305 lines
37 KiB
XML
305 lines
37 KiB
XML
<document id="66F2BAF57F4515532C0DF29F505708D7" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3985.3.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0a09b779-2166-4305-9d3e-53effb06f108" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="253532" ID-ZooBank="46DE9DD6-55E3-4BF5-A2AF-A058A0294A72" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461257984528" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cock, Matthew J. W., Congdon, T. Colin E. & Collins, Steve C." docDate="2015" docId="F37C6616FFC2FFCAA0B6FF65DB9EF9C2" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03985p348.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3985 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Artitropa comus Stoll 1782" docType="treatment" docVersion="13" lastPageNumber="320" masterDocId="0F451E6EFFD1FFD9A021FFF2DB4CFFC5" masterDocTitle="Observations on the Biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 8. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Dracaena Feeders" masterLastPageNumber="348" masterPageNumber="301" pageNumber="320" updateTime="1698608568688" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="535AB9A061A428F4B722EB6571C009BB">Observations on the Biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 8. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Dracaena Feeders</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C5D4B5D224ADB2AB05A13C5F614834DB">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B41FBDCC9F45FDE5D0F24CFEB4DD63E9">Congdon, T. Colin E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="AE6BED17DD2A14DE77B42C4E6B7DDB43">Collins, Steve C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="75417D25BFECE70BC845C9BE63D42582">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="BC5680D59991686E87053E229B4FF4A2">
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<mods:date id="6EDAE6CBEF039C30E3BFB7FC972F5783">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="CC6DCEF6A4E89090D850B6DB27D3200E">2015-07-13</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="FAB3B1011CCCFF6DA471DCC38D390D7B">3985</mods:number>
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<treatment id="F37C6616FFC2FFCAA0B6FF65DB9EF9C2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6527942" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119636434" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6527942" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F37C6616FFC2FFCAA0B6FF65DB9EF9C2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F37C6616FFC2FFCAA0B6FF65DB9EF9C2" lastPageNumber="320" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">
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<subSubSection id="33CF848BFFC2FFCAA0B6FF65DABBFF77" box="[151,503,151,178]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFC2FFCAA0B6FF65DABBFF77" blockId="19.[151,503,151,178]" box="[151,503,151,178]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">
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<heading id="2022606CFFC2FFCAA0B6FF65DABBFF77" bold="true" box="[151,503,151,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC2FFCAA0B6FF65DABBFF77" bold="true" box="[151,503,151,178]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC2FFCAA0B6FF65DAD7FF77" ID-CoL="5VSFH" authority="Stoll" authorityName="Stoll" authorityYear="1782" box="[151,411,151,178]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="comus">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC2FFCAA0B6FF65DA17FF74" bold="true" box="[151,347,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Artitropa comus</emphasis>
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Stoll
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</taxonomicName>
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, [1782]
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="33CF848BFFC2FFCAA0B6FF2CDB9EF9C2" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFC2FFCAA0B6FF2CDADAFDFE" blockId="19.[151,1437,222,1543]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">
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Although the original
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<typeStatus id="A46E69A2FFC2FFCAA1B6FF2DDA8BFF32" box="[407,455,223,247]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">type</typeStatus>
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locality was given by
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<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFC2FFCAA2F3FF2CD81DFF32" author="Stoll" box="[722,849,222,247]" firstAuthor="Stoll" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" pagination="165 - 252" refId="ref32635" refString="Stoll, C (1780 - 1782) In: Cramer, P. (Ed.), De uitlandische Kapellen voorkomende in de drie Waereld-Deelen Asia, Africa en America. Papillons exotiques des trois parties du monde l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Amerique. 4 (26 / 28), (29 / 31), (32 / 34). J. S. Baalde Amsteldam, Barthelemy Wild. Utrecht, pp. 29 - 90, pls. 305 - 336 (1780); pp. 91 - 164, pls. 337 - 372 (1781), pp. 165 - 252, pls. 373 - 400 (1782)." type="journal article" year="1780">
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Stoll (
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<date id="0F6BF1C0FFC2FFCAA339FF2DD81DFF32" box="[792,849,223,247]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" value="1780" valueMax="1782">1780</date>
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</bibRefCitation>
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–1782) as
