treatments-xml/data/03/77/59/03775906A6D22C92FF17FE72122FFBCF.xml

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<mods:title id="32022A6FD8CFAB185F1CECE15FAA0E1F">The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2DC60DE91CCC13C7218E6F3A72325F14">Schmidt, C. A.</mods:namePart>
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6D22C8FFF17FE7211E5FE54" blockId="173.[151,384,404,463]" box="[151,384,404,430]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">
<heading id="D0295F7CA6D22C8FFF17FE7211E5FE54" bold="true" box="[151,384,404,430]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" reason="4">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D22C8FFF17FE7211E5FE54" ID-CoL="6SC9" ID-ENA="373799" authority="Smith" authorityName="Smith" box="[151,384,404,430]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D22C8FFF17FE7211E5FE54" bold="true" box="[151,384,404,430]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D22C8FFF17FE72114BFE54" bold="true" box="[151,302,404,430]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Plectroctena</emphasis>
Smith
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6D22C8FFF17FE501156FDC9" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6D22C8FFF17FE501083FE35" blockId="173.[151,384,404,463]" box="[151,230,438,463]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">
<figureCitation id="13E5F495A6D22C8FFF17FE501083FE35" box="[151,230,438,463]" captionStart="FIGURE 39" captionStartId="174.[151,250,1788,1810]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1755]" captionTargetId="figure-118@174.[151,1436,193,1767]" captionTargetPageId="174" captionText="FIGURE 39. Worker caste of Plectroctena cryptica: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (Ivory Coast, G.Alpert, MCZC); world distribution of Plectroctena." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120901" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120901/files/figure.png" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Fig. 39</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6D22C8FFF17FE181156FDC9" blockId="173.[151,1437,510,624]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D22C8FFF17FE181194FDEE" authority="Smith, F., 1858: 101" authorityName="Smith, F." authorityPageNumber="101" authorityYear="1858" box="[151,497,510,532]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D22C8FFF17FE18117DFDEE" box="[151,280,510,532]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Plectroctena</emphasis>
Smith, F., 1858: 101
</taxonomicName>
(as genus in Poneridae). Type-species: 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D22C8FFC0BFE181512FDEE" authority="Smith, F., 1858: 101" authorityName="Smith, F." authorityPageNumber="101" authorityYear="1858" box="[907,1399,510,532]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mandibularis">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D22C8FFC0BFE1814FFFDEE" box="[907,1178,510,532]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Plectroctena mandibularis</emphasis>
Smith, F., 1858: 101
</taxonomicName>
; by monotypy.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6D22C8FFF17FDDA1317FD20" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6D22C8FFF17FDDA12B1FD8A" blockId="173.[151,1437,510,624]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="ABCECF3EA6D22C8FFF17FDDA12B1FD8A" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6D22C8FFF17FDDA11B5FDA8" author="Santschi, F." box="[151,464,572,594]" page="325" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" year="1914">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D22C8FFF17FDDA11B5FDA8" authority="Santschi, 1914: 325" authorityName="Santschi" authorityPageNumber="325" authorityYear="1914" box="[151,464,572,594]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cacopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D22C8FFF17FDDA109BFDA8" box="[151,254,572,594]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Cacopone</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D22C8FFE85FDDA11B5FDA8" author="Santschi, F." box="[261,464,572,594]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" pagination="309 - 385" refId="ref161231" refString="Santschi, F. (1914) Formicides de l'Afrique occidentale et australe du voyage de Mr. le Professeur F. Silvestri. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della Reale Scuola Superiore d'Agricoltura. Portici, 8, 309 - 385." type="journal article" year="1914">Santschi, 1914: 325</bibRefCitation>
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(as genus). Type-species: 
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6D22C8FFD60FDDA1415FDA8" author="Santschi, F." box="[736,1136,572,594]" page="325" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" year="1914">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D22C8FFD60FDDA1415FDA8" authority="Santschi, 1914: 325" authorityName="Santschi" authorityPageNumber="325" authorityYear="1914" box="[736,1136,572,594]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cacopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hastifer">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D22C8FFD60FDDA13FEFDA8" box="[736,923,572,594]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Cacopone hastifer</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D22C8FFC23FDDA1415FDA8" author="Santschi, F." box="[931,1136,572,594]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" pagination="309 - 385" refId="ref161231" refString="Santschi, F. (1914) Formicides de l'Afrique occidentale et australe du voyage de Mr. le Professeur F. Silvestri. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della Reale Scuola Superiore d'Agricoltura. Portici, 8, 309 - 385." type="journal article" year="1914">Santschi, 1914: 325</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
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; by monotypy. 
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6D22C8FFA8FFDDA1088FD8A" author="Bolton, B." page="313" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" year="1974">
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D22C8FFA8FFDDA1088FD8A" author="Bolton, B." pageId="173" pageNumber="174" pagination="309 - 338" refId="ref133186" refString="Bolton, B. (1974) A revision of the ponerine ant genus Plectroctena F. Smith (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), 30, 309 - 338." type="journal article" year="1974">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6D22C8FFA8FFDDA1532FDA8" box="[1295,1367,572,594]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Bolton</collectingRegion>
, 1974: 313
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(
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D22C8FFF7CFDBC1106FD8A" authorityName="Santschi" authorityYear="1914" box="[252,355,602,624]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cacopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D22C8FFF7CFDBC1106FD8A" box="[252,355,602,624]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Cacopone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as junior synonym of 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D22C8FFDC5FDBC12A0FD8A" ID-CoL="6SC9" box="[581,709,602,624]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D22C8FFDC5FDBC12A0FD8A" box="[581,709,602,624]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Plectroctena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6D22C8FFF17FD7B1317FD20" blockId="173.[151,1437,669,2026]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D22C8FFF17FD7B1140FD4C" ID-CoL="6SC9" box="[151,293,669,694]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D22C8FFF17FD7B1140FD4C" box="[151,293,669,694]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Plectroctena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a medium sized genus (16 described species) widespread in Sub-Saharan Africa. They are cryptobiotic predators of millipedes, millipede eggs and termites.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6D22C8FFF47FD031325F930" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6D22C8FFF47FD0312D9FC03" blockId="173.[151,1437,669,2026]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D22C8FFF47FD031124FD04" bold="true" box="[199,321,741,766]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D22C8FFECDFD0311BEFD04" box="[333,475,741,766]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D22C8FFECDFD0311BEFD04" box="[333,475,741,766]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Plectroctena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be readily identified by its linear mandibles, which have dorsal longitudinal grooves, and by the anteromedial and lateral excavations of its clypeus, all of which are autapomorphic within the 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D22C8FFF17FCCB116EFCBC" box="[151,267,813,838]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D22C8FFE98FCCB11C3FCBC" box="[280,422,813,838]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D22C8FFE98FCCB11C3FCBC" box="[280,422,813,838]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Plectroctena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is most similar to 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D22C8FFD04FCCB1368FCBC" box="[644,781,813,838]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Loboponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D22C8FFD04FCCB1368FCBC" box="[644,781,813,838]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Loboponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D22C8FFC9EFCCB13C7FCBC" authorityName=", Fisher" authorityYear="2006" box="[798,930,813,838]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Boloponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D22C8FFC9EFCCB13C7FCBC" box="[798,930,813,838]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Boloponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D22C8FFC66FCC81409FCBF" box="[998,1132,814,837]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Promyopias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D22C8FFC66FCC81409FCBF" box="[998,1132,814,837]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Promyopias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which all have expanded frontal lobes and an overall similar gestalt. 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D22C8FFD06FCB71371FC90" box="[646,788,849,874]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D22C8FFD06FCB71371FC90" box="[646,788,849,874]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Plectroctena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D22C8FFC2CFCB71450FC90" box="[940,1077,849,874]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Loboponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D22C8FFC2CFCB71450FC90" box="[940,1077,849,874]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Loboponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
most obviously in the shape of the mandibles (triangular in 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D22C8FFE58FC931204FC74" box="[472,609,885,910]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Loboponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D22C8FFE58FC931204FC74" box="[472,609,885,910]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Loboponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D22C8FFDFAFC93129BFC74" authorityName=", Fisher" authorityYear="2006" box="[634,766,885,910]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Boloponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D22C8FFDFAFC93129BFC74" box="[634,766,885,910]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Boloponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D22C8FFCB7FC9013D8FC77" box="[823,957,886,909]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Promyopias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D22C8FFCB7FC9013D8FC77" box="[823,957,886,909]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Promyopias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
both have linear mandibles, but they both lack the autapomorphies of 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D22C8FFE5BFC7F120CFC48" box="[475,617,921,946]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D22C8FFE5BFC7F120CFC48" box="[475,617,921,946]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Plectroctena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
given above, among several other differences. 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D22C8FFB11FC7F157AFC48" box="[1169,1311,921,946]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D22C8FFB11FC7F157AFC48" box="[1169,1311,921,946]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Plectroctena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also bears some resemblance to 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D22C8FFE0CFC581188FC2F" box="[396,493,958,981]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myopias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D22C8FFE0CFC581188FC2F" box="[396,493,958,981]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Myopias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, given their linear mandibles, but 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D22C8FFCF5FC5B1466FC2C" box="[885,1027,957,982]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D22C8FFCF5FC5B1466FC2C" box="[885,1027,957,982]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Plectroctena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lacks an anteromedial projection of the clypeus and has only a single metatibial spur.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6D22C8FFF47FBE310BEFA34" blockId="173.[151,1437,669,2026]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D22C8FFF47FBE311A1FBE4" bold="true" box="[199,452,1029,1054]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Synoptic description.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D22C8FFE4CFBE31244FBE4" box="[460,545,1029,1054]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Worker.</emphasis>
Medium to very large (TL 
<quantity id="4C2645F5A6D22C8FFCDAFBE31396FBE7" box="[858,1011,1029,1054]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.455" metricValueMax="2.35" metricValueMin="0.5599999999999999" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" unit="mm" value="14.55" valueMax="23.5" valueMin="5.6">5.6–23.5 mm</quantity>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D22C8FFB80FBE314F1FBE4" author="Bolton, B." box="[1024,1172,1029,1054]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" pagination="309 - 338" refId="ref133186" refString="Bolton, B. (1974) A revision of the ponerine ant genus Plectroctena F. Smith (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), 30, 309 - 338." type="journal article" year="1974">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6D22C8FFB80FBE3142AFBE4" box="[1024,1103,1029,1054]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Bolton</collectingRegion>
, 1974
</bibRefCitation>
) ants with the standard characters of 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D22C8FFEB3FBCF11F0FBB8" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[307,405,1065,1090]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
. Mandibles linear, crossing each other apically when closed, edentate or with one or two teeth, and with a dorsal longitudinal groove and a basal groove. Clypeus excavated anteromedially and with a lateral excavation near each mandibular articulation. Frontal lobes greatly expanded, closely approximated, and overhanging the anterior clypeal margin. Eyes small to absent, located far anterior on the sides of the head. Mesopleuron divided by a transverse groove, the anepisternum apparently fused to the mesonotum and metapleuron. Metanotal groove usually absent, occasionally vestigial. Propodeum broad dorsally, the posterolateral margins expanded into lamellae. Propodeal dorsum rarely with a weak longitudinal groove. Propodeal spiracles round. Metapleural gland orifice opening laterally. Meso- and metafemora with a dorsal longitudinal groove. Metatibial spur formula (1p). Anteroventral articulatory surface of petiole long and broad, with a narrow median groove. Petiole nodiform. Gaster with a strong constriction between pre- and postsclerites of A4. Head and body shining, punctate, with striations on the sides of the mesosoma, minimal pilosity, and no pubescence. Color red to black.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6D22C8FFF47FA3C115FF9C0" blockId="173.[151,1437,669,2026]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D22C8FFF47FA3C1172FA0B" box="[199,279,1498,1521]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Queen.</emphasis>
Usually alate, but ergatoid in some species. Alate queens are similar to workers but slightly larger, with larger eyes and with ocelli. Ergatoids are similar but at most have only vestigial ocelli (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D22C8FFB0AFA1B1541F9EC" author="Bolton, B." box="[1162,1316,1533,1558]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" pagination="309 - 338" refId="ref133186" refString="Bolton, B. (1974) A revision of the ponerine ant genus Plectroctena F. Smith (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), 30, 309 - 338." type="journal article" year="1974">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6D22C8FFB0AFA1B14BFF9EC" box="[1162,1242,1533,1558]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Bolton</collectingRegion>
, 1974
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D22C8FFAB1FA1B114BF9C0" author="Bolton, B. &amp; Brown, W. L. Jr." pageId="173" pageNumber="174" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref133506" refString="Bolton, B. &amp; Brown, W. L. Jr. (2002) Loboponera gen. n. and a review of the Afrotropical Plectroctena genus group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), 71, 1 - 18. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0968045402000019" type="journal article" year="2002">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6D22C8FFAB1FA1B1518F9EC" box="[1329,1405,1533,1558]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Bolton</collectingRegion>
&amp; Brown, 2002
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6D22C8FFF47F9A31406F9A4" blockId="173.[151,1437,669,2026]" box="[199,1123,1605,1630]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D22C8FFF47F9A3116DF9A4" box="[199,264,1605,1630]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Male.</emphasis>
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6D22C8FFE8EF9A31153F9A4" box="[270,310,1605,1630]" country="South Sudan" name="Lakes" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">See</collectingRegion>
description in 
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D22C8FFE5EF9A3121AF9A4" author="Bolton, B." box="[478,639,1605,1630]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" pagination="309 - 338" refId="ref133186" refString="Bolton, B. (1974) A revision of the ponerine ant genus Plectroctena F. Smith (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), 30, 309 - 338." type="journal article" year="1974">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6D22C8FFE5EF9A3124FF9A4" box="[478,554,1605,1630]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Bolton</collectingRegion>
(1974)
</bibRefCitation>
; also discussed in 
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D22C8FFCCEF9A3143AF9A4" author="Bolton, B. &amp; Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[846,1119,1605,1630]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref133506" refString="Bolton, B. &amp; Brown, W. L. Jr. (2002) Loboponera gen. n. and a review of the Afrotropical Plectroctena genus group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), 71, 1 - 18. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0968045402000019" type="journal article" year="2002">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6D22C8FFCCEF9A313FFF9A4" box="[846,922,1605,1630]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Bolton</collectingRegion>
&amp; Brown (2002)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6D22C8FFF47F98C13A8F978" blockId="173.[151,1437,669,2026]" box="[199,973,1641,1666]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D22C8FFF47F98C1174F97B" box="[199,273,1642,1665]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Larva.</emphasis>
Described for 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D22C8FFE38F98C120DF978" box="[440,616,1641,1666]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mandibularis">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D22C8FFE38F98C120DF978" box="[440,616,1641,1666]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">P. mandibularis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by 
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D22C8FFD13F98F13ACF978" author="Wheeler, G. C. &amp; Wheeler, J." box="[659,969,1641,1666]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" pagination="50 - 55" refId="ref167410" refString="Wheeler, G. C. &amp; Wheeler, J. (1989) Notes on ant larvae: Ponerinae. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 97, 50 - 55." type="journal article" year="1989">Wheeler &amp; Wheeler (1989)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6D22C8FFF47F96B1325F930" blockId="173.[151,1437,669,2026]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D22C8FFF47F96B1195F95C" bold="true" box="[199,496,1677,1702]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Geographic distribution.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D22C8FFE78F96B12E3F95C" box="[504,646,1677,1702]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D22C8FFE78F96B12E3F95C" box="[504,646,1677,1702]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Plectroctena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ranges throughout most of Sub-Saharan Africa, from 
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6D22C8FFB6DF96B151BF95F" box="[1261,1406,1677,1702]" name="Sierra Leone" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Sierra Leone</collectingCountry>
to 
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6D22C8FFF17F9571093F930" box="[151,246,1713,1738]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
and south to 
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6D22C8FFE0DF9571278F930" box="[397,541,1713,1738]" name="South Africa" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">South Africa</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D22C8FFDABF9571351F930" author="Bolton, B. &amp; Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[555,820,1713,1738]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref133506" refString="Bolton, B. &amp; Brown, W. L. Jr. (2002) Loboponera gen. n. and a review of the Afrotropical Plectroctena genus group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), 71, 1 - 18. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0968045402000019" type="journal article" year="2002">Bolton &amp; Brown, 2002</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6D22C92FF47F933122FFBCF" lastPageId="176" lastPageNumber="177" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6D22C8FFF47F9331291F810" blockId="173.[151,1437,669,2026]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D22C8FFF47F93311BFF914" bold="true" box="[199,474,1749,1774]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Ecology and behavior.</emphasis>
More is known about the habits of 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D22C8FFC14F9331447F914" box="[916,1058,1749,1774]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D22C8FFC14F9331447F914" box="[916,1058,1749,1774]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Plectroctena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than of any other genus in the 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D22C8FFF17F91F1140F8E8" box="[151,293,1785,1810]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D22C8FFF17F91F1140F8E8" box="[151,293,1785,1810]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Plectroctena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group, but data on most species are still scarce. Like other members of the group, 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D22C8FFB63F91F1514F8E8" box="[1251,1393,1785,1810]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D22C8FFB63F91F1514F8E8" box="[1251,1393,1785,1810]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Plectroctena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are primarily cryptobiotic, nest in soil or rotting wood, and forage in these same microhabitats as well as among leaf litter (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D22C8FFF5BF8A71113F8A0" author="Arnold, G." box="[219,374,1857,1882]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" pagination="1 - 159" refId="ref131610" refString="Arnold, G. (1915) A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. Part I. Ponerinae; Dorylinae. Annals of the South African Museum, 14, 1 - 159." type="journal article" year="1915">Arnold, 1915</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D22C8FFE02F8A7127DF8A0" author="Bolton, B." box="[386,536,1857,1882]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" pagination="309 - 338" refId="ref133186" refString="Bolton, B. (1974) A revision of the ponerine ant genus Plectroctena F. Smith (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), 30, 309 - 338." type="journal article" year="1974">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6D22C8FFE02F8A711B4F8A0" box="[386,465,1857,1882]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Bolton</collectingRegion>
, 1974
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D22C8FFDA5F8A7129EF8A0" author="Bolton, B. &amp; Gotwald, W. H. &amp; Leroux, J. - M." box="[549,763,1857,1882]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" pagination="371 - 381" refId="ref133742" refString="Bolton, B., Gotwald, W. H. &amp; Leroux, J. - M. (1979) A new West African ant of the genus Plectroctena with ecological notes. Annales de l'Universite d'Abidjan. Serie E, Ecologie, 9 (1976), 371 - 381." type="journal article" year="1979">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6D22C8FFDA5F8A71214F8A0" box="[549,625,1857,1882]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Bolton</collectingRegion>
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D22C8FFDF9F8A412D7F8A0" box="[633,690,1857,1882]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">et al.</emphasis>
, 1979
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D22C8FFC87F8A41475F8A0" author="Peeters, C. &amp; Crewe, R." box="[775,1040,1857,1882]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" pagination="78 - 80" refId="ref159275" refString="Peeters, C. &amp; Crewe, R. (1988) Worker laying in the absence of an ergatoid queen in the ponerine ant genus Plectroctena. South African Journal of Zoology, 23 (2), 78 - 80." type="journal article" year="1988">Peeters &amp; Crewe, 1988</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D22C8FFB9DF8A71541F8A0" author="Bolton, B. &amp; Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[1053,1316,1857,1882]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref133506" refString="Bolton, B. &amp; Brown, W. L. Jr. (2002) Loboponera gen. n. and a review of the Afrotropical Plectroctena genus group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), 71, 1 - 18. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0968045402000019" type="journal article" year="2002">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6D22C8FFB9DF8A7140CF8A0" box="[1053,1129,1857,1882]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Bolton</collectingRegion>
&amp; Brown, 2002
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D22C8FFAB1F8A71165F884" author="Dejean, A. &amp; Suzzoni, J. P. &amp; Schatz, B. &amp; Orivel, J." pageId="173" pageNumber="174" pagination="819 - 825" refId="ref138369" refString="Dejean, A., Suzzoni, J. P., Schatz, B. &amp; Orivel, J. (2002) Territorial aggressiveness and predation: two possible origins of snapping in the ant Plectroctena minor. Comptes Rendus Biologies, 325, 819 - 825. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / s 1631 - 0691 (02) 01484 - 1" type="journal article" year="2002">
Déjean 
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D22C8FFA08F8A410D1F884" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">et al.</emphasis>
, 2002
</bibRefCitation>
). They have also been found nesting in abandoned termitaries (Déjean 
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D22C8FFBA4F880143BF884" box="[1060,1118,1893,1918]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">et al.</emphasis>
, 1996). Very little is known about the social and reproductive behavior of 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D22C8FFD41F86F132AF858" box="[705,847,1929,1954]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D22C8FFD41F86F132AF858" box="[705,847,1929,1954]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Plectroctena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Colony sizes are unknown for most species but colonies of 
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D22C8FFE99F8481226F83C" box="[281,579,1965,1990]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D22C8FFE99F84811EDF83C" authorityName="Bolton, Gotwald &amp; Leroux" authorityYear="1979" box="[281,392,1965,1990]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lygaria">P. lygaria</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D22C8FFE13F8481226F83C" box="[403,579,1965,1990]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mandibularis">P. mandibularis</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D22C8FFDFAF84812BEF83F" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1892" box="[634,731,1966,1989]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minor">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D22C8FFDFAF84812BEF83F" box="[634,731,1966,1989]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">P. minor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are reported to have about 300 or fewer workers (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D22C8FFA88F84B10B6F810" author="Bolton, B. &amp; Gotwald, W. H. &amp; Leroux, J. - M." pageId="173" pageNumber="174" pagination="371 - 381" refId="ref133742" refString="Bolton, B., Gotwald, W. H. &amp; Leroux, J. - M. (1979) A new West African ant of the genus Plectroctena with ecological notes. Annales de l'Universite d'Abidjan. Serie E, Ecologie, 9 (1976), 371 - 381." type="journal article" year="1979">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6D22C8FFA88F84B1533F83C" box="[1288,1366,1965,1990]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">Bolton</collectingRegion>
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D22C8FFADDF84815F0F83C" box="[1373,1429,1965,1990]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">et al.</emphasis>
, 1979
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D22C8FFF5DF83711D0F810" author="Dejean, A. &amp; Suzzoni, J. P. &amp; Schatz, B." box="[221,437,2001,2026]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" pagination="981 - 996" refId="ref138317" refString="Dejean, A., Suzzoni, J. P. &amp; Schatz, B. (2001) Behavioral adaptations of an African ponerine ant in the capture of millipedes. Behavior, 138, 981 - 996. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 156853901753286524" type="journal article" year="2001">
Déjean 
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D22C8FFEB4F8341109F810" box="[308,364,2001,2026]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">et al.</emphasis>
, 2001
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D22C8FFE40F8371199F810" author="Dejean, A. &amp; Suzzoni, J. P. &amp; Schatz, B. &amp; Orivel, J." box="[448,508,2001,2026]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" pagination="819 - 825" refId="ref138369" refString="Dejean, A., Suzzoni, J. P., Schatz, B. &amp; Orivel, J. (2002) Territorial aggressiveness and predation: two possible origins of snapping in the ant Plectroctena minor. Comptes Rendus Biologies, 325, 819 - 825. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / s 1631 - 0691 (02) 01484 - 1" type="journal article" year="2002">2002</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D22C8FFD87F837128DF810" author="Wilkins, K. J. &amp; Harman, K. &amp; Villet, M. H." box="[519,744,2001,2026]" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" pagination="367 - 372" refId="ref168403" refString="Wilkins, K. J., Harman, K. &amp; Villet, M. H. (2006) Recruitment behaviour in the ponerine ant, Plectroctena mandibularis F. Smith (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). African Entomology, 14 (2), 367 - 372." type="journal article" year="2006">
Wilkins 
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D22C8FFDE5F83412F8F810" box="[613,669,2001,2026]" italics="true" pageId="173" pageNumber="174">et al.</emphasis>
, 2006
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DFA1B898A6D12C8CFF17F91A12D0F8CB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120901" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10120901" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120901/files/figure.png" pageId="174" pageNumber="175" startId="174.[151,250,1788,1810]" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1755]" targetPageId="174">
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6D12C8CFF17F91A12D0F8CB" blockId="174.[151,1436,1788,1841]" pageId="174" pageNumber="175">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D12C8CFF17F91A1144F8EB" bold="true" box="[151,289,1788,1810]" pageId="174" pageNumber="175">FIGURE 39.</emphasis>
Worker caste of 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D12C8CFE50F91A12CEF8E8" authorityName="Bolton" authorityYear="1974" box="[464,683,1788,1810]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="174" pageNumber="175" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cryptica">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D12C8CFE50F91A12CEF8E8" box="[464,683,1788,1810]" italics="true" pageId="174" pageNumber="175">Plectroctena cryptica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (Ivory Coast, G.Alpert, MCZC); world distribution of 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D12C8CFDAFF8FD12CAF8CB" box="[559,687,1819,1841]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="174" pageNumber="175" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D12C8CFDAFF8FD12CAF8CB" box="[559,687,1819,1841]" italics="true" pageId="174" pageNumber="175">Plectroctena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6D12C8DFF47F8BF143CFEBA" blockId="174.[151,1436,1880,2013]" lastBlockId="175.[151,1440,151,2013]" lastPageId="175" lastPageNumber="176" pageId="174" pageNumber="175">
Most 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D12C8CFE88F8BE118AF88B" box="[264,495,1880,1905]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="174" pageNumber="175" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D12C8CFE88F8BE11F3F88B" box="[264,406,1880,1905]" italics="true" pageId="174" pageNumber="175">Plectroctena</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
have winged queens, but at least four species have ergatoid queens (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D12C8CFB77F8BE15F5F88B" author="Bolton, B." box="[1271,1424,1880,1905]" pageId="174" pageNumber="175" pagination="309 - 338" refId="ref133186" refString="Bolton, B. (1974) A revision of the ponerine ant genus Plectroctena F. Smith (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), 30, 309 - 338." type="journal article" year="1974">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6D12C8CFB77F8BE1522F88B" box="[1271,1351,1880,1905]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="174" pageNumber="175">Bolton</collectingRegion>
, 1974
</bibRefCitation>
), and at least one of these (
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D12C8CFE58F89B12EAF86F" box="[472,655,1916,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="174" pageNumber="175" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mandibularis">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D12C8CFE58F89B12EAF86F" box="[472,655,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="174" pageNumber="175">P. mandibularis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) is facultatively polygynous (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D12C8CFC76F89A1489F86F" author="Wilkins, K. J. &amp; Harman, K. &amp; Villet, M. H." box="[1014,1260,1916,1941]" pageId="174" pageNumber="175" pagination="367 - 372" refId="ref168403" refString="Wilkins, K. J., Harman, K. &amp; Villet, M. H. (2006) Recruitment behaviour in the ponerine ant, Plectroctena mandibularis F. Smith (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). African Entomology, 14 (2), 367 - 372." type="journal article" year="2006">
Wilkins 
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D12C8CFBDCF89B14FEF86F" box="[1116,1179,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="174" pageNumber="175">et al.</emphasis>
, 2006
</bibRefCitation>
). In laboratory conditions, ergatoid queens of 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D12C8CFE72F84712C6F843" box="[498,675,1952,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="174" pageNumber="175" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mandibularis">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D12C8CFE72F84712C6F843" box="[498,675,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="174" pageNumber="175">P. mandibularis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
successfully captured prey and were able to rear brood without the assistance of workers, suggesting that colony foundation in this species is semiclaustral (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D12C8CFB06F8221579F827" author="Villet, M. H." box="[1158,1308,1988,2013]" pageId="174" pageNumber="175" pagination="979 - 983" refId="ref165470" refString="Villet, M. H. (1991 a) Colony foundation in Plectroctena mandibularis F. Smith, and the evolution of ergatoid queens in Plectroctena (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of Natural History, 25, 979 - 983. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222939100770641" type="journal article" year="1991">Villet, 1991a</bibRefCitation>
; confirmed in natural conditions by 
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D02C8DFE3EFF71122EFF4A" author="Villet, M. H." box="[446,587,151,176]" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" pagination="289 - 291" refId="ref165825" refString="Villet, M. H. (1999) Reproductive behaviour of Plectroctena mandibularis F. Smith (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), a ponerine ant with ergatoid queens. African Entomology, 7 (2), 289 - 291." type="journal article" year="1999">Villet, 1999</bibRefCitation>
), in contrast to most ants with ergatoid queens. Mating behavior by 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D02C8DFA07FF7F1149FF2F" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mandibularis">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D02C8DFA07FF7F1149FF2F" italics="true" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">P. mandibularis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is also unusual in that virgin females leave the nest and apparently call for males using a pheromone; in most ponerines with ergatoid queens, mating occurs in the natal nest of the queen (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D02C8DFB38FF39152DFF02" author="Villet, M. H." box="[1208,1352,223,248]" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" pagination="289 - 291" refId="ref165825" refString="Villet, M. H. (1999) Reproductive behaviour of Plectroctena mandibularis F. Smith (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), a ponerine ant with ergatoid queens. African Entomology, 7 (2), 289 - 291." type="journal article" year="1999">Villet, 1999</bibRefCitation>
). In 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D02C8DFA07FF071149FEE7" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mandibularis">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D02C8DFA07FF071149FEE7" italics="true" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">P. mandibularis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, ergatoid queens apparently inhibit reproduction by workers but orphaned workers of 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D02C8DFB6CFEE315FEFEE7" box="[1260,1435,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mandibularis">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D02C8DFB6CFEE315FEFEE7" box="[1260,1435,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">P. mandibularis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
will begin laying eggs and can successfully rear male brood (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D02C8DFCC3FEC11429FEBA" author="Peeters, C. &amp; Crewe, R." box="[835,1100,295,320]" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" pagination="78 - 80" refId="ref159275" refString="Peeters, C. &amp; Crewe, R. (1988) Worker laying in the absence of an ergatoid queen in the ponerine ant genus Plectroctena. South African Journal of Zoology, 23 (2), 78 - 80." type="journal article" year="1988">Peeters &amp; Crewe, 1988</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6D02C8DFF47FEAA1273FD0A" blockId="175.[151,1440,151,2013]" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D02C8DFF47FEAA1130FE9F" box="[199,341,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D02C8DFF47FEAA1130FE9F" box="[199,341,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">Plectroctena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are primarily specialist predators of millipedes or millipede eggs, but they also prey to a lesser extent on termites and other arthropods, including other ants (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D02C8DFCDEFE89139FFE72" author="Arnold, G." box="[862,1018,367,392]" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" pagination="1 - 159" refId="ref131610" refString="Arnold, G. (1915) A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. Part I. Ponerinae; Dorylinae. Annals of the South African Museum, 14, 1 - 159." type="journal article" year="1915">Arnold, 1915</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D02C8DFB88FE8914CBFE72" author="Fletcher, D. J. C." box="[1032,1198,367,392]" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" pagination="116 - 121" refId="ref142270" refString="Fletcher, D. J. C. (1973) ' Army ant' behaviour in the Ponerinae: a re-assessment. Proceedings of the VIIth international congress of the IUSSI, London, pp. 116 - 121." type="proceedings paper" year="1973">Fletcher, 1973</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D02C8DFB3CFE8915F2FE72" author="Bolton, B. &amp; Gotwald, W. H. &amp; Leroux, J. - M." box="[1212,1431,367,392]" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" pagination="371 - 381" refId="ref133742" refString="Bolton, B., Gotwald, W. H. &amp; Leroux, J. - M. (1979) A new West African ant of the genus Plectroctena with ecological notes. Annales de l'Universite d'Abidjan. Serie E, Ecologie, 9 (1976), 371 - 381." type="journal article" year="1979">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6D02C8DFB3CFE89156DFE72" box="[1212,1288,367,392]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">Bolton</collectingRegion>
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D02C8DFA92FE971529FE72" box="[1298,1356,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">et al.</emphasis>
, 1979
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D02C8DFF17FE721159FE57" author="Levieux, J." box="[151,316,404,429]" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" pagination="525 - 540" refId="ref151069" refString="Levieux, J. (1983) The soil fauna of tropical savannas. IV. The ants. In: Bourliere, F. (Ed.), Ecosystems of the world. Vol. 13. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 525 - 540." type="book chapter" year="1983">Lévieux, 1983</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D02C8DFEC8FE721234FE57" author="Peeters, C. &amp; Crewe, R." box="[328,593,404,429]" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" pagination="78 - 80" refId="ref159275" refString="Peeters, C. &amp; Crewe, R. (1988) Worker laying in the absence of an ergatoid queen in the ponerine ant genus Plectroctena. South African Journal of Zoology, 23 (2), 78 - 80." type="journal article" year="1988">Peeters &amp; Crewe, 1988</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D02C8DFDDDFE721357FE57" author="Schatz, B. &amp; Suzzoni, J. P. &amp; Corbara, B. &amp; Dejean, A." box="[605,818,404,429]" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" pagination="55 - 60" refId="ref161385" refString="Schatz, B., Suzzoni, J. P., Corbara, B. &amp; Dejean, A. (2001) Selection and capture of prey in the African ponerine ant Plectroctena minor (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Acta Oecologia, 22, 55 - 60." type="journal article" year="2001">
Schatz 
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D02C8DFD2FFE731282FE57" box="[687,743,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">et al.</emphasis>
, 2001
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D02C8DFCBDFE721421FE57" author="Bolton, B. &amp; Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[829,1092,404,429]" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref133506" refString="Bolton, B. &amp; Brown, W. L. Jr. (2002) Loboponera gen. n. and a review of the Afrotropical Plectroctena genus group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), 71, 1 - 18. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0968045402000019" type="journal article" year="2002">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6D02C8DFCBDFE7213ECFE57" box="[829,905,404,429]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">Bolton</collectingRegion>
&amp; Brown, 2002
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D02C8DFBD0FE72154EFE57" author="Dejean, A. &amp; Suzzoni, J. P. &amp; Schatz, B. &amp; Orivel, J." box="[1104,1323,404,429]" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" pagination="819 - 825" refId="ref138369" refString="Dejean, A., Suzzoni, J. P., Schatz, B. &amp; Orivel, J. (2002) Territorial aggressiveness and predation: two possible origins of snapping in the ant Plectroctena minor. Comptes Rendus Biologies, 325, 819 - 825. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / s 1631 - 0691 (02) 01484 - 1" type="journal article" year="2002">
Déjean 
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D02C8DFB27FE7314BAFE57" box="[1191,1247,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">et al.</emphasis>
, 2002
</bibRefCitation>
). Workers typically forage individually but may hunt in small groups (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D02C8DFCB5FE5113A9FE2A" author="Bolton, B." box="[821,972,439,464]" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" pagination="309 - 338" refId="ref133186" refString="Bolton, B. (1974) A revision of the ponerine ant genus Plectroctena F. Smith (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), 30, 309 - 338." type="journal article" year="1974">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6D02C8DFCB5FE5113E0FE2A" box="[821,901,439,464]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">Bolton</collectingRegion>
, 1974
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D02C8DFC58FE5E1485FE2A" author="Peeters, C. &amp; Crewe, R." box="[984,1248,439,464]" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" pagination="78 - 80" refId="ref159275" refString="Peeters, C. &amp; Crewe, R. (1988) Worker laying in the absence of an ergatoid queen in the ponerine ant genus Plectroctena. South African Journal of Zoology, 23 (2), 78 - 80." type="journal article" year="1988">Peeters &amp; Crewe, 1988</bibRefCitation>
), and sometimes recruit nestmates to help with large prey (see below). Foraging behavior has been extensively studied in 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D02C8DFAB7FE3B15F0FE0E" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1892" box="[1335,1429,477,500]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minor">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D02C8DFAB7FE3B15F0FE0E" box="[1335,1429,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">P. minor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which specializes to a large degree on millipedes. In cafeteria experiments, 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D02C8DFB92FDE71411FDED" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1892" box="[1042,1140,512,536]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minor">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D02C8DFB92FDE71411FDED" box="[1042,1140,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">P. minor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
workers overwhelmingly preferred millipedes, but also accepted centipedes, termites, isopods, grasshoppers, and beetle larvae (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D02C8DFAA3FDC2109AFD9A" author="Suzzoni, J. P. &amp; Schatz, B. &amp; Dejean, A." pageId="175" pageNumber="176" pagination="1003 - 1008" refId="ref163628" refString="Suzzoni, J. P., Schatz, B. &amp; Dejean, A. (2000) Essential and alternative prey in a ponerine ant: variations according to the colony life cycle. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences Serie III-Sciences de la vie-Life Sciences, 323, 1003 - 1008. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / s 0764 - 4469 (00) 01246 - 4" type="journal article" year="2000">
Suzzoni 
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D02C8DFA08FDC310D1FD9A" italics="true" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">et al.</emphasis>
, 2000
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D02C8DFE8CFDA11181FD9A" author="Schatz, B. &amp; Suzzoni, J. P. &amp; Corbara, B. &amp; Dejean, A." box="[268,484,583,608]" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" pagination="55 - 60" refId="ref161385" refString="Schatz, B., Suzzoni, J. P., Corbara, B. &amp; Dejean, A. (2001) Selection and capture of prey in the African ponerine ant Plectroctena minor (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Acta Oecologia, 22, 55 - 60." type="journal article" year="2001">
Schatz 
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D02C8DFEDFFDAF11FCFD9A" box="[351,409,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">et al.</emphasis>
, 2001
</bibRefCitation>
). Queens foraging shortly after colony foundation, on the other hand, ignored large millipedes and preferred smaller, more easily captured prey such as isopods or termites (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D02C8DFBFDFD8A15F2FD7F" author="Dejean, A. &amp; Suzzoni, J. P." box="[1149,1431,620,645]" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" pagination="137 - 144" refId="ref138227" refString="Dejean, A. &amp; Suzzoni, J. P. (1991) La predation chez Plectroctena minor (Formicidae: Ponerinae). Actes des Colloques Insectes Sociaux, 7, 137 - 144." type="journal article" year="1991">Déjean &amp; Suzzoni, 1991</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D02C8DFF17FD6911E0FD52" author="Suzzoni, J. P. &amp; Schatz, B. &amp; Dejean, A." box="[151,389,655,680]" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" pagination="1003 - 1008" refId="ref163628" refString="Suzzoni, J. P., Schatz, B. &amp; Dejean, A. (2000) Essential and alternative prey in a ponerine ant: variations according to the colony life cycle. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences Serie III-Sciences de la vie-Life Sciences, 323, 1003 - 1008. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / s 0764 - 4469 (00) 01246 - 4" type="journal article" year="2000">
Suzzoni 
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D02C8DFF7BFD771152FD52" box="[251,311,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">et al.</emphasis>
, 2000
</bibRefCitation>
). The presence of millipedes in the diet of a 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D02C8DFC16FD771392FD5D" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1892" box="[918,1015,656,680]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minor">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D02C8DFC16FD771392FD5D" box="[918,1015,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">P. minor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
colony is required for it to produce reproductive females and significantly enhances the production of workers, but is not required for production of male brood (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D02C8DFEA4FD31126FFD0A" author="Suzzoni, J. P. &amp; Schatz, B. &amp; Dejean, A." box="[292,522,727,752]" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" pagination="1003 - 1008" refId="ref163628" refString="Suzzoni, J. P., Schatz, B. &amp; Dejean, A. (2000) Essential and alternative prey in a ponerine ant: variations according to the colony life cycle. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences Serie III-Sciences de la vie-Life Sciences, 323, 1003 - 1008. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / s 0764 - 4469 (00) 01246 - 4" type="journal article" year="2000">
Suzzoni 
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D02C8DFE07FD3F11DAFD0A" box="[391,447,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">et al.</emphasis>
, 2000
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6D02C8DFF47FD1A14C2FB5A" blockId="175.[151,1440,151,2013]" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D02C8DFF47FD1A118FFCEF" author="Dejean, A. &amp; Suzzoni, J. P." box="[199,490,764,789]" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" pagination="137 - 144" refId="ref138227" refString="Dejean, A. &amp; Suzzoni, J. P. (1991) La predation chez Plectroctena minor (Formicidae: Ponerinae). Actes des Colloques Insectes Sociaux, 7, 137 - 144." type="journal article" year="1991">Déjean &amp; Suzzoni (1991)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D02C8DFDA4FD1A136DFCEF" author="Dejean, A. &amp; Suzzoni, J. P. &amp; Schatz, B." box="[548,776,764,789]" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" pagination="981 - 996" refId="ref138317" refString="Dejean, A., Suzzoni, J. P. &amp; Schatz, B. (2001) Behavioral adaptations of an African ponerine ant in the capture of millipedes. Behavior, 138, 981 - 996. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 156853901753286524" type="journal article" year="2001">
Déjean 
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D02C8DFDFBFD1B12D0FCEF" box="[635,693,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">et al.</emphasis>
(2001)
</bibRefCitation>
studied the capture of millipedes by 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D02C8DFB30FD1B156BFCEE" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1892" box="[1200,1294,765,788]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minor">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D02C8DFB30FD1B156BFCEE" box="[1200,1294,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">P. minor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Workers of this species use their linear mandibles, paralyzing sting, and nestmate recruitment to capture and retrieve millipedes of a wide range of sizes, including very large individuals. Workers demonstrate significant flexibility in their foraging behavior, depending on the size and location of their prey. Their mandibles are able to grasp millipedes under 
<quantity id="4C2645F5A6D02C8DFEDCFC6A11FBFC59" box="[348,414,908,933]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
in diameter, which are stung repeatedly until paralyzed. Larger millipedes pose more of a problem and require creative strategies for capture and retrieval, including use of mandibular snapping (see below) and recruitment of two to five nestmates via use of a chemical trail. Large millipedes are either cut up or collectively transported whole, while smaller prey are retrieved by single workers. Individual 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D02C8DFB32FC1F1576FBF5" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1892" box="[1202,1299,1016,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minor">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D02C8DFB32FC1F1576FBF5" box="[1202,1299,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">P. minor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
foragers are able to retrieve millipedes weighing more than 100 times their own weight, the largest ratio of prey to worker weight known for any ant (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D02C8DFE52FBD912D1FBA2" author="Dejean, A. &amp; Suzzoni, J. P. &amp; Schatz, B." box="[466,692,1087,1112]" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" pagination="981 - 996" refId="ref138317" refString="Dejean, A., Suzzoni, J. P. &amp; Schatz, B. (2001) Behavioral adaptations of an African ponerine ant in the capture of millipedes. Behavior, 138, 981 - 996. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 156853901753286524" type="journal article" year="2001">
Déjean 
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D02C8DFDADFBA7120DFBA2" box="[557,616,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">et al.</emphasis>
, 2001
</bibRefCitation>
). Like 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D02C8DFC87FBA71302FBAD" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1892" box="[775,871,1088,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minor">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D02C8DFC87FBA71302FBAD" box="[775,871,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">P. minor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, foragers of 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D02C8DFC7EFBA714D4FBA2" box="[1022,1201,1087,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mandibularis">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D02C8DFC7EFBA714D4FBA2" box="[1022,1201,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">P. mandibularis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
recruit nestmates to assist in prey retrieval (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D02C8DFE36FB821204FB87" author="Fletcher, D. J. C." box="[438,609,1124,1149]" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" pagination="116 - 121" refId="ref142270" refString="Fletcher, D. J. C. (1973) ' Army ant' behaviour in the Ponerinae: a re-assessment. Proceedings of the VIIth international congress of the IUSSI, London, pp. 116 - 121." type="proceedings paper" year="1973">Fletcher, 1973</bibRefCitation>
), and also lay chemical trails from the pygidial gland for individual orientation and recruitment during nest emigrations (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D02C8DFD66FB6113CBFB5A" author="Villet, M. H. &amp; Peeters, C. P. &amp; Crewe, R. M." box="[742,942,1159,1184]" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" pagination="413 - 416" refId="ref166174" refString="Villet, M. H., Peeters, C. P. &amp; Crewe, R. M. (1984) The occurrence of a pygidial gland in four genera of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society, 19, 413 - 416." type="journal article" year="1984">
Villet 
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D02C8DFCACFB6F1300FB5A" box="[812,869,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">et al.</emphasis>
, 1984
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D02C8DFC39FB6114FEFB5A" author="Wilkins, K. J. &amp; Harman, K. &amp; Villet, M. H." box="[953,1179,1159,1184]" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" pagination="367 - 372" refId="ref168403" refString="Wilkins, K. J., Harman, K. &amp; Villet, M. H. (2006) Recruitment behaviour in the ponerine ant, Plectroctena mandibularis F. Smith (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). African Entomology, 14 (2), 367 - 372." type="journal article" year="2006">
Wilkins 
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D02C8DFB98FB6F1435FB5A" box="[1048,1104,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">et al.</emphasis>
, 2006
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6D02C8DFF47FB4A10AEFA19" blockId="175.[151,1440,151,2013]" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D02C8DFF47FB4A1130FB3F" box="[199,341,1196,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D02C8DFF47FB4A1130FB3F" box="[199,341,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">Plectroctena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
workers are able to snap their mandibles to stun or kill enemies or prey (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D02C8DFB2EFB4A10B7FB12" author="Dejean, A. &amp; Suzzoni, J. P." pageId="175" pageNumber="176" pagination="137 - 144" refId="ref138227" refString="Dejean, A. &amp; Suzzoni, J. P. (1991) La predation chez Plectroctena minor (Formicidae: Ponerinae). Actes des Colloques Insectes Sociaux, 7, 137 - 144." type="journal article" year="1991">Déjean and Suzzoni, 1991</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D02C8DFF60FB2911D2FB12" author="Dejean, A. &amp; Suzzoni, J. P. &amp; Schatz, B." box="[224,439,1231,1256]" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" pagination="981 - 996" refId="ref138317" refString="Dejean, A., Suzzoni, J. P. &amp; Schatz, B. (2001) Behavioral adaptations of an African ponerine ant in the capture of millipedes. Behavior, 138, 981 - 996. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 156853901753286524" type="journal article" year="2001">
Déjean 
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D02C8DFEB9FB371111FB12" box="[313,372,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">et al.</emphasis>
2001
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D02C8DFE44FB291264FB12" author="Dejean, A. &amp; Suzzoni, J. P. &amp; Schatz, B. &amp; Orivel, J." box="[452,513,1231,1256]" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" pagination="819 - 825" refId="ref138369" refString="Dejean, A., Suzzoni, J. P., Schatz, B. &amp; Orivel, J. (2002) Territorial aggressiveness and predation: two possible origins of snapping in the ant Plectroctena minor. Comptes Rendus Biologies, 325, 819 - 825. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / s 1631 - 0691 (02) 01484 - 1" type="journal article" year="2002">2002</bibRefCitation>
). This behavior is unique among ponerines but also occurs in the ambyloponine genus 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D02C8DFF61FB131129FAF6" box="[225,332,1269,1292]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mystrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D02C8DFF61FB131129FAF6" box="[225,332,1269,1292]" italics="true" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">Mystrium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and some termites (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D02C8DFDB6FB121329FAF7" author="Gronenberg, W. &amp; Holldobler, B. &amp; Alpert, G. D." box="[566,844,1268,1293]" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" pagination="241 - 253" refId="ref144747" refString="Gronenberg, W., Holldobler, B. &amp; Alpert, G. D. (1998) Jaws that snap: control of mandible movements in the ant Mystrium. Journal of Insect Physiology, 44, 241 - 253. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / s 0022 - 1910 (97) 00145 - 5" type="journal article" year="1998">
Gronenberg 
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D02C8DFD46FB131365FAF7" box="[710,768,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">et al.</emphasis>
, 1998
</bibRefCitation>
). The forceful snapping of the mandibles is used in territorial aggression, defense, and prey capture. In the study of 
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D02C8DFC04FAF11415FACA" author="Dejean, A. &amp; Suzzoni, J. P. &amp; Schatz, B. &amp; Orivel, J." box="[900,1136,1303,1328]" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" pagination="819 - 825" refId="ref138369" refString="Dejean, A., Suzzoni, J. P., Schatz, B. &amp; Orivel, J. (2002) Territorial aggressiveness and predation: two possible origins of snapping in the ant Plectroctena minor. Comptes Rendus Biologies, 325, 819 - 825. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / s 1631 - 0691 (02) 01484 - 1" type="journal article" year="2002">
Déjean 
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D02C8DFC5DFAFF147CFACA" box="[989,1049,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">et al.</emphasis>
(2002)
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D02C8DFBFFFAFF1484FAD5" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1892" box="[1151,1249,1304,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minor">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D02C8DFBFFFAFF1484FAD5" box="[1151,1249,1304,1328]" italics="true" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">P. minor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
foragers almost always snapped their mandibles when confronted with termite soldiers (which are potentially dangerous) or large prey, while smaller prey were usually captured without snapping. 
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D02C8DFC0CFAB91417FA82" author="Dejean, A. &amp; Suzzoni, J. P. &amp; Schatz, B. &amp; Orivel, J." box="[908,1138,1375,1400]" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" pagination="819 - 825" refId="ref138369" refString="Dejean, A., Suzzoni, J. P., Schatz, B. &amp; Orivel, J. (2002) Territorial aggressiveness and predation: two possible origins of snapping in the ant Plectroctena minor. Comptes Rendus Biologies, 325, 819 - 825. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / s 1631 - 0691 (02) 01484 - 1" type="journal article" year="2002">
Déjean 
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D02C8DFC64FA87147AFA82" box="[996,1055,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">et al.</emphasis>
(2002)
</bibRefCitation>
suggest that the snapping mechanism is an adaptation to hunting in tight spaces, though it is also an effective weapon against other ants and is readily employed when other ponerines (especially other 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D02C8DFCCCFA4113BFFA3A" box="[844,986,1447,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D02C8DFCCCFA4113BFFA3A" box="[844,986,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">Plectroctena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) are encountered in the vicinity of the nest.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6D02C8DFF47FA09152AF9B5" blockId="175.[151,1440,151,2013]" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D02C8DFF47FA091284F9F2" bold="true" box="[199,737,1519,1544]" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">Phylogenetic and taxonomic considerations.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D02C8DFD6DFA09131EF9F2" box="[749,891,1519,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D02C8DFD6DFA09131EF9F2" box="[749,891,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">Plectroctena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was erected by F. 
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D02C8DFBE5FA09149BF9F2" author="Smith, F." box="[1125,1278,1519,1544]" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" refId="ref162573" refString="Smith, F. (1858) Catalogue of hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part VI. Formicidae. British Museum, London, 216 pp." type="book" year="1858">Smith (1858)</bibRefCitation>
to house the species 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D02C8DFF6FF9F311C4F9D7" box="[239,417,1556,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mandibularis">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D02C8DFF6FF9F311C4F9D7" box="[239,417,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">P. mandibularis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D02C8DFE30F9F21229F9D7" author="Emery, C." box="[432,588,1556,1581]" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" pagination="1 - 125" refId="ref141346" refString="Emery, C. (1911) Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Ponerinae. Genera Insectorum, 118, 1 - 125." type="journal article" year="1911">Emery (1911)</bibRefCitation>
placed it in his new subtribe 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D02C8DFC1BF9F21452F9D7" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1911" box="[923,1079,1556,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Plectroctenini">Plectroctenini</taxonomicName>
along with 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D02C8DFB3DF9F2150EF9D7" authorityName="Andre" authorityYear="1890" box="[1213,1387,1556,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Psalidomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D02C8DFB3DF9F2150EF9D7" box="[1213,1387,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">Psalidomyrmex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D02C8DFF17F9DE1092F9B5" box="[151,247,1592,1615]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myopias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D02C8DFF17F9DE1092F9B5" box="[151,247,1592,1615]" italics="true" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">Myopias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(and its synonym 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D02C8DFE46F9D11205F9AA" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1862" box="[454,608,1591,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trapeziopelta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D02C8DFE46F9D11205F9AA" box="[454,608,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">Trapeziopelta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), based on similarities in sculpturing, pubescence, and tibial spurs.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6D02C8DFF47F9BA125EF8B6" blockId="175.[151,1440,151,2013]" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D02C8DFF47F9BA1130F98F" box="[199,341,1628,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D02C8DFF47F9BA1130F98F" box="[199,341,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">Plectroctena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a single junior synonym, 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D02C8DFD26F9BA137DF989" authorityName="Santschi" authorityYear="1914" box="[678,792,1628,1651]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cacopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D02C8DFD26F9BA137DF989" box="[678,792,1628,1651]" italics="true" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">Cacopone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which was erected by 
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D02C8DFBA1F9BA14B7F98F" author="Santschi, F." box="[1057,1234,1628,1653]" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" pagination="309 - 385" refId="ref161231" refString="Santschi, F. (1914) Formicides de l'Afrique occidentale et australe du voyage de Mr. le Professeur F. Silvestri. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della Reale Scuola Superiore d'Agricoltura. Portici, 8, 309 - 385." type="journal article" year="1914">Santschi (1914)</bibRefCitation>
to hold the single species 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D02C8DFF73F9661108F962" authorityName="Santschi" authorityYear="1914" box="[243,365,1663,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cacopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hastifer">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D02C8DFF73F9661108F962" box="[243,365,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">C. hastifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(now 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D02C8DFE3EF99912DEF962" baseAuthorityName="Santschi" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[446,699,1663,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hastifera">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D02C8DFE3EF99912DEF962" box="[446,699,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">Plectroctena hastifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Oddly, Santschi initially stated that 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D02C8DFBFCF966148BF96D" authorityName="Santschi" authorityYear="1914" box="[1148,1262,1664,1687]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cacopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D02C8DFBFCF966148BF96D" box="[1148,1262,1664,1687]" italics="true" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">Cacopone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was somehow related to 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D02C8DFE87F9431102F946" box="[263,359,1701,1724]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myopias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D02C8DFE87F9431102F946" box="[263,359,1701,1724]" italics="true" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">Myopias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D02C8DFE1EF9421229F947" authorityName="Andre" authorityYear="1890" box="[414,588,1700,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Psalidomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D02C8DFE1EF9421229F947" box="[414,588,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">Psalidomyrmex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but did not mention 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D02C8DFCBFF94213A8F947" box="[831,973,1700,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D02C8DFCBFF94213A8F947" box="[831,973,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">Plectroctena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
despite their obvious similarities. He did make this connection in his revision of 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D02C8DFDD8F9211283F91A" box="[600,742,1735,1760]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D02C8DFDD8F9211283F91A" box="[600,742,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">Plectroctena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, however, but continued to separate them based on supposed differences in mandibular and clypeal structure (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D02C8DFD4DF90A1319F8FF" author="Santschi, F." box="[717,892,1772,1797]" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" pagination="155 - 173" refId="ref161332" refString="Santschi, F. (1924) Revue du genre Plectroctena F. Smith. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 31, 155 - 173." type="journal article" year="1924">Santschi, 1924</bibRefCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D02C8DFC13F90A1450F8FF" author="Bolton, B." box="[915,1077,1772,1797]" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" pagination="309 - 338" refId="ref133186" refString="Bolton, B. (1974) A revision of the ponerine ant genus Plectroctena F. Smith (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), 30, 309 - 338." type="journal article" year="1974">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6D02C8DFC13F90A13BAF8FF" box="[915,991,1772,1797]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">Bolton</collectingRegion>
(1974)
</bibRefCitation>
synonymized 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D02C8DFB60F90A1537F8F9" authorityName="Santschi" authorityYear="1914" box="[1248,1362,1772,1795]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cacopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D02C8DFB60F90A1537F8F9" box="[1248,1362,1772,1795]" italics="true" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">Cacopone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
under 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D02C8DFF17F8E91140F8D2" box="[151,293,1807,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D02C8DFF17F8E91140F8D2" box="[151,293,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">Plectroctena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
after noting mistakes in Santschi’s description and the discovery of a new species with mandibles intermediate between the two genera.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6D02C8DFF47F8B11340F827" blockId="175.[151,1440,151,2013]" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D02C8DFF47F8B111EEF88A" author="Schmidt, C." box="[199,395,1879,1904]" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt's (2013)</bibRefCitation>
molecular phylogeny of the 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D02C8DFD65F8B11330F88A" box="[741,853,1879,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
clearly places 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D02C8DFB8BF8B114FCF88A" box="[1035,1177,1879,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D02C8DFB8BF8B114FCF88A" box="[1035,1177,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">Plectroctena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
far from 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D02C8DFA91F8BE1514F895" box="[1297,1393,1880,1903]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myopias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D02C8DFA91F8BE1514F895" box="[1297,1393,1880,1903]" italics="true" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">Myopias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as predicted by 
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D02C8DFEACF89A11ABF86F" author="Bolton, B." box="[300,462,1916,1941]" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" pagination="309 - 338" refId="ref133186" refString="Bolton, B. (1974) A revision of the ponerine ant genus Plectroctena F. Smith (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), 30, 309 - 338." type="journal article" year="1974">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6D02C8DFEACF89A111DF86F" box="[300,376,1916,1941]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">Bolton</collectingRegion>
(1974)
</bibRefCitation>
. Among the taxa sampled in 
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6D02C8DFC9DF89A1385F86F" author="Schmidt, C." box="[797,992,1916,1941]" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt’s (2013)</bibRefCitation>
phylogeny, 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D02C8DFBECF89A149FF86F" box="[1132,1274,1916,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D02C8DFBECF89A149FF86F" box="[1132,1274,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">Plectroctena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is resolved as sister to 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D02C8DFF78F84611E4F843" box="[248,385,1952,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Loboponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D02C8DFF78F84611E4F843" box="[248,385,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">Loboponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, though it is possible that 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D02C8DFD2DF8461354F843" authorityName=", Fisher" authorityYear="2006" box="[685,817,1952,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Boloponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D02C8DFD2DF8461354F843" box="[685,817,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">Boloponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the true sister to 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D02C8DFB93F84614C4F843" box="[1043,1185,1952,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D02C8DFB93F84614C4F843" box="[1043,1185,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">Plectroctena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see the discussion of relationships within the 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6D02C8DFE24F8221257F827" box="[420,562,1988,2013]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="175" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6D02C8DFE24F8221257F827" box="[420,562,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="175" pageNumber="176">Plectroctena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
genus group, above).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6CF2C92FF47FF711287FEE6" blockId="176.[151,1436,151,285]" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6CF2C92FF47FF711100FF4A" author="Bolton, B." box="[199,357,151,176]" pageId="176" pageNumber="177" pagination="309 - 338" refId="ref133186" refString="Bolton, B. (1974) A revision of the ponerine ant genus Plectroctena F. Smith (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), 30, 309 - 338." type="journal article" year="1974">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6CF2C92FF47FF711176FF4A" box="[199,275,151,176]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">Bolton</collectingRegion>
(1974)
</bibRefCitation>
divided 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CF2C92FE48FF711233FF4A" box="[456,598,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="176" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CF2C92FE48FF711233FF4A" box="[456,598,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">Plectroctena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
into three species groups, of which two (the 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CF2C92FBD4FF7F1560FF4A" box="[1108,1285,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="176" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mandibularis">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CF2C92FBD4FF7F1560FF4A" box="[1108,1285,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">P. mandibularis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CF2C92FABDFF7F15F9FF55" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1892" box="[1341,1436,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="176" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minor">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CF2C92FABDFF7F15F9FF55" box="[1341,1436,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">P. minor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
groups) are included in 
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6CF2C92FE2BFF5A120AFF2F" author="Schmidt, C." box="[427,623,188,213]" pageId="176" pageNumber="177" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt’s (2013)</bibRefCitation>
phylogeny. The third species group (the 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CF2C92FBCBFF5B14A8FF2F" baseAuthorityName="Santschi" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[1099,1229,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="176" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hastifera">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CF2C92FBCBFF5B14A8FF2F" box="[1099,1229,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">P. hastifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group) represents 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CF2C92FF17FF06116CFF0D" authorityName="Santschi" authorityYear="1914" box="[151,265,224,247]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cacopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="176" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CF2C92FF17FF06116CFF0D" box="[151,265,224,247]" italics="true" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">Cacopone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and though it is not included in the phylogeny, we see no reason to withdraw it from 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CF2C92FB5DFF39150EFF02" box="[1245,1387,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="176" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CF2C92FB5DFF39150EFF02" box="[1245,1387,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">Plectroctena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and therefore retain it as a junior synonym of that genus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6CF2C92FF17FEAA11C1FE9E" blockId="176.[151,420,332,357]" box="[151,420,332,357]" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CF2C92FF17FEAA11F3FE9F" bold="true" box="[151,406,332,357]" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">
Species of 
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CF2C92FE93FEAA11F3FE9F" box="[275,406,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">Plectrocten</emphasis>
</emphasis>
a
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6CF2C92FF17FE721136FE2A" blockId="176.[151,1436,404,464]" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6CF2C92FF17FE72115DFE57" author="Bolton, B." box="[151,312,404,429]" pageId="176" pageNumber="177" pagination="309 - 338" refId="ref133186" refString="Bolton, B. (1974) A revision of the ponerine ant genus Plectroctena F. Smith (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), 30, 309 - 338." type="journal article" year="1974">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6CF2C92FF17FE721086FE57" box="[151,227,404,429]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">Bolton</collectingRegion>
(1974)
</bibRefCitation>
revised 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CF2C92FE1DFE72124EFE57" box="[413,555,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="176" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CF2C92FE1DFE72124EFE57" box="[413,555,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">Plectroctena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6CF2C92FDEEFE7213E3FE57" author="Bolton, B. &amp; Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[622,902,404,429]" pageId="176" pageNumber="177" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref133506" refString="Bolton, B. &amp; Brown, W. L. Jr. (2002) Loboponera gen. n. and a review of the Afrotropical Plectroctena genus group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), 71, 1 - 18. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0968045402000019" type="journal article" year="2002">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6CF2C92FDEEFE7212DFFE57" box="[622,698,404,429]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">Bolton</collectingRegion>
&amp; Brown (2002)
</bibRefCitation>
provided a species key (which lacks 
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CF2C92FABDFE7315F0FE57" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="2006" box="[1341,1429,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="176" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thaui">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CF2C92FABDFE7315F0FE57" box="[1341,1429,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">P. thaui</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, described since).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6CF2C92FF17FDE6118DFDE2" blockId="176.[151,786,511,1077]" box="[151,488,511,536]" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CF2C92FF17FDE611F1FDE2" authority="Bolton, 1974" authorityName="Bolton" authorityYear="1974" box="[151,404,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="176" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anops">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CF2C92FF17FDE6109FFDED" bold="true" box="[151,250,512,535]" italics="true" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">P. anops</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6CF2C92FF7EFE1911F1FDE2" author="Bolton, B." box="[254,404,511,536]" pageId="176" pageNumber="177" pagination="309 - 338" refId="ref133186" refString="Bolton, B. (1974) A revision of the ponerine ant genus Plectroctena F. Smith (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), 30, 309 - 338." type="journal article" year="1974">Bolton, 1974</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: 
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6CF2C92FE1FFE19118DFDE2" box="[415,488,511,536]" name="Ghana" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">Ghana</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6CF2C92FF17FDC21244FDC7" blockId="176.[151,786,511,1077]" box="[151,545,548,573]" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CF2C92FF17FDC211C4FDC7" authority="Emery, 1899" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1899" box="[151,417,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="176" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cristata">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CF2C92FF17FDC21162FDC7" bold="true" box="[151,263,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">P. cristata</emphasis>
Emery, 1899
</taxonomicName>
: 
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6CF2C92FE2CFDC21244FDC7" box="[428,545,548,573]" name="Cameroon" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6CF2C92FF17FDAE119AFD9A" blockId="176.[151,786,511,1077]" box="[151,511,583,608]" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CF2C92FF17FDAE11CEFD9A" authority="Bolton, 1974" authorityName="Bolton" authorityYear="1974" box="[151,427,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="176" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cryptica">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CF2C92FF17FDAE116BFD9A" bold="true" box="[151,270,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">P. cryptica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6CF2C92FE95FDA111CEFD9A" author="Bolton, B." box="[277,427,583,608]" pageId="176" pageNumber="177" pagination="309 - 338" refId="ref133186" refString="Bolton, B. (1974) A revision of the ponerine ant genus Plectroctena F. Smith (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), 30, 309 - 338." type="journal article" year="1974">Bolton, 1974</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: 
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6CF2C92FE36FDA1119AFD9A" box="[438,511,583,608]" name="Ghana" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">Ghana</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6CF2C92FF17FD8A1270FD7F" blockId="176.[151,786,511,1077]" box="[151,533,620,645]" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CF2C92FF17FD8A11D2FD7F" authority="Santschi, 1912" authorityName="Santschi" authorityYear="1912" box="[151,439,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="176" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dentata">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CF2C92FF17FD8A1162FD7F" bold="true" box="[151,263,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">P. dentata</emphasis>
Santschi, 1912
</taxonomicName>
: 
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6CF2C92FE42FD8A1270FD7F" box="[450,533,620,645]" name="Angola" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">Angola</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6CF2C92FF17FD761203FD52" blockId="176.[151,786,511,1077]" box="[151,614,655,680]" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CF2C92FF17FD7611D6FD52" authority="Menozzi, 1922" authorityName="Menozzi" authorityYear="1922" box="[151,435,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="176" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gestroi">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CF2C92FF17FD761165FD52" bold="true" box="[151,256,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">P. gestroi</emphasis>
Menozzi, 1922
</taxonomicName>
: 
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6CF2C92FE3EFD691203FD52" box="[446,614,655,680]" name="Principe Island" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">Principe Island</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6CF2C92FF17FD52124AFD37" blockId="176.[151,786,511,1077]" box="[151,559,692,717]" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CF2C92FF17FD5211BEFD37" authority="(Santschi, 1914)" baseAuthorityName="Santschi" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[151,475,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="176" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hastifera">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CF2C92FF17FD52117CFD37" bold="true" box="[151,281,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">P. hastifera</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6CF2C92FEA8FD5211B6FD37" author="Santschi, F." box="[296,467,692,717]" pageId="176" pageNumber="177" pagination="309 - 385" refId="ref161231" refString="Santschi, F. (1914) Formicides de l'Afrique occidentale et australe du voyage de Mr. le Professeur F. Silvestri. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della Reale Scuola Superiore d'Agricoltura. Portici, 8, 309 - 385." type="journal article" year="1914">Santschi, 1914</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
: 
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6CF2C92FE66FD52124AFD37" box="[486,559,692,717]" name="Ghana" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">Ghana</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6CF2C92FF17FD3E1244FD0A" blockId="176.[151,786,511,1077]" box="[151,545,727,752]" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CF2C92FF17FD3E11D4FD0A" authority="Santschi, 1924" authorityName="Santschi" authorityYear="1924" box="[151,433,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="176" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevior">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CF2C92FF17FD3E1164FD0A" bold="true" box="[151,257,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">P. laevior</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6CF2C92FE89FD3111D4FD0A" author="Santschi, F." box="[265,433,727,752]" pageId="176" pageNumber="177" pagination="155 - 173" refId="ref161332" refString="Santschi, F. (1924) Revue du genre Plectroctena F. Smith. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 31, 155 - 173." type="journal article" year="1924">Santschi, 1924</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: 
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6CF2C92FE3CFD311244FD0A" box="[444,545,727,752]" name="Tanzania" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6CF2C92FF17FD1A126FFCEF" blockId="176.[151,786,511,1077]" box="[151,522,764,789]" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CF2C92FF17FD1A11A3FCEF" authority="Santschi, 1924" authorityName="Santschi" authorityYear="1924" box="[151,454,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="176" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latinodis">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CF2C92FF17FD1A1173FCEF" bold="true" box="[151,278,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">P. latinodis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6CF2C92FE9DFD1A11A3FCEF" author="Santschi, F." box="[285,454,764,789]" pageId="176" pageNumber="177" pagination="155 - 173" refId="ref161332" refString="Santschi, F. (1924) Revue du genre Plectroctena F. Smith. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 31, 155 - 173." type="journal article" year="1924">Santschi, 1924</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: 
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6CF2C92FE51FD1A126FFCEF" box="[465,522,764,789]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">DRC</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6CF2C92FF17FCC61377FCC2" blockId="176.[151,786,511,1077]" box="[151,786,799,824]" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CF2C92FF17FCC612E6FCC2" authority="Bolton, Gotwald &amp; Leroux, 1979" authorityName="Bolton, Gotwald &amp; Leroux" authorityYear="1979" box="[151,643,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="176" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lygaria">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CF2C92FF17FCC61166FCC2" bold="true" box="[151,259,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">P. lygaria</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6CF2C92FE8AFCF912E6FCC2" author="Bolton, B. &amp; Gotwald, W. H. &amp; Leroux, J. - M." box="[266,643,799,824]" pageId="176" pageNumber="177" pagination="371 - 381" refId="ref133742" refString="Bolton, B., Gotwald, W. H. &amp; Leroux, J. - M. (1979) A new West African ant of the genus Plectroctena with ecological notes. Annales de l'Universite d'Abidjan. Serie E, Ecologie, 9 (1976), 371 - 381." type="journal article" year="1979">Bolton, Gotwald &amp; Leroux, 1979</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: 
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6CF2C92FD0EFCC61377FCC2" box="[654,786,799,824]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">Ivory Coast</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6CF2C92FF17FCA21268FCA7" blockId="176.[151,786,511,1077]" box="[151,525,836,861]" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CF2C92FF17FCA211CBFCA7" authority="Bolton, 1974" authorityName="Bolton" authorityYear="1974" box="[151,430,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="176" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="macgeei">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CF2C92FF17FCA21170FCA7" bold="true" box="[151,277,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">P. macgeei</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6CF2C92FE98FCA211CBFCA7" author="Bolton, B." box="[280,430,836,861]" pageId="176" pageNumber="177" pagination="309 - 338" refId="ref133186" refString="Bolton, B. (1974) A revision of the ponerine ant genus Plectroctena F. Smith (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), 30, 309 - 338." type="journal article" year="1974">Bolton, 1974</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: 
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6CF2C92FE39FCA21268FCA7" box="[441,525,836,861]" name="Nigeria" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6CF2C92FF17FC8E12F8FC7A" blockId="176.[151,786,511,1077]" box="[151,669,871,896]" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CF2C92FF17FC8E1267FC7A" authority="Smith, F., 1858" authorityName="Smith, F." authorityYear="1858" box="[151,514,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="176" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mandibularis">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CF2C92FF17FC8E1129FC7A" bold="true" box="[151,332,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">P. mandibularis</emphasis>
Smith, F., 1858
</taxonomicName>
: 
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6CF2C92FD8DFC8112F8FC7A" box="[525,669,871,896]" name="South Africa" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">South Africa</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6CF2C92FF17FC6A1244FC5F" blockId="176.[151,786,511,1077]" box="[151,545,908,933]" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CF2C92FF17FC6A11F7FC5F" authority="Emery, 1892" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1892" box="[151,402,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="176" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minor">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CF2C92FF17FC6A1099FC5F" bold="true" box="[151,252,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">P. minor</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6CF2C92FF7FFC6A11F7FC5F" author="Emery, C." box="[255,402,908,933]" pageId="176" pageNumber="177" pagination="553 - 574" refId="ref140718" refString="Emery, C. (1892) [1891]. Voyage de M. Ch. Alluaud dans le territoire d'Assinie (Afrique occidentale) en juillet et aout 1886. Formicides. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 60, 553 - 574." type="journal article" year="1892">Emery, 1892</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: 
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6CF2C92FE1DFC6A1244FC5F" box="[413,545,908,933]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">Ivory Coast</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6CF2C92FF17FC561224FC32" blockId="176.[151,786,511,1077]" box="[151,577,943,968]" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CF2C92FF17FC5611C3FC32" authority="Emery, 1899" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1899" box="[151,422,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="176" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strigosa">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CF2C92FF17FC561169FC32" bold="true" box="[151,268,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">P. strigosa</emphasis>
Emery, 1899
</taxonomicName>
: 
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6CF2C92FE31FC491224FC32" box="[433,577,943,968]" name="South Africa" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">South Africa</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6CF2C92FF17FC32123AFC17" blockId="176.[151,786,511,1077]" box="[151,607,980,1005]" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CF2C92FF17FC3211B8FC17" authority="Arnold, 1915" authorityName="Arnold" authorityYear="1915" box="[151,477,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="176" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subterranea">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CF2C92FF17FC321158FC17" bold="true" box="[151,317,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">P. subterranea</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6CF2C92FEC4FC3211B8FC17" author="Arnold, G." box="[324,477,980,1005]" pageId="176" pageNumber="177" pagination="1 - 159" refId="ref131610" refString="Arnold, G. (1915) A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. Part I. Ponerinae; Dorylinae. Annals of the South African Museum, 14, 1 - 159." type="journal article" year="1915">Arnold, 1915</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: 
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6CF2C92FE67FC32123AFC17" box="[487,607,980,1005]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6CF2C92FF17FC1E1260FBEA" blockId="176.[151,786,511,1077]" box="[151,517,1015,1040]" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CF2C92FF17FC1E11E0FBEA" authority="Fisher, 2006" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="2006" box="[151,389,1015,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="176" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thaui">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CF2C92FF17FC1E108AFBEA" bold="true" box="[151,239,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">P. thaui</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6CF2C92FF76FC1111E0FBEA" author="Fisher, B. L." box="[246,389,1015,1040]" pageId="176" pageNumber="177" pagination="111 - 118" refId="ref142162" refString="Fisher, B. L. (2006) Boloponera vicans gen. n. and sp. n. and two new species of the Plectroctena genus group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecologische Nachrichten, 8, 111 - 118." type="journal article" year="2006">Fisher, 2006</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: 
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6CF2C92FE10FC111260FBEA" box="[400,517,1015,1040]" name="Cameroon" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6CF2C92FF17FBFA122FFBCF" blockId="176.[151,786,511,1077]" box="[151,586,1052,1077]" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CF2C92FF17FBFA118DFBCF" authority="Menozzi, 1933" authorityName="Menozzi" authorityYear="1933" box="[151,488,1052,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="176" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ugandensis">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CF2C92FF17FBFA1150FBCF" bold="true" box="[151,309,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">P. ugandensis</emphasis>
Menozzi, 1933
</taxonomicName>
: 
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6CF2C92FE73FBFA122FFBCF" box="[499,586,1052,1077]" name="Uganda" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">Uganda</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>