161 lines
19 KiB
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161 lines
19 KiB
XML
<document id="E533BBC7434AF398CC8A46CDEEC0EC3E" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.274039" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2d13c1a2-0d8f-4031-986a-3900e879582c" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="274039" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460040748274" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Oberprieler, Rolf G., Marvaldi, Adriana E. & Anderson, Robert S." docDate="2007" docId="0397878FFFB49933FF0EC949624EC5F2" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01668p520.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1668" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Belidae" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="500" masterDocId="FFAEFFF7FFBC993AFF99CE6B6013C670" masterDocTitle="Weevils, weevils, weevils everywhere *" masterLastPageNumber="520" masterPageNumber="491" pageNumber="499" updateTime="1698234316959" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="729E6F7EE58EAD71AF8D33E5D848E9D2">Weevils, weevils, weevils everywhere *</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E6876C59D6E275E6D69EC623FCC805EB">Oberprieler, Rolf G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4B08C00964B0820C22681DC610125BD4">Marvaldi, Adriana E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FF96DE1E8E46EB8F1846046118072999">Anderson, Robert S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="4A0804A7FCFB30AB6837D1238F1B7D7B">2007</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="2B5B59FD2C59904ED5CCAA5B0E36F3A9" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="A3F2365E8187171260095FC51DE57B87">1668</mods:number>
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<treatment id="0397878FFFB49933FF0EC949624EC5F2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5626086" ID-GBIF-Taxon="125135225" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5626086" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0397878FFFB49933FF0EC949624EC5F2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0397878FFFB49933FF0EC949624EC5F2" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="500" pageId="8" pageNumber="499">
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<subSubSection id="C3246512FFB49933FF0EC9496473C46A" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="500" pageId="8" pageNumber="499" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B813699FFB49932FF0EC94960E7C14C" blockId="8.[151,244,1826,1852]" box="[151,244,1826,1852]" pageId="8" pageNumber="499">
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<heading id="D0C981F5FFB49932FF0EC94960E7C14C" bold="true" box="[151,244,1826,1852]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="499" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB49932FF0EC94960E7C14C" ID-CoL="8HBPK" box="[151,244,1826,1852]" class="Insecta" family="Belidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
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<emphasis id="B94AEA8BFFB49932FF0EC94960E7C14C" bold="true" box="[151,244,1826,1852]" pageId="8" pageNumber="499">Belidae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B813699FFB49933FF0EC9066473C46A" blockId="8.[151,1436,1901,2007]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1437,152,898]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="500" pageId="8" pageNumber="499">
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Another small and evidently relict family, the
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB49932FD20C9066300C1F7" box="[697,787,1901,1927]" class="Insecta" family="Belidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Belidae</taxonomicName>
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number only about 375 species classified in 38 genera and occur predominantly in the southern hemisphere. They are divided into two subfamilies,
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB49932FA94C9FE6574C1DF" box="[1293,1383,1941,1967]" class="Insecta" family="Belidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Belinae">Belinae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB49932FF0EC9D66153C1A7" box="[151,320,1981,2007]" class="Insecta" family="Belidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Oxycoryninae">Oxycoryninae</taxonomicName>
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, with rather different distributions and habits. The
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB49932FC14C9D663F9C1A7" box="[909,1002,1981,2007]" class="Insecta" family="Belidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Belinae">Belinae</taxonomicName>
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, with about 155 species in 25 genera, are restricted to the southern hemisphere, occurring mainly in the Australian region (140 species in 21 genera) but a few also in South
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<collectingCountry id="F3297609FFB59933FE32CEAB6207C6AA" box="[427,532,192,218]" name="United States of America" pageId="9" pageNumber="500">America</collectingCountry>
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. The
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB59933FDCACEAB62EFC6AA" box="[595,764,192,218]" class="Insecta" family="Belidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="500" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Oxycoryninae">Oxycoryninae</taxonomicName>
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, with 13 genera and about 200 species, have a worldwide but highly fragmented distribution (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB59933FDA2CE836321C772" author="Marvaldi" box="[571,818,232,258]" pageId="9" pageNumber="517" refString="Marvaldi, A. E., Oberprieler, R. G., Lyal, C. H. C., Bradbury, T. & Anderson, R. S. (2006) Phylogeny of the Oxycoryninae s. l. (Coleoptera Phytophaga) and evolution of plant-weevil interactions. Invertebrate Systematics, 20 (4), 447 - 476." type="journal article" year="2006">
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Marvaldi
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<emphasis id="B94AEA8BFFB59933FD36CE8362F0C771" box="[687,739,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="500">et al</emphasis>
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. 2006
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</bibRefCitation>
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). The larvae of
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB59933FC73CE836457C772" box="[1002,1092,232,258]" class="Insecta" family="Belidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="500" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Belinae">Belinae</taxonomicName>
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are woodborers in stems and logs, the more primitive Pachyurini and Agnesiotidini (fig. 3) mostly in conifers (
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB59933FBEECF7B6537C75A" box="[1143,1316,272,298]" class="Pinopsida" family="Araucariaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="9" pageNumber="500" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Araucariaceae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB59933FAABCF7B60F4C722" class="Pinopsida" family="Podocarpaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="9" pageNumber="500" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Podocarpaceae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB59933FEBACF5361D6C722" box="[291,453,312,338]" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="9" pageNumber="500" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cupressaceae</taxonomicName>
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) but the Belini in angiosperms, especially acacias in
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<collectingCountry id="F3297609FFB59933FBD9CF5364A3C722" box="[1088,1200,312,338]" name="Australia" pageId="9" pageNumber="500">Australia</collectingCountry>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB59933FB22CF536572C722" box="[1211,1377,312,338]" class="Insecta" family="Belidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="500" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Oxycoryninae">Oxycoryninae</taxonomicName>
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(fig. 4) develop mostly in reproductive plant organs, of gymnosperms (araucarias and cycads) as well as of angiosperms, but also in stems or under bark (see
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB59933FD45CFE363DCC7D2" author="Marvaldi" box="[732,975,392,418]" pageId="9" pageNumber="517" refString="Marvaldi, A. E., Oberprieler, R. G., Lyal, C. H. C., Bradbury, T. & Anderson, R. S. (2006) Phylogeny of the Oxycoryninae s. l. (Coleoptera Phytophaga) and evolution of plant-weevil interactions. Invertebrate Systematics, 20 (4), 447 - 476." type="journal article" year="2006">
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Marvaldi
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<emphasis id="B94AEA8BFFB59933FCD7CFE36392C7D1" box="[846,897,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="500">et al</emphasis>
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. 2006
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</bibRefCitation>
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). In
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB59933FB98CFE36448C7D2" box="[1025,1115,392,418]" class="Insecta" family="Belidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="500" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Belidae</taxonomicName>
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and remaining weevil families, the female rostrum is transformed into a proper oviposition tool by the fusion of labrum and clypeus and the development of more advanced mandibles with long pharyngeal processes, enabling their eggs to be deposited inside firm plant tissues and their larvae to develop truly endophytically.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3246512FFB59933FF5FCC43624EC5F2" pageId="9" pageNumber="500" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B813699FFB59933FF5FCC43624EC5F2" blockId="9.[151,1437,152,898]" pageId="9" pageNumber="500">
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The unification of
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB59933FE3DCC4361EDC432" box="[420,510,552,578]" class="Insecta" family="Belidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="500" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Belinae">Belinae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB59933FDA1CC4362CDC432" box="[568,734,552,578]" class="Insecta" family="Belidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="500" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Oxycoryninae">Oxycoryninae</taxonomicName>
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into a single family is not universally adopted (e.g.,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB59933FAC8CC436116C41A" author="Crowson" pageId="9" pageNumber="515" refString="Crowson, R. A. (1955). The Natural Classification of the Families of Coleoptera. N. Lloyd: London, UK. (E. W. Classey: Hampton, UK, reprint 1967, 214 pp.)." type="book" year="1955">Crowson 1955</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB59933FE8BCC3B61C7C41A" author="Thompson" box="[274,468,592,618]" pageId="9" pageNumber="519" refString="Thompson, R. T. (1992) Observations on the morphology and classification of weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) with a key to the major groups. Journal of natural History, 26, 835 - 891." type="journal article" year="1992">Thompson 1992</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB59933FE7BCC3B62D6C41A" author="Zimmerman" box="[482,709,592,618]" pageId="9" pageNumber="520" refString="Zimmerman, E. C. (1994 a) Australian Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea). Volume I - Orthoceri, Anthribidae to Attelabidae. The Primitive Weevils. CSIRO, Australia, 741 pp." type="book" year="1994" yearSuffix="a">Zimmerman 1994a</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB59933FD4BCC3B640EC41A" author="Zherikhin" box="[722,1053,592,618]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="520" pageId="9" pageNumber="519" refString="Zherikhin, V. V. & Gratshev, V. G. (1995) A comparative study of the hind wing venation of the superfamily Curculionoidea, with phylogenetic implications. Pp. 633 - 777. In: Pakaluk, J. & S lipinski, S. A. (Eds). Biology, Phylogeny and Classification of Coleoptera. Papers Celebrating the 80 th Birthday of Roy A. Crowson. Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, Warszawa, 1092 pp." type="book chapter" year="1995">Zherikhin & Gratshev 1995</bibRefCitation>
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), although the close relationship of these two groups has long been recognised and is well supported in phylogenetic analyses (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB59933FB69CC136584C4E2" author="Kuschel" box="[1264,1431,632,658]" pageId="9" pageNumber="516" refString="Kuschel, G. (1995) A phylogenetic classification of Curculionoidea to families and subfamilies. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Washington, 14, 5 - 33." type="journal article" year="1995">Kuschel 1995</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB59933FF0ECCCB61C6C4CA" author="Marvaldi" box="[151,469,672,698]" pageId="9" pageNumber="517" refString="Marvaldi, A. E. & Morrone, J. J. (2000) Phylogenetic systematics of weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea): a reappraisal based on larval and adult morphology. Insect Systematics and Evolution, 31, 43 - 58." type="journal article" year="2000">Marvaldi & Morrone 2000</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB59933FE78CCCB62C4C4CA" author="Marvaldi" box="[481,727,672,698]" pageId="9" pageNumber="517" refString="Marvaldi, A. E., Sequeira, A. S., O'Brien, C. W. & Farrell, B. D. (2002) Molecular and morphological phylogenetics of weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea): do niche shifts accompany diversification? Systematic Biology, 51, 761 - 785." type="journal article" year="2002">
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Marvaldi
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<emphasis id="B94AEA8BFFB59933FDCDCCCB629BC4C9" box="[596,648,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="500">et al</emphasis>
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. 2002
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</bibRefCitation>
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). The
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB59933FCB9CCCB63ADC4CA" box="[800,958,672,698]" class="Insecta" family="Belidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="500" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Aglycyderini">Aglycyderini</taxonomicName>
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, too, are sometimes treated as a separate subfamily (e.g.,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB59933FEC1CCA361C7C492" author="May" box="[344,468,712,738]" pageId="9" pageNumber="517" refString="May, B. M. (1993) Larvae of Curculionoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera): a systematic overview. Fauna of New Zealand, 28, 1 - 1221." type="journal article" year="1993">
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<date id="FF801059FFB59933FEC1CCA361C7C492" box="[344,468,712,738]" pageId="9" pageNumber="500" value="1993-05">May 1993</date>
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB59933FE78CCA36295C492" author="Kuschel" box="[481,646,712,738]" pageId="9" pageNumber="516" refString="Kuschel, G. (1995) A phylogenetic classification of Curculionoidea to families and subfamilies. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Washington, 14, 5 - 33." type="journal article" year="1995">Kuschel 1995</bibRefCitation>
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, 2003) or even family (e.g.,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB59933FC43CCA3648EC492" author="Thompson" box="[986,1181,712,738]" pageId="9" pageNumber="519" refString="Thompson, R. T. (1992) Observations on the morphology and classification of weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) with a key to the major groups. Journal of natural History, 26, 835 - 891." type="journal article" year="1992">Thompson 1992</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB59933FB33CCA3659DC492" author="Zimmerman" box="[1194,1422,712,738]" pageId="9" pageNumber="520" refString="Zimmerman, E. C. (1994 a) Australian Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea). Volume I - Orthoceri, Anthribidae to Attelabidae. The Primitive Weevils. CSIRO, Australia, 741 pp." type="book" year="1994" yearSuffix="a">Zimmerman 1994a</bibRefCitation>
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), but recent phylogenetic analyses (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB59933FDBDCC9B62F0C57A" author="Marvaldi" box="[548,739,752,778]" pageId="9" pageNumber="517" refString="Marvaldi, A. E. (2005 a) Larval morphology and biology of oxycorynine weevils and the higher phylogeny of the Belidae (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea). Zoologica Scripta, 34, 37 - 48." type="journal article" year="2005" yearSuffix="a">Marvaldi 2005a</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB59933FD76CC9B63F3C57A" author="Marvaldi" box="[751,992,752,778]" pageId="9" pageNumber="517" refString="Marvaldi, A. E., Oberprieler, R. G., Lyal, C. H. C., Bradbury, T. & Anderson, R. S. (2006) Phylogeny of the Oxycoryninae s. l. (Coleoptera Phytophaga) and evolution of plant-weevil interactions. Invertebrate Systematics, 20 (4), 447 - 476." type="journal article" year="2006">
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Marvaldi
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<emphasis id="B94AEA8BFFB59933FCFBCC9B6386C579" box="[866,917,752,777]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="500">et al</emphasis>
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. 2006
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</bibRefCitation>
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) place them firmly inside
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB59933FA8CCC9B60D0C542" class="Insecta" family="Belidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="500" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Oxycoryninae">Oxycoryninae</taxonomicName>
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. With phylogenetic analyses recently conducted on all the genera of both
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB59933FBDBCD73648FC542" box="[1090,1180,792,818]" class="Insecta" family="Belidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="500" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Belinae">Belinae</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB59933FB34CD7360C0C52A" author="Kuschel" pageId="9" pageNumber="516" refString="Kuschel, G. & Leschen, R. A. B. (2003) Appendix 1. Phylogenetic relationships of the genera of Belinae. Pp. 48 - 55. In: Kuschel, G., Nemonychidae, Belidae, Brentidae (Insecta: Coleoptera: Curculionoidea), Fauna of New Zealand 45." type="book chapter" year="2003">Kuschel & Leschen 2003</bibRefCitation>
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) and
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB59933FE8DCD2B61A9C52A" box="[276,442,832,858]" class="Insecta" family="Belidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="500" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Oxycoryninae">Oxycoryninae</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB59933FE50CD2B62ADC52A" author="Marvaldi" box="[457,702,832,858]" pageId="9" pageNumber="517" refString="Marvaldi, A. E., Oberprieler, R. G., Lyal, C. H. C., Bradbury, T. & Anderson, R. S. (2006) Phylogeny of the Oxycoryninae s. l. (Coleoptera Phytophaga) and evolution of plant-weevil interactions. Invertebrate Systematics, 20 (4), 447 - 476." type="journal article" year="2006">
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Marvaldi
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<emphasis id="B94AEA8BFFB59933FDA4CD2B6262C529" box="[573,625,832,857]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="500">et al</emphasis>
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|
. 2006
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</bibRefCitation>
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|
), the
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB59933FD64CD2B6344C52A" box="[765,855,832,858]" class="Insecta" family="Belidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="500" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Belidae</taxonomicName>
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are the only weevil family for which comprehensive generic phylogenies are available.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |