classes, leurs familles, leurs genres, et la citation des principales especes qui s'y rapportent: precedee d'une introduction offrant la determination des caracteres essentiels de l'animal, sa distinction du vegetal et des autres corps naturels, enfin, l'exposition des principes fondamentaux de la zoologie. Tome huitieme. J.B. Bailliere, Paris. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.46287" title="Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebres: presentant les caracteres generaux et particuliers de ces animaux, leur distribution, leurs classes, leurs familles, leurs genres, et la citation des principales especes qui s'y rapportent: precedee d'une introduction offrant la determination des caracteres essentiels de l'animal, sa distinction du vegetal et des autres corps naturels, enfin, l'exposition des principes fondamentaux de la zoologie. Tome huitieme. J. B. Bailliere, Paris." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.46287" year="1838">Lamarck 1838</bibRefCitation>
) and 
<bibRefCitation author="Reeve, LA" journalOrPublisher="Conchologia Iconica" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" pagination="1 - 210" refId="B41" refString="Reeve, LA, 1854. Monograph of the genus Helix. Conchologia Iconica 7: 1 - 210" title="Monograph of the genus Helix." volume="7" year="1854">Reeve (1854)</bibRefCitation>
, as usual in their works, proposed vernacular names that were direct translations of the Latin name (then 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Born" authorityYear="1778" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helix polygyrata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="polygyrata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Helix polygyrata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
): respectively, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“hélice">&quot;helice</normalizedToken>
polygyre&quot; and &quot;many-whorled 
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helix" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Helix</taxonomicName>
&quot;. While this name is somewhat descriptive, it is not distinct enough for a vernacular name. 
<bibRefCitation author="Abbott, RT" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" refId="B1" refString="Abbott, RT, 1989. Compendium of Landshells. A Color Guide to More than 2,000 of the World's Terrestrial Shells. American Malacologists, Melbourne." title="Compendium of Landshells. A Color Guide to More than 2,000 of the World's Terrestrial Shells. American Malacologists, Melbourne." year="1989">Abbott (1989)</bibRefCitation>
suggested a more appropriate name, although a rather clumsy one: &quot;Brazilian gyrating snail&quot;. Therefore, we propose here to adopt a simpler, yet descriptive, common name, &quot;gyre snail&quot;, returning to 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11581" author="Born, Iv" journalOrPublisher="CABI, Wallingford" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" refId="B6" refString="Born, Iv, 1778. Index rerum naturalium Musei Caesarei Vindobonensis. Pars 1, Testacea. Verzeichniss der Natuerlichen Seltenheiten des K.K. Naturalien Kabinets zu Wien. Erster Theil, Schalthiere. Officina Krausiana, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11581" title="Index rerum naturalium Musei Caesarei Vindobonensis. Pars 1, Testacea. Verzeichniss der Natuerlichen Seltenheiten des K. K. Naturalien Kabinets zu Wien. Erster Theil, Schalthiere. Officina Krausiana, Vienna." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11581" year="1778">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Born’s">Born's</normalizedToken>
(1778)
</bibRefCitation>
interpretation of a planispiral ornate spire and streamlining 
<bibRefCitation author="Abbott, RT" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" refId="B1" refString="Abbott, RT, 1989. Compendium of Landshells. A Color Guide to More than 2,000 of the World's Terrestrial Shells. American Malacologists, Melbourne." title="Compendium of Landshells. A Color Guide to More than 2,000 of the World's Terrestrial Shells. American Malacologists, Melbourne." year="1989">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Abbot’s">Abbot's</normalizedToken>
(1989)
</bibRefCitation>
proposal.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="91" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
Eastern Bahia state, Brazil (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Map of Bahia state showing the known distribution of Polygyratia polygyrata. Squares: museum specimens. Circles: online records. Triangle: literature data." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.51047.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/389873" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">3</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="91" type="specific occurrences">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Specific occurrences.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Museum specimens</emphasis>
: 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pará">Para</normalizedToken>
state (likely mistaken, see below). Bahia state: 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Baía">Baia</normalizedToken>
de Todos-os-Santos (Todos-os-Santos Bay), Cachoeira (road to Una), Canavieiras, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ilhéus">Ilheus</normalizedToken>
, Itabuna, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Itacaré">Itacare</normalizedToken>
, Itaparica, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Olivença">Olivenca</normalizedToken>
, Pimenteira, Salvador, Serra Grande, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Uruçuca">Urucuca</normalizedToken>
, Una, Una Biological Reserve. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Literature data</emphasis>
: Cachoeira (
<normalizedToken originalValue="Férussac">Ferussac</normalizedToken>
, 1819, as 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Caxoeira”">&quot;Caxoeira&quot;</normalizedToken>
). 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">iNaturalist</emphasis>
: Bahia state: 
<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sebastião">Sebastiao</normalizedToken>
do 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Passé">Passe</normalizedToken>
. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Internet</emphasis>
: Bahia state: 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ilhéus">Ilheus</normalizedToken>
, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Valença">Valenca</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="91" type="habitat">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Atlantic Forest.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="91" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">As for genus above.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="91" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
Shell (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Shells of Polygyratia polygyrata, showing the variation in conchological characters such as size, number of whorls and aperture shape, as well as colouration. Scale bar = 2 cm. A. Holotype, NHMW-MO- 14371 (NHMW). B. AMNH 43887 (AMNH). C. AMNH 119005 (AMNH). D. SMF 26248 (SMF). E. Example of a weathered specimen, which acquires a washed-off ochre / brown colouration, MNZ M. 233517 (MNZ). F. Possible holotype of Polygyratia charybdis, NHMD 615842 (NHMD)." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.51047.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/389871" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">1</figureCitation>
) planispiral, multiwhorled. Spire typically slightly depressed, but often flat. Whorl profile markedly convex, with soft angulation marking borders of apical and umbilical regions; a central angulation on the body whorl can be seen in some specimens. Whorls closely packed together, regularly increasing in size. Body whorl bent abapically near the aperture. Presence of internal parietal (typically one) and palatal (typically two) lamellae on body whorl (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Internal lamellae in the shell of Polygyratia polygyrata. A. Broken specimen showing the second set of internal lamellae, FMNH 40632 (FMNH). B-F. CT scan image showing the internal structures of an intact shell (MZSP 129318). B. Whole shell showing the two sets of internal lamellae. C, D. First set of internal lamellae. E, F. Second set of internal lamellae. Scale bar: 2 cm (A, B)." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.51047.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/389872" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">2</figureCitation>
; see also Suppl. material 1); lamellae short, disposed in two or three sets, positioned circa ⅓ and ⅔ of a whorl away from aperture. A different number of lamellae may be present in some specimens, which may have additional smaller lamellae or even lack one of the main three lamellae. Aperture rounded to D-shaped; callus may be present. Peristome lightly reflexed. Umbilicus very wide and deep. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Sculpture</emphasis>
: Protoconch of 
<normalizedToken originalValue="2¼-2½">21/4-21/2</normalizedToken>
whorls, apparently smooth (typically eroded). Teleoconch sculpture by coarse growth lines that become coarser and more irregular towards aperture; often, growth lines acquire a papillose aspect. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Colour</emphasis>
: Shell predominantly chestnut brown, but often ochre. Some regions typically ochre: spiral band on adapical angulation of whorl (not always present); spire top (protoconch and first whorls); abapical region (excluding a chestnut coloured subsutural spiral band). Rarely, abapical (umbilical) portion of shell can be chestnut brown. Peristome white. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Measurements</emphasis>
: n = 26. H = 12.3 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.9 mm (max 14.1, min 10.7); D = 43.5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
3.7 mm (max 56.7, min 38.2); W = 
<normalizedToken originalValue="8¾">83/4</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
⅓ (max 
<normalizedToken originalValue="9½">91/2</normalizedToken>
, min 8).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zse.96.51047.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/389871" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" start="Figure 1" startId="F1">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Figure 1.</emphasis>
Shells of 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Born" baseAuthorityYear="1778" class="Gastropoda" family="Scolodontidae" genus="Polygyratia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polygyratia polygyrata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="polygyrata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Polygyratia polygyrata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, showing the variation in conchological characters such as size, number of whorls and aperture shape, as well as colouration. Scale bar = 2 cm. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">A.</emphasis>
Holotype, NHMW-MO-14371 (NHMW). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">B.</emphasis>
AMNH 43887 (AMNH). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">C.</emphasis>
AMNH 119005 (AMNH). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">D.</emphasis>
SMF 26248 (SMF). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">E.</emphasis>
Example of a weathered specimen, which acquires a washed-off ochre/brown colouration, MNZ M.233517 (MNZ). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">F.</emphasis>
Possible holotype of 
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Scolodontidae" genus="Polygyratia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polygyratia charybdis" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="charybdis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Polygyratia charybdis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, NHMD 615842 (NHMD).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption doi="10.3897/zse.96.51047.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/389872" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Figure 2.</emphasis>
Internal lamellae in the shell of 
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Scolodontidae" genus="Polygyratia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polygyratia polygyrata." order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="polygyrata.">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Polygyratia polygyrata.</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">A.</emphasis>
Broken specimen showing the second set of internal lamellae, FMNH 40632 (FMNH). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">B-F.</emphasis>
CT scan image showing the internal structures of an intact shell (MZSP 129318). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">B.</emphasis>
Whole shell showing the two sets of internal lamellae. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">C, D.</emphasis>
First set of internal lamellae. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">E, F.</emphasis>
Second set of internal lamellae.Scale bar: 2 cm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">A, B</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="91" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Material analysed.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
Brazil. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Uncertain locality</emphasis>
: AMNH 43888 (3 sh, pre-1911, ex J.J. Crooke colln.); AMNH 43889 (2 sh, ex Steward colln.); AMNH 43890 (2 sh, pre-1891, ex J.C. Jay colln.); AMNH 53755 (1 sh, pre-1905, ex J.A. Constable colln.); AMNH 294063 (1 sh, pre-2001, col. Krassner, ex N.A. Katsaras colln.); ANSP 1450 (1 sh, pre-1886, ex A.D. Brown colln.); ANSP 23777 (1 sh, ex Swift colln.); ANSP 33049 (1 sh, pre-1865, ex T.B. Wilson colln.); ANSP 217111 (1 sh, ex Higgins colln.); ANSP 361998 (1 sh, ex Alfred University colln.); FMNH 165 (4 sh, pre-1893, ex 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ward’s">Ward's</normalizedToken>
Natural Science Establishment colln.); FMNH 40632 (3 sh, pre-1924, ex W.F. Webb colln., ex G.K. Gude colln., ex Smith colln.); FMNH 57464 (2 sh, pre-1954, ex O. Park colln.); FMNH 62570 (1 sh, pre-1956, ex E.E. Hand colln., ex W.F. Webb colln.); FMNH 75810 (1 sh, pre-1951, ex J. Zetek colln., ex W.F. Clapp colln.); FMNH 100081 (1 sh, pre-1877, ex F. Button colln., ex J.G. Anthony colln.); FMNH 365269 (1 sh, ex CMNH coll., ex 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ward’s">Ward's</normalizedToken>
Natural Science Establishment colln.); MNB unnumbered (3 sh, ex Linnaea colln., ex ZMB colln.); MNB unnumbered (1 sh); MNB unnumbered (1 sh); MNCN 15.05/39937 (4 sh, col. J.G. Hidalgo); MNZ M.233517 (1 sh, pre-1918, ex H.A. Suter colln. 5793); NHMD 615840 (1 sh, ex Lind colln., possibly ex A.M.
<normalizedToken originalValue="D’A">D'A</normalizedToken>
.G. Yoldi colln.); NHMD 615841 (1 sh); NHMD 615842 (possible holotype of 
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Scolodontidae" genus="Polygyratia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polygyratia charybdis" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="charybdis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Polygyratia charybdis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, ex Lind colln., possibly ex A.M.
<normalizedToken originalValue="D’A">D'A</normalizedToken>
.G. Yoldi colln.); NHMD 615855 (1 sh, pre-1945, ex C.M. Steenberg colln.); NHMD 615856 (2 sh); NHMD 615857 (2 sh); NHMUK unnumbered (1 sh, pre-1952, ex J.E. Cooper colln. 2150); NHMUK unnumbered (2 sh, pre-1940, ex V.W. MacAndrew colln. 1563); NHMUK unnumbered (3 sh, pre-1941, ex B.R. Lucas colln. 2351); NHMUK unnumbered (2 sh, pre-1910, ex C.T. Trechmann colln. 2176); NHMUK unnumbered (1 sh, pre-1905, ex Blanford colln.); NHMUK unnumbered (3 sh, pre-1948, ex A.S. Kennard colln. 1824); NHMUK unnumbered (1 sh, pre-1991, ex 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Mrs.”">&quot;Mrs.&quot;</normalizedToken>
De Burgh colln. 1822); NHMUK unnumbered (1 sh, ex Connoly colln.); NHMW-MO-14371 (holotype; ex I.v. Born colln.); NHMW-MO-9215 (1 sh); NHMW-MO-72546 (2 sh); NHMW-MO-unnumbered (1 sh, pre-1930, ex A. Oberwimmer colln.); NHMW-MO-unnumbered (2 sh, v/1881); NHMW-MO-unnumbered (2 sh, ex G. Brandt colln.); MNCN 15.05/14101 (1 sh, col. Paz); RMNH.MOL.289966 (2 sh, pre-1942, ex H.C. Fulton colln.); RMNH.MOL.289967 (2 sh, pre-1895, ex Geological Museum of Wageningen University colln., ex ZMB colln., ex F.W. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Zürcher">Zuercher</normalizedToken>
colln., ex Linnaea colln.); SMF 26245 (1 sh, ex 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Lömel">Loemel</normalizedToken>
colln.); SMF 26246 (2 sh, ex K. Haskagen colln.); SMF 26247 (1 sh); SMF 26248 (1 sh, pre-1903, ex O.v.F. Moellendorf colln.); SMF 26249 (1 sh, pre-1876, ex O. Reinhardt colln., ex H.C. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Küster">Kuester</normalizedToken>
colln.); SMF 26250 (1 sh, pre-1894, ex O. Boettger colln., ex Linnaea colln.); SMF 82611 (1 sh, pre-1928, ex Jetschin colln.); SMF 82612 (1 sh, pre-1893, ex K.L. Pfeiffer colln., ex Linnaea colln.); SMF 62613 (2 sh, pre-1905, ex C.R. Boettger colln.); SMF 216143 (1 sh, pre-1970, ex S.H.F. Jaeckel colln., ex Feldmann colln.); SMF 297043 (1 sh, pre 1937, ex H.F.P. Ehrmann colln., ex W. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Schlüter">Schlueter</normalizedToken>
colln.); SMF (297044 (1 sh, G. Maegele colln.); SMF 297045 (2 sh, pre-1929, ex W. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Schlüter">Schlueter</normalizedToken>
colln., ex F.H. Rolle colln.); SMF 297046 (2 sh, pre-1929, ex F.H. Rolle colln.); SMF 297047 (2 sh, pre-1937, ex H.R.G. Kaltenbach colln.); SMF 297048 (1 sh, pre-1963, ex H.R.G. Kaltenbach colln.); SNSD 10578 (1 sh, pre-1895, ex Piper colln.); SNSD 32859 (4 sh, col. Bomeier 1939, ex Regius colln.); SNSD 56391 (1 sh, ex Theodor &amp; Paul Reibisch colln.); USNM 21057 (1 sh); USNM 57280 (3 sh, ex Stearns colln.); USNM 106423 (1 sh, ex Lea colln.); USNM 217252 (3 sh, ex Henderson colln.); USNM 307601 (1 spm, ex Henderson colln.); USNM 307626 (1 sh, ex Henderson colln.); USNM 316168 (1 sh, ex Evezard colln.); ZMA.MOLL.397226 (1 sh, ex R.J. van Lennep colln.); ZMA.MOLL.397227 (1 sh). 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pará">Para</normalizedToken>
(?) state
</emphasis>
: AMNH 119005 (1 sh, pre-1964, ex Julius Wisoff colln.). 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Bahia state</emphasis>
: AMNH 43887 (2 sh, pre-1868, ex W.A. Haines colln.); ANSP 400548 (1 sh, col. &quot;farm worker&quot; iii/1983, Salvador municipality, on ground in forest, ex D. Naide &amp; J. Naide colln.); ANSP 426504 (1 sh, viii/1993, N Itabuna municipality [Guadu], under dead leaves in tropical forest, ex I. Wistar Morris III colln.); ANSP 448465 (1 sh, iv/1993, NNE 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ilhéus">Ilheus</normalizedToken>
municipality, under dead leaves, ex I. Wistar Morris III colln.); FMNH 193212 (1 sh, Una forest [likely Una Biological Reserve], col. R. Harley &amp; B. Verdcourt 29/i/1977); NHMUK unnumbered (2 sh, col. G.P. Lewis &amp; B. Verdcourt 2/xii/1981, Una municipality, 30-35 km S of 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Olivença">Olivenca</normalizedToken>
, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ilhéus-Una">Ilheus-Una</normalizedToken>
road, restinga forest by roadside, ca. 40 m a.s.l. [likely Una Biological Reserve]); MNCN 15.05/39938 (3 sh, col. Azpeitia); MZSP 1640 (3 sh); MZSP 34823 (2 spm, Pimenteira municipality); MZSP 38809 (1sh, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ilhéus">Ilheus</normalizedToken>
municipality, col. B. Jahyny); MZSP 47683 (2 sh, eastern Bahia, ex M. Roxo colln.); MZSP 47695 (4 sh, eastern Bahia, ex M. Roxo colln.); MZSP 62060 (1 spm, Serra Grande municipality, Praia do 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pé">Pe</normalizedToken>
da Serra, col. M.C. Guerrazzi 29/x/2004); MZSP 62061 (1 spm, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Uruçuca">Urucuca</normalizedToken>
municipality, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Estância">Estancia</normalizedToken>
Fonte das 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Águas">Aguas</normalizedToken>
, col. M.C. Guerrazzi 10/xi/2004); MZSP 66950 (2 sh, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ilhéus">Ilheus</normalizedToken>
municipality, col. A. Bodart x/2001); MZSP 72058 (1 sh, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Itacaré">Itacare</normalizedToken>
municipality, col. P. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Conçalves">Concalves</normalizedToken>
x/2005); MZSP 73581 (1 sh, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ilhéus">Ilheus</normalizedToken>
municipality, col. A. Bodart x/2001); MZSP 81075 (1 sh, col. L.R.L. Simone 1972); MZSP 96518 (1 sh, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ilhéus">Ilheus</normalizedToken>
municipality, col. J.H.C. Delabie); MZSP 98742 (1 spm, Canavieiras municipality, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="15" direction="south" minutes="20" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="34" value="-15.342777">15°20'34&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="39" direction="west" minutes="01" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="00" value="-39.016666">39°01'00&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, col. J.R.M. Santos 13/v/2010); MZSP 116519 (1 sh, Itaparica municipality, col. A. Wallerstein xi/1973, ex J. Vaz colln.); MZSP 129318 (9 sh, Pimenteira municipality, col. A. Bianchi vi/2012); NHMD 615854 (2 sh, 1863, ex Andrea colln.); NHMW-MO-unnumbered (8 sh, Cachoeira [Cachoeirinha] - Una, F. Adolpho col.); NHMW-MO-unnumbered (2 sh, pre-1960, Cachoeira [Cachoeirinha] - Una, ex. Edlauer colln.); NHMW-MO-unnumbered (6 sh, pre-1980, Cachoeira [Cachoeirinha] - Una, ex Klemm colln.); NMR 12118 (1 sh); SMF 216144 (1 sh, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Santos”">&quot;Santos&quot;</normalizedToken>
[likely Todos-os-Santos Bay], pre-1970, ex S.H.F. Jaeckel colln.); SMF 316773 (1 sh, pre-1896, ex Z.I. Heidelberg colln. 1897Moll.1443); USNM 307595 (3 sh, ex Henderson colln., ex Redfield colln.); USNM 1202125 (3 sh, NE 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ilhéus">Ilheus</normalizedToken>
, under dead leaves, col. A. Bianchi x/2001).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="91" type="online records">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Online records.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">iNaturalist</emphasis>
: BRAZIL. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Bahia state</emphasis>
: id 13527047 (
<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sebastião">Sebastiao</normalizedToken>
do 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Passé">Passe</normalizedToken>
municipality, lat -12.44740646 long -38.41546864, obs. Ben Phalan 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“deboas”">&quot;deboas&quot;</normalizedToken>
17/vi/2018 13:25:06 UTC); id 14349827 and id 14349831 (
<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sebastião">Sebastiao</normalizedToken>
do 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Passé">Passe</normalizedToken>
municipality, lat -12.45972252 long -38.40000153, obs. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“sidnei-sampaio”">&quot;sidnei-sampaio&quot;</normalizedToken>
14/vii/2018 13:56:40 UTC). 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Other websites</emphasis>
: BRAZIL. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Bahia state</emphasis>
: Allspira (
<normalizedToken originalValue="Valença">Valenca</normalizedToken>
municipality, under dead leaves, 2006; http://allspira.com); Conchology (
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ilhéus">Ilheus</normalizedToken>
municipality, under dead leaves in tropical rain forest; https://www.conchology.be); Forum Francophone des Coquillages Actuels (Pimenteira municipality, under dead leaves in tropical forest, vi/2012; http://www.forumcoquillages.com/)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="91" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
Even though 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11581" author="Born, Iv" journalOrPublisher="CABI, Wallingford" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" refId="B6" refString="Born, Iv, 1778. Index rerum naturalium Musei Caesarei Vindobonensis. Pars 1, Testacea. Verzeichniss der Natuerlichen Seltenheiten des K.K. Naturalien Kabinets zu Wien. Erster Theil, Schalthiere. Officina Krausiana, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11581" title="Index rerum naturalium Musei Caesarei Vindobonensis. Pars 1, Testacea. Verzeichniss der Natuerlichen Seltenheiten des K. K. Naturalien Kabinets zu Wien. Erster Theil, Schalthiere. Officina Krausiana, Vienna." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11581" year="1778">Born (1778</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.152209" author="Born, Iv" journalOrPublisher="CABI, Wallingford" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" refId="B7" refString="Born, Iv, 1780. Testacea Musei Caesarei Vindobonensis. Sumptibus Joannis Pauli Kraus, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.152209" title="Testacea Musei Caesarei Vindobonensis. Sumptibus Joannis Pauli Kraus, Vienna." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.152209" year="1780">1780</bibRefCitation>
) noted the provenance of his specimen (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Shells of Polygyratia polygyrata, showing the variation in conchological characters such as size, number of whorls and aperture shape, as well as colouration. Scale bar = 2 cm. A. Holotype, NHMW-MO- 14371 (NHMW). B. AMNH 43887 (AMNH). C. AMNH 119005 (AMNH). D. SMF 26248 (SMF). E. Example of a weathered specimen, which acquires a washed-off ochre / brown colouration, MNZ M. 233517 (MNZ). F. Possible holotype of Polygyratia charybdis, NHMD 615842 (NHMD)." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.51047.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/389871" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">1A</figureCitation>
) as unknown (&quot;patria ignota&quot;), it was almost certainly collected in Brazil. 
<bibRefCitation author="Schileyko, AA" journalOrPublisher="Ruthenica, Supplement" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" pagination="1765 - 1906" refId="B49" refString="Schileyko, AA, 2006. Treatise on recent terrestrial pulmonate molluscs. Part 13. Helicidae, Pleurodontidae, Polygyridae, Ammonitellidae, Oreohelicidae, Thysanophoridae. Ruthenica, Supplement 2: 1765 - 1906" title="Treatise on recent terrestrial pulmonate molluscs. Part 13. Helicidae, Pleurodontidae, Polygyridae, Ammonitellidae, Oreohelicidae, Thysanophoridae." volume="2" year="2006">Schileyko (2006)</bibRefCitation>
, in fact, gave Brazil (
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Brasilia”">&quot;Brasilia&quot;</normalizedToken>
) as the locality for 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Born’s">Born's</normalizedToken>
holotype. Given that the only confirmed locality in Brazil is Bahia state (which was a usual stop for shell collectors in the late 18th century), 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Born’s">Born's</normalizedToken>
specimen, in all likelihood, stems from there.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
One of the localities of occurrence indicated by 
<bibRefCitation author="Simone, LRL" journalOrPublisher="Archives of Zoological Museum of Lomonosov Moscow State University" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" refId="B52" refString="Simone, LRL, 2006. Land and Freshwater Mollusks of Brazil. EGB/FAPESP, Sao Paulo." title="Land and Freshwater Mollusks of Brazil. EGB / FAPESP, Sao Paulo." year="2006">Simone (2006)</bibRefCitation>
, the municipality of Central, is mistaken. It was based on the work of 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02761992000300013" author="Lima, LC" journalOrPublisher="Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" pagination="423 - 427" refId="B25" refString="Lima, LC, Oliveira, MP, 1992. Pleistocene gastropods from Toca da Esperanca, Municipality of Central, State of Bahia, Brazil. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 87 (3): 423 - 427, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02761992000300013" title="Pleistocene gastropods from Toca da Esperanca, Municipality of Central, State of Bahia, Brazil." url="https://doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02761992000300013" volume="87" year="1992">Lima and Oliveira (1992)</bibRefCitation>
, who reported 
<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. polygyrata" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" rank="species" species="polygyrata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">P. polygyrata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from an archaeological setting in that municipality. Their identification is erroneous and their specimen (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02761992000300013" author="Lima, LC" journalOrPublisher="Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" pagination="423 - 427" refId="B25" refString="Lima, LC, Oliveira, MP, 1992. Pleistocene gastropods from Toca da Esperanca, Municipality of Central, State of Bahia, Brazil. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 87 (3): 423 - 427, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02761992000300013" title="Pleistocene gastropods from Toca da Esperanca, Municipality of Central, State of Bahia, Brazil." url="https://doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02761992000300013" volume="87" year="1992">Lima and Oliveira 1992</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 4) actually belongs to 
<taxonomicName authority="" class="Gastropoda" family="Scolodontidae" genus="Systrophia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Systrophia (Entodina)" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Entodina">Systrophia (Entodina)</taxonomicName>
Ancey, 1887, given the shell size and parietal fold in the aperture.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
The only locality indicated by a specimen outside Bahia state is 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pará">Para</normalizedToken>
state, in northern Brazil (predominantly an Amazon Forest region), found on a specimen from a private shell collector (AMNH 119005; Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Shells of Polygyratia polygyrata, showing the variation in conchological characters such as size, number of whorls and aperture shape, as well as colouration. Scale bar = 2 cm. A. Holotype, NHMW-MO- 14371 (NHMW). B. AMNH 43887 (AMNH). C. AMNH 119005 (AMNH). D. SMF 26248 (SMF). E. Example of a weathered specimen, which acquires a washed-off ochre / brown colouration, MNZ M. 233517 (MNZ). F. Possible holotype of Polygyratia charybdis, NHMD 615842 (NHMD)." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.51047.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/389871" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">1C</figureCitation>
). This specimen, despite having a slightly smaller size than average and a wider aperture, is overall indistinguishable from specimens from Bahia. Thus, this locality must be considered likely erroneous, as no other specimen from a trustworthy source is known from there.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Scolodontidae" genus="Polygyratia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polygyratia charybdis" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="charybdis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Polygyratia charybdis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was described by 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11189" author="Moerch, OAL" journalOrPublisher="Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" refId="B29" refString="Moerch, OAL, 1852. Catalogus Conchyliorum quae Reliquit D. Alphonso d'Aguirra &amp; Gadea, Comes de Yoldi, Regisdaniae Cubiculariorum Princeps, Ordinis Dannebrogici in Prima Classe &amp; Ordinis Caroli Terth Eques. L. Kleini, Copenhagen. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11189" title="Catalogus Conchyliorum quae Reliquit D. Alphonso d'Aguirra &amp; Gadea, Comes de Yoldi, Regisdaniae Cubiculariorum Princeps, Ordinis Dannebrogici in Prima Classe &amp; Ordinis Caroli Terth Eques. L. Kleini, Copenhagen." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11189" year="1852">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Mörch">Moerch</normalizedToken>
(1852)
</bibRefCitation>
and has alternatively been considered in literature as a full species, a subspecies or a synonym of 
<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. polygarata" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" rank="species" species="polygarata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">P. polygarata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Mörch’s">Moerch's</normalizedToken>
types are partially housed in the NHMUK and the NHMD (
<bibRefCitation author="Dance, SP" journalOrPublisher="Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" refId="B13" refString="Dance, SP, 1966. Shell Collecting: An Illustrated History. University of California Press, Berkeley." title="Shell Collecting: An Illustrated History. University of California Press, Berkeley." year="1966">Dance 1966</bibRefCitation>
) and we could trace a possible holotype in the collection of the latter (NHMD 615842, Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Shells of Polygyratia polygyrata, showing the variation in conchological characters such as size, number of whorls and aperture shape, as well as colouration. Scale bar = 2 cm. A. Holotype, NHMW-MO- 14371 (NHMW). B. AMNH 43887 (AMNH). C. AMNH 119005 (AMNH). D. SMF 26248 (SMF). E. Example of a weathered specimen, which acquires a washed-off ochre / brown colouration, MNZ M. 233517 (MNZ). F. Possible holotype of Polygyratia charybdis, NHMD 615842 (NHMD)." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.51047.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/389871" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">1F</figureCitation>
). The work of 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11189" author="Moerch, OAL" journalOrPublisher="Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" refId="B29" refString="Moerch, OAL, 1852. Catalogus Conchyliorum quae Reliquit D. Alphonso d'Aguirra &amp; Gadea, Comes de Yoldi, Regisdaniae Cubiculariorum Princeps, Ordinis Dannebrogici in Prima Classe &amp; Ordinis Caroli Terth Eques. L. Kleini, Copenhagen. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11189" title="Catalogus Conchyliorum quae Reliquit D. Alphonso d'Aguirra &amp; Gadea, Comes de Yoldi, Regisdaniae Cubiculariorum Princeps, Ordinis Dannebrogici in Prima Classe &amp; Ordinis Caroli Terth Eques. L. Kleini, Copenhagen." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11189" year="1852">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Mörch">Moerch</normalizedToken>
(1852)
</bibRefCitation>
served as a catalogue of the collection of the Count of Yoldi for an auction. The possible holotype bears the typical label of 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Yoldi’s">Yoldi's</normalizedToken>
collection (Tom 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Schiøtte">Schiotte</normalizedToken>
, pers. comm.), including the species number in the catalogue (145). Furthermore, 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11189" author="Moerch, OAL" journalOrPublisher="Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" refId="B29" refString="Moerch, OAL, 1852. Catalogus Conchyliorum quae Reliquit D. Alphonso d'Aguirra &amp; Gadea, Comes de Yoldi, Regisdaniae Cubiculariorum Princeps, Ordinis Dannebrogici in Prima Classe &amp; Ordinis Caroli Terth Eques. L. Kleini, Copenhagen. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11189" title="Catalogus Conchyliorum quae Reliquit D. Alphonso d'Aguirra &amp; Gadea, Comes de Yoldi, Regisdaniae Cubiculariorum Princeps, Ordinis Dannebrogici in Prima Classe &amp; Ordinis Caroli Terth Eques. L. Kleini, Copenhagen." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11189" year="1852">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Mörch">Moerch</normalizedToken>
(1852)
</bibRefCitation>
reported that his specimen measured 38 mm, which is perfectly in line with the specimen. As such, there is a good likelihood that this specimen is the holotype; however, it is not in pristine condition (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Shells of Polygyratia polygyrata, showing the variation in conchological characters such as size, number of whorls and aperture shape, as well as colouration. Scale bar = 2 cm. A. Holotype, NHMW-MO- 14371 (NHMW). B. AMNH 43887 (AMNH). C. AMNH 119005 (AMNH). D. SMF 26248 (SMF). E. Example of a weathered specimen, which acquires a washed-off ochre / brown colouration, MNZ M. 233517 (MNZ). F. Possible holotype of Polygyratia charybdis, NHMD 615842 (NHMD)." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.51047.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/389871" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">1F</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
The original description (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11189" author="Moerch, OAL" journalOrPublisher="Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" refId="B29" refString="Moerch, OAL, 1852. Catalogus Conchyliorum quae Reliquit D. Alphonso d'Aguirra &amp; Gadea, Comes de Yoldi, Regisdaniae Cubiculariorum Princeps, Ordinis Dannebrogici in Prima Classe &amp; Ordinis Caroli Terth Eques. L. Kleini, Copenhagen. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11189" title="Catalogus Conchyliorum quae Reliquit D. Alphonso d'Aguirra &amp; Gadea, Comes de Yoldi, Regisdaniae Cubiculariorum Princeps, Ordinis Dannebrogici in Prima Classe &amp; Ordinis Caroli Terth Eques. L. Kleini, Copenhagen." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11189" year="1852">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Mörch">Moerch</normalizedToken>
1852
</bibRefCitation>
), as well as later works that repeated it, listed very unspecific diagnostic characters: a more flat and concave shell, broader whorls, a narrower and deeper umbilicus and a smaller diameter (38 mm). The type locality is simply 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Brazil”">&quot;Brazil&quot;</normalizedToken>
and there is no indication of other places (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11189" author="Moerch, OAL" journalOrPublisher="Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" refId="B29" refString="Moerch, OAL, 1852. Catalogus Conchyliorum quae Reliquit D. Alphonso d'Aguirra &amp; Gadea, Comes de Yoldi, Regisdaniae Cubiculariorum Princeps, Ordinis Dannebrogici in Prima Classe &amp; Ordinis Caroli Terth Eques. L. Kleini, Copenhagen. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11189" title="Catalogus Conchyliorum quae Reliquit D. Alphonso d'Aguirra &amp; Gadea, Comes de Yoldi, Regisdaniae Cubiculariorum Princeps, Ordinis Dannebrogici in Prima Classe &amp; Ordinis Caroli Terth Eques. L. Kleini, Copenhagen." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11189" year="1852">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Mörch">Moerch</normalizedToken>
1852
</bibRefCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation author="Albers, JC" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" refId="B3" refString="Albers, JC, 1860. Die Heliceen. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig." title="Die Heliceen. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig." year="1860">Albers (1860)</bibRefCitation>
indicated Bolivia as a second locality of occurrence; whether this was a misunderstanding on his part or an error based on specimens he misidentified, remains unknown. In any event, the erroneous locality 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Bolivia”">&quot;Bolivia&quot;</normalizedToken>
has been consistently reproduced in literature ever since (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation author="Simone, LRL" journalOrPublisher="Archives of Zoological Museum of Lomonosov Moscow State University" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" refId="B52" refString="Simone, LRL, 2006. Land and Freshwater Mollusks of Brazil. EGB/FAPESP, Sao Paulo." title="Land and Freshwater Mollusks of Brazil. EGB / FAPESP, Sao Paulo." year="2006">Simone 2006</bibRefCitation>
). Even so, there are no known specimens from that country and this locality must be considered erroneously listed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
The possible holotype (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Shells of Polygyratia polygyrata, showing the variation in conchological characters such as size, number of whorls and aperture shape, as well as colouration. Scale bar = 2 cm. A. Holotype, NHMW-MO- 14371 (NHMW). B. AMNH 43887 (AMNH). C. AMNH 119005 (AMNH). D. SMF 26248 (SMF). E. Example of a weathered specimen, which acquires a washed-off ochre / brown colouration, MNZ M. 233517 (MNZ). F. Possible holotype of Polygyratia charybdis, NHMD 615842 (NHMD)." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.51047.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/389871" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">1F</figureCitation>
) and a few other specimens (e.g. AMNH 119005, Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Shells of Polygyratia polygyrata, showing the variation in conchological characters such as size, number of whorls and aperture shape, as well as colouration. Scale bar = 2 cm. A. Holotype, NHMW-MO- 14371 (NHMW). B. AMNH 43887 (AMNH). C. AMNH 119005 (AMNH). D. SMF 26248 (SMF). E. Example of a weathered specimen, which acquires a washed-off ochre / brown colouration, MNZ M. 233517 (MNZ). F. Possible holotype of Polygyratia charybdis, NHMD 615842 (NHMD)." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.51047.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/389871" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">1C</figureCitation>
) are indeed smaller and present features that could be interpreted as diagnostic of 
<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. charybdis" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" rank="species" species="charybdis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">P. charybdis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, such as a deeper umbilicus. Nevertheless, when all the specimens are taken together (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Shells of Polygyratia polygyrata, showing the variation in conchological characters such as size, number of whorls and aperture shape, as well as colouration. Scale bar = 2 cm. A. Holotype, NHMW-MO- 14371 (NHMW). B. AMNH 43887 (AMNH). C. AMNH 119005 (AMNH). D. SMF 26248 (SMF). E. Example of a weathered specimen, which acquires a washed-off ochre / brown colouration, MNZ M. 233517 (MNZ). F. Possible holotype of Polygyratia charybdis, NHMD 615842 (NHMD)." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.51047.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/389871" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">1</figureCitation>
), it is clear that these 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“diagnostic”">&quot;diagnostic&quot;</normalizedToken>
features are just artefacts of morphological constraints due to the specimens being slightly smaller than the 
<normalizedToken originalValue="species’">species'</normalizedToken>
mean diameter. That is, by reaching adulthood with a smaller size (and consequently fewer whorls), some specimens inevitably end up displaying a narrower and deeper umbilicus. Here, we consider this is simple morphological variability of the species and treat 
<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. charybdis" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" rank="species" species="charybdis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">P. charybdis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a synonym of 
<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. polygyrata" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" rank="species" species="polygyrata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">P. polygyrata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zse.96.51047.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/389873" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="91">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Figure 3.</emphasis>
Map of Bahia state showing the known distribution of 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Born" baseAuthorityYear="1778" class="Gastropoda" family="Scolodontidae" genus="Polygyratia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polygyratia polygyrata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="91" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="polygyrata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="91">Polygyratia polygyrata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Squares: museum specimens. Circles: online records. Triangle: literature data.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>