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<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC2FFCAA3EDFF2CDF62FF32" box="[972,1070,222,247]" name="Suriname" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Surinam</collectingCountry>
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, this was an error, and the
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<typeStatus id="A46E69A2FFC2FFCAA54DFF2DDED0FF32" box="[1388,1436,223,247]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">type</typeStatus>
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locality is accepted as West Africa (
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<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFC2FFCAA21FFEF0D86CFEDE" author="Ackery" box="[574,800,258,283]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ackery" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" refId="ref29534" refString="Ackery, P. R., Smith, C. R. & Vane-Wright, R. I. (Eds.) (1995) Carcasson's African Butterflies. An annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. CSIRO Publications, Melbourne, 803 pp." type="book" year="1995">
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Ackery
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC2FFCAA2BCFEF6D99DFEDE" box="[669,721,258,283]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">et al</emphasis>
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. 1995
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</bibRefCitation>
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). This is the only species of the genus in West Africa (
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<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFC2FFCAA0BFFED5DA63FEFA" author="Larsen" box="[158,303,294,319]" firstAuthor="Larsen" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" refId="ref31586" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. 2 Vols. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 595 + 270 pp." type="book" year="2005">Larsen 2005</bibRefCitation>
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), and its distribution extends east to
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<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC2FFCAA2E2FED5D877FEFA" box="[707,827,295,319]" name="Cameroon" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC2FFCAA367FED4DF50FEFA" box="[838,1052,294,319]" name="Republic of the Congo" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Republic of Congo</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC2FFCAA406FED4DF3EFEFA" box="[1063,1138,294,319]" name="Gabon" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Gabon</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC2FFCAA486FED5DE6CFEFA" box="[1191,1312,295,319]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">DR Congo</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFC2FFCAA50CFED4DBBAFEA6" author="Ackery" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ackery" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" refId="ref29534" refString="Ackery, P. R., Smith, C. R. & Vane-Wright, R. I. (Eds.) (1995) Carcasson's African Butterflies. An annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. CSIRO Publications, Melbourne, 803 pp." type="book" year="1995">
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Ackery
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC2FFCAA5A9FED5DBE1FEA6" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">et al</emphasis>
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. 1995
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFC2FFCAA123FEB9DADFFEA6" author="Larsen" box="[258,403,330,355]" firstAuthor="Larsen" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" refId="ref31586" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. 2 Vols. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 595 + 270 pp." type="book" year="2005">Larsen 2005</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFC2FFCAA187FEB8D9C3FEA6" author="Heath, A. & Newport, M. A. & Hancock, D." box="[422,655,330,355]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" refId="ref30712" refString="Heath, A., Newport, M. A. & Hancock, D. (2002) The Butterflies of Zambia. African Butterfly Research Institute and The Lepidopterists' Society of Africa, Nairobi, 137 pp. + CD." type="book" year="2002">
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Heath
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC2FFCAA1D0FEBED96EFEA6" box="[497,546,330,355]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">et al</emphasis>
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.’s (2002)
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</bibRefCitation>
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record from
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<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC2FFCAA305FEB8D836FEA6" box="[804,890,330,355]" name="Zambia" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Zambia</collectingCountry>
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(‘Hillwood (Ikelenge) (ABRI)’) was based on a misidentification for
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC2FFCAA1A2FE9DDABBFE42" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[387,503,366,391]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reducta">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC2FFCAA1A2FE9DDABBFE42" box="[387,503,366,391]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">A. reducta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. In
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<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC2FFCAA205FE9DD9D5FE42" box="[548,665,367,391]" name="Cameroon" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC2FFCAA2EEFE9DD856FE42" box="[719,794,367,391]" name="Republic of the Congo" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Congo</collectingCountry>
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its range overlaps with
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC2FFCAA407FE9DDFD6FE42" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[1062,1178,366,391]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reducta">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC2FFCAA407FE9DDFD6FE42" box="[1062,1178,366,391]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">A. reducta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, which for many years was considered a subspecies. In his simplified provisional check-list of the butterflies of the Afrotropical region,
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<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFC2FFCAA0B6FE45DA11FE0A" author="Carcasson" box="[151,349,439,463]" firstAuthor="Carcasson" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" refId="ref29877" refString="Carcasson, R. H. (1981) Collins Handguide to the Butterflies of Africa. Collins, London, 188 pp." type="book" year="1981">Carcasson (1981)</bibRefCitation>
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first treated
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC2FFCAA1D3FE44D9C0FE0A" authority="Riley" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[498,652,438,463]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reducta">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC2FFCAA1D3FE44D90BFE0A" box="[498,583,438,463]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">reducta</emphasis>
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Riley
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</taxonomicName>
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as a valid species separate from
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC2FFCAA42BFE45DF3FFE0B" authorityName="Stoll" authorityYear="1782" box="[1034,1139,439,462]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="comus">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC2FFCAA42BFE45DF3FFE0B" box="[1034,1139,439,462]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">A. comus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, but gave no explanation. This situation remained unchanged when Carcasson’s catalogue was published by
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<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFC2FFCAA467FE28DE7DFE36" author="Ackery" box="[1094,1329,474,499]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ackery" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" refId="ref29534" refString="Ackery, P. R., Smith, C. R. & Vane-Wright, R. I. (Eds.) (1995) Carcasson's African Butterflies. An annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. CSIRO Publications, Melbourne, 803 pp." type="book" year="1995">
|
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Ackery
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC2FFCAA480FE2EDF9FFE36" box="[1185,1235,474,499]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1995)
|
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
, and was endorsed by
|
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<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFC2FFCAA107FE0DDA8AFDD2" author="Larsen" box="[294,454,510,535]" firstAuthor="Larsen" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" refId="ref31586" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. 2 Vols. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 595 + 270 pp." type="book" year="2005">Larsen (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Given that the two species overlap in
|
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<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC2FFCAA356FE0DD8A0FDD2" box="[887,1004,511,535]" name="Cameroon" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
|
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and the
|
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<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC2FFCAA46AFE0DDFD5FDD2" box="[1099,1177,511,535]" name="Republic of the Congo" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Congo</collectingCountry>
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, their separation seems
|
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC2FFCAA0B6FDD6DBA1FDFE" box="[151,237,548,571]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">a priori</emphasis>
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to be justified.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFC2FFCAA0E6FDB5DFF3FC66" blockId="19.[151,1437,222,1543]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">
|
||
Most of
|
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<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFC2FFCAA109FDB4DA86FD9A" author="Riley's" box="[296,458,582,607]" firstAuthor="Riley's" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" pagination="281" refId="ref32184" refString="Riley, N. D. (1925) A revision of the continental African species of the genus Artitropa (Lep. Hesperiidae). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1925, 281 - 288, plate 35. http: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1925. tb 02864. x" type="journal article" year="1925">Riley’s (1925)</bibRefCitation>
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information on the early stages of ‘
|
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC2FFCAA342FDB5D886FD9B" authorityName="Stoll" authorityYear="1782" box="[867,970,583,606]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="comus">
|
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC2FFCAA342FDB5D886FD9B" box="[867,970,583,606]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">A. comus</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
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’ is, given the locality (
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<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC2FFCAA4F3FDB4DE63FD9A" box="[1234,1327,582,607]" name="Uganda" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Uganda</collectingCountry>
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), actually referable to
|
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC2FFCAA101FD99DAD8FD46" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[288,404,618,643]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reducta">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC2FFCAA101FD99DAD8FD46" box="[288,404,618,643]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">A. reducta</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
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, which Riley treated as a subspecies of
|
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC2FFCAA378FD99D88DFD46" authorityName="Stoll" authorityYear="1782" box="[857,961,619,643]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="comus">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC2FFCAA378FD99D88DFD46" box="[857,961,619,643]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">A. comus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, Riley goes on to point out that the early stages of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC2FFCAA146FD7DDA81FD63" authorityName="Stoll" authorityYear="1782" box="[359,461,655,678]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="comus">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC2FFCAA146FD7DDA81FD63" box="[359,461,655,678]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">A. comus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are similar based on preserved material from Lagos in the Oxford University Museum. Riley does not explicitly state the food plant of the Lagos material, which he states comprises a male and five females reared by Dr. W.A. Lamborn. MJWC examined this material in HEC; it actually comprises four females from Dr Lamborn, two of which were reared from pupae, all from near Oni,
|
||
<quantity id="BC2D7AE5FFC2FFCAA433FD09DF38FCD6" box="[1042,1140,762,787]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1265408" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" unit="mi" value="70.0">70 miles</quantity>
|
||
east of Lagos (cf.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC2FFCAA571FD09DA48FCF2" authorityName="Plotz" authorityYear="1879" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gamia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="buchholzi">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC2FFCAA571FD09DA48FCF2" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Gamia buchholzi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
above), and two males and a female caught in Lagos by J.A. de Gaye in 1912. The two reared females were collected as pupae ‘in forest,
|
||
<date id="0F6BF1C0FFC2FFCAA207FCB1D9DDFC9E" box="[550,657,835,859]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" value="1911-09">Sep 1911</date>
|
||
, and there is no indication as to the food plant. There are associated emerged pupae for both, of which one has the associated cast final caterpillar skin and head capsule. The head markings and spot on T1 are comparable to those shown below for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC2FFCAA3A8FC79D8B1FC66" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[905,1021,906,931]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reducta">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC2FFCAA3A8FC79D8B1FC66" box="[905,1021,906,931]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">A. reducta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="E3EECB85FFC2FFCAA42AFC78DFFEFC66" box="[1035,1202,906,931]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 18" captionStart-1="FIGURE 19" captionStart-2="FIGURE 20" captionStart-3="FIGURE 21" captionStartId-0="21.[151,250,1894,1916]" captionStartId-1="22.[151,250,956,978]" captionStartId-2="22.[151,250,1851,1873]" captionStartId-3="23.[151,250,1466,1488]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,1420,1870]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,639,931]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1436,1212,1826]" captionTargetBox-3="[151,1436,663,1441]" captionTargetId-0="figure@21.[151,1436,1420,1871]" captionTargetId-1="figure@22.[151,1436,639,931]" captionTargetId-2="figure@22.[151,1436,1212,1826]" captionTargetId-3="figure@23.[151,1436,663,1441]" captionTargetPageId-0="21" captionTargetPageId-1="22" captionTargetPageId-2="22" captionTargetPageId-3="23" captionText-0="FIGURE 18. Final instar caterpillars of Artitropa reducta, collected as small caterpillar on D. steudneri, Kigale, Rwanda, 7 Feb 1990; moulted to final instar 21 Feb; photographed 22 Feb, 37 mm; pupated 4 Mar; 90 / 201 A: 1, dorsolateral view; 2, detail of head, anterolateral view." captionText-1="FIGURE 19. Final instar caterpillar of Artitropa reducta collected on either Dracaena fragrans or D. steudneri, western Kenya [SCC]. 1, dorsal view, 1 Jan 2004; 2, detail of head, anterior view, 27 Sep 2004." captionText-2="FIGURE 20. Ovum and caterpillar of Artitropa reducta, collected on Dracaena mannii, Lisombo Stream, north-west Zambia [TCEC]. 1, ovum, dorsal view, 18 Nov 2005; 2, lateral view, 21 May 2000; 3, head and anterior segments, final instar caterpillar, dorsal view; 3 Nov 2004. 4, head, final instar caterpillar, anterior view, 11 May 2000; 5, final instar caterpillar, dorsolateral view, 11 May 2000." captionText-3="FIGURE 21. Ovum and caterpillars of Artitropa reducta, collected on Dracaena mannii, Rondo Plateau, south-eastern Tanzania [TCEC]. 1, ovum, dorsal view 19 Feb 2001; 2, ovum, lateral view, 19 Feb 2001. 3, final instar, detail of head, anterior view, 9 Feb 2005; 4, detail of head, anterior view, 28 Mar 1998; 5, final instar dorsal view, 9 Feb 2005." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/253551/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/253552/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/253553/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/253554/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Figures 18–21</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFC2FFCAA0E6FC5CDF7DFC2F" blockId="19.[151,1437,222,1543]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">
|
||
The food plant records of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFC2FFCAA1C6FC5DD9E9FC02" author="Le Pelley" box="[487,677,942,967]" firstAuthor="Le Pelley" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" refId="ref31613" refString="Le Pelley, R. H. (1959) Agricultural Insects of East Africa. East Africa High Commission, Nairobi, 307 pp." type="book" year="1959">Le Pelley (1959)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFC2FFCAA291FC5CD8C8FC02" author="Sevastopulo" box="[688,900,942,967]" firstAuthor="Sevastopulo" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" pagination="131" refId="ref32345" refString="Sevastopulo, D. G. (1974) Butterflies of the Shimba Hills. Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation, 86, 131 - 136." type="journal article" year="1974">Sevastopulo (1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFC2FFCAA3AFFC5CD885FC02" author="Sevastopulo" box="[910,969,942,967]" firstAuthor="Sevastopulo" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" pagination="147 - 172" refId="ref32373" refString="Sevastopulo, D. G. (1975) Hesperiidae. In: Sevastopulo, D. G. (1975 - 1978) A list of the food-plants of East African Macrolepidoptera. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society, 34, pp. 131 - 132. [pp. 84 - 92, 124 - 132, 175 - 184; 35, pp. 94 - 100, 177 - 195; 36, pp. 45 - 50; 37, pp. 147 - 172, 202 - 216]" type="journal article" year="1975">1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFC2FFCAA3FCFC5DDF8AFC02" author="Van Someren" box="[989,1222,943,967]" firstAuthor="Van Someren" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" pagination="315" refId="ref33112" refString="Van Someren, V. G. L. (1974) List of foodplants of some East African Rhopalocera, with notes on the early stages of some Lycaenidae. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society, 28, 315 - 331." type="journal article" year="1974">Van Someren (1974)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFC2FFCAA4F0FC5DDED4FC02" author="Carcasson" box="[1233,1432,943,967]" firstAuthor="Carcasson" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" refId="ref29877" refString="Carcasson, R. H. (1981) Collins Handguide to the Butterflies of Africa. Collins, London, 188 pp." type="book" year="1981">Carcasson (1981)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFC2FFCAA0B6FC20DA30FC2E" author="Ackery" box="[151,380,978,1003]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ackery" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" refId="ref29534" refString="Ackery, P. R., Smith, C. R. & Vane-Wright, R. I. (Eds.) (1995) Carcasson's African Butterflies. An annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. CSIRO Publications, Melbourne, 803 pp." type="book" year="1995">
|
||
Ackery
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC2FFCAA0D1FC26DA6CFC2E" box="[240,288,978,1003]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1995)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFC2FFCAA1A6FC20D912FC2E" author="Heath" box="[391,606,978,1003]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Heath" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" refId="ref30712" refString="Heath, A., Newport, M. A. & Hancock, D. (2002) The Butterflies of Zambia. African Butterfly Research Institute and The Lepidopterists' Society of Africa, Nairobi, 137 pp. + CD." type="book" year="2002">
|
||
Heath
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC2FFCAA1F3FC26D94FFC2E" box="[466,515,978,1003]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2002)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, etc. are considered to refer to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC2FFCAA396FC21DF66FC2E" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[951,1066,978,1003]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reducta">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC2FFCAA396FC21DF66FC2E" box="[951,1066,978,1003]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">A. reducta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFC2FFCAA0E6FC05DACEFACE" blockId="19.[151,1437,222,1543]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">
|
||
In 1994, MJWC found a dead final instar caterpillar and a pupa killed by a parasitoid with the cast final instar skin on a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC2FFCAA125FBEEDA38FBF6" box="[260,372,1052,1075]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC2FFCAA125FBEEDA38FBF6" box="[260,372,1052,1075]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Dracaena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. at Toumodi, near Yamoussoukro,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC2FFCAA301FBE9D8F6FBF6" box="[800,954,1050,1075]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Côte d’Ivoire</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The caterpillar head was similar to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC2FFCAA0B6FBCDDA41FB92" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[151,269,1086,1111]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reducta">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC2FFCAA0B6FBCDDA41FB92" box="[151,269,1086,1111]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">A. reducta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(below): 3.65 x
|
||
<quantity id="BC2D7AE5FFC2FFCAA1EFFBCDD950FB92" box="[462,540,1087,1111]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" unit="mm" value="4.2">4.2mm</quantity>
|
||
wide x high; pale brown with yellow flush on face; rugose, no obvious setae; large oval dark spot on each epicranium, the lower inner margin adjacent to upper adfrontals; posterior margin, sutures, adfrontals and frons all ground colour; pronotum pale with a dark spot laterally. The pupa was similar to those of other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC2FFCAA11BFB59DAEDFB07" authorityName="Holland" authorityYear="1896" box="[314,417,1195,1218]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC2FFCAA11BFB59DAEDFB07" box="[314,417,1195,1218]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Artitropa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp.: unmarked pale brown; erect pale brown setae in small patch on T3 dorsum, directed backwards, and in line down centre of eye. The pupa had a single
|
||
<quantity id="BC2D7AE5FFC2FFCAA354FB3CD888FB22" box="[885,964,1230,1255]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" unit="mm" value="1.6">1.6mm</quantity>
|
||
diameter parasitoid emergence hole cut in the front of the head.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFC2FFCAA0E6FAE4DB9EF9C2" blockId="19.[151,1437,222,1543]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">
|
||
The first unequivocal published food plant record for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC2FFCAA304FAE5D8C1FAEB" authorityName="Stoll" authorityYear="1782" box="[805,909,1303,1326]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="comus">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC2FFCAA304FAE5D8C1FAEB" box="[805,909,1303,1326]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">A. comus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is that of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFC2FFCAA3DEFAE5DFF4FAEA" author="Vuattoux" box="[1023,1208,1303,1327]" firstAuthor="Vuattoux" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" pagination="562" refId="ref33184" refString="Vuattoux, R. (1999) Les lepidopteres hesperiides de la Station de Lamto (Cote d'Ivoire). Lambillionea, 94, 562 - 568." type="journal article" year="1999">Vuattoux (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
who reared a dozen on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC2FFCAA09AFACEDA61FA96" authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1874" box="[187,301,1340,1363]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mannii">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC2FFCAA09AFACEDA61FA96" box="[187,301,1340,1363]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">D. mannii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC2FFCAA17FFACEDABEFA96" authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1874" box="[350,498,1340,1363]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="perrottetii">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC2FFCAA17FFACEDABEFA96" box="[350,498,1340,1363]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">D. perrottetii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). We can find no significant differences between the early stages of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC2FFCAA522FAC9DE27FA96" authorityName="Stoll" authorityYear="1782" box="[1283,1387,1339,1363]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="comus">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC2FFCAA522FAC9DE27FA96" box="[1283,1387,1339,1363]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">A. comus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC2FFCAA0DFFAADDA3AFAB2" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[254,374,1374,1399]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reducta">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC2FFCAA0DFFAADDA3AFAB2" box="[254,374,1374,1399]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">A. reducta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="E3EECB85FFC2FFCAA1A6FAACD97DFAB2" box="[391,561,1374,1399]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 18" captionStart-1="FIGURE 19" captionStart-2="FIGURE 20" captionStart-3="FIGURE 21" captionStartId-0="21.[151,250,1894,1916]" captionStartId-1="22.[151,250,956,978]" captionStartId-2="22.[151,250,1851,1873]" captionStartId-3="23.[151,250,1466,1488]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,1420,1870]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,639,931]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1436,1212,1826]" captionTargetBox-3="[151,1436,663,1441]" captionTargetId-0="figure@21.[151,1436,1420,1871]" captionTargetId-1="figure@22.[151,1436,639,931]" captionTargetId-2="figure@22.[151,1436,1212,1826]" captionTargetId-3="figure@23.[151,1436,663,1441]" captionTargetPageId-0="21" captionTargetPageId-1="22" captionTargetPageId-2="22" captionTargetPageId-3="23" captionText-0="FIGURE 18. Final instar caterpillars of Artitropa reducta, collected as small caterpillar on D. steudneri, Kigale, Rwanda, 7 Feb 1990; moulted to final instar 21 Feb; photographed 22 Feb, 37 mm; pupated 4 Mar; 90 / 201 A: 1, dorsolateral view; 2, detail of head, anterolateral view." captionText-1="FIGURE 19. Final instar caterpillar of Artitropa reducta collected on either Dracaena fragrans or D. steudneri, western Kenya [SCC]. 1, dorsal view, 1 Jan 2004; 2, detail of head, anterior view, 27 Sep 2004." captionText-2="FIGURE 20. Ovum and caterpillar of Artitropa reducta, collected on Dracaena mannii, Lisombo Stream, north-west Zambia [TCEC]. 1, ovum, dorsal view, 18 Nov 2005; 2, lateral view, 21 May 2000; 3, head and anterior segments, final instar caterpillar, dorsal view; 3 Nov 2004. 4, head, final instar caterpillar, anterior view, 11 May 2000; 5, final instar caterpillar, dorsolateral view, 11 May 2000." captionText-3="FIGURE 21. Ovum and caterpillars of Artitropa reducta, collected on Dracaena mannii, Rondo Plateau, south-eastern Tanzania [TCEC]. 1, ovum, dorsal view 19 Feb 2001; 2, ovum, lateral view, 19 Feb 2001. 3, final instar, detail of head, anterior view, 9 Feb 2005; 4, detail of head, anterior view, 28 Mar 1998; 5, final instar dorsal view, 9 Feb 2005." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/253551/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/253552/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/253553/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/253554/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Figures 18–21</figureCitation>
|
||
). SCC has found early stages of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC2FFCAA397FAADDF53FAB3" authorityName="Stoll" authorityYear="1782" box="[950,1055,1375,1398]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="comus">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC2FFCAA397FAADDF53FAB3" box="[950,1055,1375,1398]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">A. comus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in several countries in west and central Africa on a variety of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC2FFCAA1C0FA76D91DFA5E" box="[481,593,1412,1435]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC2FFCAA1C0FA76D91DFA5E" box="[481,593,1412,1435]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Dracaena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp., including exotics, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC2FFCAA3F2FA76DF1AFA5E" authorityName="Ker Gawl" authorityYear="1808" baseAuthorityName="L." box="[979,1110,1411,1435]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fragrans">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC2FFCAA3F2FA76DF1AFA5E" box="[979,1110,1411,1435]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">D. fragrans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC2FFCAA458FA70DF81FA5E" box="[1145,1229,1410,1435]" name="Liberia" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Liberia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, at Obudu, eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC2FFCAA0B6FA54DBA7FA7A" box="[151,235,1446,1471]" name="Nigeria" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<date id="0F6BF1C0FFC2FFCAA0DDFA54DA32FA7A" box="[252,382,1446,1471]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" value="2007-04">April 2007</date>
|
||
) and in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC2FFCAA1C3FA55D916FA7A" box="[482,602,1447,1471]" name="Cameroon" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC2FFCAA246FA55D997FA7B" authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1874" box="[615,731,1447,1470]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mannii">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC2FFCAA246FA55D997FA7B" box="[615,731,1447,1470]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">D. mannii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC2FFCAA324FA54D802FA7A" box="[773,846,1446,1471]" name="Ghana" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Ghana</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC2FFCAA3AAFA55DF6BFA7A" box="[907,1063,1446,1471]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Côte d’Ivoire</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC2FFCAA449FA55DFAAFA7A" authorityName="Link" authorityYear="1821" baseAuthorityName="Willd." box="[1128,1254,1446,1471]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arborea">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC2FFCAA449FA55DFAAFA7A" box="[1128,1254,1446,1471]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">D. arborea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on Bioko (
|
||
<date id="0F6BF1C0FFC2FFCAA54CFA55DB9FFA26" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" value="2011-12">Dec 2011</date>
|
||
). They can be horticultural pests of ornamental
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC2FFCAA2DFFA3ED822FA26" box="[766,878,1484,1507]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC2FFCAA2DFFA3ED822FA26" box="[766,878,1484,1507]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Dracaena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp., and adults have been observed to come to light.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |