519 lines
65 KiB
XML
519 lines
65 KiB
XML
<document id="75993653A852541C87F51FACD8A63860" ID-CLB-Dataset="29054" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4457.3.6" ID-GBIF-Dataset="444aaba3-bae4-4eff-a72a-dea518bcc453" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1457929" ID-ZooBank="0DED6B72-F735-48AD-B686-7A858AD7BA14" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1539267206896" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Austin, Thomas, Heffern, Daniel, Gemmill, Robert, Raber, Brian & Quinn, Mike" docDate="2018" docId="038887EA400ACE3BFF24B8F9FD9BF9DB" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4457.3.6.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4457 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Zagymnus clerinus" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="450" masterDocId="FFB1FF924008CE3DFFB3BC37FF9BFFF6" masterDocTitle="Notes on the biology and distribution of the tribe Agallissini in North America (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Cerambycinae)" masterLastPageNumber="454" masterPageNumber="444" pageNumber="446" updateTime="1698577130459" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods id="85E0D6C3F37CD0066964EC2A79AE1CF5" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="C1498B3639A57547FD781D5FBC5AE4C9">
|
||
<mods:title id="44C4ECB72700ECAA440B00CE890F7A05">Notes on the biology and distribution of the tribe Agallissini in North America (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Cerambycinae)</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="0CF10E2D072FC1C50AD5A295A9289FC9" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="79F0A9070105B44E46B63EFD3D595DC5">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="1CF7925524DDB2C0FF0FF337B0452779">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="7811695F8511B92D50344E921A5E7751">Austin, Thomas</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="3BB4B32D45437B88E13D8B97D56DC5D4" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="9917E093AA6AB6C4A8D0E6E1AF61BD86">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="73750EB5BAF1408B0391BFB0C5344C46">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="959BAC0EEB4C7173EE5FEC679003BB4A">Heffern, Daniel</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="947C8E75A8D051E4AD98F39317BD46F3" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="B2AC70AD51B7062949F2A8278FF5C823">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="EBE7406B4E9A525B12AFFDF3DCBAE0D1">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="4B1C1FFB8ECEB30BC443C9A89E8AC606">Gemmill, Robert</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="D09480D59E6373F909A485D16DC1317A" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="793646D4E9C76226CDDA2498DF143D75">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="6AF675E9883533183A966C53C3FAEDC6">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="E5F3866B137B7F224FDA5B10DB1AF0D4">Raber, Brian</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="5CDD1E6AA8C738F9B7FE93BBCE1BB42D" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="029798AC2B7AE0FADA91E580EB644013">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="2E367423483C4EDA37F6948683BD6DE9">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="31CE811583BFD0B4C6AE293A34D1F58A">Quinn, Mike</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="A3B96346D6028A9A62AC31A6B3017DD9">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="A535CAD9EFF376295E348EA7D60F5526" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="649397AF4EBF1DD4EB0F9CEDC58DB62F">
|
||
<mods:title id="F457F583AD4333C06220C81E231B86D6">Zootaxa</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="93F8610C3950708866A8DC90F9D84DDD">
|
||
<mods:date id="B22470E32FCFBA3881BCBA5B0B9BB539">2018</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="43B82EE827E3704619B5E2D4CDCF4ECA" type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number id="85D6C97462A7DD7798B3B79D090D7994">2018-08-09</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="E4BD6597EA1C3CD92C6828E197CC35C4" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="8C4FE61827617354C8CAFE6C31C46E0C">4457</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="1A7D8D0EDD579B76FE63DDB28ADEBD3E" type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number id="06E5783E223FC570C459ACFA4DC1FF1F">3</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="966C1A9607F8D97A8D69FA31A36B0BD0" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="9CA7FF6E1FEC5F0BDE709A310A58D567">444</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="E04E566BECD1079A243CCB6F3922BF75">454</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification id="B3130131A1CB3FDDB5B8C55FA9AF709F">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="30931E37439BB6A8C6B9C40833418E94" type="CLB-Dataset">29054</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="A34456675DDCBCFA8EFD4D8ACB0ECCEB" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4457.3.6</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="C194857503859ECE101BA5A31C2F77CB" type="GBIF-Dataset">444aaba3-bae4-4eff-a72a-dea518bcc453</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="D090AEF8BF3198B4B477216229052B62" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="3CD394BE6CD7DA5B7880539E916DB97D" type="Zenodo-Dep">1457929</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="E599ACEFB3FF1A836EC2D8E16A6256E2" type="ZooBank">0DED6B72-F735-48AD-B686-7A858AD7BA14</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="038887EA400ACE3BFF24B8F9FD9BF9DB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6490797" ID-GBIF-Taxon="148692279" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6490797" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038887EA400ACE3BFF24B8F9FD9BF9DB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038887EA400ACE3BFF24B8F9FD9BF9DB" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="450" pageId="2" pageNumber="446">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33B6577400ACE3FFF24B8F9FEA0FAFC" pageId="2" pageNumber="446" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E36FC400ACE3FFF24B8F9FDD5FB1E" blockId="2.[151,590,1230,1290]" box="[151,590,1230,1256]" pageId="2" pageNumber="446">
|
||
<heading id="D0D68190400ACE3FFF24B8F9FDD5FB1E" bold="true" box="[151,590,1230,1256]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="446" reason="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400ACE3FFF24B8F9FDD5FB1E" ID-CoL="7GBY2" authority="(LeConte, 1873)" baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[151,590,1230,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Zagymnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clerinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400ACE3FFF24B8F9FDD5FB1E" bold="true" box="[151,590,1230,1256]" pageId="2" pageNumber="446">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400ACE3FFF24B8F9FEE4FB1E" bold="true" box="[151,383,1230,1256]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="446">Zagymnus clerinus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B0D400ACE3FFE3DB8F9FDDDFB1E" box="[398,582,1230,1256]" pageId="2" pageNumber="446" refId="ref4951" refString="LeConte, J. L. (1873) Classification of the Coleoptera of North America. Prepared for the Smithsonian Institution. Part II. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Washington, D. C., 11 (265), 279 - 348." type="journal article">LeConte, 1873</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E36FC400ACE3FFF24B8C6FEA0FAFC" blockId="2.[151,590,1230,1290]" box="[151,315,1265,1290]" pageId="2" pageNumber="446">
|
||
[
|
||
<figureCitation id="131A2A79400ACE3FFF2DB8C6FEA9FAFC" box="[158,306,1265,1290]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 5–8. 5" captionStart-1="FIGURES 9–11. 9" captionStartId-0="4.[151,264,1960,1983]" captionStartId-1="7.[151,264,1961,1984]" captionTargetBox-0="[281,1326,220,1905]" captionTargetBox-1="[200,1387,195,1940]" captionTargetId-0="figure@4.[202,1393,193,1943]" captionTargetId-1="figure@7.[200,1387,195,1940]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionText-0="FIGURES 5–8. 5. Zagymnus clerinus (typical pattern), male. 6. Zagymnus clerinus (typical pattern), female. 7. Zagymnus clerinus (typical pattern), male. 8. Zagymnus clerinus (atypical form), male." captionText-1="FIGURES 9–11. 9. Zagymnus clerinus (rare black form), female. 10. Larval workings of Agallissus lepturoides in petiole. 11. Zagymnus clerinus ovipositing." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/1457933/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/1457935/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="446">Figs. 5–9, 11</figureCitation>
|
||
]
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33B6577400ACE3BFF24B90EFC12FB1E" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="450" pageId="2" pageNumber="446" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E36FC400ACE3FFF24B90EFD26FA48" blockId="2.[151,1437,1337,2010]" pageId="2" pageNumber="446">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400ACE3FFF24B90EFF6CFAA4" bold="true" box="[151,247,1337,1362]" pageId="2" pageNumber="446">History.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400ACE3FFF4DB90DFE49FAA7" baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[254,466,1337,1361]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Zagymnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clerinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400ACE3FFF4DB90DFE49FAA7" box="[254,466,1337,1361]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="446">Zagymnus clerinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described from a specimen from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E5F81E400ACE3FFC32B90EFC4EFAA4" box="[897,981,1337,1362]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="2" pageNumber="446">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
. It has only been collected once in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F336766C400ACE3FFAD2B90EFA07FAA4" box="[1377,1436,1337,1362]" name="Cuba" pageId="2" pageNumber="446">Cuba</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B0D400ACE3FFF2DB969FEE0FA80" box="[158,379,1373,1398]" pageId="2" pageNumber="446" refId="ref4613" refString="Devesa, S., Fonseca, E. & Barro, A. (2015) Longicornios de Cuba (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Fol. 1. Parandrinae, Prioninae, Spondylidinae, Cerambycinae. Greta Editores, Lleida, 353 pp." type="book">
|
||
Devesa
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400ACE3FFF4FB969FEACFA83" box="[252,311,1373,1397]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="446">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Devesa pers. comm., 2018) and there are only two records published from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E5F81E400ACE3FFB5DB96AFAD3FA80" box="[1262,1352,1373,1398]" country="United States of America" name="Georgia" pageId="2" pageNumber="446">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F336766C400ACE3FFB5DB96AFAD3FA80" box="[1262,1352,1373,1398]" name="Georgia" pageId="2" pageNumber="446">Georgia</collectingCountry>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B0D400ACE3FFAEAB96AFF48FA6C" pageId="2" pageNumber="446" refId="ref4659" refString="Fattig, P. W. (1947) The Cerambycidae or long-horned beetles of Georgia. Emory University Museum Bulletin, 5, 1 - 48." type="journal article">Fattig 1947</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B0D400ACE3FFF55B9B5FE28FA6C" box="[230,435,1409,1434]" pageId="2" pageNumber="446" refId="ref5205" refString="Riley, C. V. (1880) Food habits of the longicorn beetles or wood borers. The American Entomologist, 3 (10), 237 - 239." type="journal article">C. V. Riley (1880)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
stated about
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400ACE3FFDF4B9B5FC80FA6F" baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[583,795,1409,1433]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Zagymnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clerinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400ACE3FFDF4B9B5FC80FA6F" box="[583,795,1409,1433]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="446">Zagymnus clerinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: “bores in the dry leaf stems of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400ACE3FFB32B9B6FAE3FA6F" box="[1153,1400,1409,1433]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Chamaerops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="2" pageNumber="446" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="palmetto">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400ACE3FFB32B9B6FAE3FA6F" box="[1153,1400,1409,1433]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="446">Chamaerops palmetto</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E5F81E400ACE3FFF24B992FF70FA48" box="[151,235,1445,1470]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="2" pageNumber="446">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
, the beetles appearing in April and May.”
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E36FC400ACE3FFF74B9FEFC2AF9DC" blockId="2.[151,1437,1337,2010]" pageId="2" pageNumber="446">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400ACE3FFF74B9FEFE17FA14" bold="true" box="[199,396,1481,1506]" pageId="2" pageNumber="446">Biological notes.</emphasis>
|
||
This species is typically found with color patterns as in
|
||
<figureCitation id="131A2A79400ACE3FFB93B9FEFB14FA14" box="[1056,1167,1481,1506]" captionStart="FIGURES 5–8. 5" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1960,1983]" captionTargetBox="[281,1326,220,1905]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[202,1393,193,1943]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 5–8. 5. Zagymnus clerinus (typical pattern), male. 6. Zagymnus clerinus (typical pattern), female. 7. Zagymnus clerinus (typical pattern), male. 8. Zagymnus clerinus (atypical form), male." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1457933/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="446">Figs. 5–7</figureCitation>
|
||
. The pronotum may be either reddish-orange or black. Elytral markings may occasionally be reduced in size or, rarely, completely absent as in
|
||
<figureCitation id="131A2A79400ACE3FFF61BA26FE85F9DC" box="[210,286,1553,1578]" captionStart="FIGURES 5–8. 5" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1960,1983]" captionTargetBox="[281,1326,220,1905]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[202,1393,193,1943]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 5–8. 5. Zagymnus clerinus (typical pattern), male. 6. Zagymnus clerinus (typical pattern), female. 7. Zagymnus clerinus (typical pattern), male. 8. Zagymnus clerinus (atypical form), male." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1457933/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="446">Figs. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
&
|
||
<figureCitation id="131A2A79400ACE3FFEF1BA25FEC8F9DC" box="[322,339,1554,1578]" captionStart="FIGURES 9–11. 9" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1961,1984]" captionTargetBox="[200,1387,195,1940]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[200,1387,195,1940]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 9–11. 9. Zagymnus clerinus (rare black form), female. 10. Larval workings of Agallissus lepturoides in petiole. 11. Zagymnus clerinus ovipositing." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1457935/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="446">9</figureCitation>
|
||
. Individuals have scattered, whitish hairs on the body.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E36FC400ACE3FFF74BA01FC75F8F4" blockId="2.[151,1437,1337,2010]" pageId="2" pageNumber="446">
|
||
In Florida, adults can be found from April to July, usually on Cabbage Palmetto (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400ACE3FFB3BBA02FE5CF984" authority="(Walter) Lodd. ex Schult. & Schult." authorityName="(Walter) Lodd. ex Schult. & Schult." class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Sabal" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="2" pageNumber="446" phylum="Liliopsida" rank="species" species="palmetto">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400ACE3FFB3BBA02FAAEF9BB" box="[1160,1333,1589,1613]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="446">Sabal palmetto</emphasis>
|
||
(Walter) Lodd. ex Schult. & Schult.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
f.). Long series of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400ACE3FFD3DBA6DFC9AF987" authorityName="LeConte" authorityYear="1873" box="[654,769,1626,1649]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Zagymnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400ACE3FFD3DBA6DFC9AF987" box="[654,769,1626,1649]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="446">Zagymnus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were collected on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400ACE3FFC67BA6DFBCAF987" box="[980,1105,1625,1649]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Sabal" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="2" pageNumber="446" phylum="Liliopsida" rank="species" species="palmetto">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400ACE3FFC67BA6DFBCAF987" box="[980,1105,1625,1649]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="446">S. palmetto</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, particularly those which had been fire-damaged, in Pinellas County, Florida (R. Morris, II, R. M. Brattain, J. A. Green pers. comm.), indicating they have a strong attraction to damaged plants, or their vascular secretions.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400ACE3FFB99BA96FB4CF94F" box="[1066,1239,1697,1721]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Sabal" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="2" pageNumber="446" phylum="Liliopsida" rank="species" species="palmetto">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400ACE3FFB99BA96FB4CF94F" box="[1066,1239,1697,1721]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="446">Sabal palmetto</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
naturally ranges throughout Florida and the coastal plains of Georgia, South Carolina, and southeastern North Carolina but has also been introduced throughout the gulf coast as an ornamental (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B0D400ACE3FFC8EBADDFC79F8F4" box="[829,994,1770,1794]" pageId="2" pageNumber="446" refId="ref4481" refString="BONAP (2014) Biota of North America Program. [County range map for Sabal palmetto]. Available from http: // bonap. net / MapGallery / County / Sabal % 20 palmetto. png (accessed 30 April 2018)" type="url">BONAP 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E36FC400ACE3FFF74BB39FBD5F82F" blockId="2.[151,1437,1337,2010]" pageId="2" pageNumber="446">
|
||
A single, freshly crushed specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400ACE3FFDC7BB39FD77F8D3" baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[628,748,1805,1829]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Zagymnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clerinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400ACE3FFDC7BB39FD77F8D3" box="[628,748,1805,1829]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="446">Z. clerinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was discovered by one of the authors (Gemmill) in a campus building corridor at the Medical University of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E5F81E400ACE3FFD04BB06FCF8F8BC" box="[695,867,1841,1866]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="2" pageNumber="446">South Carolina</collectingRegion>
|
||
on
|
||
<date id="FF9F103C400ACE3FFC27BB05FB88F8BC" box="[916,1043,1842,1866]" pageId="2" pageNumber="446" value="2007-07-03">3-VII-2007</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400ACE3FFB94BB06FB69F8BC" bold="true" box="[1063,1266,1841,1866]" pageId="2" pageNumber="446">new state record</emphasis>
|
||
). RG noted
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400ACE3FFA34BB05FF62F89B" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Sabal" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="2" pageNumber="446" phylum="Liliopsida" rank="species" species="palmetto">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400ACE3FFA34BB05FF62F89B" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="446">S. palmetto</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
trees growing near Charleston, SC with exit holes in their leaf petioles similar to those of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400ACE3FFA37BB61FE8FF867" baseAuthorityName="Duponchel & Chevrolat" baseAuthorityYear="1841" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Agallissus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lepturoides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400ACE3FFA37BB61FE8FF867" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="446">A. lepturoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
he observed during a joint trip to the SPS with the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E5F81E400ACE3FFCE4BB4DFC03F867" box="[855,920,1914,1937]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="2" pageNumber="446">Texas</collectingRegion>
|
||
authors. These
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400ACE3FFBF8BB4DFB52F867" box="[1099,1225,1913,1937]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Sabal" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="2" pageNumber="446" phylum="Liliopsida" rank="species" species="palmetto">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400ACE3FFBF8BB4DFB52F867" box="[1099,1225,1913,1937]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="446">S. palmetto</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
trees were located within or near the maritime forest of the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E5F81E400ACE3FFDD4BBAAFC8AF840" box="[615,785,1949,1974]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="2" pageNumber="446">South Carolina</collectingRegion>
|
||
coast. In June of 2016, adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400ACE3FFBD0BBA9FB47F843" baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[1123,1244,1949,1973]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Zagymnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clerinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400ACE3FFBD0BBA9FB47F843" box="[1123,1244,1949,1973]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="446">Z. clerinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were discovered on the shoreline of Edisto Island, SC hiding behind leaf petioles on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400ACE3FFC3EBBF5FB90F82F" box="[909,1035,1985,2009]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Sabal" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="2" pageNumber="446" phylum="Liliopsida" rank="species" species="palmetto">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400ACE3FFC3EBBF5FB90F82F" box="[909,1035,1985,2009]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="446">S. palmetto</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
trees.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF5E6674400BCE3EFF24BB87FB52F810" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1457931/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="447" startId="3.[151,264,1968,1991]" targetBox="[276,1345,217,1940]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E36FC400BCE3EFF24BB87FB52F810" blockId="3.[151,1435,1968,2022]" pageId="3" pageNumber="447">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400BCE3EFF24BB87FEC3F830" bold="true" box="[151,344,1968,1991]" pageId="3" pageNumber="447">FIGURES 1–4. 1</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400BCE3EFED8BB86FDCBF831" baseAuthorityName="Duponchel & Chevrolat" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[363,592,1969,1991]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Agallissus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="447" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lepturoides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400BCE3EFED8BB86FDCBF831" box="[363,592,1969,1991]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="447">Agallissus lepturoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(typical pattern), female.
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400BCE3EFCDEBB86FCE2F830" bold="true" box="[877,889,1969,1990]" pageId="3" pageNumber="447">2</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400BCE3EFC3FBB86FBEAF831" baseAuthorityName="Duponchel & Chevrolat" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[908,1137,1969,1991]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Agallissus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="447" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lepturoides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400BCE3EFC3FBB86FBEAF831" box="[908,1137,1969,1991]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="447">Agallissus lepturoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(melanistic form), male.
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400BCE3EFA3ABB86FA0EF830" bold="true" box="[1417,1429,1969,1990]" pageId="3" pageNumber="447">3</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400BCE3EFF24BBE7FE07F810" baseAuthorityName="Horn" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[151,412,2000,2022]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Osmopleura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="447" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chamaeropis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400BCE3EFF24BBE7FE07F810" box="[151,412,2000,2022]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="447">Osmopleura chamaeropis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(typical color), female.
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400BCE3EFD22BBE7FD06F813" bold="true" box="[657,669,2000,2021]" pageId="3" pageNumber="447">4</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400BCE3EFD19BBE7FC34F810" baseAuthorityName="Horn" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[682,943,2000,2022]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Osmopleura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="447" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chamaeropis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400BCE3EFD19BBE7FC34F810" box="[682,943,2000,2022]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="447">Osmopleura chamaeropis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(atypical dark color), male.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF5E6674400CCE39FF24BB9FFC02F814" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1457933/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="448" startId="4.[151,264,1960,1983]" targetBox="[281,1326,220,1905]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E36FC400CCE39FF24BB9FFC02F814" blockId="4.[151,1436,1960,2018]" pageId="4" pageNumber="448">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400CCE39FF24BB9FFEC8F848" bold="true" box="[151,339,1960,1983]" pageId="4" pageNumber="448">FIGURES 5–8. 5</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400CCE39FED0BB9DFDBDF848" baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[355,550,1960,1983]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Zagymnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="448" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clerinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400CCE39FED0BB9DFDBDF848" box="[355,550,1960,1983]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="448">Zagymnus clerinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(typical pattern), male.
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400CCE39FC96BB9FFCAAF84B" bold="true" box="[805,817,1960,1981]" pageId="4" pageNumber="448">6</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400CCE39FCF2BB9DFB9EF848" baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[833,1029,1960,1983]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Zagymnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="448" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clerinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400CCE39FCF2BB9DFB9EF848" box="[833,1029,1960,1983]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="448">Zagymnus clerinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(typical pattern), female.
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400CCE39FAA4BB9EFABFF848" bold="true" box="[1303,1316,1961,1982]" pageId="4" pageNumber="448">7</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400CCE39FA87BB9DFF72F814" baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1873" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Zagymnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="448" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clerinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400CCE39FA87BB9DFF72F814" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="448">Zagymnus clerinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(typical pattern), male.
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400CCE39FE6FBBFBFE73F817" bold="true" box="[476,488,1996,2017]" pageId="4" pageNumber="448">8</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400CCE39FE46BBFAFD2EF814" baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[501,693,1996,2018]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Zagymnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="448" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clerinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400CCE39FE46BBFAFD2EF814" box="[501,693,1996,2018]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="448">Zagymnus clerinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(atypical form), male.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E36FC400DCE38FF74BCAFFB44FEB6" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="449">
|
||
Two
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400DCE38FEB0BCAEFE1BFF46" baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[259,384,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Zagymnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="449" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clerinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400DCE38FEB0BCAEFE1BFF46" box="[259,384,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="449">Z. clerinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were captured in Lindgren funnel traps in the SPS in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E5F81E400DCE38FBB4BCAFFBD3FF59" box="[1031,1096,152,175]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="5" pageNumber="449">Texas</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<date id="FF9F103C400DCE38FBE8BCAFFB5FFF46" box="[1115,1220,152,176]" pageId="5" pageNumber="449" value="2009-07">VII-2009</date>
|
||
and
|
||
<date id="FF9F103C400DCE38FAB0BCAFFAF5FF46" box="[1283,1390,152,176]" pageId="5" pageNumber="449" value="2010-07">VII-2010</date>
|
||
) by Heffern and Raber (DJHC & BTRC) (
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400DCE38FDFCBC8BFC8CFF23" bold="true" box="[591,791,188,213]" pageId="5" pageNumber="449">new state record</emphasis>
|
||
). A desiccated adult was found in a pupal chamber in a dead leaf stalk of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400DCE38FED4BCD7FE6AFF01" box="[359,497,224,247]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Sabal" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="5" pageNumber="449" phylum="Liliopsida" rank="species" species="mexicana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400DCE38FED4BCD7FE6AFF01" box="[359,497,224,247]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="449">S. mexicana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400DCE38FDB0BCE8FD5DFF0E" bold="true" box="[515,710,223,248]" pageId="5" pageNumber="449">new host record</emphasis>
|
||
) at the SPS,
|
||
<date id="FF9F103C400DCE38FCD3BCD7FC2FFF0E" box="[864,948,224,248]" pageId="5" pageNumber="449" value="2017-02">II-2017</date>
|
||
by Heffern. That same leaf stalk was also populated by an active colony of ants. The dead
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400DCE38FD7EBD32FCDBFEEA" authorityName="LeConte" authorityYear="1873" box="[717,832,261,284]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Zagymnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="449" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400DCE38FD7EBD32FCDBFEEA" box="[717,832,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="449">Zagymnus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was located in the leaf stalk about
|
||
<quantity id="4CD99B19400DCE38FB6CBD33FAABFEEA" box="[1247,1328,260,285]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="449" unit="m" value="0.75">0.75 m</quantity>
|
||
from the trunk.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400DCE38FF53BD1EFE2FFEB6" baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[224,436,296,320]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Zagymnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="449" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clerinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400DCE38FF53BD1EFE2FFEB6" box="[224,436,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="449">Zagymnus clerinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was recently recorded from Galveston Island,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E5F81E400DCE38FC73BD1FFB9FFEC9" box="[960,1028,296,319]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="5" pageNumber="449">Texas</collectingRegion>
|
||
, (iNaturalist 2018).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E36FC400DCE38FF74BD7AFD7BFD3A" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="449">
|
||
In South Carolina, sites in Charleston, Colleton, and Georgetown counties with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400DCE38FB23BD7BFA8EFE92" box="[1168,1301,332,356]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Sabal" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="5" pageNumber="449" phylum="Liliopsida" rank="species" species="palmetto">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400DCE38FB23BD7BFA8EFE92" box="[1168,1301,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="449">S. palmetto</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
trees were surveyed for evidence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400DCE38FE73BD46FDA0FE7E" baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[448,571,368,392]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Zagymnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="449" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clerinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400DCE38FE73BD46FDA0FE7E" box="[448,571,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="449">Z. clerinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by Austin. Surveying was done between
|
||
<date id="FF9F103C400DCE38FB91BD58FB1AFE7E" box="[1058,1153,367,392]" pageId="5" pageNumber="449" value="2016-06">VI-2016</date>
|
||
and
|
||
<date id="FF9F103C400DCE38FB0DBD47FA88FE7E" box="[1214,1299,368,392]" pageId="5" pageNumber="449" value="2017-10">X-2017</date>
|
||
by visually inspecting all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400DCE38FE87BDA3FE29FE5A" box="[308,434,404,428]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Sabal" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="5" pageNumber="449" phylum="Liliopsida" rank="species" species="palmetto">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400DCE38FE87BDA3FE29FE5A" box="[308,434,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="449">S. palmetto</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
trees (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131A2A79400DCE38FE4EBDA3FDD5FE5A" box="[509,590,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 12–14. 12" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1952,1974]" captionTargetBox="[203,1390,196,1916]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[203,1390,196,1941]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 12–14. 12. Zagymnus clerinus exit hole in a Sabal palmetto boot. 13. A transplanted Sabal palmetto showing several Z. clerinus exit holes. 14. Known distribution of Agallissus lepturoides (circles: specific locations, triangle: state record, square: country record)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1457937/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="449">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
) for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400DCE38FD36BDA2FD67FE5A" baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[645,764,404,428]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Zagymnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="449" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clerinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400DCE38FD36BDA2FD0FFE5A" box="[645,660,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="449">Z</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400DCE38FD11BDA3FD67FE5A" box="[674,764,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="449">clerinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
emergence holes and live adults. The age and abundance of the emergence holes, as well as the presence of any transplanted palmettos with emergence holes, was noted. All observations of live
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400DCE38FECFBDEAFE6FFE02" baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[380,500,476,500]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Zagymnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="449" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clerinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400DCE38FECFBDEAFE10FE02" box="[380,395,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="449">Z</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400DCE38FE29BDEBFE6FFE02" box="[410,500,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="449">clerinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in their natural habitat were made during daylight hours on Pockoy Island, a small barrier sandspit within the Botany Bay Wildlife Management Area, on Edisto Island, SC. Petioles displaying evidence of previous usage by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400DCE38FE4DBE12FDE3FDCA" baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[510,632,548,572]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Zagymnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="449" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clerinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400DCE38FE4DBE12FD96FDCA" box="[510,525,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="449">Z</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400DCE38FDADBE13FDE3FDCA" box="[542,632,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="449">clerinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae, chiefly emergence holes, were collected from native Cabbage Palmettos on private land. Larval tunnels were examined by longitudinally splitting Palmetto petioles that exhibited
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400DCE38FEB4BE5AFEE4FD72" baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[263,383,620,644]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Zagymnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="449" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clerinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400DCE38FEB4BE5AFE8DFD72" box="[263,278,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="449">Z</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400DCE38FE96BE5BFEE4FD72" box="[293,383,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="449">clerinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
emergence holes. The dimensions of larval tunnels were measured and pupal chambers were examined. Several additional petioles that lacked emergence holes were placed into a mesh enclosure to capture any adults that might emerge the following summer.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E36FC400DCE38FF74BEE0FEAAFCAB" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="449">
|
||
Five adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400DCE38FEF0BEEEFE26FD06" baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[323,445,728,752]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Zagymnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="449" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clerinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400DCE38FEF0BEEEFE26FD06" box="[323,445,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="449">Z. clerinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were observed and three specimens collected between
|
||
<date id="FF9F103C400DCE38FB8ABEEFFB7FFD06" box="[1081,1252,727,752]" pageId="5" pageNumber="449" value="2007" valueMax="2017">2007 and 2017</date>
|
||
at three sites in Charleston County, SC. Additional indirect evidence at numerous other sites suggests that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400DCE38FB2BBECAFA8AFCE2" baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[1176,1297,764,788]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Zagymnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="449" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clerinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400DCE38FB2BBECAFB3CFCE2" box="[1176,1191,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="449">Z</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400DCE38FB04BECBFA8AFCE2" box="[1207,1297,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="449">clerinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
populations in South Carolina are located throughout Charleston County within the saltwater tidal zone, from Edisto Beach to Isle of Palms.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E36FC400DCE38FF74BF50FBEFFB56" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="449">
|
||
The larvae utilize the petioles and forked bases (boots) of senesced, desiccated petioles that remain attached to the palm trunk. The larvae consume the longitudinal fibers of the petiole and move down the petiole towards the base at the trunk. The larval burrow is densely packed with frass. Each petiole can support two larvae, one on either side of the sagittal plane of the petiole. Larval burrows are found below the epidermis and oblique fibers of the petiole. They are typically
|
||
<quantity id="4CD99B19400DCE38FE79BFCFFD93FBE6" box="[458,520,1016,1040]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="449" unit="cm" value="30.0">30cm</quantity>
|
||
long,
|
||
<quantity id="4CD99B19400DCE38FDE1BFCFFD19FBE6" box="[594,642,1016,1040]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="449" unit="cm" value="3.0">3cm</quantity>
|
||
wide, and
|
||
<quantity id="4CD99B19400DCE38FCB1BFCFFCA9FBE6" box="[770,818,1016,1040]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="449" unit="cm" value="1.0">1cm</quantity>
|
||
deep, although dimensions vary with the shape of the host petiole. There is a clear preference for petioles that senesced over a year prior and show outward signs of degradation. This degree of degradation is visible as a dull, light gray color on the exterior. Occasional emergence holes in old inflorescence stalks indicates this tissue is also suitable for larval development.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400DCE38FB1FB852FA1AFB8A" baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[1196,1409,1124,1148]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Zagymnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="449" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clerinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400DCE38FB1FB852FA1AFB8A" box="[1196,1409,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="449">Zagymnus clerinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not known to be harmful to the host tree as the larvae consume only dead plant material.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E36FC400DCE38FF74B89BFE18FA13" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="449">
|
||
Pupation begins in late spring with adults emerging in early summer. After eclosing, adults exit the host petiole through an elliptical emergence hole averaging
|
||
<quantity id="4CD99B19400DCE38FD1DB8F8FC81FB1E" box="[686,794,1231,1256]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="449" unit="mm" value="7.0" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="5.0">5 to 9mm</quantity>
|
||
in length, and parallel to the grain of the wood (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131A2A79400DCE38FA88B8F8FA14FB1E" box="[1339,1423,1231,1256]" captionStart="FIGURE 12–14. 12" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1952,1974]" captionTargetBox="[203,1390,196,1916]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[203,1390,196,1941]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 12–14. 12. Zagymnus clerinus exit hole in a Sabal palmetto boot. 13. A transplanted Sabal palmetto showing several Z. clerinus exit holes. 14. Known distribution of Agallissus lepturoides (circles: specific locations, triangle: state record, square: country record)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1457937/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="449">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
). Emergence holes are most often located 10 to 20 centimeters below the fork of the petiole in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400DCE38FB03B8C3FAB5FAFA" box="[1200,1326,1268,1292]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Sabal" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="5" pageNumber="449" phylum="Liliopsida" rank="species" species="palmetto">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400DCE38FB03B8C3FAB5FAFA" box="[1200,1326,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="449">S. palmetto</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and most commonly on the underside of the petiole. Adults are diurnal and have been observed resting and ovipositing on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400DCE38FA34B92FFF62FAA2" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Sabal" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="5" pageNumber="449" phylum="Liliopsida" rank="species" species="palmetto">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400DCE38FA34B92FFF62FAA2" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="449">S. palmetto</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
throughout the day (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131A2A79400DCE38FE51B90BFDA8FAA2" box="[482,563,1340,1365]" captionStart="FIGURES 9–11. 9" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1961,1984]" captionTargetBox="[200,1387,195,1940]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[200,1387,195,1940]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 9–11. 9. Zagymnus clerinus (rare black form), female. 10. Larval workings of Agallissus lepturoides in petiole. 11. Zagymnus clerinus ovipositing." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1457935/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="449">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
). Adults have been found resting, or possibly hiding, between the petiole base and the trunk near the tops of some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400DCE38FDF4B968FD32FA8E" box="[583,681,1375,1400]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Sabal" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="5" pageNumber="449" phylum="Liliopsida" rank="species" species="palmetto">palmetto</taxonomicName>
|
||
trees. Females oviposit rather indiscriminately on the edges and broken tips of petioles and have been observed to oviposit on both live fronds and desiccated petioles. However, larvae have not been found to utilize living or recently senesced fronds. Adults are short-lived and die within a few weeks of emergence.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E36FC400DCE38FF74B9D8FB19F916" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="449">
|
||
The distinctly shaped emergence holes of this species has allowed for the tracking of its distribution within
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E5F81E400DCE38FF24BA23FED8F9DB" box="[151,323,1556,1581]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="5" pageNumber="449">South Carolina</collectingRegion>
|
||
. These holes can expand over time due to weathering or use by other insects. Pupal chambers of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400DCE38FA36BA22FF6AF9A6" baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1873" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Zagymnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="449" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clerinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400DCE38FA36BA22FA0FF9DA" box="[1413,1428,1557,1580]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="449">Z</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400DCE38FF24BA0FFF6AF9A6" box="[151,241,1592,1616]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="449">clerinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are utilized by other arthropods after emergence of the beetle.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400DCE38FC00BA0FFA03F9A6" authority="(Lepeletier, 1841)" baseAuthorityName="Lepeletier" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[947,1432,1591,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Parancistrocerus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="449" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="histrio">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400DCE38FC00BA0FFB5EF9A6" box="[947,1221,1592,1616]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="449">Parancistrocerus histrio</emphasis>
|
||
(Lepeletier, 1841)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a species of Mason Wasp (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400DCE38FE70BA6BFDF9F982" authorityName="" authorityYear="1758" box="[451,610,1628,1652]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="449" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400DCE38FDDEBA6BFD77F983" authorityName="Mulsant" authorityYear="1839" box="[621,748,1628,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Vesperidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="449" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Vesperidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
: Eumeninae) native to Coastal SC, GA, and much of FL, has been observed to nest within these abandoned pupal chambers. Several species of small spiders (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400DCE38FB46BAB7FACDF96E" box="[1269,1366,1664,1688]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="449" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Araneae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) have also been observed using the empty pupal chambers as a daytime refuge. The resultant wear and weathering of the exit holes provides an additional means to estimate the relative age of a given population.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E36FC400DCE3BFF74BADAFC93FEB6" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,151,1581]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="450" pageId="5" pageNumber="449">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400DCE38FF74BADAFE06F8F2" baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[199,413,1772,1796]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Zagymnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="449" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clerinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400DCE38FF74BADAFE06F8F2" box="[199,413,1772,1796]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="449">Zagymnus clerinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a marked preference for host palmettos that receive direct sunlight and grow in close proximity to saltwater tidal systems. The age and height of palmettos appears to be an unimportant factor in host selection, so long as the tree has sufficiently deteriorated boots attached to its trunk. Additionally,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400DCE38FA93BB02FA07F8BA" baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[1312,1436,1844,1868]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Zagymnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="449" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clerinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400DCE38FA93BB02FAB4F8BA" box="[1312,1327,1845,1868]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="449">Z</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400DCE38FAF1BB03FA07F8BA" box="[1346,1436,1844,1868]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="449">clerinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears to have a strong preference for stunted palmettos. These trees are typically found on the edges of salt marsh hammocks, or similar habitats with poor growing conditions. Such stunted palmettos have substantially reduced leaf size, shorter overall height, increased leaf senescence rates, and an overall unhealthy appearance. It is not uncommon for there to be two-dozen or more emergence holes on a stunted
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400DCE38FBACBBF3FB1AF82B" box="[1055,1153,1988,2013]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Sabal" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="5" pageNumber="449" phylum="Liliopsida" rank="species" species="palmetto">palmetto</taxonomicName>
|
||
less than two meters in height. The harsh growing conditions these trees reside in and their general poor health results in wood that decomposes relatively rapidly. This accelerated decomposition may create wood more easily digested by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400ECE3BFA36BC8AFF6AFF0E" baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1873" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Zagymnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="450" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clerinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400ECE3BFA36BC8AFA0FFF22" box="[1413,1428,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="450">Z</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400ECE3BFF24BCD7FF6AFF0E" box="[151,241,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="450">clerinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae. This species is also present in shaded understory palmettos in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E5F81E400ECE3BFBB7BCE8FB36FF0E" box="[1028,1197,223,248]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="6" pageNumber="450">South Carolina</collectingRegion>
|
||
but at a substantially lower density than on host trees found in more exposed locations. In
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E5F81E400ECE3BFC03BD32FC6FFEEA" box="[944,1012,261,284]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="6" pageNumber="450">Texas</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400ECE3BFBB3BD32FBE2FEEA" baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[1024,1145,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Zagymnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="450" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clerinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400ECE3BFBB3BD32FBE2FEEA" box="[1024,1145,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="450">Z. clerinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was found at the SPS on palms in shaded understory, many miles from saltwater.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E36FC400ECE3BFF74BD7BFBF8FD5E" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1581]" pageId="6" pageNumber="450">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400ECE3BFF74BD7BFEEBFE92" box="[199,368,332,356]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Sabal" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="6" pageNumber="450" phylum="Liliopsida" rank="species" species="palmetto">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400ECE3BFF74BD7BFEEBFE92" box="[199,368,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="450">Sabal palmetto</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
trees reduce their growth rate after they are transplanted, resulting in a distinct compression of the layers of boots encircling the trunk. Boot compression is visible as an alteration in the angle that the petioles make with the trunk, providing a convenient means to identify transplanted trees. The condensed boot ring is also useful in assessing the status of any associated population of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400ECE3BFCE5BD8EFC49FE26" baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[854,978,440,464]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Zagymnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="450" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clerinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400ECE3BFCE5BD8EFCFEFE26" box="[854,869,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="450">Z</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400ECE3BFCC5BD8FFC49FE26" box="[886,978,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="450">clerinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400ECE3BFC61BD8FFC4DFE26" box="[978,982,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="450">,</emphasis>
|
||
since emergence holes above this band indicate persistence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400ECE3BFE1EBDEAFDB0FE02" baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[429,555,476,500]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Zagymnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="450" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clerinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400ECE3BFE1EBDEAFE27FE02" box="[429,444,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="450">Z</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400ECE3BFE62BDEBFDB0FE02" box="[465,555,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="450">clerinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
after transplantation. Transplantation of palmettos to locations above the saltwater tidal zone typically resulted in the loss of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400ECE3BFD6FBE36FCCFFDEE" baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[732,852,512,536]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Zagymnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="450" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clerinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400ECE3BFD6FBE36FD70FDEE" box="[732,747,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="450">Z</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400ECE3BFD49BE37FCCFFDEE" box="[762,852,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="450">clerinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae hosting on the tree. This conclusion is based on the presence of emergence holes in petioles older than the transplantation band but absent above this band. In contrast, palmettos transplanted to barrier islands or waterfront properties within the saltwater tidal zone often showed evidence of continuous use as a host, extending for years after transplantation (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131A2A79400ECE3BFBC3BE5BFB58FD72" box="[1136,1219,620,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 12–14. 12" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1952,1974]" captionTargetBox="[203,1390,196,1916]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[203,1390,196,1941]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 12–14. 12. Zagymnus clerinus exit hole in a Sabal palmetto boot. 13. A transplanted Sabal palmetto showing several Z. clerinus exit holes. 14. Known distribution of Agallissus lepturoides (circles: specific locations, triangle: state record, square: country record)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1457937/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="450">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
). This is consistent with a larval cold intolerance that can be mitigated in proximity to saline water bodies.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E36FC400ECE3BFF74BE83FAB0FCCE" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1581]" pageId="6" pageNumber="450">
|
||
The density of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400ECE3BFEC4BE82FE6AFD3A" baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[375,497,692,716]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Zagymnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="450" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clerinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400ECE3BFEC4BE82FE6AFD3A" box="[375,497,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="450">Z. clerinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
emergence holes was greatest in areas where palmettos exist undisturbed in their natural habitat. Protected areas of coastal maritime forest near barrier island communities exhibited the highest densities of emergence holes. Manicured trees used in landscapes exhibited much lower densities, perhaps because their petioles are trimmed to just above the fork, removing a significant portion of suitable host material.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E36FC400ECE3BFF74BF73FC12FB1E" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1581]" pageId="6" pageNumber="450">
|
||
Our findings extend the range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400ECE3BFDFFBF72FD5CFCAA" baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[588,711,836,860]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Zagymnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="450" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clerinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400ECE3BFDFFBF72FD5CFCAA" box="[588,711,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="450">Z. clerinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to include the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E5F81E400ECE3BFCC9BF73FBBEFCAB" box="[890,1061,836,861]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="6" pageNumber="450">South Carolina</collectingRegion>
|
||
coastal plain and coastal
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E5F81E400ECE3BFAE7BF72FA02FCAA" box="[1364,1433,837,860]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="6" pageNumber="450">Texas</collectingRegion>
|
||
. Evidence from emergence holes on recently transplanted landscape palmettos suggests that the species was introduced to
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E5F81E400ECE3BFE8ABFBBFE7FFC53" box="[313,484,908,933]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="6" pageNumber="450">South Carolina</collectingRegion>
|
||
by anthropogenic means and that this is a major factor in its current distribution. However,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400ECE3BFEBFBF86FE1EFC3E" baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[268,389,944,968]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Zagymnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="450" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clerinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400ECE3BFEBFBF86FE80FC3E" box="[268,283,945,968]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="450">Z</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400ECE3BFE98BF87FE1EFC3E" box="[299,389,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="450">clerinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has demonstrated the ability to naturally disperse and establish itself in new habitats within the state. Self-sustaining populations have been discovered at several protected or isolated sites where no landscape palmettos have been imported. Nevertheless, its natural dispersal ability appears to be limited, as several uninhabited barrier islands near likely populations showed no evidence of its presence.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400ECE3BFBDBB82AFAA7FBC2" baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[1128,1340,1052,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Zagymnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="450" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clerinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400ECE3BFBDBB82AFAA7FBC2" box="[1128,1340,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="450">Zagymnus clerinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is likely present in Beaufort and Jasper counties, due to their significant coastal development and milder winters, but these counties were not surveyed. No populations were discovered in Georgetown or Conway counties and the colder winters of these counties may severely reduce larval survival.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400ECE3BFCE2B8BEFBBDFB56" baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[849,1062,1160,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Zagymnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="450" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clerinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400ECE3BFCE2B8BEFBBDFB56" box="[849,1062,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="450">Zagymnus clerinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may still exist in isolated sites in these areas but these counties were not surveyed comprehensively. Further work will be required to fully understand the distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400ECE3BFE5BB8E6FDFBFB1E" baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[488,608,1232,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Zagymnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="450" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clerinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400ECE3BFE5BB8E6FDFBFB1E" box="[488,608,1232,1256]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="450">Z. clerinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in coastal
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E5F81E400ECE3BFD6AB8F8FC1EFB1E" box="[729,901,1231,1256]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="6" pageNumber="450">South Carolina</collectingRegion>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33B6577400ECE3BFF74B8C3FD9BF9DB" pageId="6" pageNumber="450" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E36FC400ECE3BFF74B8C3FA94FAC6" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1581]" pageId="6" pageNumber="450">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400ECE3BFF74B8C3FEC2FAFB" bold="true" box="[199,345,1268,1293]" pageId="6" pageNumber="450">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
. A distribution map (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131A2A79400ECE3BFDF8B8C3FD06FAFB" box="[587,669,1268,1293]" captionStart="FIGURE 15–16. 15" captionStartId="9.[151,250,2007,2029]" captionTargetBox="[192,1392,221,1959]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[169,1423,193,1985]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 15–16. 15, Known distribution of Osmopleura chamaeropis. 16, Known distribution of Zagymnus clerinus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1457939/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="450">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
) for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400ECE3BFD66B8C2FC32FAFA" baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[725,937,1268,1292]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Zagymnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="450" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clerinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400ECE3BFD66B8C2FC32FAFA" box="[725,937,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="450">Zagymnus clerinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was prepared based on records from DJHC, FSCA, TAMU, RFMC, RMBC, RMGC, TBAC,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B0D400ECE3BFD0EB92EFCF8FAC6" box="[701,867,1303,1328]" pageId="6" pageNumber="450" refId="ref4613" refString="Devesa, S., Fonseca, E. & Barro, A. (2015) Longicornios de Cuba (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Fol. 1. Parandrinae, Prioninae, Spondylidinae, Cerambycinae. Greta Editores, Lleida, 353 pp." type="book">Devesa (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B0D400ECE3BFCDCB920FB9FFAC6" box="[879,1028,1303,1328]" pageId="6" pageNumber="450" refId="ref4659" refString="Fattig, P. W. (1947) The Cerambycidae or long-horned beetles of Georgia. Emory University Museum Bulletin, 5, 1 - 48." type="journal article">Fattig (1947)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and iNaturalist (2018).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E36FC400ECE3BFF74B90BFD9BF9DB" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1581]" pageId="6" pageNumber="450">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EAEE400ECE3BFF74B90BFED8FAA3" bold="true" box="[199,323,1340,1365]" pageId="6" pageNumber="450">Summary.</emphasis>
|
||
With widespread planting of numerous palm species for landscaping, all three
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400ECE3BFB7AB90BFAD9FAA3" authorityName="LeConte" authorityYear="1873" box="[1225,1346,1340,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="450" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Agallissini">Agallissini</taxonomicName>
|
||
species known from the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F336766C400ECE3BFEE7B968FE77FA8E" box="[340,492,1375,1400]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="450">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
can disperse to areas where they are not native. Increased awareness by collectors, naturalists, and photographers will likely result in additional observations for these species, especially now that their life histories are being documented. There are no observations to indicate that any of these species are a threat to healthy plants. Just the opposite,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D7F400ECE3BFDF3B9FBFD22FA13" authorityName="LeConte" authorityYear="1873" box="[576,697,1484,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="450" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Agallissini">Agallissini</taxonomicName>
|
||
appear to be important natural agents in the decomposition of fibrous, dead leaf stalks, facilitating the shedding of dead leaves by palmettos and returning the mineral nutrients trapped within to the soil below.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |