311 lines
44 KiB
XML
311 lines
44 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="0B8F7A92AA19DBD116ECE12403F40369">The Pandora’s box: Morphological diversity within the genus Amphiglena Claparède, 1864 (Sabellidae, Annelida) in the Mediterranean Sea, with description of nine new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="70238E26F810CAD1384411B48430F73E">Giangrande, Adriana</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="232E705EDBBD961A6159EE213396674F">Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Via Provinciale Lecce- Monteroni, 73100 Lecce (Italy) & Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn of Napoli, Dept Integrative Marine Ecology, Ischia Marine Center, 80070 Ischia (Napoli, Italy) & https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 4531 - 2377</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="4B6F6FC975F6B618149B55701FDA4B5A">Putignano, Matteo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="260615C42AC9E535AB2E071A10FF8379">Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Via Provinciale Lecce- Monteroni, 73100 Lecce (Italy)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="1B9B8D0F9EC07C025E80C3A3FBC67E17">Licciano, Margherita</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="77EF78F5B2243EF548FE065B8B5EEC32">Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Via Provinciale Lecce- Monteroni, 73100 Lecce (Italy) & https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 8762 - 3179</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="0D61D0DDF8717FE4282D30850208D5A9">Gambi, Maria Cristina</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="2E36DC72EDCC186E09651933F808ED4F">Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn of Napoli, Dept Integrative Marine Ecology, Ischia Marine Center, 80070 Ischia (Napoli, Italy)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="85D136B76E4455E61784EF2349CC027D">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="71E78159A5FC9BA937F43936CC76CDED">
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<mods:date id="563F39D5C0CB190A6E63AE6A55683829">2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="4E8F5B466BA3387C47DC16C1A21FE375">2021-03-25</mods:number>
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<treatment id="039787C8872F2367FF2B47DFFBFFFDDF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4636141" ID-GBIF-Taxon="180876818" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4636141" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039787C8872F2367FF2B47DFFBFFFDDF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039787C8872F2367FF2B47DFFBFFFDDF" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="208" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">
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<subSubSection id="C3246555872F2366FF2B47DFFDC2FE10" box="[151,546,402,429]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" type="nomenclature">
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<emphasis id="B94AEACC872F2366FF2B47DFFDC2FE10" bold="true" box="[151,546,402,429]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D5D872F2366FF2B47DFFE5EFE10" authority="Giangrande & Putignano & Licciano & Gambi, 2021" authorityName="Giangrande & Putignano & Licciano & Gambi" authorityYear="2021" box="[151,446,402,429]" class="Polychaeta" family="Sabellidae" genus="Amphiglena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="aenariensis" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B94AEACC872F2366FF2B47DFFE5EFE10" bold="true" box="[151,446,402,429]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Amphiglena aenariensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27957B7872F2366FE7947DEFDC2FE10" box="[453,546,403,429]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3246555872F2366FF2B47FAFEEBFE6C" box="[151,267,438,465]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B8136DE872F2366FF2B47FAFEEBFE6C" blockId="6.[151,546,402,465]" box="[151,267,438,465]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">
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(
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<figureCitation id="13052A5B872F2366FF2347FAFF08FE6C" box="[159,232,439,465]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1914,1938]" captionTargetBox="[157,1425,640,1885]" captionTargetId="figure-257@7.[151,1436,633,1891]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Amphiglena aenariensis sp. nov. A. entire worm, photo from the holotype; B. staining pattern; C. tip of the radiole; D. photo from anterior end, ventral view, material coloured with Shirlastain A; E. scheme of the anterior end ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4636137" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4636137/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Figs 4</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13052A5B872F2366FF4847FBFEE2FE6C" box="[244,258,438,465]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1755,1779]" captionTargetBox="[161,1419,189,1713]" captionTargetId="figure-27@8.[151,1436,181,1731]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Amphiglena aenariensis sp. nov. A. thoracic uncinus; B. companion chaeta; C. abdominal uncinus; D. superior thoracic chaeta; E. inferior thoracic chaeta; F. abdominal chaeta from a middle abdominal segment; G. abdominal chaeta from the anterior abdominal segment." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4636139" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4636139/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">5</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3246555872F2366FF2B47B3FB00FD70" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8B8136DE872F2366FF2B47B3FBABFD80" blockId="6.[151,1437,510,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">
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<emphasis id="B94AEACC872F2366FF2B47B3FE99FDA5" bold="true" box="[151,377,510,536]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Material examined</emphasis>
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.
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<materialsCitation id="3B563C83872F2366FE3B47B2FBABFD80" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3068456315" collectingDate="2011-11-25" collectionCode="MNCN" country="Italy" elevation="2" latitude="40.73111" location="Ischia Castello Islet" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="13.96323" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" specimenCode="MNCN 16.01" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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<typeStatus id="5485887C872F2366FE3B47B2FE14FDA4" box="[391,500,511,537]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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: (
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<specimenCode id="DB989EA5872F2366FDB947B2FD41FDA7" box="[517,673,511,538]" collectionCode="MNCN" country="Spain" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35275" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35275" name="Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" type="Museum">MNCN 16.01</specimenCode>
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/18721):
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<collectingCountry id="F329764E872F2366FCBA47B2FCDEFDA4" box="[774,830,511,537]" name="Italy" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Italy</collectingCountry>
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:
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<location id="8EE16005872F2366FCF447B2FBC4FDA4" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039787C8872F2367FF2B47DFFBFFFDDF:8EE16005872F2366FCF447B2FBC4FDA4" box="[840,1060,511,537]" country="Italy" latitude="40.73111" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="13.96323" name="Ischia Castello Islet" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Ischia Castello Islet</location>
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<date id="FF80101E872F2366FB9647B3FB46FDA4" box="[1066,1190,510,537]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" value="2011-11-25">
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<collectingDate id="EFC4E9F6872F2366FB9647B3FB46FDA4" box="[1066,1190,510,537]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" value="2011-11-25">25.11.2011</collectingDate>
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</date>
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station S3 (south side acidified station of the CO
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vent system),
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<geoCoordinate id="EE0A5019872F2366FCA0446FFC28FD80" box="[796,968,546,573]" degrees="13" direction="east" minutes="57" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" precision="1" seconds="47.63" value="13.96323">13°57’47.63”E</geoCoordinate>
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;
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<quantity id="4CC69B3B872F2366FC68446EFC1FFD80" box="[980,1023,547,573]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</quantity>
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depth
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</elevation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8136DE872F2366FF7B440AFB00FD70" blockId="6.[151,1437,510,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">
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<typeStatus id="5485887C872F2366FF7B440AFED8FDDC" box="[199,312,583,609]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
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:
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<specimenCode id="DB989EA5872F2366FEFE440AFE3AFDDC" box="[322,474,583,609]" collectionCode="MNCN" country="Spain" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35275" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35275" name="Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" type="Museum">MNCN 16.01</specimenCode>
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/ 18722:
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from the same locality and date as the
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<typeStatus id="5485887C872F2366FBCF440AFB39FDDC" box="[1139,1241,583,609]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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:
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<specimenCount id="9D38FD57872F2366FB5F440AFA9AFDDC" box="[1251,1402,583,609]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" type="generic">16 specimens</specimenCount>
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all collected in the same locality and date as the
|
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<typeStatus id="5485887C872F2366FD374426FD11FD38" box="[651,753,619,645]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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;
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<materialsCitation id="3B563C83872F2366FD474426FB0AFD14" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3068456306" collectingDate="2012-06-19" collectionCode="PCZL" elevation="2" latitude="40.73194" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="13.963428" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" specimenCount="22" typeStatus="paratype">
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<collectionCode id="ED2FAE1B872F2366FD474426FCDEFD38" box="[763,830,619,645]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">PCZL</collectionCode>
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S.A.2.1.:
|
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<specimenCount id="9D38FD57872F2366FC134426FBA6FD38" box="[943,1094,619,645]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" type="generic">22 specimens</specimenCount>
|
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from the same site,
|
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<date id="FF80101E872F2366FA994426FA78FD38" box="[1317,1432,619,645]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" value="2012-06-19">
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<collectingDate id="EFC4E9F6872F2366FA994426FA78FD38" box="[1317,1432,619,645]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" value="2012-06-19">19.6.2012</collectingDate>
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</date>
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||
, in station N3 (north side of the CO
|
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<subScript id="17BA349B872F2366FD9344ECFDD7FD12" attach="left" box="[559,567,673,687]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">2</subScript>
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vent’s system,
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<quantity id="4CC69B3B872F2366FD5B44C3FCCAFD14" box="[743,810,654,681]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" unit="m" value="1.5">1.5 m</quantity>
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depth
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</elevation>
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),
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<geoCoordinate id="EE0A5019872F2366FC3744C3FBD7FD14" box="[907,1079,654,681]" degrees="40" direction="north" minutes="43" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" precision="1" seconds="54.98" value="40.73194">40°43’54.98”N</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate id="EE0A5019872F2366FBFD44C3FB0AFD14" box="[1089,1258,654,681]" degrees="13" direction="east" minutes="57" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" precision="1" seconds="48.34" value="13.963428">13°57’48.34”E</geoCoordinate>
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</materialsCitation>
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<collectionCode id="ED2FAE1B872F2366FB4F44C2FAD6FD14" box="[1267,1334,655,681]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">PCZL</collectionCode>
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S.A.2.2. Material fixed in formalin 4% and preserved in ethanol 70%; some material fixed in ethanol 95%.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3246555872F2366FF7B449BFEEAF9C8" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B8136DE872F2366FF7B449BFC6BFA20" blockId="6.[151,1437,510,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">
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<emphasis id="B94AEACC872F2366FF7B449BFEB9FD4D" bold="true" box="[199,345,726,752]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Description.</emphasis>
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<typeStatus id="5485887C872F2366FEDE449AFE2AFD4C" box="[354,458,727,753]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
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complete, with eight thoracic and 24 abdominal chaetigers. Body length
|
||
<quantity id="4CC69B3B872F2366FAAF449AFA8BFD4C" box="[1299,1387,727,753]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" unit="mm" value="2.3">2.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
and crown length
|
||
<quantity id="4CC69B3B872F2366FE8A44B7FE71FCA8" box="[310,401,762,789]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
; width
|
||
<quantity id="4CC69B3B872F2366FE5444B6FDA4FCA8" box="[488,580,763,789]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" unit="mm" value="0.4">0.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Body brown coloured on ventral side, quite flattened abdomen (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13052A5B872F2366FA8F44B6FA70FCA8" box="[1331,1424,763,789]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1914,1938]" captionTargetBox="[157,1425,640,1885]" captionTargetId="figure-257@7.[151,1436,633,1891]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Amphiglena aenariensis sp. nov. A. entire worm, photo from the holotype; B. staining pattern; C. tip of the radiole; D. photo from anterior end, ventral view, material coloured with Shirlastain A; E. scheme of the anterior end ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4636137" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4636137/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Crown bearing five pairs of radioles with 12 pairs of pinnules arranged in two longitudinal rows slightly alternating along the radiolar length. Pinnules appear slightly swollen and with a similar length shorter than the radiolar tip, measuring about 1/5 of the total radiolar length (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13052A5B872F2366FD12452AFCE6FC3C" box="[686,774,871,897]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1914,1938]" captionTargetBox="[157,1425,640,1885]" captionTargetId="figure-257@7.[151,1436,633,1891]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Amphiglena aenariensis sp. nov. A. entire worm, photo from the holotype; B. staining pattern; C. tip of the radiole; D. photo from anterior end, ventral view, material coloured with Shirlastain A; E. scheme of the anterior end ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4636137" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4636137/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Most distal pairs of radioles having pinnules decreasing in length with longer pinnules in median position along the radiole. The radiole’s distal end is 1/4 of the total radiolar length and appears elongate, slender but with a blunt, slightly swollen finger-like end. Radiolar skeleton with two rows of cells. Dorsal lips short, almost 1/7 of the total radiolar length.Anterior peristomial ring not visible, posterior peristomial ring slightly higher ventrally and showing a mid-ventral incision with well separated margins where the ventral basal flanges are fused. Ventral basal flanges low, connected as prominent ridges from the base of ventralmost radioles. (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13052A5B872F2366FEFD4272FE58FBE4" box="[321,440,1087,1113]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1914,1938]" captionTargetBox="[157,1425,640,1885]" captionTargetId="figure-257@7.[151,1436,633,1891]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Amphiglena aenariensis sp. nov. A. entire worm, photo from the holotype; B. staining pattern; C. tip of the radiole; D. photo from anterior end, ventral view, material coloured with Shirlastain A; E. scheme of the anterior end ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4636137" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4636137/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Fig. 4D, E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Peristomial eyes slight brown and difficult to see. Pygidial eyes brown as double clusters on lateral margins of pygidium. Thorax longer than wide. First thoracic chaetiger bearing only 3 chaetae similar in shape to superior chaetae of the following chaetigers. From the second to the eighth thoracic chaetiger, 6 uncini in each torus, with rounded and flattened breast, with approximately four rows of long teeth above main fang, and short handles (0.23 ratio) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13052A5B872F2366FE024282FDF8FB54" box="[446,536,1230,1257]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1755,1779]" captionTargetBox="[161,1419,189,1713]" captionTargetId="figure-27@8.[151,1436,181,1731]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Amphiglena aenariensis sp. nov. A. thoracic uncinus; B. companion chaeta; C. abdominal uncinus; D. superior thoracic chaeta; E. inferior thoracic chaeta; F. abdominal chaeta from a middle abdominal segment; G. abdominal chaeta from the anterior abdominal segment." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4636139" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4636139/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Companion chaetae present, with straight shaft and long mucro (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13052A5B872F2366FB404282FAB3FB54" box="[1276,1363,1230,1257]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1755,1779]" captionTargetBox="[161,1419,189,1713]" captionTargetId="figure-27@8.[151,1436,181,1731]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Amphiglena aenariensis sp. nov. A. thoracic uncinus; B. companion chaeta; C. abdominal uncinus; D. superior thoracic chaeta; E. inferior thoracic chaeta; F. abdominal chaeta from a middle abdominal segment; G. abdominal chaeta from the anterior abdominal segment." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4636139" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4636139/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Four thoracic chaetae, one superior thoracic hooded chaeta (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13052A5B872F2366FCBD42BEFCBBFAB0" box="[769,859,1266,1293]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1755,1779]" captionTargetBox="[161,1419,189,1713]" captionTargetId="figure-27@8.[151,1436,181,1731]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Amphiglena aenariensis sp. nov. A. thoracic uncinus; B. companion chaeta; C. abdominal uncinus; D. superior thoracic chaeta; E. inferior thoracic chaeta; F. abdominal chaeta from a middle abdominal segment; G. abdominal chaeta from the anterior abdominal segment." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4636139" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4636139/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
|
||
), 3 inferior paleate chaetae, with mucro longer half of the tip of the superior chaetae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13052A5B872F2366FDA4435AFD6EFA8C" box="[536,654,1302,1329]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1755,1779]" captionTargetBox="[161,1419,189,1713]" captionTargetId="figure-27@8.[151,1436,181,1731]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Amphiglena aenariensis sp. nov. A. thoracic uncinus; B. companion chaeta; C. abdominal uncinus; D. superior thoracic chaeta; E. inferior thoracic chaeta; F. abdominal chaeta from a middle abdominal segment; G. abdominal chaeta from the anterior abdominal segment." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4636139" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4636139/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Fig. 5E, F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Six abdominal uncini on each torus with 3 teeth of similar-size and short handle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13052A5B872F2366FE8F4376FE6DFAE8" box="[307,397,1338,1365]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1755,1779]" captionTargetBox="[161,1419,189,1713]" captionTargetId="figure-27@8.[151,1436,181,1731]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Amphiglena aenariensis sp. nov. A. thoracic uncinus; B. companion chaeta; C. abdominal uncinus; D. superior thoracic chaeta; E. inferior thoracic chaeta; F. abdominal chaeta from a middle abdominal segment; G. abdominal chaeta from the anterior abdominal segment." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4636139" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4636139/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
|
||
). First abdominal chaetigers bearing three broadly-hooded neurochaetae similar in shape to the inferior thoracic paleate chaetae, but longer (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13052A5B872F2366FD0B4312FCF1FAC4" box="[695,785,1374,1401]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1755,1779]" captionTargetBox="[161,1419,189,1713]" captionTargetId="figure-27@8.[151,1436,181,1731]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Amphiglena aenariensis sp. nov. A. thoracic uncinus; B. companion chaeta; C. abdominal uncinus; D. superior thoracic chaeta; E. inferior thoracic chaeta; F. abdominal chaeta from a middle abdominal segment; G. abdominal chaeta from the anterior abdominal segment." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4636139" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4636139/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Fig. 5G</figureCitation>
|
||
), and becoming longer and more geniculate in the median abdominal segments (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13052A5B872F2366FE3043CEFE02FA20" box="[396,482,1410,1437]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1755,1779]" captionTargetBox="[161,1419,189,1713]" captionTargetId="figure-27@8.[151,1436,181,1731]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Amphiglena aenariensis sp. nov. A. thoracic uncinus; B. companion chaeta; C. abdominal uncinus; D. superior thoracic chaeta; E. inferior thoracic chaeta; F. abdominal chaeta from a middle abdominal segment; G. abdominal chaeta from the anterior abdominal segment." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4636139" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4636139/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Fig. 5F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Spermathechae brown/red coloured.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8136DE872F2366FF7B43EBFB35FA58" blockId="6.[151,1437,510,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94AEACC872F2366FF7B43EBFE6AFA7C" bold="true" box="[199,394,1446,1473]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Staining pattern</emphasis>
|
||
. In both thorax and abdomen stain only ventral shields. Peristomial rings and first thorax segment well coloured. Abdomen paler, showing a double square design in each chaetiger (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13052A5B872F2366FBCC4386FB28FA58" box="[1136,1224,1483,1509]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1914,1938]" captionTargetBox="[157,1425,640,1885]" captionTargetId="figure-257@7.[151,1436,633,1891]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Amphiglena aenariensis sp. nov. A. entire worm, photo from the holotype; B. staining pattern; C. tip of the radiole; D. photo from anterior end, ventral view, material coloured with Shirlastain A; E. scheme of the anterior end ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4636137" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4636137/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8136DE872F2366FF7B43A3FEEAF9C8" blockId="6.[151,1437,510,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94AEACC872F2366FF7B43A3FEADF9B5" bold="true" box="[199,333,1518,1544]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Variability.</emphasis>
|
||
Individuals can have up to 29 abdominal chaetigers, up to 8 thoracic uncini and 6 abdominal ones (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6BC0365872F2366FF23405EFF12F990" box="[159,242,1555,1581]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="29.[151,239,689,715]" captionText="TABLE 1. Comparative view of the main characters of the described Amphiglena species." pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). Some specimens were observed to have 5 radioles in one lobe and
|
||
<quantity id="4CC69B3B872F2366FC4B405EFBC3F990" box="[1015,1059,1555,1581]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.524" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" unit="in" value="6.0">6 in</quantity>
|
||
the other, and in some specimens the presence of a bifid radiole was also detected. Spermathechae were very pale in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="5485887C872F2366FBE5407AFB5EF9EC" box="[1113,1214,1591,1617]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, and darker in some
|
||
<typeStatus id="5485887C872F2366FF2B4016FEE6F9C8" box="[151,262,1627,1653]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3246555872F2367FF7B4032FB2CFF68" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="208" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8136DE872F2367FF7B4032FB2CFF68" blockId="6.[151,1437,510,2013]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1436,151,610]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="208" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94AEACC872F2366FF7B4032FED4F924" bold="true" box="[199,308,1663,1689]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
. This species is distinguished from the specimens here reported as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D5D872F2366FBA34032FB18F924" baseAuthorityName="Leydig" baseAuthorityYear="1851" box="[1055,1272,1663,1689]" class="Polychaeta" family="Sabellidae" genus="Amphiglena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="mediterranea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94AEACC872F2366FBA34032FBD8F924" box="[1055,1080,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">A.</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="B94AEACC872F2366FBDD4032FB18F924" box="[1121,1272,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">mediterranea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the staining pattern, especially in the abdomen, and in the more connected ventral basal flanges. Moreover, specimens appeared more compact and shorter with a flattened abdomen and a higher body/crown ratio (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6BC0365872F2366FB8B408AFB6AF95C" box="[1079,1162,1735,1761]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="29.[151,239,689,715]" captionText="TABLE 1. Comparative view of the main characters of the described Amphiglena species." pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). In addition, specimens belonging to this taxon are characterized by having a very short-handle of thoracic uncini, the shortest observed in all the taxa here reported. The features of the peristomial rings of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D5D872F2366FC184142FBA6F895" authority="Giangrande & Putignano & Licciano & Gambi, 2021" authorityName="Giangrande & Putignano & Licciano & Gambi" authorityYear="2021" box="[932,1094,1807,1833]" class="Polychaeta" family="Sabellidae" genus="Amphiglena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="aenariensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94AEACC872F2366FC184142FBA6F895" box="[932,1094,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">A. aenariensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B94AEACC872F2366FBF24142FB49F894" bold="true" box="[1102,1193,1807,1833]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27957B7872F2366FBF24142FB49F894" box="[1102,1193,1807,1833]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
resemble
|
||
<emphasis id="B94AEACC872F2366FAA34142FA7CF895" box="[1311,1436,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">A. Jimenezi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B2F872F2366FF2B417EFE65F8F0" author="Capa, M. & Lopez, E." box="[151,389,1843,1869]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" pagination="63 - 72" refId="ref18338" refString="Capa, M. & Lopez, E. (2004) Sabellidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) living in blocks of dead coral in the Coiba National Park, Panama. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 84, 63 - 72. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315404008926 h" type="journal article" year="2004">Capa & Lopez, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, described from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F329764E872F2366FDFD417EFD7DF8F0" box="[577,669,1843,1869]" name="Panama" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
, from which it is distinguished by the length of the radiolar appendage, but especially for the short-handles of thoracic uncini. The short-handle of thoracic uncini distinguishes this species from most of the other known species of
|
||
<emphasis id="B94AEACC872F2366FD074136FCAAF828" box="[699,842,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D5D872F2366FD074136FCA6F828" authorityName="Claparede" authorityYear="1864" box="[699,838,1915,1941]" class="Polychaeta" family="Sabellidae" genus="Amphiglena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">Amphiglena</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Among the non Mediterranean species, only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D5D872F2366FAFB4136FE9FF804" authority="Capa & Rouse, 2007" authorityName="Capa & Rouse" authorityYear="2007" class="Polychaeta" family="Sabellidae" genus="Amphiglena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="nishi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94AEACC872F2366FAFB4136FA7CF828" box="[1351,1436,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">A. nishi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B2F872F2366FF2B41D2FE9FF804" author="Capa, M. & Rouse, G. W." box="[151,383,1951,1977]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" pagination="327 - 356" refId="ref18604" refString="Capa, M. & Rouse, G. W. (2007) Phylogenetic relationships within Amphiglena Claparede, 1864 (Polychaeta: Sabellidae), description of five new species from Australia, a new species from Japan, and comments on previously described species. Journal of Natural History, 41, 327 - 356. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930701194938" type="journal article" year="2007">Capa & Rouse, 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a similar handle length, however, it differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D5D872F2366FC7041D2FBAEF805" authority="Giangrande & Putignano & Licciano & Gambi, 2021" authorityName="Giangrande & Putignano & Licciano & Gambi" authorityYear="2021" box="[972,1102,1951,1977]" class="Polychaeta" family="Sabellidae" genus="Amphiglena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="aenariae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94AEACC872F2366FC7041D2FBAEF805" box="[972,1102,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">A. aenariae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B94AEACC872F2366FBE841D2FB4DF804" bold="true" box="[1108,1197,1951,1977]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27957B7872F2366FBE841D2FB4DF804" box="[1108,1197,1951,1977]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
in the higher number of thoracic uncini, in the relative length of the crown and in the higher number of radioles having shorter pinnules, moreover
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D5D872E2367FEB546DAFEBEFF0C" authorityName="Capa & Rouse" authorityYear="2007" box="[265,350,151,177]" class="Polychaeta" family="Sabellidae" genus="Amphiglena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="nishi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94AEACC872E2367FEB546DAFEBEFF0C" box="[265,350,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">A. nishi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has more developed ventral basal flanges. Lastly, thoracic uncini of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D5D872E2367FBE646DAFB1AFF0D" authorityName="Giangrande & Putignano & Licciano & Gambi" authorityYear="2021" box="[1114,1274,151,177]" class="Polychaeta" family="Sabellidae" genus="Amphiglena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="aenariensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94AEACC872E2367FBE646DAFB1AFF0D" box="[1114,1274,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">A. aenariensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are the largest in the genus when compared to the worm size, together with very long abdominal neurochaetae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3246555872E2367FF7B4692FE39FEFC" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8136DE872E2367FF7B4692FE39FEFC" blockId="7.[151,1436,151,610]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94AEACC872E2367FF7B4692FEA8FF44" bold="true" box="[199,328,223,249]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">Etymology</emphasis>
|
||
. Named from the collection site which is part of the Bay of Cartaromana, where the ancient Roman submerged town Aenaria, was discovered. Aenaria is also the name used to designate the Island of Ischia during the ancient Roman colonization.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3246555872E2367FF7B4707FBFFFDDF" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8136DE872E2367FF7B4707FBFFFDDF" blockId="7.[151,1436,151,610]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94AEACC872E2367FF7B4707FE15FED8" bold="true" box="[199,501,330,357]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">Distribution and Ecology</emphasis>
|
||
. This species is one of the most abundant polychaetes in the CO
|
||
<subScript id="17BA349B872E2367FB6C4710FB38FED6" attach="left" box="[1232,1240,349,363]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">2</subScript>
|
||
vents at the Castello (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B2F872E2367FF6B4722FE5EFE34" author="Ricevuto, E. & Kroeker, K. J. & Ferrigno, F. & Micheli, F. & Gambi, M. C." box="[215,446,367,393]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" pagination="2909 - 2919" refId="ref20650" refString="Ricevuto, E., Kroeker, K. J., Ferrigno, F., Micheli, F. & Gambi, M. C. (2014) Spatio-temporal variability of polychaete colonization at volcanic CO 2 vents (Italy) indicates high tolerance to ocean acidification. Marine Biology, 161 (12), 2909 - 2919. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 014 - 2555 - y" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Ricevuto
|
||
<emphasis id="B94AEACC872E2367FEF84722FE9CFE34" box="[324,380,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">et al.</emphasis>
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2014
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B2F872E2367FE744722FD76FE37" author="Gambi, M. C. & Musco, L. & Giangrande, A. & Badalamenti, F. & Micheli, F. & Kroeker, K. J." box="[456,662,367,394]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" pagination="121 - 134" refId="ref19416" refString="Gambi, M. C., Musco, L., Giangrande, A., Badalamenti, F., Micheli, F. & Kroeker, K. J. (2016) Polychaete distribution in shallow rocky reefs along a pH gradient of a vent system reveals winners and losers among closely related species. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 550, 121 - 134. https: // doi. org / 10.3354 / meps 11727" type="journal article" year="2016">
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Gambi
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). The collection site, the Castello Aragonese at Ischia, is a rocky islet, the remains of a volcanic structure that, along its south and north sides, is characterized by gas emissions from the seafloor, composed by more than 95% by CO
|
||
<subScript id="17BA349B872E2367FD204784FD44FE6A" attach="left" box="[668,676,457,471]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">2</subScript>
|
||
. This CO
|
||
<subScript id="17BA349B872E2367FCA84784FCFCFE6A" attach="left" box="[788,796,457,471]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">2</subScript>
|
||
surplus causes a natural acidification of the surrounding waters (down to <6.4 pH units in the most intense bubbling on the southern side) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B2F872E2367FBF94796FAC6FE48" author="Kroeker, K. J. & Micheli, F. & Gambi, M. C. & Martz, T. R." box="[1093,1318,475,501]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" pagination="14515 - 14520" refId="ref20326" refString="Kroeker, K. J., Micheli, F., Gambi, M. C. & Martz, T. R. (2011) Divergent ecosystem responses within a benthic marine community to ocean acidification. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 108 (35), 14515 - 14520. https: // doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 1107789108" type="journal article" year="2011">
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Kroeker
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<emphasis id="B94AEACC872E2367FB174796FB3DFE48" box="[1195,1245,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">et al</emphasis>
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. 2011
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B2F872E2367FA8E4796FEF3FDA4" author="Hofmann, G. E. & Smith, J. E. & Johnson, K. S. & Send, U. & Levin, L. A. & Micheli, F. & Paytan, A. & Price, N. N. & Peterson, B. & Takeshita, Y. & Matson, P. G. & Derse Crook, E. & Kroeker, K. J. & Gambi, M. C. & Rivest, E. B. & Frieder, C. A. & Yu, P. C. & Martz, T. R." pageId="7" pageNumber="208" pagination="28983" refId="ref19966" refString="Hofmann, G. E., Smith, J. E., Johnson, K. S., Send, U., Levin, L. A., Micheli, F., Paytan, A., Price, N. N., Peterson, B., Takeshita, Y., Matson, P. G., Derse Crook, E., Kroeker, K. J., Gambi, M. C., Rivest, E. B., Frieder, C. A., Yu, P. C. & Martz, T. R. (2011) High-frequency dynamics of ocean pH: a multi-ecosystem comparison. PLoS ONE, 6 (12), e 28983. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0028983" type="journal article" year="2011">
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Hofmann
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2011
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</bibRefCitation>
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). However, both salinity and temperature remain similar to the ambient waters, and the site is therefore intensively used as a natural laboratory to study the effect of ocean acidification for the benthic biota since 2006 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B2F872E2367FF23440AFE55FDDC" author="Hall-Spencer, J. M. & Rodolfo-Metalpa, R. & Martin, S. & Ransome, E. & Fine, M. & Turner, S. M. & Rowley, S. J. & Tedesco, D. & Buia, M. C." box="[159,437,583,609]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" pagination="96 - 99" refId="ref19696" refString="Hall-Spencer, J. M., Rodolfo-Metalpa, R., Martin, S., Ransome, E., Fine, M., Turner, S. M., Rowley, S. J., Tedesco, D. & Buia, M. C. (2008) Volcanic carbon dioxide vents show ecosystem effects of ocean acidification. Nature, 454, 96 - 99. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / nature 07051" type="journal article" year="2008">
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||
Hall-Spencer
|
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<emphasis id="B94AEACC872E2367FE87440AFE94FDDC" box="[315,372,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">et al.</emphasis>
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2008
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</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B2F872E2367FE57440AFD75FDDC" author="Foo, S. A. & Byrne, M. & Ricevuto, E. & Gambi, M. C." box="[491,661,583,609]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" pagination="237 - 310" refId="ref19330" refString="Foo, S. A., Byrne, M., Ricevuto, E. & Gambi, M. C. (2018) The carbon dioxide vents of Ischia, Italy, a natural laboratory to assess impacts of ocean acidification on marine ecosystems: an overview of research and comparisons with other vent systems. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, 56, 237 - 310. https: // doi. org / 10.1201 / 9780429454455 - 4" type="journal article" year="2018">
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Foo
|
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<emphasis id="B94AEACC872E2367FDA2440AFDAFFDDC" box="[542,591,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">et al</emphasis>
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. 2018
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
for a review of studies at this site).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |