681 lines
106 KiB
XML
681 lines
106 KiB
XML
<document id="6F6B2A4741D1A379A774897B01E8C6F1" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.212993" ID-GBIF-Dataset="43f3be3d-b793-4e0d-b1e5-1dafd5fbe498" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="212993" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460487420807" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Reverter-Gil, Oscar, Souto, Javier & Fernández-Pulpeiro, Eugenio" docDate="2012" docId="220B4B5AB060FFA50BA32005FD17F9E8" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03339p029.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3339" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Stephanotheca Reverter-Gil, Souto & Fernández-Pulpeiro, 2012, n. gen." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="5" masterDocId="DE323322B061FFA10B34257EFFB1FF9C" masterDocTitle="A new genus of Lanceoporidae (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata)" masterLastPageNumber="29" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="2" updateTime="1698309411841" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="390E8E650903D4598A4983DD36DDE508" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="BA5BE28FBBCD59D0B5E8E8F04651FE26">
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<mods:title id="FF1004AFB150BF4E3C19C60A5381A689">A new genus of Lanceoporidae (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="99F910118EFDC122C7411241791D6EC1" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="AE18A7D9B41039799590E267A04E7F0C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="CE5B7244FCCED375572090720C256528">Reverter-Gil, Oscar</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="01F47346E36369D66B84D54B1B41AB0F" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="F04D9FC0F1A49226C2F44AB75EA464E8">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="36EAA9DECFFE755961F4470CC9852258">Souto, Javier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="764AF6BEE9798923EB8F33D3C88EFB48" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="523B57060708270EE68D522401DE5712">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="DBA6CBA825A26B2D319973C692602FAE">Fernández-Pulpeiro, Eugenio</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="8B25483AFA841E54E4837109A1C2A11E">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="325DE9BFF5A287206DC4E4605A4B6BD8">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="CEC27D3750038292A1CBCA03A62CE6C2">
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<mods:date id="63B9D35E1C94749B826FCF0B944210D1">2012</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="D6C5700832A00B713C5E78EC234D0DB8" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="745DD5C1E834AC3EB11A7F1E7D7973A1">3339</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="2C895D6CF4DEC9965C8D976648A242FB">1</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="E40F1F5BE60CEC564E67587DE9867BF0">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="EDBE523BA2E711E8544BDBCC55EAC95F" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.212993</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="61A81FA2F218383A5FE3BC126BFD5383" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="E790C3E3057E3ED63AD689E0734354D0" type="Zenodo-Dep">212993</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="220B4B5AB060FFA50BA32005FD17F9E8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6179866" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119518579" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6179866" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:220B4B5AB060FFA50BA32005FD17F9E8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/220B4B5AB060FFA50BA32005FD17F9E8" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<subSubSection id="E2B8A9C7B060FFA00BA32005FE48FA09" box="[151,505,1403,1430]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="AA1DFA4CB060FFA00BA32005FE48FA09" blockId="1.[151,505,1403,1430]" box="[151,505,1403,1430]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<heading id="F1554D20B060FFA00BA32005FE48FA09" bold="true" box="[151,505,1403,1430]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="98D6265EB060FFA00BA32005FE48FA09" bold="true" box="[151,505,1403,1430]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB060FFA00BDA2002FE11FA0A" ID-CoL="84TV5" box="[238,416,1404,1430]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lanceoporidae" genus="Stephanotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
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<emphasis id="98D6265EB060FFA00BDA2002FE11FA0A" bold="true" box="[238,416,1404,1430]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Stephanotheca</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="83E59B25B060FFA00A932005FE48FA09" box="[423,505,1403,1429]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="E2B8A9C7B060FFA00BA320C5FF64F884" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="AA1DFA4CB060FFA00BA320C5FF64F884" blockId="1.[151,1436,1467,2032]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<emphasis id="98D6265EB060FFA00BA320C5FEA0FA48" bold="true" box="[151,273,1467,1492]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Colony encrusting, unilaminar to multilaminar. Autozooids densely perforated; marginal areolae in older zooids. Primary orifice with a poorly defined sinus flanked by serrated condyles. No oral spines. Small uniporous septula. Median adventitious avicularium. Rarely vicarious avicularia. Ovicell hyperstomial (i.e. prominent) to subimmersed, or even endozooidal; calcified ectooecium smooth, with a central area of relatively large, often irregularly sized ectooecial pseudopores, surrounded by a nodular crown of imperforate secondary calcification produced by one or more distal zooids; occasionally the entire ectooecium may be covered apart from the perforations. Primary orifice of ovicelled maternal zooids dimorphic, being larger, more rounded and with a shallower sinus than in non-ovicelled zooids. Ovicell opening formed by the concave proximal margin of the ooecium, overarching the primary orifice, and extending to its proximolateral corners; ovicell cleithral. Ancestrula possibly tatiform.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="E2B8A9C7B060FFA00BFD225AFD0CF8A0" box="[201,701,1827,1852]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="AA1DFA4CB060FFA00BFD225AFD0CF8A0" blockId="1.[151,1436,1467,2032]" box="[201,701,1827,1852]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<emphasis id="98D6265EB060FFA00BFD225AFED7F8A0" bold="true" box="[201,358,1827,1852]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<typeStatus id="751944EEB060FFA00BFD225AFEB5F8A0" box="[201,260,1828,1852]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Type</typeStatus>
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species:
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB060FFA00A59225AFDC9F8A0" box="[365,632,1828,1852]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lanceoporidae" genus="Stephanotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="barrosoi" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="98D6265EB060FFA00A59225AFDC9F8A0" box="[365,632,1828,1852]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Stephanotheca barrosoi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="83E59B25B060FFA0094A225AFD0CF8A0" box="[638,701,1828,1852]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" rank="species">
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<emphasis id="98D6265EB060FFA0094A225AFD0CF8A0" bold="true" box="[638,701,1828,1852]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">n. sp.</emphasis>
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</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="E2B8A9C7B060FFA00BFD2236FC2DF818" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="AA1DFA4CB060FFA00BFD2236FC2DF818" blockId="1.[151,1436,1467,2032]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<emphasis id="98D6265EB060FFA00BFD2236FEFEF8FC" bold="true" box="[201,335,1864,1888]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Etymology.</emphasis>
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From Greek τέφαν⁰ς (
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<emphasis id="98D6265EB060FFA009682236FD7DF8FC" box="[604,716,1864,1888]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">stephanos</emphasis>
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= crown) and θήκη (
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<emphasis id="98D6265EB060FFA008832236FC43F8FC" box="[951,1010,1864,1888]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">theke</emphasis>
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= box), alluding to the nodular crown of calcification in the frontal surface of the ovicell. Gender feminine.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="E2B8A9C7B060FFA20BFD22F1FEDCF920" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="AA1DFA4CB060FFA30BFD22F1FC15FEA3" blockId="1.[151,1436,1467,2032]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,151,2012]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<emphasis id="98D6265EB060FFA00BFD22F1FEFFF834" bold="true" box="[201,334,1935,1960]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Discussion.</emphasis>
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The genus
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<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB060FFA00AE422EEFDC5F834" box="[464,628,1936,1960]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lanceoporidae" genus="Stephanotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="98D6265EB060FFA00AE422EEFDC5F834" box="[464,628,1936,1960]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Stephanotheca</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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seems to share some characters with different genera placed in the family
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<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB060FFA00B8922CAFDF3F850" authority="MacGillivray, 1895" authorityName="MacGillivray" authorityYear="1895" box="[189,578,1972,1996]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bitectiporidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="family">
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Bitectiporidae
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<bibRefCitation id="CE3387BDB060FFA00A5122CAFDF3F850" author="MacGillivray" box="[357,578,1972,1996]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="MacGillivray, P. H. (1895) A monograph of the Tertiary Polyzoa of Victoria. Transactions of the Royal Society of Victoria, 4, 1 - 166." type="journal article" year="1895">MacGillivray, 1895</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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but also with the family
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<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB060FFA0085222CAFB04F850" authority="Harmer, 1957" authorityName="Harmer" authorityYear="1957" box="[870,1205,1972,1996]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lanceoporidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="family">
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Lanceoporidae
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<bibRefCitation id="CE3387BDB060FFA00F2122CBFB04F850" author="Harmer" box="[1045,1205,1972,1996]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Harmer, S. F. (1957) The Polyzoa of the Siboga Expedition, Part 4. Cheilostomata Ascophora II. Siboga Expedition Reports 28 d, 641 - 1147." type="journal article" year="1957">Harmer, 1957</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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. This later family is nowadays placed in the superfamily Schizoporelloidea (see
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<bibRefCitation id="CE3387BDB060FFA0080822A6FC62F86C" author="Gordon" box="[828,979,2008,2032]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Gordon, D. P. (2011) Genera and subgenera of Cheilostomata - Working list for treatise. Version of September 2011. Unpublished, available from author." type="book chapter" year="2011">Gordon 2011</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="CE3387BDB060FFA008D422A6FB49F86C" author="Bock" box="[992,1272,2008,2032]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Bock, P. & Hayward, P. J. (2012 b) Lanceoporidae. In: Bock, P. & Gordon, D. P. (2012) World list of Bryozoa. Available from: World Register of Marine Species at http: // www. marinespecies. org / aphia. php? p = taxdetails & id = 110759 (Accessed February 2012)." type="book chapter" year="2012" yearSuffix="b">Bock & Hayward 2012b</bibRefCitation>
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), but owing to their ‘smittinoid’ ovicells (A. Ostrovsky, pers. comm.
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<date id="DE1CDC8CB063FFA3083125E9FC1EFF33" box="[773,943,151,175]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="2012-02">February 2012</date>
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), the
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<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB063FFA308C425E9FB27FF33" box="[1008,1174,151,175]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lanceoporidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="family">Lanceoporidae</taxonomicName>
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are here transferred to the superfamily Smittinoidea. The overall appearance of the autozooids of
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<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB063FFA308DF25C2FB3EFF48" box="[1003,1167,188,212]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lanceoporidae" genus="Stephanotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="98D6265EB063FFA308DF25C2FB3EFF48" box="[1003,1167,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Stephanotheca</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is similar to many species of
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<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB063FFA30BDD259EFE3AFF64" box="[233,395,224,248]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bitectiporidae" genus="Schizomavella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="98D6265EB063FFA30BDD259EFE3AFF64" box="[233,395,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Schizomavella</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB063FFA30AF6259EFD4CFF6B" authority="Harmer, 1957" authorityName="Harmer" authorityYear="1957" box="[450,765,223,248]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lanceoporidae" genus="Calyptotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="98D6265EB063FFA30AF6259EFDE6FF64" box="[450,599,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Calyptotheca</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="CE3387BDB063FFA3096B259EFD4CFF6B" author="Harmer" box="[607,765,223,247]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Harmer, S. F. (1957) The Polyzoa of the Siboga Expedition, Part 4. Cheilostomata Ascophora II. Siboga Expedition Reports 28 d, 641 - 1147." type="journal article" year="1957">Harmer, 1957</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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. These genera also exhibit sinuate orifices, autozooids with frontal shields that are uniformly perforated by small round pseudopores, suboral adventitious avicularia, and enlarged marginal areolar pores that are more defined in older zooids.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="AA1DFA4CB063FFA30BFD2432FD46FBE0" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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The ooecium in
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<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB063FFA30AB32432FD9AFEF8" box="[391,555,332,356]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lanceoporidae" genus="Stephanotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="98D6265EB063FFA30AB32432FD9AFEF8" box="[391,555,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Stephanotheca</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is formed by the distal zooid in its proximal part, and the slit-like coelomic cavity of the ooecium communicates with the cavity of the ooecium-producing zooid via a central pore (
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<figureCitation id="3299E6C9B063FFA30E7C2411FA3AFE1B" box="[1352,1419,367,391]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1856,1879]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,418,1832]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1435,418,1832]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Ovicell development in Stephanotheca. 1, communication pore between the ooecium-producing zooid and the coelomic cavity of the ooecium (arrow) (S. barrosoi n. sp.). 2, calcification of ectooecium and beginning of the calcification of entooecium (S. watersi n. sp.). 3, calcified ooecial floor (S. ochracea n. comb.). 4, developing ooecia (S. watersi n. sp.). 5, developing ooecium (S. monoecensis n. comb.). 6, central suture of the ectooecium (arrow) (S. barrosoi n. sp.). 7, complete ovicell, ooecial floor, and a partially broken ovicell showing ectooecial pseudopores (S. watersi n. sp.). 8, secondary calcification growing over the central porous area (S. monoecensis n. comb.)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/212994/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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). The calcification of ectooecium grows a bit faster (
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<figureCitation id="3299E6C9B063FFA309E024EAFCACFE30" box="[724,797,404,428]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1856,1879]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,418,1832]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1435,418,1832]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Ovicell development in Stephanotheca. 1, communication pore between the ooecium-producing zooid and the coelomic cavity of the ooecium (arrow) (S. barrosoi n. sp.). 2, calcification of ectooecium and beginning of the calcification of entooecium (S. watersi n. sp.). 3, calcified ooecial floor (S. ochracea n. comb.). 4, developing ooecia (S. watersi n. sp.). 5, developing ooecium (S. monoecensis n. comb.). 6, central suture of the ectooecium (arrow) (S. barrosoi n. sp.). 7, complete ovicell, ooecial floor, and a partially broken ovicell showing ectooecial pseudopores (S. watersi n. sp.). 8, secondary calcification growing over the central porous area (S. monoecensis n. comb.)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/212994/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figs 2</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="3299E6C9B063FFA3081E24EAFCF6FE30" box="[810,839,404,428]" captionStart="FIGURES 26 – 30" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1285,1308]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,337,1264]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1435,337,1264]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 26 – 30. Stephanotheca watersi n. sp. 26, view of the colony with developing ooecia (paratype: MNHN 11148); 27, primary orifice (holotype: MM 2845); 28, primary orifice (paratype: MNHN 11141); 29, same, two ovicellate zooids; 30, view of the colony (holotype: MM 2845)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/213000/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">26</figureCitation>
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) than calcification of entooecium (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3299E6C9B063FFA30FE424EAFAE1FE30" box="[1232,1360,404,428]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1856,1879]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,418,1832]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1435,418,1832]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Ovicell development in Stephanotheca. 1, communication pore between the ooecium-producing zooid and the coelomic cavity of the ooecium (arrow) (S. barrosoi n. sp.). 2, calcification of ectooecium and beginning of the calcification of entooecium (S. watersi n. sp.). 3, calcified ooecial floor (S. ochracea n. comb.). 4, developing ooecia (S. watersi n. sp.). 5, developing ooecium (S. monoecensis n. comb.). 6, central suture of the ectooecium (arrow) (S. barrosoi n. sp.). 7, complete ovicell, ooecial floor, and a partially broken ovicell showing ectooecial pseudopores (S. watersi n. sp.). 8, secondary calcification growing over the central porous area (S. monoecensis n. comb.)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/212994/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figs 3, 4, 7</figureCitation>
|
||
centre zooid, 31, 39, 60). Once the ooecial floor (horizontal part of entooecium) is formed, the lateral (vertical) walls begin to rise (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3299E6C9B063FFA30A0524A2FEC2FE68" box="[305,371,476,500]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1856,1879]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,418,1832]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1435,418,1832]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Ovicell development in Stephanotheca. 1, communication pore between the ooecium-producing zooid and the coelomic cavity of the ooecium (arrow) (S. barrosoi n. sp.). 2, calcification of ectooecium and beginning of the calcification of entooecium (S. watersi n. sp.). 3, calcified ooecial floor (S. ochracea n. comb.). 4, developing ooecia (S. watersi n. sp.). 5, developing ooecium (S. monoecensis n. comb.). 6, central suture of the ectooecium (arrow) (S. barrosoi n. sp.). 7, complete ovicell, ooecial floor, and a partially broken ovicell showing ectooecial pseudopores (S. watersi n. sp.). 8, secondary calcification growing over the central porous area (S. monoecensis n. comb.)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/212994/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
centre), formed by entooecium, ectooecium and external, imperforate, secondary calcification, all at the same time. When these three walls begin to form the ooecial roof, encroachment of secondary calcification ceases, forming the nodular crown, while the ectooecium and entooecium still continue, and the former produces the perforated central area (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3299E6C9B063FFA309B32739FD7EFDC3" box="[647,719,583,607]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1856,1879]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,418,1832]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1435,418,1832]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Ovicell development in Stephanotheca. 1, communication pore between the ooecium-producing zooid and the coelomic cavity of the ooecium (arrow) (S. barrosoi n. sp.). 2, calcification of ectooecium and beginning of the calcification of entooecium (S. watersi n. sp.). 3, calcified ooecial floor (S. ochracea n. comb.). 4, developing ooecia (S. watersi n. sp.). 5, developing ooecium (S. monoecensis n. comb.). 6, central suture of the ectooecium (arrow) (S. barrosoi n. sp.). 7, complete ovicell, ooecial floor, and a partially broken ovicell showing ectooecial pseudopores (S. watersi n. sp.). 8, secondary calcification growing over the central porous area (S. monoecensis n. comb.)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/212994/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figs 5</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="3299E6C9B063FFA309EF2739FD4AFDC3" box="[731,763,583,607]" captionStart="FIGURES 45 – 49" captionStartId="20.[151,264,1126,1149]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,155,1104]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[151,1435,155,1104]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURES 45 – 49. Stephanotheca monoecensis (Calvet, 1927) n. comb. 45, view of a colony (MNHN 2378); 46, developing ovicell and subtriangular avicularia (MNHN 11192); 47, ovicellate and non-ovicellate zooids with two different avicularia (photo by J. - G. Harmelin); 48, primary orifice (MNHN 11151); 49, primary orifice (MNHN 2378)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/213004/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">46</figureCitation>
|
||
); the rest of the ectooecium seems to be imperforate (see the proximal area in
|
||
<figureCitation id="3299E6C9B063FFA30A612712FE29FD18" box="[341,408,620,644]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1856,1879]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,418,1832]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1435,418,1832]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Ovicell development in Stephanotheca. 1, communication pore between the ooecium-producing zooid and the coelomic cavity of the ooecium (arrow) (S. barrosoi n. sp.). 2, calcification of ectooecium and beginning of the calcification of entooecium (S. watersi n. sp.). 3, calcified ooecial floor (S. ochracea n. comb.). 4, developing ooecia (S. watersi n. sp.). 5, developing ooecium (S. monoecensis n. comb.). 6, central suture of the ectooecium (arrow) (S. barrosoi n. sp.). 7, complete ovicell, ooecial floor, and a partially broken ovicell showing ectooecial pseudopores (S. watersi n. sp.). 8, secondary calcification growing over the central porous area (S. monoecensis n. comb.)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/212994/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
, and the partially broken ovicell in
|
||
<figureCitation id="3299E6C9B063FFA308172712FCD6FD18" box="[803,871,620,644]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1856,1879]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,418,1832]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1435,418,1832]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Ovicell development in Stephanotheca. 1, communication pore between the ooecium-producing zooid and the coelomic cavity of the ooecium (arrow) (S. barrosoi n. sp.). 2, calcification of ectooecium and beginning of the calcification of entooecium (S. watersi n. sp.). 3, calcified ooecial floor (S. ochracea n. comb.). 4, developing ooecia (S. watersi n. sp.). 5, developing ooecium (S. monoecensis n. comb.). 6, central suture of the ectooecium (arrow) (S. barrosoi n. sp.). 7, complete ovicell, ooecial floor, and a partially broken ovicell showing ectooecial pseudopores (S. watersi n. sp.). 8, secondary calcification growing over the central porous area (S. monoecensis n. comb.)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/212994/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
, right); consequently, the central perforated area is not only that part of the ectooecium that is uncovered but an actual circumscribed area of perforations beyond which there are none. These perforations in the ectooecial skeleton are sealed in life by cuticular plugs (see
|
||
<figureCitation id="3299E6C9B063FFA30E7727CAFA26FD50" box="[1347,1431,692,716]" captionStart="FIGURES 24 – 25" captionStartId="11.[151,264,956,979]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,295,934]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1435,295,934]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 24 – 25. Stephanotheca ambita (Waters, 1889) n. comb. 24, ovicellate and non-ovicellate zooids (lectotype: MM 2938); 25, primary orifice (paralectotype: MM 2936)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/212999/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figs 24</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="3299E6C9B063FFA30BA327A9FF07FD73" box="[151,182,727,751]" captionStart="FIGURES 36 – 39" captionStartId="17.[151,264,1622,1645]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,303,1600]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[151,1435,303,1600]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 36 – 39. Stephanotheca ochracea (Hincks, 1862) n. comb. (holotype: NMHUK 1899.5.1.977). 36, zooids with gigantic avicularia; 37, primary orifice and small suboral avicularium; 38, primary orifice; 39, ovicellate zooids." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/213002/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">39</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="3299E6C9B063FFA30BF727A9FF51FD73" box="[195,224,727,751]" captionStart="FIGURES 62 – 67" captionStartId="25.[151,264,1914,1937]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1892]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[151,1435,193,1893]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURES 62 – 67. Stephanotheca arrogata (Waters, 1879) n. comb. 62, view of the colony with ovicellate zooids (lectotype: MM 2852); 63, same, primary orifice; 64, same, autozooids with avicularia; 65, same, ovicellate and non-ovicellate zooids; note the cormidial secondary calcification covering the ovicells, contributed by several zooids; 66, same, ovicellate zooid; 67, view of the colony with ovicellate zooids (paralectotype: MM 2969)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/213007/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">67</figureCitation>
|
||
) and are visible as true pores in cleaned colonies. These structures will be called pseudopores throughout this paper, but this does not imply homology with frontal-shield pseudopores. The merging of the lateral lobes of the proximal part of ectooecial calcification forms a central suture above the orifice (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3299E6C9B063FFA30FB82661FB67FCAB" box="[1164,1238,799,823]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1856,1879]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,418,1832]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1435,418,1832]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Ovicell development in Stephanotheca. 1, communication pore between the ooecium-producing zooid and the coelomic cavity of the ooecium (arrow) (S. barrosoi n. sp.). 2, calcification of ectooecium and beginning of the calcification of entooecium (S. watersi n. sp.). 3, calcified ooecial floor (S. ochracea n. comb.). 4, developing ooecia (S. watersi n. sp.). 5, developing ooecium (S. monoecensis n. comb.). 6, central suture of the ectooecium (arrow) (S. barrosoi n. sp.). 7, complete ovicell, ooecial floor, and a partially broken ovicell showing ectooecial pseudopores (S. watersi n. sp.). 8, secondary calcification growing over the central porous area (S. monoecensis n. comb.)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/212994/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
). In some cases, secondary calcification also covers this proximal area, producing then a complete, circular nodular crown, later perhaps projecting distally into the perforated area (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3299E6C9B063FFA309E32619FC99FCE3" box="[727,808,871,895]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 10" captionStartId="6.[151,264,812,835]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,791]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1435,181,792]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 10. Ovicell in Stephanotheca (S. barrosoi n. sp.). More information in the text. nc: nodular crown; oa: ovicell opening; pa: pseudoporous area; po: primary orifice." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/212995/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
) but normally the secondary calcification produces only thin ridges across the central area that do not occlude the pseudopores so that the central area and the nodular crown remain distinct (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3299E6C9B063FFA30A9A26D1FE4FFC5B" box="[430,510,943,967]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1856,1879]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,418,1832]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1435,418,1832]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Ovicell development in Stephanotheca. 1, communication pore between the ooecium-producing zooid and the coelomic cavity of the ooecium (arrow) (S. barrosoi n. sp.). 2, calcification of ectooecium and beginning of the calcification of entooecium (S. watersi n. sp.). 3, calcified ooecial floor (S. ochracea n. comb.). 4, developing ooecia (S. watersi n. sp.). 5, developing ooecium (S. monoecensis n. comb.). 6, central suture of the ectooecium (arrow) (S. barrosoi n. sp.). 7, complete ovicell, ooecial floor, and a partially broken ovicell showing ectooecial pseudopores (S. watersi n. sp.). 8, secondary calcification growing over the central porous area (S. monoecensis n. comb.)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/212994/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figs 8</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="3299E6C9B063FFA3092526D1FD9EFC5B" box="[529,559,943,967]" captionStart="FIGURES 45 – 49" captionStartId="20.[151,264,1126,1149]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,155,1104]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[151,1435,155,1104]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURES 45 – 49. Stephanotheca monoecensis (Calvet, 1927) n. comb. 45, view of a colony (MNHN 2378); 46, developing ovicell and subtriangular avicularia (MNHN 11192); 47, ovicellate and non-ovicellate zooids with two different avicularia (photo by J. - G. Harmelin); 48, primary orifice (MNHN 11151); 49, primary orifice (MNHN 2378)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/213004/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">47</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="3299E6C9B063FFA3097526D1FDD0FC5B" box="[577,609,943,967]" captionStart="FIGURES 50 – 56" captionStartId="22.[151,264,1716,1739]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,267,1695]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1435,267,1695]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 50 – 56. Stephanotheca triangulata n. sp. 50, view of the colony (holotype: NHMUK 1899.7.1.2342); 51, same, autozooids; 52, same, primary orifice; 53, primary orifice and avicularium (paratype: NHMUK 1939.7.4.12); 54, autozooids (paratype: NHMUK 1899.7.1.2346); 55, same, view of the colony with ovicellate zooids; 56, broken ovicells (holotype: NHMUK 1899.7.1.2342)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/213005/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">56</figureCitation>
|
||
). Additionally, the ovicell can be covered by secondary calcification encroaching from neighbouring zooids (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3299E6C9B063FFA3094C26AAFD66FC70" box="[632,727,980,1004]" captionStart="FIGURES 31 – 35" captionStartId="15.[151,264,1449,1472]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,303,1427]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[151,1435,303,1427]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURES 31 – 35. Stephanotheca victoriensis n. sp. 31, view of the colony with developing ooecia (paratype: MM 4172); 32, same, autozooids and developing ooecium; note the raised sutures growing over the ovicell; 33, same, primary orifice of ovicellate zooid; 34, same, primary orifice; 35, view of the colony with ovicell (holotype: MM 2937)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/213001/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figs 32</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="3299E6C9B063FFA309DF26AAFCBAFC70" box="[747,779,980,1004]" captionStart="FIGURES 62 – 67" captionStartId="25.[151,264,1914,1937]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1892]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[151,1435,193,1893]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURES 62 – 67. Stephanotheca arrogata (Waters, 1879) n. comb. 62, view of the colony with ovicellate zooids (lectotype: MM 2852); 63, same, primary orifice; 64, same, autozooids with avicularia; 65, same, ovicellate and non-ovicellate zooids; note the cormidial secondary calcification covering the ovicells, contributed by several zooids; 66, same, ovicellate zooid; 67, view of the colony with ovicellate zooids (paralectotype: MM 2969)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/213007/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">65</figureCitation>
|
||
). We have never seen an ooecium without secondary calcification. The whole is formed simultaneously, and probably quite quickly inasmuch as completed ovicells dominate and intermediate stages are relatively few. The first phase (formation of the ooecial floor) also seems to be relatively frequent in occurrence whereas the intermediate phase in which the lateral walls develop is relatively infrequently and would also appear to happen quickly.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AA1DFA4CB063FFA30BFD21F6FA8CFA00" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
The ovicell of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB063FFA3093421F6FD15FB3C" box="[512,676,1160,1184]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lanceoporidae" genus="Stephanotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB063FFA3093421F6FD15FB3C" box="[512,676,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Stephanotheca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
exhibits a structure similar to other genera of the superfamily Smittinoidea (D.P. Gordon, pers. comm.
|
||
<date id="DE1CDC8CB063FFA3095821D3FCB9FB58" box="[620,776,1196,1221]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="2010-01">January 2010</date>
|
||
), and especially it is almost identical to the ovicell in the genera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB063FFA30BDC21AEFE3BFB74" box="[232,394,1232,1256]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bitectiporidae" genus="Schizomavella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB063FFA30BDC21AEFE3BFB74" box="[232,394,1232,1256]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Schizomavella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB063FFA30A8B21AFFDE1FB74" box="[447,592,1233,1256]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bitectiporidae" genus="Hippoporina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB063FFA30A8B21AFFDE1FB74" box="[447,592,1233,1256]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Hippoporina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: a thinly calcified endooecium and a strongly calcified, smooth ectooecium with an exposed area of irregular pseudopores. In the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB063FFA3080E218AFC6FFA90" box="[826,990,1268,1292]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lanceoporidae" genus="Stephanotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB063FFA3080E218AFC6FFA90" box="[826,990,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Stephanotheca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
these are located in the rounded central area, surrounded by a nodular crown of secondary calcification (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3299E6C9B063FFA308582066FC6FFAAC" box="[876,990,1304,1328]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 10" captionStartId="6.[151,264,812,835]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,791]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1435,181,792]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 10. Ovicell in Stephanotheca (S. barrosoi n. sp.). More information in the text. nc: nodular crown; oa: ovicell opening; pa: pseudoporous area; po: primary orifice." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/212995/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figs 9, 10</figureCitation>
|
||
) formed by the distal zooid(s). In some cases, this crown can be interrupted in its proximal part in such a way that the smooth frontal area of the ooecium free of calcification elongates towards the zooecial orifice; in this part, it is possible to notice the presence of a longitudinal suture in the entooecium, clearly visible through the ectooecium by light microscopy (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3299E6C9B063FFA30FDE20FAFA9EFA00" box="[1258,1327,1412,1436]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1856,1879]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,418,1832]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1435,418,1832]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Ovicell development in Stephanotheca. 1, communication pore between the ooecium-producing zooid and the coelomic cavity of the ooecium (arrow) (S. barrosoi n. sp.). 2, calcification of ectooecium and beginning of the calcification of entooecium (S. watersi n. sp.). 3, calcified ooecial floor (S. ochracea n. comb.). 4, developing ooecia (S. watersi n. sp.). 5, developing ooecium (S. monoecensis n. comb.). 6, central suture of the ectooecium (arrow) (S. barrosoi n. sp.). 7, complete ovicell, ooecial floor, and a partially broken ovicell showing ectooecial pseudopores (S. watersi n. sp.). 8, secondary calcification growing over the central porous area (S. monoecensis n. comb.)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/212994/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AA1DFA4CB063FFA30BFD20D6FB92F840" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
On the other hand, the double-walled structure of the ooecia in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB063FFA3088C20D6FBEDFA5C" box="[952,1116,1448,1472]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lanceoporidae" genus="Stephanotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB063FFA3088C20D6FBEDFA5C" box="[952,1116,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Stephanotheca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is basically the same as in genera of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB063FFA30A3E20B2FE01FA78" box="[266,432,1484,1508]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lanceoporidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="family">Lanceoporidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB063FFA30AC720B2FD39FA78" box="[499,648,1484,1508]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lanceoporidae" genus="Calyptotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB063FFA30AC720B2FD39FA78" box="[499,648,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Calyptotheca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB063FFA309AC20B2FC5BFA78" authority="Levinsen, 1909" authorityName="Levinsen" authorityYear="1909" box="[664,1002,1484,1508]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lanceoporidae" genus="Emballotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB063FFA309AC20B2FC85FA78" box="[664,820,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Emballotheca</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CE3387BDB063FFA3080820B2FC5BFA78" author="Levinsen" box="[828,1002,1484,1508]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Levinsen, G. M. R. (1909) Morphological and Systematic studies on the Cheilostomatous Bryozoa. Nationale Forfatterers Forlag, Copenhagen, 413 p." type="book" year="1909">Levinsen, 1909</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB063FFA30F1020B2FA3FFA78" authority="MacGillivray, 1887" authorityName="MacGillivray" authorityYear="1887" box="[1060,1422,1484,1508]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Parmulariaceae" genus="Parmularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asterinales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB063FFA30F1020B2FB16FA78" box="[1060,1191,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Parmularia</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CE3387BDB063FFA30F9B20B2FA3FFA78" author="MacGillivray" box="[1199,1422,1484,1508]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="MacGillivray, P. H. (1887) A catalogue of the marine Polyzoa of Victoria. Transactions of the Royal Society of Victoria, 23, 187 - 224." type="journal article" year="1887">MacGillivray, 1887</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), except that secondary calcification overgrows the entire ooecium in some lanceoporid species. In this family, secondary calcification tends to be cormidial, i.e. produced by adjacent zooids according to a strict pattern, with sutures sometimes forming a
|
||
<collectingCountry id="D2B5BADCB063FFA309342347FDA4F9CC" box="[512,533,1593,1616]" name="Italy" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Y</collectingCountry>
|
||
; the secondary calcification is also perforated, by pseudopores that are in correspondence with the pseudopores in the ectooecium. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB063FFA308632323FB5CF9E8" authority="Kluge, 1908" authorityName="Kluge" authorityYear="1908" box="[855,1261,1628,1652]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bitectiporidae" genus="Hippoporina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="ussowi">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB063FFA308632323FB8FF9E8" box="[855,1086,1629,1652]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Hippoporina ussowi</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CE3387BDB063FFA30F662322FB54F9E8" author="Kluge" box="[1106,1253,1628,1652]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Kluge, H. (1908). Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Bryozoen des Weissen Meeres. Ezhegodn. Zool. Mus. Acad. Sci., 12 for 1907, 515 - 540." type="journal article" year="1908">Kluge, 1908</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the secondary calcification is produced by 2–3 distal zooids, often forming a
|
||
<collectingCountry id="D2B5BADCB063FFA3084423FFFC35F904" box="[880,900,1665,1688]" name="Italy" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Y</collectingCountry>
|
||
as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB063FFA308FA23FEFBC9F904" box="[974,1144,1664,1688]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lanceoporidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="family">Lanceoporidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
; it also totally covers the ectooecium but, in contrast with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB063FFA3092423DAFD08F920" box="[528,697,1700,1724]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lanceoporidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="family">Lanceoporidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it is imperforate, occluding then the ectooecial pseudopores (A. Ostrovsky, pers. comm.
|
||
<date id="DE1CDC8CB063FFA30A9223B6FDFEF97C" box="[422,591,1736,1760]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="2012-02">February 2012</date>
|
||
). Nevertheless, the systematic position of this species is uncertain, since the presence of a suboral avicularium and the structure of the ovicell preclude placement in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB063FFA30FD22393FAC6F898" box="[1254,1399,1773,1796]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bitectiporidae" genus="Hippoporina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB063FFA30FD22393FAC6F898" box="[1254,1399,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Hippoporina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB063FFA30BA3226EFE8AF8B4" box="[151,315,1808,1832]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lanceoporidae" genus="Stephanotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB063FFA30BA3226EFE8AF8B4" box="[151,315,1808,1832]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Stephanotheca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although the ooecial cover can be formed by several zooids (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3299E6C9B063FFA30F16226EFBCFF8B4" box="[1058,1150,1808,1832]" captionStart="FIGURES 31 – 35" captionStartId="15.[151,264,1449,1472]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,303,1427]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[151,1435,303,1427]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURES 31 – 35. Stephanotheca victoriensis n. sp. 31, view of the colony with developing ooecia (paratype: MM 4172); 32, same, autozooids and developing ooecium; note the raised sutures growing over the ovicell; 33, same, primary orifice of ovicellate zooid; 34, same, primary orifice; 35, view of the colony with ovicell (holotype: MM 2937)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/213001/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figs 32</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="3299E6C9B063FFA30FBA226EFB1AF8B4" box="[1166,1195,1808,1832]" captionStart="FIGURES 62 – 67" captionStartId="25.[151,264,1914,1937]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1892]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[151,1435,193,1893]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURES 62 – 67. Stephanotheca arrogata (Waters, 1879) n. comb. 62, view of the colony with ovicellate zooids (lectotype: MM 2852); 63, same, primary orifice; 64, same, autozooids with avicularia; 65, same, ovicellate and non-ovicellate zooids; note the cormidial secondary calcification covering the ovicells, contributed by several zooids; 66, same, ovicellate zooid; 67, view of the colony with ovicellate zooids (paralectotype: MM 2969)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/213007/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">65</figureCitation>
|
||
) the pattern is quite chaotic, and only sometimes with raised sutures over the ovicell. The secondary calcification on the lateral walls of the ooecium is also imperforate, as with the underlying ectooecium. Insofar as the central area of ectooecium in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB063FFA30BA32202FE8AF808" box="[151,315,1916,1940]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lanceoporidae" genus="Stephanotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB063FFA30BA32202FE8AF808" box="[151,315,1916,1940]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Stephanotheca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can also be covered by ridges of secondary calcification that do not occlude the pseudopores there is no structural difference between this genus and the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB063FFA309C722DEFC2CF824" box="[755,925,1952,1976]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lanceoporidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="family">Lanceoporidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
; it is just a matter of the extent of both the perforated ectooecial area, and the cover of secondary calcification (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3299E6C9B063FFA308A022BAFC5AF840" box="[916,1003,1988,2012]" captionStart="FIGURES 45 – 49" captionStartId="20.[151,264,1126,1149]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,155,1104]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[151,1435,155,1104]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURES 45 – 49. Stephanotheca monoecensis (Calvet, 1927) n. comb. 45, view of a colony (MNHN 2378); 46, developing ovicell and subtriangular avicularia (MNHN 11192); 47, ovicellate and non-ovicellate zooids with two different avicularia (photo by J. - G. Harmelin); 48, primary orifice (MNHN 11151); 49, primary orifice (MNHN 2378)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/213004/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figs 47</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="3299E6C9B063FFA308C222BAFBA7F840" box="[1014,1046,1988,2012]" captionStart="FIGURES 50 – 56" captionStartId="22.[151,264,1716,1739]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,267,1695]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1435,267,1695]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 50 – 56. Stephanotheca triangulata n. sp. 50, view of the colony (holotype: NHMUK 1899.7.1.2342); 51, same, autozooids; 52, same, primary orifice; 53, primary orifice and avicularium (paratype: NHMUK 1939.7.4.12); 54, autozooids (paratype: NHMUK 1899.7.1.2346); 55, same, view of the colony with ovicellate zooids; 56, broken ovicells (holotype: NHMUK 1899.7.1.2342)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/213005/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">56</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AA1DFA4CB062FFA20BFD25E9FBD2FEA3" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
The species here included in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB062FFA2093A25E6FD03FF2C" box="[526,690,152,176]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lanceoporidae" genus="Stephanotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB062FFA2093A25E6FD03FF2C" box="[526,690,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Stephanotheca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="83E59B25B062FFA2098D25E6FCB4FF2C" box="[697,773,152,176]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
were previously placed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB062FFA20F0625E6FB65FF2C" box="[1074,1236,152,176]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bitectiporidae" genus="Schizomavella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB062FFA20F0625E6FB65FF2C" box="[1074,1236,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Schizomavella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The primary orifice of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB062FFA20BDF25C2FE3EFF48" box="[235,399,188,212]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lanceoporidae" genus="Stephanotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB062FFA20BDF25C2FE3EFF48" box="[235,399,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Stephanotheca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lacks articulated oral spines, and has a poster with a wide, poorly defined sinus owing to rounded and sloping margins, flanked by condyles that are denticulate in all but in one species. The overall character of the orifice differs from that in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB062FFA2091F247AFD7CFE80" box="[555,717,260,284]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bitectiporidae" genus="Schizomavella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB062FFA2091F247AFD7CFE80" box="[555,717,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Schizomavella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in which spines may be present, the poster is transverse and the sinus often exhibits well-defined corners, while few species have denticulate condyles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AA1DFA4CB062FFA20BFD2432FCEAFD3B" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
The most important feature, however, that distinguishes the present genus from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB062FFA20F772432FB54FEF8" box="[1091,1253,332,356]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bitectiporidae" genus="Schizomavella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB062FFA20F772432FB54FEF8" box="[1091,1253,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Schizomavella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as well as from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB062FFA20BA3240FFE99FE14" box="[151,296,369,392]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bitectiporidae" genus="Hippoporina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB062FFA20BA3240FFE99FE14" box="[151,296,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Hippoporina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is the shape of the ovicell opening and its closure. In the original generic diagnosis of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB062FFA20FC7240EFE29FE30" authority="Canu & Bassler (1917)" authorityName="Canu & Bassler" authorityYear="1917" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bitectiporidae" genus="Schizomavella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB062FFA20FC7240EFA24FE14" box="[1267,1429,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Schizomavella</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CE3387BDB062FFA20BA324EAFE29FE30" author="Canu" box="[151,408,404,428]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refString="Canu, F. & Bassler, R. S. (1917) A synopsis of American early Tertiary Cheilostome Bryozoa. United States National Museum Bulletin, 96, 1 - 87." type="journal article" year="1917">Canu & Bassler (1917)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
stated that the operculum closes the ovicell opening, but later authors have sometimes overlooked or ignored this character. However, we believe that Canu, at least, did not really know the species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB062FFA20E1A24C6FF72FE68" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bryocryptellidae" genus="Lepralia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="auriculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB062FFA20E1A24C6FF72FE68" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">S. auriculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
— of 17 samples labelled
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB062FFA20AC624A3FD32FE68" box="[498,643,476,500]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bryocryptellidae" genus="Lepralia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="auriculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB062FFA20AC624A3FD32FE68" box="[498,643,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">S. auriculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in his collection in MNHN, 15 of them correspond to other species of the genus, mostly
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB062FFA20A55277EFCB6FD8B" authority="Heller, 1867" authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1867" box="[353,775,511,536]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bitectiporidae" genus="Schizomavella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="cornuta">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB062FFA20A55277EFDD0FD84" box="[353,609,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Schizomavella cornuta</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CE3387BDB062FFA2095B2481FD4EFD8B" author="Heller" box="[623,767,511,535]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refString="Heller, C. (1867) Die Bryozoen des adriatischen Meeres. Verhandlungen der zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 17, 77 - 136." type="journal article" year="1867">Heller, 1867</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Only two, from the north of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="D2B5BADCB062FFA20F7A277EFB2CFD8B" box="[1102,1181,512,535]" name="France" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
, were actual
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB062FFA20E1A277EFF72FDA0" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bryocryptellidae" genus="Lepralia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="auriculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB062FFA20E1A277EFF72FDA0" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">S. auriculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but were labelled as ‘varieties’ (
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB062FFA20974275AFD60FDA0" box="[576,721,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">systolostoma</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB062FFA20838275AFCC9FDA0" box="[780,888,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">reticulata</emphasis>
|
||
). This confusion generally prevailed until
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CE3387BDB062FFA20E50275BFE25FDC3" author="Hayward" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refString="Hayward, P. J. & Thorpe, J. P. (1995) Some British species of Schizomavella (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata). Journal of Zoology, London, 235, 661 - 676." type="journal article" year="1995">Hayward & Thorpe (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
redescribed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB062FFA209172736FD02FDFC" box="[547,691,584,608]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bryocryptellidae" genus="Lepralia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="auriculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB062FFA209172736FD02FDFC" box="[547,691,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">S. auriculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and selected a
|
||
<typeStatus id="751944EEB062FFA208502736FC71FDFC" box="[868,960,584,608]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
. These authors stated that in this genus the ovicell is not closed by the operculum although in their figures this detail was not documented. Thus, this question was resolved years ago but it did not have the deserved impact.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AA1DFA4CB062FFA20BFD27CAFB64FCE3" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
Based on our own material, which is identical to the
|
||
<typeStatus id="751944EEB062FFA2082B27CBFCC9FD51" box="[799,888,693,717]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB062FFA208AB27CBFB80FD50" box="[927,1073,692,716]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bryocryptellidae" genus="Lepralia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="auriculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB062FFA208AB27CBFB80FD50" box="[927,1073,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">S. auriculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NHMUK 1911.10.1.1533) that we examined years ago (Reverter-Gil & Fernández-Pulpeiro 1995), the ovicell in these species is indeed acleithral (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3299E6C9B062FFA20BAB2782FEAEFC88" box="[159,287,764,788]" captionStart="FIGURES 11 – 12" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1641,1664]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,903,1628]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1435,903,1628]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 11 – 12. Schizomavella auriculata (Hassall, 1842) (Ría de Ferrol). 1, maternal zooid with ovicell and operculum closing primary orifice. 2, inner view of a broken ovicell, showing secondary calcification covering ectooecium and partial entooecium. Primary orifice of the maternal zooid is seen below the proximal margin of the ovicell." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/212996/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs 11, 12</figureCitation>
|
||
). The opening of the ovicell, closed by the ooecial vesicle in life, is very narrow, deeply immersed and not easily seen directly, except for its lower lip. This arrangement is the same in other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB062FFA20FCE265EFA2AFCA4" box="[1274,1435,800,824]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bitectiporidae" genus="Schizomavella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB062FFA20FCE265EFA2AFCA4" box="[1274,1435,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Schizomavella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="83E59B25B062FFA20BA3263BFE95FCC0" box="[151,292,836,860]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(personal observations and A. Ostrovsky, pers. comm.
|
||
<date id="DE1CDC8CB062FFA208AA263BFB8DFCC0" box="[926,1084,836,861]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="2010-01">January 2010</date>
|
||
). Moreover, dimorphic orifices are absent from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB062FFA20A782616FE5FFC1C" box="[332,494,872,896]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bitectiporidae" genus="Schizomavella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB062FFA20A782616FE5FFC1C" box="[332,494,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Schizomavella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and also
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB062FFA2096C2617FD58FC1C" box="[600,745,873,896]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bitectiporidae" genus="Hippoporina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB062FFA2096C2617FD58FC1C" box="[600,745,873,896]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Hippoporina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a bitectiporid genus with cleithral ovicells.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AA1DFA4CB062FFA20BFD26F3FE13FA78" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
In contrast, in the species assigned here to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB062FFA2099C26F2FCFDFC38" box="[680,844,908,932]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lanceoporidae" genus="Stephanotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB062FFA2099C26F2FCFDFC38" box="[680,844,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Stephanotheca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the ovicell is closed by the operculum and maternal zooids have a dimorphic primary orifice with a wider, shallower sinus than in non-ovicellate zooids. The opening of the ovicell is formed by the concave proximal ooecial margin that overarches the primary orifice, extending to its proximolateral corners (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3299E6C9B062FFA20AF22689FD8BFB93" box="[454,570,1015,1039]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 10" captionStartId="6.[151,264,812,835]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,791]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1435,181,792]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 10. Ovicell in Stephanotheca (S. barrosoi n. sp.). More information in the text. nc: nodular crown; oa: ovicell opening; pa: pseudoporous area; po: primary orifice." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/212995/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs 9, 10</figureCitation>
|
||
), with the primary orifice of the autozooid set just below the ovicell opening (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3299E6C9B062FFA20BAB2162FF58FBA8" box="[159,233,1052,1076]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1856,1879]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,418,1832]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1435,418,1832]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Ovicell development in Stephanotheca. 1, communication pore between the ooecium-producing zooid and the coelomic cavity of the ooecium (arrow) (S. barrosoi n. sp.). 2, calcification of ectooecium and beginning of the calcification of entooecium (S. watersi n. sp.). 3, calcified ooecial floor (S. ochracea n. comb.). 4, developing ooecia (S. watersi n. sp.). 5, developing ooecium (S. monoecensis n. comb.). 6, central suture of the ectooecium (arrow) (S. barrosoi n. sp.). 7, complete ovicell, ooecial floor, and a partially broken ovicell showing ectooecial pseudopores (S. watersi n. sp.). 8, secondary calcification growing over the central porous area (S. monoecensis n. comb.)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/212994/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs 5</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="3299E6C9B062FFA20BC32162FEA4FBA8" box="[247,277,1052,1076]" captionStart="FIGURES 13 – 19" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1944,1967]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,195,1923]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1435,195,1923]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 13 – 19. Stephanotheca barrosoi n. sp. (holotype: MNCN 3829). 13, general view, with ovicells and a vicarious avicularium; 14, primary orifice. 15, autozooid with a suboral avicularium; 16, maternal zooid and ovicell; 17, vicarious avicularium; 18, vicarious avicularium with operculum. 19, vicarious avicularium with suboral avicularium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/212997/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">16</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="3299E6C9B062FFA20A172162FEF0FBA8" box="[291,321,1052,1076]" captionStart="FIGURES 24 – 25" captionStartId="11.[151,264,956,979]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,295,934]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1435,295,934]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 24 – 25. Stephanotheca ambita (Waters, 1889) n. comb. 24, ovicellate and non-ovicellate zooids (lectotype: MM 2938); 25, primary orifice (paralectotype: MM 2936)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/212999/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">24</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="3299E6C9B062FFA20A7B2162FEDCFBA8" box="[335,365,1052,1076]" captionStart="FIGURES 26 – 30" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1285,1308]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,337,1264]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1435,337,1264]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 26 – 30. Stephanotheca watersi n. sp. 26, view of the colony with developing ooecia (paratype: MNHN 11148); 27, primary orifice (holotype: MM 2845); 28, primary orifice (paratype: MNHN 11141); 29, same, two ovicellate zooids; 30, view of the colony (holotype: MM 2845)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/213000/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">29</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="3299E6C9B062FFA20A4F2162FE28FBA8" box="[379,409,1052,1076]" captionStart="FIGURES 31 – 35" captionStartId="15.[151,264,1449,1472]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,303,1427]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[151,1435,303,1427]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURES 31 – 35. Stephanotheca victoriensis n. sp. 31, view of the colony with developing ooecia (paratype: MM 4172); 32, same, autozooids and developing ooecium; note the raised sutures growing over the ovicell; 33, same, primary orifice of ovicellate zooid; 34, same, primary orifice; 35, view of the colony with ovicell (holotype: MM 2937)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/213001/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">35</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="3299E6C9B062FFA20A932162FE77FBA8" box="[423,454,1052,1076]" captionStart="FIGURES 40 – 44" captionStartId="19.[151,264,1907,1930]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,860,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1435,860,1887]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURES 40 – 44. Stephanotheca monoecensis (Calvet, 1927) n. comb. (lectotype: MOM 42 - 1421). 40, view of the colony; 41, primary orifice; 42, primary orifice and central avicularium; 43, ovicellate zooid. 44, view of the colony with autozooids and ovicellate zooid." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/213003/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">44</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="3299E6C9B062FFA20AE72162FE42FBA8" box="[467,499,1052,1076]" captionStart="FIGURES 62 – 67" captionStartId="25.[151,264,1914,1937]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1892]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[151,1435,193,1893]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURES 62 – 67. Stephanotheca arrogata (Waters, 1879) n. comb. 62, view of the colony with ovicellate zooids (lectotype: MM 2852); 63, same, primary orifice; 64, same, autozooids with avicularia; 65, same, ovicellate and non-ovicellate zooids; note the cormidial secondary calcification covering the ovicells, contributed by several zooids; 66, same, ovicellate zooid; 67, view of the colony with ovicellate zooids (paralectotype: MM 2969)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/213007/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">65</figureCitation>
|
||
). In some dried uncleaned colonies, the opening of some ovicells is closed by the zooidal operculum, while in others the operculum is lowered onto the distal margin of the primary orifice. There is, however, the possibility that we are dealing with a variant of the subcleithral
|
||
<typeStatus id="751944EEB062FFA208C9211BFB80FBE1" box="[1021,1073,1125,1149]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">type</typeStatus>
|
||
. In both
|
||
<typeStatus id="751944EEB062FFA20FA7211BFB60FBE1" box="[1171,1233,1125,1149]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">types</typeStatus>
|
||
, ovicell closure is achieved by the combination of the non-calcified distal wall of the maternal zooid (sometimes protruding into the brooding cavity and forming the ooecial vesicle) and the zooidal operculum (A. Ostrovsky, personal communication,
|
||
<date id="DE1CDC8CB062FFA20BE621AFFEDDFB74" box="[210,364,1232,1257]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="2012-01">January 2012</date>
|
||
; see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CE3387BDB062FFA20A9121AEFDEAFB74" author="Ostrovsky" box="[421,603,1232,1256]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refString="Ostrovsky, A. N. (2008) Brood chambers in cheilostome Bryozoa: diversity and revised terminology. In: Hageman, S. J., Key, M. M. J. Jr., Winston, J. E. (eds), Proceedings of the 14 th International Bryozoology Association Conference. Virginia Museum of Natural History, Special Publication, 15, 193 - 205." type="journal article" year="2008">Ostrovsky 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 4E). In the cleithral
|
||
<typeStatus id="751944EEB062FFA2084F21AFFC1AFB75" box="[891,939,1233,1257]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">type</typeStatus>
|
||
the ovicell is opened by raising the zooidal operculum during larval release, whereas in the subcleithral one an ovicell is opened by the lowering of the operculum — in this instance the tentacular crown is retracted during larval release.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="D2B5BADCB062FFA208CB2066FBAFFAAC" box="[1023,1054,1304,1328]" name="American Samoa" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
soon as a larva leaves the ovicell, the operculum is correspondingly lowered or raised and closes its opening again. In dried specimens of both cleithral and subcleithral
|
||
<typeStatus id="751944EEB062FFA20A87201FFE5FFAE5" box="[435,494,1377,1401]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">types</typeStatus>
|
||
the operculum often lowers and closes the zooidal primary orifice because of tissue collapse; therefore, ovicell closure in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB062FFA2095520FAFCB4FA00" box="[609,773,1412,1436]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lanceoporidae" genus="Stephanotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB062FFA2095520FAFCB4FA00" box="[609,773,1412,1436]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Stephanotheca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
would be cleithral when alive. Detailed definitions of cleithral, acleithral and subcleithral and their functional significance can be found in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CE3387BDB062FFA20FAF20D6FAD7FA5C" author="Ostrovsky" box="[1179,1382,1448,1472]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refString="Ostrovsky, A. N. (2008) Brood chambers in cheilostome Bryozoa: diversity and revised terminology. In: Hageman, S. J., Key, M. M. J. Jr., Winston, J. E. (eds), Proceedings of the 14 th International Bryozoology Association Conference. Virginia Museum of Natural History, Special Publication, 15, 193 - 205." type="journal article" year="2008">Ostrovsky (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CE3387BDB062FFA20BA320B2FE2FFA78" box="[151,414,1484,1508]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refString="Ostrovsky, A. N., Nielsen, C., Vavra, N. & Yagunova, E. B. (2009) Diversity of the brooding structures in calloporid bryozoans (Gymnolaemata: Cheilostomata): comparative anatomy and evolutionary trends. Zoomorphology, 128, 13 - 35." type="journal article">
|
||
Ostrovsky
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB062FFA20A2520B3FEF8FA78" box="[273,329,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2009)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AA1DFA4CB062FFA20BFD208EFEDCF920" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
On the other hand, the orifice of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB062FFA2090A208EFD53F994" box="[574,738,1520,1544]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lanceoporidae" genus="Stephanotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB062FFA2090A208EFD53F994" box="[574,738,1520,1544]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Stephanotheca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is also similar to that in some species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB062FFA20F8C208EFAFCF994" box="[1208,1357,1520,1544]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lanceoporidae" genus="Calyptotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB062FFA20F8C208EFAFCF994" box="[1208,1357,1520,1544]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Calyptotheca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as for instance Mediterranean
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB062FFA20A93236AFCF8F9B0" authority="Hayward, 1974" authorityName="Hayward" authorityYear="1974" box="[423,841,1556,1580]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lanceoporidae" genus="Calyptotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="rugosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB062FFA20A93236AFD22F9B0" box="[423,659,1556,1580]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Calyptotheca rugosa</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CE3387BDB062FFA209AF236AFCF8F9B0" author="Hayward" box="[667,841,1556,1580]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refString="Hayward, P. J. (1974) Studies on the Cheilostome Bryozoan fauna of the Aegean island of Chios. Journal of Natural History, 8, 369 - 402." type="journal article" year="1974">Hayward, 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB062FFA208B7236BFB4FF9B0" authority="Harmelin et al., 1989" authorityName="Harmelin et al." authorityYear="1989" box="[899,1278,1556,1580]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lanceoporidae" genus="Calyptotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="obscura">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB062FFA208B7236BFC27F9B0" box="[899,918,1557,1580]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB062FFA20891236AFC4EF9B0" box="[933,1023,1556,1580]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">obscura</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CE3387BDB062FFA20F3C236AFB4FF9B0" author="Harmelin" box="[1032,1278,1556,1580]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refString="Harmelin, J. - G., Lopez de la Cuadra, C. M. & Garcia-Gomez, J. C. (1989) Description et variabilite de Calyptotheca obscura n. sp. (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata). Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, ser. 4, 11, 295 - 305." type="journal article" year="1989">
|
||
Harmelin
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB062FFA20F4E236BFB05F9B0" box="[1146,1204,1556,1580]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1989
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In these species, however, as well as in others of the genus, the distal rim of the orifice has an inner shelf-like platform (lunula) on which the operculum rests when closed. Ovicell closure in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB062FFA208782322FC41F9E8" box="[844,1008,1628,1652]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lanceoporidae" genus="Stephanotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB062FFA208782322FC41F9E8" box="[844,1008,1628,1652]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Stephanotheca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is closely similar to that in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB062FFA20E102322FF0FF904" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lanceoporidae" genus="Calyptotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB062FFA20E102322FF0FF904" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Calyptotheca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as can be also be seen in fossil species of the genus such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB062FFA2085623FEFC46F904" box="[866,1015,1664,1688]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lanceoporidae" genus="Calyptotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB062FFA2085623FEFC46F904" box="[866,1015,1664,1688]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Calyptotheca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. 1 and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB062FFA20F5C23FEFB4CF904" box="[1128,1277,1664,1688]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lanceoporidae" genus="Calyptotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB062FFA20F5C23FEFB4CF904" box="[1128,1277,1664,1688]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Calyptotheca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. 2 reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CE3387BDB062FFA20B8E23DAFED8F920" author="Berning" box="[186,361,1700,1724]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refString="Berning, B. (2006) The cheilostome bryozoan fauna from the Late Miocene of Niebla (Guadalquivir Basin, SW Spain): environmental and biogeographic implications. Mitteilungen aus dem Geologisch-Palaontologischen Institut der Universitat Hamburg, 90, 7 - 156." type="journal article" year="2006">Berning (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="E2B8A9C7B062FFA50BFD23B6FD17F9E8" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="AA1DFA4CB062FFA50BFD23B6FEF3FF6B" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2012]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1437,151,1652]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB062FFA20BDE23B6FE46F97C" box="[234,503,1736,1760]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lanceoporidae" genus="Stephanotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="barrosoi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB062FFA20BDE23B6FE46F97C" box="[234,503,1736,1760]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Stephanotheca barrosoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="83E59B25B062FFA2093623B6FDF5F97C" box="[514,580,1736,1760]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB062FFA2093623B6FDF5F97C" bold="true" box="[514,580,1736,1760]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">n. sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, the
|
||
<typeStatus id="751944EEB062FFA209B623B6FD03F97C" box="[642,690,1736,1760]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species of the genus, some zooids have an extremely elongated orifice (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3299E6C9B062FFA20BC42392FE76F898" box="[240,455,1772,1796]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 13 – 19" captionStart-1="FIGURES 20 – 23" captionStartId-0="8.[151,264,1944,1967]" captionStartId-1="9.[151,264,1576,1599]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1435,195,1923]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1435,193,1554]" captionTargetId-0="figure@8.[151,1435,195,1923]" captionTargetId-1="figure@9.[151,1435,193,1555]" captionTargetPageId-0="8" captionTargetPageId-1="9" captionText-0="FIGURES 13 – 19. Stephanotheca barrosoi n. sp. (holotype: MNCN 3829). 13, general view, with ovicells and a vicarious avicularium; 14, primary orifice. 15, autozooid with a suboral avicularium; 16, maternal zooid and ovicell; 17, vicarious avicularium; 18, vicarious avicularium with operculum. 19, vicarious avicularium with suboral avicularium." captionText-1="FIGURES 20 – 23. Stephanotheca barrosoi n. sp. 20, autozooid and vicarious avicularium (MNHN 11152); 21, primary orifice and suboral avicularium (NHMUK 1899.7.1.2343); 22, primary orifice and suboral avicularium (NHMUK 1899.7.1.2345); 23, same, autozooids and vicarious avicularia with opercula." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/212997/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/212998/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs 13, 17–20, 23</figureCitation>
|
||
). They were depicted in a figure by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CE3387BDB062FFA208562393FBB7F898" author="Barroso" box="[866,1030,1772,1796]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refString="Barroso, M. G. (1923) Notas sobre los briozoos marinos espanoles. XIII. Boletin de la Real Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural (Biologia), 23, 249 - 251." type="journal article" year="1923">Barroso (1923</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CE3387BDB062FFA20F262392FBFAF898" author="Barroso" box="[1042,1099,1772,1796]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refString="Barroso, M. G. (1935) Notas sobre briozoos espanoles. Boletin de la Real Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural (Biologia), 35, 373 - 380." type="journal article" year="1935">1935</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) that was later reproduced by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CE3387BDB062FFA20BA32271FE56F8BB" author="Zabala" box="[151,487,1807,1831]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refString="Zabala, M. (1986) Fauna dels Briozous dels Paisos Catalans. Institut d'Estudis Catalans, [Arxius de la Seccio de Ciencies 84], Barcelona. 833 + 3 p." type="book" year="1986">Zabala (1986: 479, fig. 164A)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. This
|
||
<typeStatus id="751944EEB062FFA2091E226FFDEBF8B5" box="[554,602,1809,1833]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of zooid can be considered as a less-derived form of vicarious avicularium (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CE3387BDB062FFA20BE1224AFE51F8D0" author="Harmelin" box="[213,480,1844,1868]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refString="Harmelin, J. - G., Lopez de la Cuadra, C. M. & Garcia-Gomez, J. C. (1989) Description et variabilite de Calyptotheca obscura n. sp. (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata). Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, ser. 4, 11, 295 - 305." type="journal article" year="1989">
|
||
Harmelin
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB062FFA20A64224BFE22F8D0" box="[336,403,1844,1868]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1989
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This
|
||
<typeStatus id="751944EEB062FFA20975224BFDC0F8D1" box="[577,625,1845,1869]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of avicularium, otherwise little known in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB062FFA20FF2224AFAD4F8D0" ID-CoL="84K7G" box="[1222,1381,1844,1868]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bitectiporidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="family">Bitectiporidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
[cf.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB062FFA20BA32226FE8BF8EC" ID-CoL="84TGR" box="[151,314,1880,1904]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bitectiporidae" genus="Schizosmittina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB062FFA20BA32226FE8BF8EC" box="[151,314,1880,1904]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Schizosmittina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Gordon 1984, pl. 33E)], is similar to that in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB062FFA2084D2226FBC7F8EC" ID-CoL="Q6ZM" box="[889,1142,1880,1904]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lanceoporidae" genus="Calyptotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="obscura">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB062FFA2084D2226FBC7F8EC" box="[889,1142,1880,1904]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Calyptotheca obscura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and in some species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB062FFA20BA32202FE4FF808" authority="MacGillivray, 1887" authorityName="MacGillivray" authorityYear="1887" box="[151,510,1916,1940]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Parmulariaceae" genus="Parmularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asterinales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB062FFA20BA32202FEABF808" box="[151,282,1916,1940]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Parmularia</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CE3387BDB062FFA20A142202FE4FF808" author="MacGillivray" box="[288,510,1916,1940]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refString="MacGillivray, P. H. (1887) A catalogue of the marine Polyzoa of Victoria. Transactions of the Royal Society of Victoria, 23, 187 - 224." type="journal article" year="1887">MacGillivray, 1887</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB062FFA209552203FC12F808" authority="Haswell, 1880" authorityName="Haswell" authorityYear="1880" box="[609,931,1916,1940]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Parmulariaceae" genus="Parmularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asterinales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="quadlingi">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB062FFA209552203FDDEF808" box="[609,623,1917,1940]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB062FFA209482202FD56F808" box="[636,743,1916,1940]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">quadlingi</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CE3387BDB062FFA209C32202FC2BF808" author="Haswell" box="[759,922,1916,1940]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refString="Haswell, W. A. (1880) On some Polyzoa from the Queensland coast. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 5, 33 - 44." type="journal article" year="1880">Haswell, 1880</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB062FFA208ED2203FA26F808" authority="Chimonides & Cook, 1993" authorityName="Chimonides & Cook" authorityYear="1993" box="[985,1431,1916,1940]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Parmulariaceae" genus="Parmularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asterinales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="occidenta">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB062FFA208ED2203FC56F808" box="[985,999,1917,1940]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB062FFA208C02202FBD0F808" box="[1012,1121,1916,1940]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">occidenta</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CE3387BDB062FFA20F5C2202FA26F808" author="Chimonides" box="[1128,1431,1916,1940]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refString="Chimonides, P. J. & Cook, P. L. (1993) Notes on Parmularia MacGillivray (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) from Australia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 33, 41 - 48." type="journal article" year="1993">Chimonides & Cook, 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CE3387BDB062FFA20BA322DEFE20F824" box="[151,401,1952,1976]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refString="Harmelin, J. - G., Lopez de la Cuadra, C. M. & Garcia-Gomez, J. C. (1989) Description et variabilite de Calyptotheca obscura n. sp. (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata). Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, ser. 4, 11, 295 - 305." type="journal article">
|
||
Harmelin
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB062FFA20A3322DFFE8EF824" box="[263,319,1952,1976]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1989)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
pointed out the relationship between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB062FFA2080122DEFC7BF824" ID-CoL="84N29" box="[821,970,1952,1976]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lanceoporidae" genus="Calyptotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB062FFA2080122DEFC7BF824" box="[821,970,1952,1976]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Calyptotheca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and, among others,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB062FFA20F9822DEFAFFF824" ID-CoL="84TGN" box="[1196,1358,1952,1976]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bitectiporidae" genus="Schizomavella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB062FFA20F9822DEFAFFF824" box="[1196,1358,1952,1976]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Schizomavella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, based on the presence of a vicarious avicularium in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB062FFA209AF22BAFBEAF840" authority="Thornely, 1906" authorityName="Thornely" authorityYear="1906" box="[667,1115,1988,2012]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bitectiporidae" genus="Schizomavella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="inclusa">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB062FFA209AF22BAFC24F840" box="[667,917,1988,2012]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Schizomavella inclusa</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CE3387BDB062FFA2089022BAFBE2F840" author="Thornely" box="[932,1107,1988,2012]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refString="Thornely, L. R. (1906) Additions and corrections. Report to the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar, 4, 449 - 450." type="journal article" year="1906">Thornely, 1906</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB062FFA20F8422BBFAAAF840" ID-CoL="8FPCS" box="[1200,1307,1988,2012]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bitectiporidae" genus="Schizomavella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="ambita">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB062FFA20F8422BBFAAAF840" box="[1200,1307,1988,2012]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">S. ambita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as cited by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CE3387BDB065FFA50BA325E6FEF5FF33" author="Barroso" box="[151,324,151,175]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Barroso, M. G. (1935) Notas sobre briozoos espanoles. Boletin de la Real Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural (Biologia), 35, 373 - 380." type="journal article" year="1935">Barroso (1935)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. However, the former species is now placed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB065FFA5087B25E6FC55FF2C" ID-CoL="84N29" box="[847,996,152,176]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lanceoporidae" genus="Calyptotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB065FFA5087B25E6FC55FF2C" box="[847,996,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Calyptotheca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as suggested by the authors (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CE3387BDB065FFA50E0425E9FEAFFF48" author="Harmelin" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Harmelin, J. - G., Lopez de la Cuadra, C. M. & Garcia-Gomez, J. C. (1989) Description et variabilite de Calyptotheca obscura n. sp. (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata). Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, ser. 4, 11, 295 - 305." type="journal article" year="1989">
|
||
Harmelin
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB065FFA50BA325C3FF64FF48" box="[151,213,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1989
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 301), while Barroso’s record (1935) is here considered as corresponding to the
|
||
<typeStatus id="751944EEB065FFA50FDE25C3FAABFF49" box="[1258,1306,189,213]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB065FFA50BA3259EFE8AFF64" ID-CoL="84TV5" box="[151,315,224,248]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lanceoporidae" genus="Stephanotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB065FFA50BA3259EFE8AFF64" box="[151,315,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Stephanotheca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AA1DFA4CB065FFA50BFD247BFEB3FD50" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1652]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
We consider that the group of species described here has enough morphological identity as to constitute a separate genus. Notwithstanding, without SEM, zooidal characters do not always allow for clear differentiation from genera such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB065FFA50A762432FE55FEF8" ID-CoL="84TGN" box="[322,484,332,356]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bitectiporidae" genus="Schizomavella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB065FFA50A762432FE55FEF8" box="[322,484,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Schizomavella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB065FFA5093E2432FD2EFEF8" ID-CoL="84N29" box="[522,671,332,356]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lanceoporidae" genus="Calyptotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB065FFA5093E2432FD2EFEF8" box="[522,671,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Calyptotheca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In fact, the limits of these genera are still blurred, such that several species of the latter were previously ascribed to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB065FFA509F3240EFCD8FE14" ID-CoL="84TGN" box="[711,873,368,392]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bitectiporidae" genus="Schizomavella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB065FFA509F3240EFCD8FE14" box="[711,873,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Schizomavella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, while, in contrast,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB065FFA50F64240EFEA4FE30" authority="Hayward, 1974" authorityName="Hayward" authorityYear="1974" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lanceoporidae" genus="Calyptotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="triarmata">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB065FFA50F64240EFAEAFE14" box="[1104,1371,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Calyptotheca triarmata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CE3387BDB065FFA50E50240EFEA4FE30" author="Hayward" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Hayward, P. J. (1974) Studies on the Cheilostome Bryozoan fauna of the Aegean island of Chios. Journal of Natural History, 8, 369 - 402." type="journal article" year="1974">Hayward, 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is now considered to be a junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB065FFA5082624EAFB6FFE30" ID-CoL="4VBBC" authority="Calvet, 1927" authorityName="Calvet" authorityYear="1927" box="[786,1246,404,428]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bitectiporidae" genus="Schizomavella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="asymetrica">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB065FFA5082624EAFB87FE30" box="[786,1078,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Schizomavella asymetrica</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CE3387BDB065FFA50F7024EAFB67FE30" author="Calvet" box="[1092,1238,404,428]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Calvet, L. (1927) Bryozoaires de Monaco et environs. Bulletin de l'Institut oceanographique, Monaco, 24, 1 - 46." type="journal article" year="1927">Calvet, 1927</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CE3387BDB065FFA50E2C24EAFEE2FE53" author="Hayward" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Hayward, P. J. & McKinney, F. K. (2002) Northern Adriatic Bryozoa from the vicinity of Rovinj, Croatia. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 270, 1 - 139." type="journal article" year="2002">Hayward & McKinney 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, we consider that the shape and position of the ovicell opening and the
|
||
<typeStatus id="751944EEB065FFA50FCD24C6FA98FE4C" box="[1273,1321,440,464]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of ovicell closure are consistent enough to allow for the definition of a new, distinct genus for the species described below. All of them exhibit a very uniform appearance, which makes their differentiation very difficult without SEM. The most useful diagnostic features are 1) the frequency, size, shape and position of the suboral avicularium and 2) the extent of the exposed pseudoporous area of the ooecium and the development of the nodular secondary calcification surrounding it (although ovicells are not always present in available material). Other useful diagnostic characters comprise features that are hard to resolve without SEM, such as the shape and denticulation of the orificial condyles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AA1DFA4CB065FFA50BFD27A9FB63FBA8" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1652]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
The affinities of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB065FFA50AA427A6FD85FD6C" ID-CoL="84TV5" box="[400,564,728,752]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lanceoporidae" genus="Stephanotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB065FFA50AA427A6FD85FD6C" box="[400,564,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Stephanotheca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
within the superfamily Smittinoidea are somewhat equivocal as the genus shares several characters with different taxa in the families
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB065FFA508182782FC7AFC88" ID-CoL="84K7G" box="[812,971,764,788]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bitectiporidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="family">Bitectiporidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB065FFA50F352782FB1AFC88" ID-CoL="84KHJ" box="[1025,1195,764,788]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lanceoporidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="family">Lanceoporidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. On the one hand, the structure of the ovicell is almost identical to that in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB065FFA509D5265EFC32FCA4" ID-CoL="84TGN" box="[737,899,800,824]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bitectiporidae" genus="Schizomavella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB065FFA509D5265EFC32FCA4" box="[737,899,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Schizomavella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB065FFA5088F265FFBFDFCA4" ID-CoL="84P5G" box="[955,1100,801,824]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bitectiporidae" genus="Hippoporina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB065FFA5088F265FFBFDFCA4" box="[955,1100,801,824]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Hippoporina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but these genera lack dimorphic orifices. Also zooids with enlarged orifices that appear to be ‘primitive’ or less-derived vicarious avicularia are rare in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB065FFA50A0C2619FE6BFCE3" ID-CoL="84K7G" box="[312,474,871,895]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bitectiporidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="family">Bitectiporidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. On the other hand, ovicell structure is not qualitatively different from that in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB065FFA50E532617FEA4FC38" ID-CoL="84KHJ" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lanceoporidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="family">Lanceoporidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in which secondary calcification covers the ooecium and may be contributed cormidially by adjacent zooids but does not occlude the perforations in the ectooecium. Also many species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB065FFA50F6626CEFB59FC54" ID-CoL="84N29" box="[1106,1256,944,968]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lanceoporidae" genus="Calyptotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB065FFA50F6626CEFB59FC54" box="[1106,1256,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Calyptotheca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have dimorphic orifices and vicarious avicularia. The choice of family for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB065FFA5081F26AAFC7EFC70" ID-CoL="84TV5" box="[811,975,980,1004]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lanceoporidae" genus="Stephanotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB065FFA5081F26AAFC7EFC70" box="[811,975,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Stephanotheca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
depends on whether these characters are considered as analogous structures, owing to convergent evolution, or homologous, as well as on the weight assigned to each character. Without gene-sequence data, these decisions are presently subjective.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AA1DFA4CB065FFA50BFD2141FD01FA00" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1652]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
The structure of the ovicell is of course an important character for the classification of the species, but as stated above, the ovicell of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB065FFA50ABC211AFD9DFBE0" ID-CoL="84TV5" box="[392,556,1124,1148]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lanceoporidae" genus="Stephanotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB065FFA50ABC211AFD9DFBE0" box="[392,556,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Stephanotheca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, closely similar to that in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB065FFA5086C211AFC4BFBE0" ID-CoL="84K7G" box="[856,1018,1124,1148]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bitectiporidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="family">Bitectiporidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, cannot be considered different from the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB065FFA50BF221F6FEC1FB3C" ID-CoL="84KHJ" box="[198,368,1160,1184]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lanceoporidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="family">Lanceoporidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In fact, the ‘smittinoid’ ovicells are widespread among both umbonulomorph and lepraliomorph genera (A. Ostrovsky, unpublished data). Dimorphic orifices and cleithral ovicells are rather common characters and may be connected with each other. This combination evidently evolved independently several times in cheilostomes (A. Ostrovsky, pers. comm.
|
||
<date id="DE1CDC8CB065FFA50996218AFCFCFA90" box="[674,845,1268,1292]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="2012-02">February 2012</date>
|
||
) and may not be supportive of close relationships among disparate taxa. Such is likely also to be the case with the putative vicarious avicularium. Taking all of the characters into consideration we provisionally place
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB065FFA509D72042FC36FAC8" ID-CoL="84TV5" box="[739,903,1340,1364]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lanceoporidae" genus="Stephanotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB065FFA509D72042FC36FAC8" box="[739,903,1340,1364]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Stephanotheca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB065FFA508E72042FBCCFAC8" ID-CoL="84KHJ" box="[979,1149,1340,1364]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lanceoporidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="family">Lanceoporidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Additionally, the sharing of the morphological characters of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB065FFA50917201EFD76FAE4" ID-CoL="84TV5" box="[547,711,1376,1400]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lanceoporidae" genus="Stephanotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB065FFA50917201EFD76FAE4" box="[547,711,1376,1400]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Stephanotheca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB065FFA50806201EFC60FAE4" ID-CoL="84K7G" box="[818,977,1376,1400]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bitectiporidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="family">Bitectiporidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB065FFA50F3C201EFB1FFAE4" ID-CoL="84KHJ" box="[1032,1198,1376,1400]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lanceoporidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="family">Lanceoporidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
reinforces the placement of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB065FFA50BC020FAFE2BFA00" ID-CoL="84KHJ" box="[244,410,1412,1436]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lanceoporidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="family">Lanceoporidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
within the Smittinoidea.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AA1DFA4CB065FFA50BFD20D6FD17F9E8" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1652]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB065FFA50BFD20D6FEDCFA5C" ID-CoL="84TV5" box="[201,365,1448,1472]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lanceoporidae" genus="Stephanotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB065FFA50BFD20D6FEDCFA5C" box="[201,365,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Stephanotheca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB065FFA5099420D6FC84FA5C" ID-CoL="84N29" box="[672,821,1448,1472]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lanceoporidae" genus="Calyptotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB065FFA5099420D6FC84FA5C" box="[672,821,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Calyptotheca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the more reduced, non-perforate secondary calcification of the ovicells, leaving a central pseudoporous area of ectooecium; in contrast, pseudoporous secondary calcification entirely overgrows the perforated ectooecium in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB065FFA50854208EFC44F994" ID-CoL="84N29" box="[864,1013,1520,1544]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lanceoporidae" genus="Calyptotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB065FFA50854208EFC44F994" box="[864,1013,1520,1544]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Calyptotheca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB065FFA50F3F208EFB3FF994" box="[1035,1166,1520,1544]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Parmulariaceae" genus="Parmularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asterinales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB065FFA50F3F208EFB3FF994" box="[1035,1166,1520,1544]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Parmularia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB065FFA50F92208FFA9CF994" ID-CoL="84QYT" box="[1190,1325,1521,1544]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lanceoporidae" genus="Lanceopora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB065FFA50F92208FFA9CF994" box="[1190,1325,1521,1544]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Lanceopora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in some accounts) differs in having erect bilaminate colonies supported by a rooted kenozooid, as well as a lack of adventitious avicularia; it shares sutured cormidial secondary calcification of the ovicell with some species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB065FFA50E102346FF0FF9E8" ID-CoL="84N29" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lanceoporidae" genus="Calyptotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB065FFA50E102346FF0FF9E8" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Calyptotheca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DA281CFB065FFA50BF82322FED9F9E8" ID-CoL="84NDY" box="[204,360,1628,1652]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Lanceoporidae" genus="Emballotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="98D6265EB065FFA50BF82322FED9F9E8" box="[204,360,1628,1652]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Emballotheca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has orifices without a sinus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |