267 lines
35 KiB
XML
267 lines
35 KiB
XML
<document id="7835D15D0C084C039F6D3057120EF453" ID-CLB-Dataset="45389" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3821.4.8" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bc595944-223f-46a9-9fb8-68fff1f6b29a" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-PMC="PMC4104427" ID-PubMed="24989762" ID-Zenodo-Dep="224468" ID-ZooBank="7CE74284-1F45-4AF0-AACB-49357E5EE0A3" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460442886683" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Tucker, Kea, Stevens, Craig & Smith Iii, Julian P. S." docDate="2014" docId="ED2EC203FF94FFD0FF53F9F8FC56FD7D" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03821p499.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3821 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Cicerina debrae Tucker, Stevens & Iii, 2014, n.sp." docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="499" masterDocId="1117BA7BFF94FFD3FFC4FFA5FF9EFFA1" masterDocTitle="Cicerina debrae n. sp. (Platyhelminthes: Kalyptorhynchia, Cicerinidae) from the Southern Atlantic Coast, USA" masterLastPageNumber="499" masterPageNumber="496" pageNumber="496" updateTime="1698333084977" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="E18DA23ED3C5E548477083210764B37A">Cicerina debrae n. sp. (Platyhelminthes: Kalyptorhynchia, Cicerinidae) from the Southern Atlantic Coast, USA</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="70DA0EDFB4E69C8F6E80AB26A3BD4838">Tucker, Kea</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="AA8F49B6894FDFF9BB85F8E8E69F2B5E">Stevens, Craig</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="CD5202D0ECDA61CA9E5D8CFAFF159A48">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="F8968167C776DB3498AF257C87055844">Smith Iii, Julian P. S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="EA4910DD172B04C794FA986FCF02870A">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="E0AC786DFACB709183B6CF4AE84BFDA7">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="1D8D1B58F13BD57584EA72F94C06B817">3821</mods:number>
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<treatment id="ED2EC203FF94FFD0FF53F9F8FC56FD7D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6127101" ID-GBIF-Taxon="125818041" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6127101" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:ED2EC203FF94FFD0FF53F9F8FC56FD7D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/ED2EC203FF94FFD0FF53F9F8FC56FD7D" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="499" pageId="0" pageNumber="496">
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<subSubSection id="2D9D209EFF94FFD0FF53F9F8FC56FD7D" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="499" pageId="0" pageNumber="496" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="65387315FF94FFD3FF53F9F8FE1CF9D5" blockId="0.[151,386,1629,1653]" box="[151,386,1629,1653]" pageId="0" pageNumber="496">
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<heading id="3E70C479FF94FFD3FF53F9F8FE1CF9D5" bold="true" box="[151,386,1629,1653]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="0" pageNumber="496" reason="2">
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<emphasis id="57F3AF07FF94FFD3FF53F9F8FE1CF9D5" bold="true" box="[151,386,1629,1653]" pageId="0" pageNumber="496">
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<taxonomicName id="A2870896FF94FFD3FF53F9F8FED8F9D4" ID-CoL="5Z4S6" box="[151,326,1629,1653]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Cicerinidae" genus="Cicerina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="0" pageNumber="496" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="debrae" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="57F3AF07FF94FFD3FF53F9F8FED8F9D4" bold="true" box="[151,326,1629,1653]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="496">Cicerina debrae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="4CC0127CFF94FFD3FE89F9F8FE1CF9D5" box="[333,386,1629,1652]" pageId="0" pageNumber="496" rank="species">n.sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="65387315FF94FFD3FF53F907FD7EF8C7" blockId="0.[151,1436,1698,2033]" pageId="0" pageNumber="496">
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The specific epithet is in honor of the first author’s mother. This species is listed in the unpublished notes by Rieger (see below) as both “CinciAugi” and “
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<taxonomicName id="A2870896FF94FFD3FDC0F960FDFFF97D" box="[516,609,1733,1756]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Cicerinidae" genus="Cicerina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="0" pageNumber="496" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="57F3AF07FF94FFD3FDC0F960FDFFF97D" box="[516,609,1733,1756]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="496">Cicerina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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orthocirri”. It is identical with
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<taxonomicName id="A2870896FF94FFD3FC76F960FB91F97D" box="[946,1039,1733,1756]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Cicerinidae" genus="Cicerina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="0" pageNumber="496" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="57F3AF07FF94FFD3FC76F960FB91F97D" box="[946,1039,1733,1756]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="496">Cicerina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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“
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<taxonomicName id="A2870896FF94FFD3FBE4F960FBF5F97D" box="[1056,1131,1733,1756]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Cicerinidae" genus="Cicerina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="0" pageNumber="496" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="debrae">debrae</taxonomicName>
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” in Magshoud
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<emphasis id="57F3AF07FF94FFD3FAD5F960FAD9F97D" box="[1297,1351,1732,1756]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="496">et al.</emphasis>
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(2014).
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<typeStatus id="BA3CCDB7FF94FFD3FF53F942FF52F95F" box="[151,204,1767,1790]" pageId="0" pageNumber="496">Type</typeStatus>
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material was deposited at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (USNM) and the SMNHS as follows: Holotype—a sagittally sectioned specimen from EI (USNM 1231542);
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<typeStatus id="BA3CCDB7FF94FFD3FBC6F8AFFBF0F880" box="[1026,1134,1802,1825]" pageId="0" pageNumber="496" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
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: One whole-mount (USNM 1231544) and two serially-sectioned specimens from EI (USNM 1231543, SMNH Type-8664), and two whole-mounted specimens from SMNHS (SMNH Type-8662 & 8663).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="65387315FF94FFD3FF03F8D7FBEDF850" blockId="0.[151,1436,1698,2033]" pageId="0" pageNumber="496">
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In transmitted light, the free-swimming animal was faintly golden-brown and the body was slightly flattened, most obviously at the posterior end. Proboscis, eyes, pharynx, and posterior adhesive papillae were easily seen. Specimens were threadlike, measuring approximately
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<quantity id="A27FDEF0FF94FFD3FDAEF812FD37F86F" box="[618,681,1975,1998]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="0" pageNumber="496" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
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long by 75 µm wide when fully extended. This species was present year-round, but generally more abundant in our samples during fall, winter, and early spring.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="31F8239DFF95FFD2FF53F92BFE81F844" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/224469/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="497" targetBox="[236,1359,194,1642]" targetPageId="1">
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<paragraph id="65387315FF95FFD2FF53F92BFE81F844" blockId="1.[151,1436,1677,2021]" pageId="1" pageNumber="497">
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<emphasis id="57F3AF07FF95FFD2FF53F92BFE87F904" bold="true" box="[151,281,1678,1701]" pageId="1" pageNumber="497">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="A2870896FF95FFD2FEDBF92BFE53F904" box="[287,461,1677,1701]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Cicerinidae" genus="Cicerina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="1" pageNumber="497" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="debrae" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="57F3AF07FF95FFD2FEDBF92BFE53F904" box="[287,461,1677,1701]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="497">Cicerina debrae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="57F3AF07FF95FFD2FE17F92BFD91F904" bold="true" box="[467,527,1678,1701]" pageId="1" pageNumber="497">
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||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4CC0127CFF95FFD2FE17F92BFD91F904" box="[467,527,1678,1701]" pageId="1" pageNumber="497" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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Anterior end is to the left in Fig C and to the top in the remaining figures.
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<emphasis id="57F3AF07FF95FFD2FAE3F92BFADFF904" bold="true" box="[1319,1345,1678,1701]" pageId="1" pageNumber="497">A.</emphasis>
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General anatomy; arrows, adhesive belts; br, brain; cb, copulatory bulb; dsp, ductus spermaticus; ge, germarium; go, common gonopore; ph, pharynx; sv, seminal vesicle; t, testes; v, vitellaria.
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<emphasis id="57F3AF07FF95FFD2FC95F96BFCF6F944" bold="true" box="[849,872,1742,1765]" pageId="1" pageNumber="497">B.</emphasis>
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Bright-field micrograph of a specimen from a resinslide preparation, showing genital region with paired germaria, ducti spermatici with flanges where they enter the bursal tissue (bu), proximal prostatic region of copulatory bulb (pr), and distal portion of copulatory bulb with cirrus (ci) and matrix-cell nucleus (arrow).
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<emphasis id="57F3AF07FF95FFD2FE10F88BFE70F8E4" bold="true" box="[468,494,1838,1861]" pageId="1" pageNumber="497">C.</emphasis>
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CLSM stack (Alexa488/phalloidin—green; Hoechst 33342—blue) of genital region, lateral view showing seminal vesicle, proximal region of copulatory bulb with invaginated internal ductus ejaculatorius (de), distal (di) region of copulatory bulb with separate muscle layer, and vagina interna (vi) ending in a sphincter (sph) at the bursal tissue.
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<emphasis id="57F3AF07FF95FFD2FEAAF82BFE36F804" bold="true" box="[366,424,1934,1957]" pageId="1" pageNumber="497">D, E.</emphasis>
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Brightfield micrographs of same specimen as B, more-dorsal and more-ventral (respectively) focal planes of the cirrus, showing arrangement of spines, and hemi-circular wreath of gland cells (gl) located at the base of the cirrus.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="65387315FF96FFD1FF03FF3DFE7EFE00" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,2010]" pageId="2" pageNumber="498">
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<taxonomicName id="A2870896FF96FFD1FF03FF3DFEE9FF0E" box="[199,375,151,175]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Cicerinidae" genus="Cicerina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="2" pageNumber="498" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="debrae">
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<emphasis id="57F3AF07FF96FFD1FF03FF3DFEE9FF0E" box="[199,375,151,175]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="498">Cicerina debrae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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possessed intraepithelial nuclei throughout. CLSM labeling with anti-acetylated tubulin revealed that epidermal ciliation was restricted to the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the body except at the anterior end; the sides of the body exhibited only scattered (sensory?) cilia from U20 posteriorly, and the dorsal ciliation did not extend as far posteriorly as the ventral ciliation (U76
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<emphasis id="57F3AF07FF96FFD1FD8FFEA5FDF6FEB6" box="[587,616,256,279]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="498">vs.</emphasis>
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U83). The 98 µm-long proboscis possessed a small terminal cone and four prominent secretory ampules; the proboscis sheath was not ciliated. Prominent adhesive papillae occurred at the posterior end and in four somewhat disordered belts—between the proboscis and eyes at U15, posterior to the pharynx at U42, and anterior and posterior to the copulatory organs at U66 and U85. A pair of large eyes with prominent retinal bulbs occurred at U16 (Fig A).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="65387315FF96FFD1FF03FE08FC0FFDD0" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,2010]" pageId="2" pageNumber="498">
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The pharynx was vertically directed and located shortly behind the brain. The pharynx contained mostly intrapharyngeal glands of two types—with either eosinophilic or basophilic secretions. The mouth occurred near the anterior extent of the pharynx, at U27. Identifiable contents of the digestive tract in various specimens were nematodes, and in one case, including pair of male copulatory spicules and accompanying gubernacula. On three occasions, we saw an individual capture and swallow a nematode in the extraction dish; that this species preys (perhaps not exclusively) on nematodes is also supported by molecular data (
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<bibRefCitation id="01160EE4FF96FFD1FD52FDFFFC1BFDD0" author="Maghsoud" box="[662,901,601,625]" pageId="2" pageNumber="498" refString="Maghsoud, H., Weiss, A., Smith, III J. P. S., Litvaitis, M. K. & Fegley, S. R. (2014) Diagnostic PCR can be used to illuminate meiofaunal diets and trophic relationships. Invertebrate Biology, 133, 121 - 127. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / ivb. 12048" type="journal article" year="2014">
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Maghsoud
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<emphasis id="57F3AF07FF96FFD1FCCBFDFFFCDBFDD0" box="[783,837,601,625]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="498">et al.</emphasis>
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2014
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="65387315FF96FFD1FF03FDD8FB56FC1A" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,2010]" pageId="2" pageNumber="498">Although the testes are paired, and appear to occur in four lobes (Fig A), the position of the testes is clearly variable. In living specimens, paired testes were observed mostly posterior to the pharynx; however, a central mass of testicular tissue was found anterior to the pharynx in sections, and paired testes anterior to the pharynx were figured in an unpublished drawing of this species by R. M. Rieger. Paired vasa deferentia extended posteriorly from the testes to paired seminal vesicles located at U63. A short duct exited each seminal vesicle and extended posteriorly to enter the copulatory bulb at its anterior face, located at U67 (Fig A). The 66 µm-long, ovoid copulatory bulb was bipartite (Fig B), with a proximal glandular portion that also contained an internal ductus ejaculatorius (Fig C). The distal portion of the copulatory bulb contained a short (28 µm) cirrus bearing a proximal wreath of small granular glands (Figs D,E), and a single large matrix cell (Fig B). The glands associated with the male organ appeared to be exclusively intra-capsular. The copulatory bulb opened into a common genital atrium that arose from the common gonopore at U75.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="65387315FF96FFD1FF03FC60FE6AFAA2" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,2010]" pageId="2" pageNumber="498">An internal vagina extended anteriorly from the genital atrium ventrally and slightly to the left of the male copulatory organ. Initially spacious, the vagina narrowed to a sphincter just anterior to the copulatory bulb (Fig C), and opened into a mass of bursal tissue that extended in the midline from just anterior to the copulatory bulb to just posterior to the germaria. A pair of C-shaped ductus spermatici (37µm long) connected the bursa to near the paired germaria at U61 (Fig B); the ductus spermatici did not stain with Alexa488/phalloidin, but stained intensely in serial sections with iron hematoxylin. Vitellaria extended from just ventral to the testes lateral to the gut as far posterior as the germaria. The common duct originated in the vicinity of the germaria and extended posterio-dorsally, passing dorsal to the copulatory bulb to enter the genital atrium. A group of glands occurred posterior to the genital atrium. Their connections to the atrium could not be traced; however, granules like those in the glands occurred in the epithelium of the genital atrium where the common duct entered.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="65387315FF96FFD1FF03FAA8FAE8FA2A" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,2010]" pageId="2" pageNumber="498">
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A 1696-base sequence from the 18S rDNA gene was obtained from a specimen collected in the lower half of the beach at EI in
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<date id="113955D5FF96FFD1FE87FA8BFE49FAE4" box="[323,471,1326,1349]" pageId="2" pageNumber="498" value="2012-01">January 2012</date>
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(GenBank accession number
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<accessionNumber id="7AD4EEF6FF96FFD1FCEDFA8BFC02FAE4" box="[809,924,1326,1349]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/KJ206554" pageId="2" pageNumber="498">KJ206554</accessionNumber>
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). A blastn search returned the sequence from
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<emphasis id="57F3AF07FF96FFD1FF53FAF5FECDFAC9" box="[151,339,1360,1384]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="498">Linguabana tulai</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="01160EE4FF96FFD1FE99FAF4FDEFFAC9" author="Rundell" box="[349,625,1361,1384]" pageId="2" pageNumber="498" refString="Rundell, R. J. & Leander, B. S. (2014) Molecular examination of kalyptorhynch diversity (Platyhelminthes: Rhabdocoela), including descriptions of five meiofaunal species from the north-eastern Pacific Ocean. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 1 - 6. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0025315413001471" type="book chapter" year="2014">Rundell & Leander 2014</bibRefCitation>
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(JN205121) at e0 and 96% identity. Blasting the sequence for
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<taxonomicName id="A2870896FF96FFD1FAEBFAF4FA02FAC9" box="[1327,1436,1360,1384]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Cicerinidae" genus="Cicerina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="2" pageNumber="498" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="debrae">
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<emphasis id="57F3AF07FF96FFD1FAEBFAF4FA02FAC9" box="[1327,1436,1360,1384]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="498">C. debrae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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against the unpublished sequence for
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<taxonomicName id="A2870896FF96FFD1FDE3FAD1FC92FA2D" box="[551,780,1396,1420]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Cicerinidae" genus="Cicerina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="2" pageNumber="498" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="tetradactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="57F3AF07FF96FFD1FDE3FAD1FC92FA2D" box="[551,780,1396,1420]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="498">Cicerina tetradactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Tessens
|
||
<emphasis id="57F3AF07FF96FFD1FCB1FAD0FC3DFA2D" box="[885,931,1396,1420]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="498">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. submitted) resulted in e0 and 97% identity.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="65387315FF96FFD1FF03FA30FC1CF9D0" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,2010]" pageId="2" pageNumber="498">
|
||
The most recent key to the Family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A2870896FF96FFD1FDA6FA30FC1BFA0D" authority="Brunet 1973" authorityName="Brunet" authorityYear="1973" box="[610,901,1429,1452]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Cicerinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="2" pageNumber="498" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="family">
|
||
Cicerinidae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="01160EE4FF96FFD1FD34FA30FCE3FA0D" author="Brunet" box="[752,893,1429,1452]" pageId="2" pageNumber="498" refString="Brunet, M. (1973) La famille des Cicerinidae (Turbellaria, Kalyptorhynchia). Zoologica Scripta, 2, 17 - 31. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.1973. tb 00794. x" type="journal article" year="1973">Brunet 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
places
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A2870896FF96FFD1FC24FA30FB0AFA0C" box="[992,1172,1429,1453]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Cicerinidae" genus="Cicerina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="2" pageNumber="498" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="debrae">
|
||
<emphasis id="57F3AF07FF96FFD1FC24FA30FB0AFA0C" box="[992,1172,1429,1453]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="498">Cicerina debrae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A2870896FF96FFD1FAFCFA30FA0BFA0D" box="[1336,1429,1429,1452]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Cicerinidae" genus="Cicerina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="2" pageNumber="498" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="57F3AF07FF96FFD1FAFCFA30FA0BFA0D" box="[1336,1429,1429,1452]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="498">Cicerina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Compared to the 7 presently described congeners,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A2870896FF96FFD1FD73FA13FCBFFA6C" box="[695,801,1461,1485]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Cicerinidae" genus="Cicerina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="2" pageNumber="498" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="debrae">
|
||
<emphasis id="57F3AF07FF96FFD1FD73FA13FCBFFA6C" box="[695,801,1461,1485]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="498">C. debrae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shares with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A2870896FF96FFD1FC6DFA13FBA4FA6C" box="[937,1082,1462,1485]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Cicerinidae" genus="Cicerina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="2" pageNumber="498" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="eucentrota">
|
||
<emphasis id="57F3AF07FF96FFD1FC6DFA13FBA4FA6C" box="[937,1082,1462,1485]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="498">C. eucentrota</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the character of a vagina interna (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="01160EE4FF96FFD1FF5AFA72FEAEFA4F" author="Brunet" box="[158,304,1495,1518]" pageId="2" pageNumber="498" refString="Brunet, M. (1973) La famille des Cicerinidae (Turbellaria, Kalyptorhynchia). Zoologica Scripta, 2, 17 - 31. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.1973. tb 00794. x" type="journal article" year="1973">Brunet, 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); the remaining species have an external vagina, opening anterior to the common gonopore and leading into the bursa. The position of the testes is variable in this genus, being pre-pharyngeal in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A2870896FF96FFD1FBA3FA5DFB78F9AE" box="[1127,1254,1527,1551]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Cicerinidae" genus="Cicerina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="2" pageNumber="498" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="bicirrata">
|
||
<emphasis id="57F3AF07FF96FFD1FBA3FA5DFB78F9AE" box="[1127,1254,1527,1551]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="498">C. bicirrata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A2870896FF96FFD1FB38FA5DFEA3F991" authority="Karling 1989" authorityName="Karling" authorityYear="1989" class="Rhabditophora" family="Cicerinidae" genus="Cicerina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="2" pageNumber="498" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="triangularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="57F3AF07FF96FFD1FB38FA5DFA05F9AE" box="[1276,1435,1527,1551]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="498">C. triangularis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="01160EE4FF96FFD1FF5AF9BCFEABF991" author="Karling" box="[158,309,1561,1584]" pageId="2" pageNumber="498" refString="Karling, T. G. (1989) New taxa of Kalyptorhynchia (Platyhelminthes) from the N. American Pacific coast. Zoologica Scripta 18, 19 - 32. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.1989. tb 00120. x" type="journal article" year="1989">Karling 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A2870896FF96FFD1FEBAF9BDFD32F991" authority="Evdonin 1971" authorityName="Evdonin" authorityYear="1971" box="[382,684,1560,1584]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Cicerinidae" genus="Cicerina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="2" pageNumber="498" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="elegans">
|
||
<emphasis id="57F3AF07FF96FFD1FEBAF9BDFE6DF991" box="[382,499,1560,1584]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="498">C. elegans</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="01160EE4FF96FFD1FDC2F9BCFD3DF991" author="Evdonin" box="[518,675,1561,1584]" pageId="2" pageNumber="498" refString="Evdonin, L. A. (1971) The interstitial Kalyptorhynchia (Turbellaria, Neorhabdocoela) from the Gulf of Peter the Great in the Sea of Japan. Issledovaniia Fauny Morei, 8, 55 - 70." type="journal article" year="1971">Evdonin 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and post-pharyngeal in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A2870896FF96FFD1FC04F9BDFBC7F991" box="[960,1113,1560,1584]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Cicerinidae" genus="Cicerina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="2" pageNumber="498" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="brevicirrus">
|
||
<emphasis id="57F3AF07FF96FFD1FC04F9BDFBC7F991" box="[960,1113,1560,1584]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="498">C. brevicirrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="57F3AF07FF96FFD1FBAFF9BDFB72F991" box="[1131,1260,1560,1584]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="498">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A2870896FF96FFD1FBAFF9BDFB76F991" box="[1131,1256,1560,1584]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Cicerinidae" genus="Cicerina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="2" pageNumber="498" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="remanei">C. remanei</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A2870896FF96FFD1FB33F9BDFEA6F9F0" authority="(Karling 1952)" authorityName="Karling" authorityYear="1952" baseAuthorityName="Karling" baseAuthorityYear="1952" class="Rhabditophora" family="Cicerinidae" genus="Cicerina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="2" pageNumber="498" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="tetradactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="57F3AF07FF96FFD1FB33F9BDFA02F991" box="[1271,1436,1560,1584]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="498">C. tetradactyla</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="01160EE4FF96FFD1FF5AF99FFEAFF9F0" author="Karling" box="[158,305,1594,1617]" pageId="2" pageNumber="498" refString="Karling, T. G. (1952) Studien uber Kalyptorhynchien (Turbellaria) IV. Einige Eukalyptorhynchia. Acta Zoologica Fennica, 69, 1 - 49." type="journal article" year="1952">Karling 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A2870896FF96FFD1FEB4F99CFDE6F9F0" authority="Ax 1959" authorityName="Ax" authorityYear="1959" box="[368,632,1593,1617]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Cicerinidae" genus="Cicerina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="2" pageNumber="498" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="eucentrota">
|
||
<emphasis id="57F3AF07FF96FFD1FEB4F99CFD9EF9F0" box="[368,512,1593,1617]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="498">C. eucentrota</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="01160EE4FF96FFD1FDCAF99FFDF1F9F0" author="Ax" box="[526,623,1594,1617]" pageId="2" pageNumber="498" refString="Ax, P. (1959) Zur Systematik, Okologie und Tiergeographie der Turbellarienfauna in den ponto-kaspischen Brackwassermeeren. Zoologische Jahrbucher Abteilung fur Systematik, Okologie und Geographie der Tiere, 87, 43 - 184." type="journal article" year="1959">Ax 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A2870896FF96FFD1FD46F99CFD75F9F0" box="[642,747,1593,1617]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Cicerinidae" genus="Cicerina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="2" pageNumber="498" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="debrae">
|
||
<emphasis id="57F3AF07FF96FFD1FD46F99CFD75F9F0" box="[642,747,1593,1617]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="498">C. debrae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is, however, clearly distinguished from the other 7 congeners by its very short cirrus and by the elongate and curved ductus spermatici.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="65387315FF96FFD1FF03F9DEFBD8F8B4" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,2010]" pageId="2" pageNumber="498">
|
||
The traditional phylogenetic placement of the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A2870896FF96FFD1FCD9F9DEFC06F933" box="[797,920,1659,1682]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Cicerinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="2" pageNumber="498" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="family">Cicerinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
within the Eukalyptorhynchia, already cast in doubt (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="01160EE4FF96FFD1FED5F939FDABF912" author="Van" box="[273,565,1691,1715]" pageId="2" pageNumber="498" refString="Van Steenkiste, N., Volonterio, O., Schockaert, E. & Artois, T. (2008) Marine Rhabdocoela (Platyhelminthes, Rhabditophora) from Uruguay, with the description of eight new species and two new genera. Zootaxa, 1914, 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Van Steenkiste
|
||
<emphasis id="57F3AF07FF96FFD1FE7EF939FE6DF912" box="[442,499,1691,1715]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="498">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), is also not supported by molecular data which show the majority of cicerinid species forming a clade at the base of the Schizorhynchia (Tessens
|
||
<emphasis id="57F3AF07FF96FFD1FC57F918FC52F975" box="[915,972,1724,1748]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="498">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
in press). Our own results based on 18S sequence from this new species agree with theirs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="01160EE4FF96FFD1FD0CF978FC0EF955" author="Smith" box="[712,912,1757,1781]" pageId="2" pageNumber="498" refString="Smith, III J. P. S., Roberts, D., Doe, D., Litvaitis, M., Tessens, B. & Artois, T. (2013) A Preliminary phylogeny for the Schizorhynchia: Molecules and Morphology. Presented by JSIII at the Fifteenth International Meiofauna Conference, Seoul, Korea, July 22 - 26 th." type="book" year="2013">
|
||
Smith
|
||
<emphasis id="57F3AF07FF96FFD1FCD0F97BFCD8F954" box="[788,838,1757,1781]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="498">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Accordingly, a comprehensive revision of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A2870896FF96FFD1FF53F95BFE8BF8B4" box="[151,277,1790,1813]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Cicerinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="2" pageNumber="498" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="family">Cicerinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, including both molecular and morphological data, is certainly to be desired.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="65387315FF96FFD0FF03F8BAFDE9FE93" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,2010]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1436,152,732]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="499" pageId="2" pageNumber="498">
|
||
Our results once again demonstrate the utility of confocal microscopy in routine species descriptions: beyond the ease with which CLSM allows three-dimensional reconstruction of major organ systems, it seems likely that the unusual pattern of epidermal ciliation could easily have been missed in live observations. We also emphasize the utility of the resin-slide procedure (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="01160EE4FF96FFD1FE55F827FD37F838" author="Rieger" box="[401,681,1922,1945]" pageId="2" pageNumber="498" refString="Rieger, R. M. & Ruppert, E. E. (1978) Resin embedments of quantitative meiofauna samples for ecological and structural studies-description and application. Marine Biology, 46, 223 - 235. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00390684" type="journal article" year="1978">Rieger & Ruppert, 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Our modifications of the original procedure (primary fixation in modified Trump’s and decreased osmium tetroxide concentration in the second fixative) appear to be useful improvements, as the former allows short- to long-term sample storage in primary fixative, and the combination of these two modifications prevents specimens from being so overstained by osmium tetroxide that internal structures cannot be clearly seen. Finally, we make a plea to current workers on flatworm systematics for more wide-spread use of resinembedment serial sectioning and a corresponding move away from whole-mounts as the sole
|
||
<typeStatus id="BA3CCDB7FF97FFD0FB68FF7CFB44FF51" box="[1196,1242,217,240]" pageId="3" pageNumber="499">type</typeStatus>
|
||
material for new species.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="1D903385FF97FFD0FF36FF5FFE91FEB0" box="[242,271,250,273]" name="American Samoa" pageId="3" pageNumber="499">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
originally pointed out (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="01160EE4FF97FFD0FDC9FF5FFD74FEB0" author="Smith" box="[525,746,250,273]" pageId="3" pageNumber="499" refString="Smith, III J. P. S. & Tyler, S. (1984) Serial-sectioning of resin-embedded material for light microscopy: recommended techniques for micro-metazoans. Mikroscopie (Wien), 41, 259 - 270." type="journal article" year="1984">Smith & Tyler 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the anatomical detail obtained by this technique is far superior to that obtained in ordinary paraffin sections.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="65387315FF97FFD0FF03FE99FC56FD7D" blockId="3.[151,1436,152,732]" pageId="3" pageNumber="499">
|
||
<emphasis id="57F3AF07FF97FFD0FF03FE99FC9FFEF2" bold="true" box="[199,769,316,339]" pageId="3" pageNumber="499">Authors’ Contributions and Acknowledgements:</emphasis>
|
||
KT carried out the initial confocal studies and drafted the manuscript. CS conducted a serial-section study of the copulatory bulb by TEM and also contributed LM and confocal observations to the present paper. JSIII contributed DIC micrographs, prepared the serial sections, made CLSM observations, obtained the DNA sequences, drew the figure, and made final revisions to the manuscript. The authors are grateful to Dr. Stephen Fegley and the UNC-IMS for laboratory space during the
|
||
<date id="113955D5FF97FFD0FC3CFE1AFB5CFE77" box="[1016,1218,447,470]" pageId="3" pageNumber="499" value="2010" valueMax="2013">2010 through 2013</date>
|
||
field seasons, to Dr. Marian Litvaitis for reading and commenting on the manuscript, to Dr. Bart Tessens for sharing results from their molecular study and the unpublished 18S sequence from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A2870896FF97FFD0FCDDFDA5FB9CFDB6" box="[793,1026,511,535]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Cicerinidae" genus="Cicerina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="3" pageNumber="499" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="tetradactyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="57F3AF07FF97FFD0FCDDFDA5FB9CFDB6" box="[793,1026,511,535]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="499">Cicerina tetradactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, to the Swedish Museum of Natural History (especially Dr. Sven Boström) for sharing Karling’s unpublished (and formerly uncatalogued) material of this species, and to Dr. Gunde Rieger and the estate of the late Dr. R.M. Rieger for permission to use his unpublished work on “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A2870896FF97FFD0FF67FDC6FE9EFDDB" box="[163,256,611,634]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Cicerinidae" genus="Cicerina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="3" pageNumber="499" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="57F3AF07FF97FFD0FF67FDC6FE9EFDDB" box="[163,256,611,634]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="499">Cicerina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
orthocirra”. All three authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript before submission. Housing and travel support for collection were provided by the WU research Council to JSIII. Summer-stipend support for JSIII was provided by the National Center for Research Resources (5 P20 RR016461) and the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (8 P20 GM103499) from the National Institutes of Health.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |