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<document id="383EBE5E361927FC0EE655085D88AF9A" ID-DOI="10.1080/00222933.2017.1395919" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5184119" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1628735592360" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Watson, Charlotte &amp; Faulwetter, Sarah" docDate="2017" docId="03E9100287101376FE0BFB3AFE14FE4A" docLanguage="en" docName="JNatHist.51.47-48.2863-2924.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 51 (47 - 48)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2017.1395919" docStyle="DocumentStyle:485A7191CD41D6261F41521A3380DC73.9:JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.1cover" docStyleId="485A7191CD41D6261F41521A3380DC73" docStyleName="JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.1cover" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Paleaequor Watson Russell 1986" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="2886" masterDocId="FFD0687A8704136EFFABFFCFFFFBFFD3" masterDocTitle="Stylet jaws of Chrysopetalidae (Annelida)" masterLastPageNumber="2924" masterPageNumber="2863" pageNumber="2882" updateTime="1699050914801" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="B4F7F95BAE62EF23199A3CC33B4A4F89">Stylet jaws of Chrysopetalidae (Annelida)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C3F601BA38F108B72970B58746D62000">Watson, Charlotte</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="02EB1CBB26B2BE3B2DCA10B6B5811EB0">Faulwetter, Sarah</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="9490FA47A1418E4AA3A053BD2F054CC9">Journal of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="51D4188B56F6397F7E7EC4F6941FA7C9">2017</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="C281636442120EE5E2BB93D4C6EF9535">2017-11-24</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="70CB8066DB20A07B1F262F1635E3D25F">51</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03E9100287101376FE0BFB3AFE14FE4A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E9100287101376FE0BFB3AFE14FE4A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E9100287101376FE0BFB3AFE14FE4A" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="2886" pageId="20" pageNumber="2882">
<subSubSection id="C35AF29F8710137AFE0BFB3AFC79FADD" box="[416,898,1269,1294]" pageId="20" pageNumber="2882" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BFFA1148710137AFE0BFB3AFC79FADD" blockId="20.[416,898,1269,1329]" box="[416,898,1269,1294]" pageId="20" pageNumber="2882">
<heading id="D0B716788710137AFE0BFB3AFC79FADD" box="[416,898,1269,1294]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="20" pageNumber="2882" reason="5">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="4C40DA978710137AFE5FFB3AFC79FADD" ID-CoL="84S3Z" authority="Watson Russell, 1986" authorityName="Watson Russell" authorityYear="1986" box="[500,898,1269,1294]" class="Polychaeta" family="Chrysopetalidae" genus="Paleaequor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="20" pageNumber="2882" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9347D068710137AFE5FFB3AFD7BFADD" bold="true" box="[500,640,1269,1294]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="2882">Paleaequor</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD1DCE58710137AFD22FB3AFC79FADD" author="Watson Russell C" box="[649,898,1269,1294]" pageId="20" pageNumber="2882" pagination="153 - 174" refId="ref27690" refString="Watson Russell C. 1986. Paleaequor, a new genus of polychaete worm (Chrysopetalidae). Rec Aust Mus. 38: 153 - 174." type="journal article" year="1986">Watson Russell, 1986</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35AF29F8710137AFE63FAD7FD02FAB6" pageId="20" pageNumber="2882" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BFFA1148710137AFE63FAD7FCA0FAE2" blockId="20.[416,898,1269,1329]" box="[456,859,1303,1329]" pageId="20" pageNumber="2882">
(
<figureCitation id="137BBD918710137AFE7BFAD7FD97FAE2" box="[464,620,1303,1329]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="22.[160,225,1084,1107]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1053]" captionTargetId="figure-164@22.[163,1153,142,1053]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 11. Anterior end of Paleaequor setula (mCT-00090), imaged through micro-CT and rendered in 3D. (a) dorsal view; (b, c and d) dorsal view, virtually dissected at different levels to expose pharyngeal structures. (c and d) false-colour volume rendering, colours represent different densities. Warm colours: higher densities, cold colours: lower densities." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5184141" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5184141/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="2882">Figure 11ad</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="137BBD918710137AFDD0FAD7FD3FFAE2" box="[635,708,1304,1329]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="23.[160,225,888,911]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,857]" captionTargetId="figure-234@23.[163,1153,142,857]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 12. Paleaequor breve, dissected pharynx and jaws. (a) microscope picture; (b) line drawing." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5184143" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5184143/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="2882">12a, b</figureCitation>
;
<tableCitation id="C6C294AF8710137AFD78FAD7FCCEFAE2" box="[723,821,1304,1329]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="9.[133,189,703,726]" captionText="Table 1. Comparison of pharyngeal and jaw characters." pageId="20" pageNumber="2882">Tables 1</tableCitation>
,
<tableCitation id="C6C294AF8710137AFCEEFAD7FCA8FAE2" box="[837,851,1304,1329]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="10.[133,189,583,606]" captionText="Table 2. Comparison of morphological characters." pageId="20" pageNumber="2882">2</tableCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFFA1148710137AFF0BFA82FD02FAB6" blockId="20.[160,761,1357,1381]" box="[160,761,1357,1381]" pageId="20" pageNumber="2882">
<typeStatus id="54FB1FB68710137AFF0BFA82FF2DFAB6" box="[160,214,1357,1381]" pageId="20" pageNumber="2882">Type</typeStatus>
species:
<taxonomicName id="4C40DA978710137AFE94FA82FD02FAB6" authority="Watson Russell, 1986" authorityName="Watson Russell" authorityYear="1986" box="[319,761,1357,1381]" class="Polychaeta" family="Chrysopetalidae" genus="Paleaequor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="20" pageNumber="2882" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="setula">
<emphasis id="B9347D068710137AFE94FA82FDFAFAB6" box="[319,513,1357,1381]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="2882">Paleaequor setula</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD1DCE58710137AFDA0FA82FD02FAB6" author="Watson Russell C" box="[523,761,1357,1381]" pageId="20" pageNumber="2882" pagination="153 - 174" refId="ref27690" refString="Watson Russell C. 1986. Paleaequor, a new genus of polychaete worm (Chrysopetalidae). Rec Aust Mus. 38: 153 - 174." type="journal article" year="1986">Watson Russell, 1986</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35AF29F8710137AFF0BFA5FFB93F9E6" pageId="20" pageNumber="2882" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BFFA1148710137AFF0BFA5FFE7BFA79" blockId="20.[160,1156,1424,1589]" box="[160,384,1424,1450]" pageId="20" pageNumber="2882">
<emphasis id="B9347D068710137AFF0BFA5FFE7BFA79" bold="true" box="[160,384,1424,1450]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="2882">Material examined</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFFA1148710137AFF0BFA7AFB93F9E6" blockId="20.[160,1156,1424,1589]" pageId="20" pageNumber="2882">
<materialsCitation id="3B28AB498710137AFF0BFA7AFC83FA1E" box="[160,888,1461,1485]" location="Two" pageId="20" pageNumber="2882" specimenCount="1">
<location id="8E9FF7CF8710137AFF0BFA7AFF2BFA1E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E9100287101376FE0BFB3AFE14FE4A:8E9FF7CF8710137AFF0BFA7AFF2BFA1E" box="[160,208,1461,1485]" name="Two" pageId="20" pageNumber="2882">Two</location>
specimens
<taxonomicName id="4C40DA978710137AFEFDFA7AFC83FA1E" authority="Watson Russell, 1986 NTM. W." authorityName="Watson Russell" authorityYear="1986" box="[342,888,1461,1485]" class="Polychaeta" family="Chrysopetalidae" genus="Paleaequor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="20" pageNumber="2882" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="nicoyensis">
<emphasis id="B9347D068710137AFEFDFA7AFDBEFA1E" box="[342,581,1461,1485]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="2882">Paleaequor nicoyensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD1DCE58710137AFDE6FA7AFCC2FA1E" author="Watson Russell C" box="[589,825,1461,1485]" pageId="20" pageNumber="2882" pagination="153 - 174" refId="ref27690" refString="Watson Russell C. 1986. Paleaequor, a new genus of polychaete worm (Chrysopetalidae). Rec Aust Mus. 38: 153 - 174." type="journal article" year="1986">Watson Russell, 1986</bibRefCitation>
NTM
</taxonomicName>
</materialsCitation>
. W.
<materialsCitation id="3B28AB498710137AFC35FA7AFBBFFA3C" country="Peru" location="Eastern Pacific" pageId="20" pageNumber="2882" specimenCount="4">
25482,
<collectingCountry id="F357E1848710137AFC5AFA7AFBDCFA1E" box="[1009,1063,1461,1485]" name="Peru" pageId="20" pageNumber="2882">Peru</collectingCountry>
,
<location id="8E9FF7CF8710137AFB9AFA7AFF1CFA3C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E9100287101376FE0BFB3AFE14FE4A:8E9FF7CF8710137AFB9AFA7AFF1CFA3C" country="Peru" name="Eastern Pacific" pageId="20" pageNumber="2882">Eastern Pacific</location>
(mCT-00152, mCT-00170);
<specimenCount id="9D466A9D8710137AFDEEFA18FD1BFA3C" box="[581,736,1495,1519]" pageId="20" pageNumber="2882" type="generic">4 specimens</specimenCount>
<taxonomicName id="4C40DA978710137AFD5CFA18FBBFFA3C" authority="NTM W. 2053" authorityName="NTM W." authorityYear="2053" box="[759,1092,1495,1519]" class="Polychaeta" family="Chrysopetalidae" genus="Paleaequor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="20" pageNumber="2882" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="setula">
<emphasis id="B9347D068710137AFD5CFA18FC33FA3C" box="[759,968,1495,1519]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="2882">Paleaequor setula</emphasis>
NTM W
</taxonomicName>
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="3B28AB498710137AFBEDFA18FD2AF9E6" country="Australia" location="South West Pacific" pageId="20" pageNumber="2882" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Queensland">
2053,
<collectingRegion id="49846FF68710137AFF0BFA35FED2F9C1" box="[160,297,1530,1554]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="20" pageNumber="2882">Queensland</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F357E1848710137AFE9CFA35FE60F9C1" box="[311,411,1530,1554]" name="Australia" pageId="20" pageNumber="2882">Australia</collectingCountry>
,
<location id="8E9FF7CF8710137AFE01FA35FD79F9C1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E9100287101376FE0BFB3AFE14FE4A:8E9FF7CF8710137AFE01FA35FD79F9C1" box="[426,642,1530,1554]" country="Australia" name="South West Pacific" pageId="20" pageNumber="2882" stateProvince="Queensland">South West Pacific</location>
(mCT-00017, mCT-00090, mCT-00095, mCT- 00107);
<taxonomicName id="4C40DA978710137AFF51F9D2FD2AF9E6" authority="(Gallardo, 1968) NTM W." authorityName="NTM W." baseAuthorityName="Gallardo" baseAuthorityYear="1968" box="[250,721,1565,1589]" class="Polychaeta" family="Chrysopetalidae" genus="Paleaequor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="20" pageNumber="2882" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="breve">
<emphasis id="B9347D068710137AFF51F9D2FE43F9E6" box="[250,440,1565,1589]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="2882">Paleaequor breve</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD1DCE58710137AFE6CF9D2FD97F9E6" author="Gallardo VA" box="[455,620,1565,1589]" pageId="20" pageNumber="2882" pagination="35 - 79" refId="ref24710" refString="Gallardo VA. 1968. Polychaeta from the Bay of Nha Trang, South Vietnam. Naga Rept. 4: 35 - 79." type="journal article" year="1968">Gallardo, 1968</bibRefCitation>
) NTM W
</taxonomicName>
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="3B28AB498710137AFD7FF9D2FB98F9E6" box="[724,1123,1565,1589]" collectorName="Eastern &amp; Sea" country="Malaysia" location="Malaysia" pageId="20" pageNumber="2882" specimenCount="1">
25392,
<collectingCountry id="F357E1848710137AFC83F9D2FC71F9E6" box="[808,906,1565,1589]" name="Malaysia" pageId="20" pageNumber="2882">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectorName id="26B5C4C28710137AFC3DF9D2FC13F9E6" box="[918,1000,1565,1589]" pageId="20" pageNumber="2882">Eastern</collectorName>
<collectingCountry id="F357E1848710137AFC5AF9D2FBCAF9E6" box="[1009,1073,1565,1589]" name="China" pageId="20" pageNumber="2882">China</collectingCountry>
<collectorName id="26B5C4C28710137AFB92F9D2FB98F9E6" box="[1081,1123,1565,1589]" pageId="20" pageNumber="2882">Sea</collectorName>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35AF29F87101376FF0BF9AFFE14FE4A" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="2886" pageId="20" pageNumber="2882" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BFFA1148710137AFF0BF9AFFED7F9A9" blockId="20.[160,1156,1632,1727]" box="[160,300,1632,1658]" pageId="20" pageNumber="2882">
<emphasis id="B9347D068710137AFF0BF9AFFED7F9A9" bold="true" box="[160,300,1632,1658]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="2882">Distribution</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFFA1148710137AFF0BF94AFEB2F96C" blockId="20.[160,1156,1632,1727]" pageId="20" pageNumber="2882">
<taxonomicName id="4C40DA978710137AFF0BF94AFE88F94E" box="[160,371,1669,1693]" class="Polychaeta" family="Chrysopetalidae" genus="Paleaequor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="20" pageNumber="2882" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9347D068710137AFF0BF94AFEE1F94E" box="[160,282,1669,1693]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="2882">Paleaequor</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
are found in tropical to sub-tropical waters in world oceans between
<geoCoordinate id="EE74C7D38710137AFF0BF968FF2EF96C" box="[160,213,1703,1727]" degrees="37" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="2882" precision="55555" value="37.0">37°N</geoCoordinate>
and
<geoCoordinate id="EE74C7D38710137AFEB9F968FEBDF96C" box="[274,326,1703,1727]" degrees="30" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="2882" precision="55555" value="-30.0">30°S</geoCoordinate>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF3FF19C8711137BFF0BF9C5FEA7F944" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5184139" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5184139" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5184139/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="2883" startId="21.[160,225,1546,1569]" targetBox="[163,1153,142,1515]" targetPageId="21">
<paragraph id="8BFFA1148711137BFF0BF9C5FEA7F944" blockId="21.[160,1156,1546,1687]" pageId="21" pageNumber="2883">
<emphasis id="B9347D068711137BFF0BF9C5FEF3F9F2" bold="true" box="[160,264,1546,1569]" pageId="21" pageNumber="2883">Figure 10.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C40DA978711137BFEBBF9C5FE07F9F2" box="[272,508,1546,1569]" class="Polychaeta" family="Chrysopetalidae" genus="Hyalopale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="21" pageNumber="2883" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="bispinosa">
<emphasis id="B9347D068711137BFEBBF9C5FE88F9F2" box="[272,371,1546,1569]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2883">Hyalopale</emphasis>
cf.
<emphasis id="B9347D068711137BFE35F9C5FE07F9F2" box="[414,508,1546,1569]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2883">bispinosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(mCT-00039), imaged through micro-CT and rendered in 3D. (a) dorsal view, entire body; (b and c) dorsal view, virtually dissected at different levels to expose pharyngeal structures; (d) jaws, dorsal view and cross sections through the jaw along its length;
<taxonomicName id="4C40DA978711137BFEBEF9ADFE1BF9AA" box="[277,480,1634,1657]" class="Polychaeta" family="Chrysopetalidae" genus="Hyalopale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="21" pageNumber="2883" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="bispinosa">
<emphasis id="B9347D068711137BFEBEF9ADFE1BF9AA" box="[277,480,1634,1657]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2883">Hyalopale bispinosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
microscope figures: (e) anterior end of animal, dorsal view; (f) jaws, dorsal view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF3FF19C87121378FF0BFBF3FCFDFB78" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5184141" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5184141" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5184141/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="2884" startId="22.[160,225,1084,1107]" targetBox="[163,1153,142,1053]" targetPageId="22">
<paragraph id="8BFFA11487121378FF0BFBF3FCFDFB78" blockId="22.[160,1157,1084,1195]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2884">
<emphasis id="B9347D0687121378FF0BFBF3FEF2FB80" bold="true" box="[160,265,1084,1107]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2884">Figure 11.</emphasis>
Anterior end of
<taxonomicName id="4C40DA9787121378FE18FBF3FDA4FB80" box="[435,607,1084,1107]" class="Polychaeta" family="Chrysopetalidae" genus="Paleaequor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="22" pageNumber="2884" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="setula">
<emphasis id="B9347D0687121378FE18FBF3FDA4FB80" box="[435,607,1084,1107]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2884">Paleaequor setula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(mCT-00090), imaged through micro-CT and rendered in 3D. (a) dorsal view; (b, c and d) dorsal view, virtually dissected at different levels to expose pharyngeal structures. (c and d) false-colour volume rendering, colours represent different densities. Warm colours: higher densities, cold colours: lower densities.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BFFA11487121378FF0BFB33FF02FAC5" blockId="22.[160,1156,1276,1718]" box="[160,249,1276,1302]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2884">
<emphasis id="B9347D0687121378FF0BFB33FF02FAC5" bold="true" box="[160,249,1276,1302]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2884">Habitat</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFFA11487121378FF0BFAEEFDDBF9DA" blockId="22.[160,1156,1276,1718]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2884">
The taxon is frequently found in tropical estuaries, sand flats and submarine banks at the entrances to rivers; intertidal to&gt;
<specimenCount id="9D466A9D87121378FDBCFA8BFDA3FA8F" box="[535,600,1348,1372]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2884" type="generic">
<quantity id="4CB80CF187121378FDBCFA8BFDAFFA8F" box="[535,596,1348,1372]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="2884" unit="m" value="80.0">80 m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
<taxonomicName id="4C40DA9787121378FDF4FA8BFCC9FA8F" box="[607,818,1348,1372]" class="Polychaeta" family="Chrysopetalidae" genus="Paleaequor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="22" pageNumber="2884" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9347D0687121378FDF4FA8BFD22FA8F" box="[607,729,1348,1372]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2884">Paleaequor</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
have been almost exclusively recorded from sediments ranging from shell and gravel to fine sand and muds with a high organic content as well as from silty reefs (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD1DCE587121378FD15FA46FC5CFA72" author="Watson Russell C" box="[702,935,1417,1441]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2884" pagination="153 - 174" refId="ref27690" refString="Watson Russell C. 1986. Paleaequor, a new genus of polychaete worm (Chrysopetalidae). Rec Aust Mus. 38: 153 - 174." type="journal article" year="1986">Watson Russell 1986</bibRefCitation>
). Large numbers of
<taxonomicName id="4C40DA9787121378FF0BFA63FE69FA17" authorityName="Watson Russell" authorityYear="1986" box="[160,402,1452,1476]" class="Polychaeta" family="Chrysopetalidae" genus="Paleaequor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="22" pageNumber="2884" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="nicoyensis">
<emphasis id="B9347D0687121378FF0BFA63FE69FA17" box="[160,402,1452,1476]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2884">Paleaequor nicoyensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were recorded from the eastern side of the
<collectingRegion id="49846FF687121378FC34FA63FC36FA17" box="[927,973,1452,1476]" country="Papua New Guinea" name="Gulf" pageId="22" pageNumber="2884">Gulf</collectingRegion>
of Nicoya from stations located off river mouths with high freshwater and detrital run-off during the wet season (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD1DCE587121378FF50FA3EFDEFF9DA" author="Maurer D &amp; Vargas JA" box="[251,532,1521,1545]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2884" pagination="97 - 106" refId="ref25954" refString="Maurer D, Vargas JA. 1984. Diversity of soft-bottom benthos in a tropical estuary: gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica. Mar Biol. 81: 97 - 106." type="journal article" year="1984">Maurer and Vargas 1984</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFFA11487121379FF6BF9DBFD51FBFA" blockId="22.[160,1156,1276,1718]" lastBlockId="23.[160,1156,1007,1065]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="2885" pageId="22" pageNumber="2884">
Within soft substrates
<taxonomicName id="4C40DA9787121378FE68F9DBFD63F9FF" box="[451,664,1556,1580]" class="Polychaeta" family="Chrysopetalidae" genus="Paleaequor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="22" pageNumber="2884" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9347D0687121378FE68F9DBFDC6F9FF" box="[451,573,1556,1580]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2884">Paleaequor</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
are associated with biogenic reef habitats made up of tube-dwelling polychaetes.
<bibRefCitation id="EFD1DCE587121378FDD9F9F9FCF4F99D" author="Wilson WH" box="[626,783,1590,1614]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2884" pagination="623 - 641" refId="ref28186" refString="Wilson WH. 1979. Community structure and species diversity of the sedimentary reefs constructed by Petaloproctus socialis (Polychaeta: Maldanidae). J Mar Res. 37: 623 - 641." type="journal article" year="1979">Wilson (1979)</bibRefCitation>
describes
<taxonomicName id="4C40DA9787121378FC26F9F9FEACF9A2" authority="(Hartman, 1945)" baseAuthorityName="Hartman" baseAuthorityYear="1945" class="Polychaeta" family="Chrysopetalidae" genus="Paleaequor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="22" pageNumber="2884" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="heteroseta">
<emphasis id="B9347D0687121378FC26F9F9FB78F99D" box="[909,1155,1590,1614]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2884">Paleaequor heteroseta</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD1DCE587121378FF0DF996FEABF9A2" author="Hartman O" box="[166,336,1625,1649]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2884" pagination="1 - 54" refId="ref25172" refString="Hartman O. 1945. The marine annelids of North Carolina. Bull Duke Univ Mar Sta. 2: 1 - 54." type="journal article" year="1945">Hartman, 1945</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
as one of the most dominant species found in maldanid sedimentary reefs.
<bibRefCitation id="EFD1DCE587121378FF49F9B3FE4FF947" author="Polgar G &amp; Nishi E &amp; Idris I &amp; Glasby CJ" box="[226,436,1660,1684]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2884" pagination="401 - 417" refId="ref26494" refString="Polgar G, Nishi E, Idris I, Glasby CJ. 2015. Tropical polychaete community and reef dynamics: insights from a Malayan Sabellaria (Annelida: Sabellariidae) reef. Raffles Bull Zool. 63: 401 - 417." type="journal article" year="2015">Polgar et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
categorize
<taxonomicName id="4C40DA9787121378FD9EF9B3FD0AF947" authorityName="NTM W." baseAuthorityName="Gallardo" baseAuthorityYear="1968" box="[565,753,1660,1684]" class="Polychaeta" family="Chrysopetalidae" genus="Paleaequor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="22" pageNumber="2884" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="breve">
<emphasis id="B9347D0687121378FD9EF9B3FD0AF947" box="[565,753,1660,1684]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2884">Paleaequor breve</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as an opportunistic species present in the pre-settlement phase of sabellariid reef building when the sedimentary surface is characterized by mud deposits being reworked by the dominant surface deposit feeder, the terebellid
<taxonomicName id="4C40DA9787131379FEEAFBDEFD5FFBFA" authority="Caullery, 1944" authorityName="Caullery" authorityYear="1944" box="[321,676,1041,1065]" class="Polychaeta" family="Terebellidae" genus="Loimia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Terebellida" pageId="23" pageNumber="2885" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="verrucosa">
<emphasis id="B9347D0687131379FEEAFBDEFE00FBFA" box="[321,507,1041,1065]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="2885">Loimia verrucosa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD1DCE587131379FDAFFBDEFD5FFBFA" author="Caullery M" box="[516,676,1041,1065]" pageId="23" pageNumber="2885" pagination="1 - 204" refId="ref23734" refString="Caullery M. 1944. Polychetes Sedentaires de l' Expedition du Siboga: ariciidae, Spionidae, Chaetopteridae, Chlorhaemidae, Opheliidae, Oweniidae, Sabellariidae, Sternaspidae, Amphictenidae, Ampharetidae, Terebellidae [Sedentary polychaetes of the Siboga Expedition: ariciidae, Spionidae, Chaetopteridae, Chlorhaemidae, Opheliidae, Oweniidae, Sabellariidae, Sternaspidae, Amphictenidae, Ampharetidae, Terebellidae]. Siboga-Expeditie Uitkomsten Op Zoologisch, Bonatisch, Oceanographisch En Geologisch Gebied Verzameld in Nederlandsch Oost-Indie 1899 - 1900. 24 / 2 bis: 1 - 204. French." type="journal article" year="1944">Caullery, 1944</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF3FF19C87131379FF0BFCB7FB87FC5C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5184143" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5184143" box="[160,1148,888,911]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5184143/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="2885" startId="23.[160,225,888,911]" targetBox="[163,1153,142,857]" targetPageId="23">
<paragraph id="8BFFA11487131379FF0BFCB7FB87FC5C" blockId="23.[160,1148,888,911]" box="[160,1148,888,911]" pageId="23" pageNumber="2885">
<emphasis id="B9347D0687131379FF0BFCB7FEF2FC5C" bold="true" box="[160,265,888,911]" pageId="23" pageNumber="2885">Figure 12.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C40DA9787131379FEBAFCB7FE43FC5C" authorityName="NTM W." baseAuthorityName="Gallardo" baseAuthorityYear="1968" box="[273,440,888,911]" class="Polychaeta" family="Chrysopetalidae" genus="Paleaequor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="23" pageNumber="2885" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="breve">
<emphasis id="B9347D0687131379FEBAFCB7FE43FC5C" box="[273,440,888,911]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="2885">Paleaequor breve</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, dissected pharynx and jaws. (a) microscope picture; (b) line drawing.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BFFA11487131379FF0BFB99FE6DFBA3" blockId="23.[160,1156,1110,1413]" box="[160,406,1110,1136]" pageId="23" pageNumber="2885">
<emphasis id="B9347D0687131379FF0BFB99FE6DFBA3" bold="true" box="[160,406,1110,1136]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="2885">General morphology</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFFA11487131379FF0BFBB4FBD7FA56" blockId="23.[160,1156,1110,1413]" pageId="23" pageNumber="2885">
<taxonomicName id="4C40DA9787131379FF0BFBB4FE83FB40" box="[160,376,1147,1171]" class="Polychaeta" family="Chrysopetalidae" genus="Paleaequor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="23" pageNumber="2885" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9347D0687131379FF0BFBB4FEE1FB40" box="[160,282,1147,1171]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="2885">Paleaequor</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
are relatively slender chrysopetalids with the dorsum completely covered by flattened, golden-brown coloured, notochaetal paleal fans; main paleae possess raised ribs and tubercules (
<figureCitation id="137BBD9187131379FDF9FB0FFD2BFB0B" box="[594,720,1216,1240]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="22.[160,225,1084,1107]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1053]" captionTargetId="figure-164@22.[163,1153,142,1053]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 11. Anterior end of Paleaequor setula (mCT-00090), imaged through micro-CT and rendered in 3D. (a) dorsal view; (b, c and d) dorsal view, virtually dissected at different levels to expose pharyngeal structures. (c and d) false-colour volume rendering, colours represent different densities. Warm colours: higher densities, cold colours: lower densities." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5184141" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5184141/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="2885">Figure 11a</figureCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C40DA9787131379FD47FB0FFC3EFB0B" box="[748,965,1216,1240]" class="Polychaeta" family="Chrysopetalidae" genus="Paleaequor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="23" pageNumber="2885" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9347D0687131379FD47FB0FFC9DFB0B" box="[748,870,1216,1240]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="2885">Paleaequor</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
attain short to moderate lengths, e.g.
<taxonomicName id="4C40DA9787131379FE66FB2CFD35FB28" baseAuthorityName="Hartman" baseAuthorityYear="1945" box="[461,718,1251,1275]" class="Polychaeta" family="Chrysopetalidae" genus="Paleaequor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="23" pageNumber="2885" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="heteroseta">
<emphasis id="B9347D0687131379FE66FB2CFD35FB28" box="[461,718,1251,1275]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="2885">Paleaequor heteroseta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<quantity id="4CB80CF187131379FD42FB2CFCC3FB28" box="[745,824,1251,1275]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="23" pageNumber="2885" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
length for 63 segments;
<taxonomicName id="4C40DA9787131379FF0BFAC9FE9BFACD" authorityName="NTM W." baseAuthorityName="Gallardo" baseAuthorityYear="1968" box="[160,352,1286,1310]" class="Polychaeta" family="Chrysopetalidae" genus="Paleaequor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="23" pageNumber="2885" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="breve">
<emphasis id="B9347D0687131379FF0BFAC9FE9BFACD" box="[160,352,1286,1310]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="2885">Paleaequor breve</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<quantity id="4CB80CF187131379FEC4FAC9FE3AFACD" box="[367,449,1286,1310]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="23" pageNumber="2885" unit="mm" value="18.0">18 mm</quantity>
length for 118 segments. Sensory structures include a small retractile prostomium (fused with anterior segments) in association with a nuchal fold, two pairs of complex eyes, cylindrical palps, lateral organs and retractile styles of dorsal cirri. Ventral pads are present (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD1DCE587131379FE55FAA2FD12FA56" author="Watson Russell C" box="[510,745,1389,1413]" pageId="23" pageNumber="2885" pagination="153 - 174" refId="ref27690" refString="Watson Russell C. 1986. Paleaequor, a new genus of polychaete worm (Chrysopetalidae). Rec Aust Mus. 38: 153 - 174." type="journal article" year="1986">Watson Russell 1986</bibRefCitation>
, figures 27; CW pers. obs.).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFFA11487131379FF0BFA7CFE8CFA1E" blockId="23.[160,1156,1459,1727]" box="[160,375,1459,1485]" pageId="23" pageNumber="2885">
<emphasis id="B9347D0687131379FF0BFA7CFE8CFA1E" bold="true" box="[160,375,1459,1485]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="2885">Pharynx and jaws</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFFA11487131376FF0BFA18FC6AFEDD" blockId="23.[160,1156,1459,1727]" lastBlockId="24.[160,1156,142,409]" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="2886" pageId="23" pageNumber="2885">
<taxonomicName id="4C40DA9787131379FF0BFA18FEE3FA3C" authorityName="Watson Russell" authorityYear="1986" box="[160,280,1495,1519]" class="Polychaeta" family="Chrysopetalidae" genus="Paleaequor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="23" pageNumber="2885" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9347D0687131379FF0BFA18FEE3FA3C" box="[160,280,1495,1519]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="2885">Paleaequor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
possesses a proboscis that when retracted appears to be divided, with possibly two associated lobes (
<figureCitation id="137BBD9187131379FE09FA35FDE7F9C1" box="[418,540,1530,1554]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="22.[160,225,1084,1107]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1053]" captionTargetId="figure-164@22.[163,1153,142,1053]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 11. Anterior end of Paleaequor setula (mCT-00090), imaged through micro-CT and rendered in 3D. (a) dorsal view; (b, c and d) dorsal view, virtually dissected at different levels to expose pharyngeal structures. (c and d) false-colour volume rendering, colours represent different densities. Warm colours: higher densities, cold colours: lower densities." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5184141" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5184141/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="2885">Figure 11d</figureCitation>
), and when closer to eversion appears more slender (
<figureCitation id="137BBD9187131379FF0CF9D2FEC4F9E6" box="[167,319,1565,1589]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="23.[160,225,888,911]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,857]" captionTargetId="figure-234@23.[163,1153,142,857]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 12. Paleaequor breve, dissected pharynx and jaws. (a) microscope picture; (b) line drawing." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5184143" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5184143/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="2885">Figure 12a, b</figureCitation>
). A long, slender partly differentiated pharynx extends to approximately segment 20 and posterior caeca are present. CT scans illustrate a short rounded anterior pharynx wherein the stylets sit (stylets not visible in CT scans), followed posteriorly by a tight constriction that takes the form of a characteristic kink (
<figureCitation id="137BBD9187131379FCF2F94AFC34F94E" box="[857,975,1669,1693]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="22.[160,225,1084,1107]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1053]" captionTargetId="figure-164@22.[163,1153,142,1053]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 11. Anterior end of Paleaequor setula (mCT-00090), imaged through micro-CT and rendered in 3D. (a) dorsal view; (b, c and d) dorsal view, virtually dissected at different levels to expose pharyngeal structures. (c and d) false-colour volume rendering, colours represent different densities. Warm colours: higher densities, cold colours: lower densities." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5184141" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5184141/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="2885">Figure 11d</figureCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD1DCE587131379FC75F94AFF2DF96C" author="Watson Russell C" pageId="23" pageNumber="2885" pagination="153 - 174" refId="ref27690" refString="Watson Russell C. 1986. Paleaequor, a new genus of polychaete worm (Chrysopetalidae). Rec Aust Mus. 38: 153 - 174." type="journal article" year="1986">Watson Russell 1986</bibRefCitation>
). The pharyngeal juncture formed by this constriction is overlain with extensive, twisted glands: both major (mj. gl.) and minor (mn. gl.) in diameter and length. In dorsal view, the major glands extend longitudinally both anteriorly and posteriorly from the juncture along the pharynx (
<figureCitation id="137BBD91871C1376FE4DFF1BFD80FF3F" box="[486,635,212,236]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="22.[160,225,1084,1107]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1053]" captionTargetId="figure-164@22.[163,1153,142,1053]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 11. Anterior end of Paleaequor setula (mCT-00090), imaged through micro-CT and rendered in 3D. (a) dorsal view; (b, c and d) dorsal view, virtually dissected at different levels to expose pharyngeal structures. (c and d) false-colour volume rendering, colours represent different densities. Warm colours: higher densities, cold colours: lower densities." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5184141" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5184141/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="2886">Figure 11b, c</figureCitation>
); segmental minor glands extend horizontally into the parapodia along the length of the pharynx (
<figureCitation id="137BBD91871C1376FD58FF39FC7FFEDD" box="[755,900,246,270]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="22.[160,225,1084,1107]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1053]" captionTargetId="figure-164@22.[163,1153,142,1053]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 11. Anterior end of Paleaequor setula (mCT-00090), imaged through micro-CT and rendered in 3D. (a) dorsal view; (b, c and d) dorsal view, virtually dissected at different levels to expose pharyngeal structures. (c and d) false-colour volume rendering, colours represent different densities. Warm colours: higher densities, cold colours: lower densities." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5184141" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5184141/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="2886">Figure 11c, d</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFFA114871C1376FF6BFED6FE14FE4A" blockId="24.[160,1156,142,409]" pageId="24" pageNumber="2886">
Jaws are fragile in composition with no identifiable calcification and are only visible under a compound microscope; small stylets are very slender with attenuated distal tips (lacking serration), straight margins, slightly flaring basal ends and moderately wide inner grooves (
<figureCitation id="137BBD91871C1376FEE6FE4EFE19FE4A" box="[333,482,385,409]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="23.[160,225,888,911]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,857]" captionTargetId="figure-234@23.[163,1153,142,857]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 12. Paleaequor breve, dissected pharynx and jaws. (a) microscope picture; (b) line drawing." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5184143" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5184143/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="2886">Figure 12a, b</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>