419 lines
51 KiB
XML
419 lines
51 KiB
XML
<document id="D4374C502047A0DC9D741E2E2B43FE19" ID-CLB-Dataset="5350" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d66f1b27-5891-4fa5-96e0-f75cb3ec2445" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10086256" ID-ZooBank="A3C10B34-7698-4C4D-94E5-DCF70B475603" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1623272878632" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Schmidt, C. A. & Shattuck, S. O." docDate="2014" docId="03775906A6C12CE2FF17FB4A13FAFC17" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03817p242.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3817 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Ectomomyrmex Mayr" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="193" masterDocId="FF4E217EA67F2C22FF80FFE61065FFFA" masterDocTitle="The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior" masterLastPageNumber="242" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="191" updateTime="1699920028738" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="7D3C94F7CB5A216F9FEB67594634F605">
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<mods:title id="027130350C3FD0C9FCDD7C5CA6EB720C">The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="F3566070E73F95EB5DB4E5726609EED2" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="CA97F9E0919A20ACA264BA5FE4EADCAC">Schmidt, C. A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="29DB776E5AF6A8495F19E8D680F5A9E8">Shattuck, S. O.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="663F765E51B40D158567DA439A29ED57">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="5E0A3B8D7E4E6BAD8C3757457A3765E4">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="82DC2D4315AF428D67D1BAC91EDEE9E5">
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<mods:date id="FDF5C21770D455B20E425504A8B85332">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="DBEE3F54D5F51726F02B417A0E30F07F">2014-06-18</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="364D6877A9A3C6EB8E052CD3488BF694">3817</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="8641B98DF8161291ECFCEAFDFB58E4E8" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03775906A6C12CE2FF17FB4A13FAFC17" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5117608" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183709929" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5117608" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03775906A6C12CE2FF17FB4A13FAFC17" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03775906A6C12CE2FF17FB4A13FAFC17" lastPageId="192" lastPageNumber="193" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6C12C9CFF17FB4A11C7FB3C" box="[151,418,1196,1222]" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6C12C9CFF17FB4A11C7FB3C" blockId="190.[151,418,1196,1255]" box="[151,418,1196,1222]" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">
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<heading id="D0295F7CA6C12C9CFF17FB4A11C7FB3C" bold="true" box="[151,418,1196,1222]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C12C9CFF17FB4A11C7FB3C" authority="Mayr" authorityName="Mayr" box="[151,418,1196,1222]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectomomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C12C9CFF17FB4A11C7FB3C" bold="true" box="[151,418,1196,1222]" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C12C9CFF17FB4A1133FB3C" bold="true" box="[151,342,1196,1222]" italics="true" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">Ectomomyrmex</emphasis>
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Mayr
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6C12C9CFF17FB281083FB1D" box="[151,230,1230,1255]" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6C12C9CFF17FB281083FB1D" blockId="190.[151,418,1196,1255]" box="[151,230,1230,1255]" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">
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<figureCitation id="13E5F495A6C12C9CFF17FB281083FB1D" box="[151,230,1230,1255]" captionStart="FIGURE 44" captionStartId="191.[151,250,1512,1534]" captionTargetBox="[153,1436,181,1485]" captionTargetId="figure-238@191.[153,1438,181,1497]" captionTargetPageId="191" captionText="FIGURE 44. Worker caste of Ectomomyrmex ruficornis: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (CASENT0172434, April Nobile and www.antweb.org); world distribution of Ectomomyrmex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120911" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120911/files/figure.png" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">Fig. 44</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6C12C9CFF17FAF11478FA93" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6C12C9CFF17FAF11277FAB1" blockId="190.[151,1436,1302,1386]" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="ABCECF3EA6C12C9CFF17FAF11277FAB1" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6C12C9CFF17FAF111BCFAD6" author="Mayr, G." box="[151,473,1302,1324]" page="83" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" year="1867">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C12C9CFF17FAF111BCFAD6" authority="Mayr, 1867: 83" authorityName="Mayr" authorityPageNumber="83" authorityYear="1867" box="[151,473,1302,1324]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectomomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C12C9CFF17FAF11151FAD6" box="[151,308,1303,1324]" italics="true" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">Ectomomyrmex</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C12C9CFEBCFAF111BCFAD6" author="Mayr, G." box="[316,473,1302,1324]" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" pagination="33 - 117" refId="ref155189" refString="Mayr, G. (1867) Adnotationes in monographiam formicidarum Indo-Neerlandicarum. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 10, 33 - 117." type="journal article" year="1867">Mayr, 1867: 83</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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(as genus). Type-species:
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<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6C12C9CFD68FAF114E6FAD6" author="Mayr, G." box="[744,1155,1302,1324]" page="84" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" year="1867">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C12C9CFD68FAF114E6FAD6" authority="Mayr, 1867: 84" authorityName="Mayr" authorityPageNumber="84" authorityYear="1867" box="[744,1155,1302,1324]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectomomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="javanus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C12C9CFD68FAF113B9FAD6" box="[744,988,1303,1324]" italics="true" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">Ectomomyrmex javanus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C12C9CFC63FAF114E6FAD6" author="Mayr, G." box="[995,1155,1302,1324]" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" pagination="33 - 117" refId="ref155189" refString="Mayr, G. (1867) Adnotationes in monographiam formicidarum Indo-Neerlandicarum. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 10, 33 - 117." type="journal article" year="1867">Mayr, 1867: 84</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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; by subsequent designation of
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<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6C12C9CFF62FAD311C2FAB1" author="Bingham, C. T." box="[226,423,1333,1355]" page="85" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" year="1903">
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<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C12C9CFF62FAD311C2FAB1" author="Bingham, C. T." box="[226,423,1333,1355]" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" refId="ref132962" refString="Bingham, C. T. (1903) The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera, Vol. II. Ants and Cuckoo-wasps. Taylor and Francis, London, 506 pp." type="book" year="1903">Bingham, 1903: 85</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C12C9CFE32FAD31277FAB1" bold="true" box="[434,530,1333,1355]" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">Gen. rev.</emphasis>
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6C12C9CFF17FAB21478FA93" blockId="190.[151,1436,1302,1386]" box="[151,1053,1364,1386]" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C12C9CFF17FAB21170FA93" box="[151,277,1364,1385]" italics="true" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">Ectomyrmex</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6C12C9CFE9BFAB2127DFA90" author="Donisthorpe, H." box="[283,536,1364,1386]" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" pagination="617 - 688" refId="ref139691" refString="Donisthorpe, H. (1943 b) A list of the type-species of the genera and subgenera of the Formicidae. [part]. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 11 (10), 617 - 688." type="journal article" year="1943">Donisthorpe, 1943b: 641</bibRefCitation>
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(incorrect subsequent spelling of
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C12C9CFCF0FAB21468FA93" box="[880,1037,1364,1385]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectomomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C12C9CFCF0FAB21468FA93" box="[880,1037,1364,1385]" italics="true" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">Ectomomyrmex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6C12C9CFF17FA711235FA29" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6C12C9CFF17FA711235FA29" blockId="190.[151,1437,1430,1923]" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C12C9CFF17FA711120FA54" box="[151,325,1431,1454]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectomomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C12C9CFF17FA711120FA54" box="[151,325,1431,1454]" italics="true" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">Ectomomyrmex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is a medium-sized genus (27 described species) restricted to Asia and
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<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6C12C9CFB36FA701545FA55" box="[1206,1312,1430,1455]" name="Australia" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">Australia</collectingCountry>
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. They are apparently epigeic generalist predators.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6C12CE2FF47FA3814BEFE9F" lastPageId="192" lastPageNumber="193" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6C12C9CFF47FA38157DF878" blockId="190.[151,1437,1430,1923]" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C12C9CFF47FA381124FA0D" bold="true" box="[199,321,1502,1527]" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C12C9CFECEFA391199FA0C" box="[334,508,1503,1526]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectomomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C12C9CFECEFA391199FA0C" box="[334,508,1503,1526]" italics="true" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">Ectomomyrmex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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workers can be identified by the following combination of characters: head, mesosoma and petiole strongly sculptured, head usually prismatic posteriorly, mesopleuron divided by a transverse groove, and petiole with a sweeping posterior face.
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C12C9CFD67F9C113F0F9C4" box="[743,917,1575,1598]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectomomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C12C9CFD67F9C113F0F9C4" box="[743,917,1575,1598]" italics="true" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">Ectomomyrmex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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workers are similar to those of some
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C12C9CFAC9F9C1108DF999" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C12C9CFAC9F9C115F9F9C4" box="[1353,1436,1575,1598]" italics="true" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">Ponera</emphasis>
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species
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C12C9CFF7AF9AD11EAF999" box="[250,399,1610,1635]" italics="true" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">
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e.g.,
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C12C9CFEB2F9AD11EAF999" authorityName="Taylor" authorityYear="1967" box="[306,399,1610,1635]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alpha">P. alpha</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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), but
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C12C9CFE54F9AD12E7F998" box="[468,642,1611,1634]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectomomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C12C9CFE54F9AD12E7F998" box="[468,642,1611,1634]" italics="true" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">Ectomomyrmex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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workers lack an anterior fenestra in the subpetiolar process and have two metatibial spurs and a divided mesopleuron.
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C12C9CFD41F989130AF97C" box="[705,879,1647,1670]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectomomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C12C9CFD41F989130AF97C" box="[705,879,1647,1670]" italics="true" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">Ectomomyrmex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is also superficially similar to
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C12C9CFB4BF988150FF97D" baseAuthorityName="sensu Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1973" box="[1227,1386,1646,1671]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C12C9CFB4BF988150FF97D" box="[1227,1386,1646,1671]" italics="true" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, but
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C12C9CFF17F9751120F950" box="[151,325,1683,1706]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectomomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C12C9CFF17F9751120F950" box="[151,325,1683,1706]" italics="true" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">Ectomomyrmex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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lacks the complex metapleural gland orifice and hypopygial spines of
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C12C9CFB3EF9741539F951" baseAuthorityName="sensu Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1973" box="[1214,1372,1682,1707]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C12C9CFB3EF9741539F951" box="[1214,1372,1682,1707]" italics="true" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C12C9CFF17F9501153F935" baseAuthorityName="sensu Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1973" box="[151,310,1718,1743]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C12C9CFF17F9501153F935" box="[151,310,1718,1743]" italics="true" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lacks the prismatic head shape of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C12C9CFD5BF95113ECF934" box="[731,905,1719,1742]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectomomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C12C9CFD5BF95113ECF934" box="[731,905,1719,1742]" italics="true" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">Ectomomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C12C9CFC1CF951142FF934" box="[924,1098,1719,1742]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectomomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C12C9CFC1CF951142FF934" box="[924,1098,1719,1742]" italics="true" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">Ectomomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is also somewhat similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C12C9CFF17F93D117EF908" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[151,283,1755,1778]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C12C9CFF17F93D117EF908" box="[151,283,1755,1778]" italics="true" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">Cryptopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C12C9CFEE2F93C1261F909" box="[354,516,1754,1779]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C12C9CFEE2F93C1261F909" box="[354,516,1754,1779]" italics="true" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but differs from them in having strong sculpturing, larger eyes, no basal mandibular pit, a prismatic head, divided mesopleuron, slit-shaped propodeal spiracles, a sweeping posterior petiolar face, and no traction setae on the mesotibiae.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C12C9CFD7BF8C513CCF8C0" box="[763,937,1827,1850]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectomomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C12C9CFD7BF8C513CCF8C0" box="[763,937,1827,1850]" italics="true" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">Ectomomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be confused with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C12C9CFB32F8C41519F8C1" box="[1202,1404,1826,1851]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pseudoneoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C12C9CFB32F8C41519F8C1" box="[1202,1404,1826,1851]" italics="true" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">Pseudoneoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C12C9CFF17F8A01156F8A5" baseAuthorityName="Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1973" box="[151,307,1862,1887]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C12C9CFF17F8A01156F8A5" box="[151,307,1862,1887]" italics="true" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">Bothroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C12C9CFE09F8A11252F8A4" box="[393,567,1863,1886]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectomomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C12C9CFE09F8A11252F8A4" box="[393,567,1863,1886]" italics="true" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">Ectomomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lacks the shaggy pilosity and longitudinally striate tergite A3 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C12C9CFF17F88C1104F879" box="[151,353,1898,1923]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pseudoneoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C12C9CFF17F88C1104F879" box="[151,353,1898,1923]" italics="true" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">Pseudoneoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the large eyes, undivided mesopleuron, and block-like petiole of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C12C9CFBF5F88C1574F879" baseAuthorityName="Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1973" box="[1141,1297,1898,1923]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C12C9CFBF5F88C1574F879" box="[1141,1297,1898,1923]" italics="true" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">Bothroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DFA1B898A6C02C9DFF17FA0E1433F9E6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120911" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10120911" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120911/files/figure.png" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" startId="191.[151,250,1512,1534]" targetBox="[153,1436,181,1485]" targetPageId="191">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6C02C9DFF17FA0E1433F9E6" blockId="191.[151,1436,1512,1565]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C02C9DFF17FA0E1143FA07" bold="true" box="[151,294,1512,1534]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">FIGURE 44.</emphasis>
|
||
Worker caste of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C02C9DFE6DFA0F129EFA04" authorityName="Clark" authorityYear="1934" box="[493,763,1512,1534]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectomomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ruficornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C02C9DFE6DFA0F129EFA04" box="[493,763,1512,1534]" italics="true" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">Ectomomyrmex ruficornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (CASENT0172434, April Nobile and www.antweb.org); world distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C02C9DFC33F9EE1435F9E7" box="[947,1104,1544,1565]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectomomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C02C9DFC33F9EE1435F9E7" box="[947,1104,1544,1565]" italics="true" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">Ectomomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6C02C9DFF47F9AF11D4F814" blockId="191.[151,1437,1609,2030]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C02C9DFF47F9AF11A6F998" bold="true" box="[199,451,1609,1634]" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">Synoptic description.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C02C9DFE49F9AF127AF998" box="[457,543,1609,1634]" italics="true" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">Worker.</emphasis>
|
||
Medium to large (TL
|
||
<quantity id="4C2645F5A6C02C9DFC97F9AF13FDF998" box="[791,920,1609,1634]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.9" metricValueMax="12.8" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" unit="mm" value="8.9" valueMax="12.8" valueMin="5.0">5–12.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
) ants with the standard characters of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C02C9DFAB6F9AF15FDF998" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[1334,1432,1609,1634]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Mandibles triangular, with up to 10 teeth on the masticatory margin and often a faint basal groove. Anterior clypeal margin convex, sometimes medially emarginate. Frontal lobes small to moderate in size. Eyes very small to small, located anterior of head midline. Head usually prismatic posteriorly, with distinct angular ridges between dorsal and lateral surfaces. Mesopleuron divided by a transverse groove. Metanotal groove obsolete or reduced to a simple suture. Propodeum broad to narrowed dorsally, with sharp posterior margins. Propodeal spiracles slitshaped. Metapleural gland orifice sometimes with a posterior flange. Metatibial spur formula (1s, 1p). Petiole squamiform to nodiform, the scale usually much wider than long, in dorsal view with a convex anterior face and in lateral view a forward-sweeping posterior face. Gaster with a moderate girdling constriction between pre- and postsclerites of A4. Head, mesosoma and petiole deeply striate, rugoreticulate or punctate, the gaster usually finely punctate but sometimes striate (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C02C9DFD82F854124FF833" box="[514,554,1970,1993]" italics="true" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6C02C9DFDD1F85412DEF833" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[593,699,1970,1993]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectomomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acutus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6C02C9DFDD1F85412DEF833" box="[593,699,1970,1993]" italics="true" pageId="191" pageNumber="192">E. acutus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Head and body with abundant short pilosity and light to dense pubescence. Color black.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6BF2CE2FF47FF7E1283FF2F" blockId="192.[151,1437,151,1005]" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BF2CE2FF47FF7E1172FF55" box="[199,279,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">Queen.</emphasis>
|
||
Similar to worker but slightly larger, winged, with ocelli, larger compound eyes, and the usual modifications of the thoracic sclerites (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6BF2CE2FDCBFF5A12BFFF2F" author="Ogata, K." box="[587,730,188,213]" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" pagination="97 - 132" refId="ref157072" refString="Ogata, K. (1987) A generic synopsis of the poneroid complex of the family Formicidae in Japan (Hymenoptera). Part 1. Subfamilies Ponerinae and Cerapachyinae. Esakia, 25, 97 - 132." type="journal article" year="1987">Ogata, 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6BF2CE2FF47FF3912E5FF02" blockId="192.[151,1437,151,1005]" box="[199,640,223,248]" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BF2CE2FF47FF39116DFF02" box="[199,264,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">Male.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6BF2CE2FE8EFF391153FF02" box="[270,310,223,248]" country="South Sudan" name="Lakes" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">See</collectingRegion>
|
||
description by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6BF2CE2FE64FF391219FF02" author="Ogata, K." box="[484,636,223,248]" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" pagination="97 - 132" refId="ref157072" refString="Ogata, K. (1987) A generic synopsis of the poneroid complex of the family Formicidae in Japan (Hymenoptera). Part 1. Subfamilies Ponerinae and Cerapachyinae. Esakia, 25, 97 - 132." type="journal article" year="1987">Ogata (1987)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6BF2CE2FF47FEE311D9FEE7" blockId="192.[151,1437,151,1005]" box="[199,444,260,285]" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BF2CE2FF47FEE31174FEE6" box="[199,273,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">Larva.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6BF2CE2FE98FEE21127FEE1" box="[280,322,260,283]" country="Cameroon" name="North" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">Not</collectingRegion>
|
||
described.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6BF2CE2FF47FEC114BEFE9F" blockId="192.[151,1437,151,1005]" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BF2CE2FF47FEC1118BFEBA" bold="true" box="[199,494,295,320]" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">Geographic distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BF2CE2FE74FECF12C7FEBA" box="[500,674,297,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectomomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BF2CE2FE74FECF12C7FEBA" box="[500,674,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">Ectomomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ranges across most of the Indo-Australian and Australasian regions, from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6BF2CE2FF54FEAA116BFE9F" box="[212,270,332,357]" name="India" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
east to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6BF2CE2FEE4FEAA11C1FE99" box="[356,420,332,355]" name="Japan" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
and from northwestern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6BF2CE2FD31FEAA1291FE9F" box="[689,756,332,357]" name="China" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
south to northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6BF2CE2FC41FEAA144DFE9F" box="[961,1064,332,357]" name="Australia" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6BF2CE2FBB7FEAA14ABFE9F" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[1079,1230,332,357]" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref134560" refString="Brown, W. L. Jr. (1963) Characters and synonymies among the genera of ants. Part III. Some members of the tribe Ponerini (Ponerinae, Formicidae). Breviora, 190, 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="1963">Brown, 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6BF2CE2FF47FE8913FAFC17" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6BF2CE2FF47FE891362FD7F" blockId="192.[151,1437,151,1005]" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BF2CE2FF47FE8911B7FE72" bold="true" box="[199,466,367,392]" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">Ecology and behavior.</emphasis>
|
||
Very little is known about the habits of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BF2CE2FC1EFE971429FE72" box="[926,1100,369,392]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectomomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BF2CE2FC1EFE971429FE72" box="[926,1100,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">Ectomomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Anecdotal observations, and the moderately small eyes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BF2CE2FE5EFE7312E9FE56" box="[478,652,405,428]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectomomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BF2CE2FE5EFE7312E9FE56" box="[478,652,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">Ectomomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
workers, suggest that their foraging habits are somewhat intermediate between epigeic and hypogeic. They are apparently generalist arthropod predators (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6BF2CE2FBBEFE511481FE2A" author="Wilson, E. O." box="[1086,1252,439,464]" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" pagination="303 - 371" refId="ref168683" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1958 c) Studies on the ant fauna of Melanesia III. Rhytidoponera in western Melanesia and the Moluccas. IV. The tribe Ponerini. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 119, 303 - 371." type="journal article" year="1958">Wilson, 1958c</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6BF2CE2FB70FE51155DFE2A" author="Wilson, E. O." box="[1264,1336,439,464]" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" pagination="437 - 447" refId="ref168730" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1959 a) Some ecological characteristics of ants in New Guinea rain forests. Ecology, 40 (3), 437 - 447." type="journal article" year="1959">1959a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6BF2CE2FAFCFE5E1145FE0F" author="Ke, Y. & Zhuang, T. & Wang, C. & Zhao, S. & Tian, W." pageId="192" pageNumber="193" pagination="199 - 206" refId="ref148970" refString="Ke, Y., Zhuang, T., Wang, C., Zhao, S. & Tian, W. (2008) Agonistic behavior of six ant species to Coptotermes formosanus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in laboratory assays. Sociobiology, 51 (1), 199 - 206." type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Ke
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BF2CE2FF17FE3B10AAFE0F" box="[151,207,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2008)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
observed that workers of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BF2CE2FDC4FE3B12D7FE0E" box="[580,690,477,500]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectomomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="astutus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BF2CE2FDC4FE3B12D7FE0E" box="[580,690,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">E. astutus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were particularly fierce predators of termites in an artificial arena.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6BF2CE2FF17FE191120FDE2" author="Wilson, E. O." box="[151,325,511,536]" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" pagination="303 - 371" refId="ref168683" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1958 c) Studies on the ant fauna of Melanesia III. Rhytidoponera in western Melanesia and the Moluccas. IV. The tribe Ponerini. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 119, 303 - 371." type="journal article" year="1958">Wilson (1958c)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
observed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BF2CE2FE39FDE71229FDE2" box="[441,588,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontomachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aciculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BF2CE2FE39FDE71229FDE2" box="[441,588,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">E. aciculatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
foraging diurnally on the forest floor among and under leaf litter, observed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BF2CE2FF17FDC3117EFDC6" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[151,283,549,572]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectomomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exaratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BF2CE2FF17FDC3117EFDC6" box="[151,283,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">E. exaratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
foraging on the forest floor, and reported that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BF2CE2FCCBFDC313BCFDC7" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1890" box="[843,985,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Anochetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="striatulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BF2CE2FCCBFDC313BCFDC7" box="[843,985,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">E. striatulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
forms small colonies (fewer than
|
||
<specimenCount id="9DD82399A6BF2CE2FAF2FDC21096FD9A" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" type="worker">100 workers</specimenCount>
|
||
) and nests in rotting logs. Like its close relatives
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BF2CE2FCC1FDAF13F6FD9A" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[833,915,585,608]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BF2CE2FCC1FDAF13F6FD9A" box="[833,915,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BF2CE2FC51FDAE1430FDA5" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[977,1109,584,607]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BF2CE2FC51FDAE1430FDA5" box="[977,1109,584,607]" italics="true" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">Cryptopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, workers of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BF2CE2FB6EFDAF15F9FD9A" box="[1262,1436,585,608]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectomomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BF2CE2FB6EFDAF15F9FD9A" box="[1262,1436,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">Ectomomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
apparently feign death when disturbed (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6BF2CE2FDD3FD8A129EFD7F" author="Wilson, E. O." box="[595,763,620,645]" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" pagination="303 - 371" refId="ref168683" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1958 c) Studies on the ant fauna of Melanesia III. Rhytidoponera in western Melanesia and the Moluccas. IV. The tribe Ponerini. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 119, 303 - 371." type="journal article" year="1958">Wilson, 1958c</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6BF2CE2FF47FD691442FCA7" blockId="192.[151,1437,151,1005]" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BF2CE2FF47FD691285FD52" bold="true" box="[199,736,655,680]" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">Phylogenetic and taxonomic considerations.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BF2CE2FD6CFD7713FFFD52" box="[748,922,657,680]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectomomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BF2CE2FD6CFD7713FFFD52" box="[748,922,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">Ectomomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6BF2CE2FBFCFD76156AFD52" author="Mayr, G." box="[1148,1295,655,680]" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" pagination="33 - 117" refId="ref155189" refString="Mayr, G. (1867) Adnotationes in monographiam formicidarum Indo-Neerlandicarum. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 10, 33 - 117." type="journal article" year="1867">Mayr (1867)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to hold the species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BF2CE2FF6FFD531100FD36" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1867" box="[239,357,693,716]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectomomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="javanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BF2CE2FF6FFD531100FD36" box="[239,357,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">E. javanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BF2CE2FE1CFD531249FD37" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1867" box="[412,556,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectomomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sundaicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BF2CE2FE1CFD531249FD37" box="[412,556,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">E. sundaicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(now a junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BF2CE2FCDFFD5313B0FD36" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1867" box="[863,981,693,716]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectomomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="javanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BF2CE2FCDFFD5313B0FD36" box="[863,981,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">E. javanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Mayr did not designate a
|
||
<typeStatus id="546556B2A6BF2CE2FA8CFD521559FD36" box="[1292,1340,692,716]" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species, but Bingham later (1903) designated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BF2CE2FDE6FD3F1280FD15" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1867" box="[614,741,728,752]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectomomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="javanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BF2CE2FDE6FD3F1280FD15" box="[614,741,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">E. javanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the
|
||
<typeStatus id="546556B2A6BF2CE2FCA7FD3E1332FD0A" box="[807,855,728,752]" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species. Subsequent to its original description,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BF2CE2FF17FD1B1120FCEE" box="[151,325,765,788]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectomomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BF2CE2FF17FD1B1120FCEE" box="[151,325,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">Ectomomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was variously treated as a distinct genus (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BF2CE2FCA1FD1B1335FCEE" box="[801,848,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">e.g.,</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6BF2CE2FCD8FD1A1447FCEF" author="Dalla Torre, K. W. von" box="[856,1058,764,789]" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" refId="ref136742" refString="Dalla Torre, K. W. von (1893) Catalogus Hymenopterorum hucusque descriptorum systematicus et synonymicus. Vol. 7. Formicidae (Heterogyna). W. Engelmann, Leipzig, 289 pp." type="book" year="1893">Dalla Torre, 1893</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6BF2CE2FBAEFD1A14A6FCEF" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[1070,1219,764,789]" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref134560" refString="Brown, W. L. Jr. (1963) Characters and synonymies among the genera of ants. Part III. Some members of the tribe Ponerini (Ponerinae, Formicidae). Breviora, 190, 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="1963">Brown, 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6BF2CE2FB50FD1A1539FCEF" author="Ogata, K." box="[1232,1372,764,789]" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" pagination="97 - 132" refId="ref157072" refString="Ogata, K. (1987) A generic synopsis of the poneroid complex of the family Formicidae in Japan (Hymenoptera). Part 1. Subfamilies Ponerinae and Cerapachyinae. Esakia, 25, 97 - 132." type="journal article" year="1987">Ogata, 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), as a subgenus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BF2CE2FEA4FCF911A7FCC2" baseAuthorityName="sensu Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1973" box="[292,450,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BF2CE2FEA4FCF911A7FCC2" box="[292,450,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BF2CE2FE53FCC71267FCC2" box="[467,514,801,824]" italics="true" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">e.g.,</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6BF2CE2FD89FCC612FEFCC2" author="Emery, C." box="[521,667,799,824]" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" pagination="32 - 54" refId="ref141230" refString="Emery, C. (1901) Notes sur les sous-familles des Dorylines et Ponerines (Famille des Formicides). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 45, 32 - 54." type="journal article" year="1901">Emery, 1901</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6BF2CE2FD26FCF91328FCC2" author="Wheeler, W. M." box="[678,845,799,824]" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" refId="ref167610" refString="Wheeler, W. M. (1910) Ants: their structure, development and behavior. Columbia University Press, New York, xxv + 663 pp." type="book" year="1910">Wheeler, 1910</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6BF2CE2FCD8FCF913B8FCC2" author="Forel, A." box="[856,989,799,824]" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" pagination="229 - 253" refId="ref143196" refString="Forel, A. (1917) Cadre synoptique actuel de la faune universelle des fourmis. Bulletin de la Societe Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles, 51, 229 - 253." type="journal article" year="1917">Forel, 1917</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and eventually as a junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BF2CE2FF17FCA21153FCA7" baseAuthorityName="sensu Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1973" box="[151,310,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BF2CE2FF17FCA21153FCA7" box="[151,310,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6BF2CE2FEC4FCA211BEFCA7" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[324,475,836,861]" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" pagination="161 - 185" refId="ref134603" refString="Brown, W. L. Jr. (1973) A comparison of the Hylean and Congo-West African rain forest ant faunas. In: Meggers, B. J., Ayensu, E. S. & Duckworth, W. D. (Eds.), Tropical forest ecosystems in Africa and South America: a comparative review. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C., pp. 161 - 185." type="book chapter" year="1973">Brown, 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and most subsequent authors; but see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6BF2CE2FC0DFCA2147FFCA7" author="Ogata, K." box="[909,1050,836,861]" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" pagination="97 - 132" refId="ref157072" refString="Ogata, K. (1987) A generic synopsis of the poneroid complex of the family Formicidae in Japan (Hymenoptera). Part 1. Subfamilies Ponerinae and Cerapachyinae. Esakia, 25, 97 - 132." type="journal article" year="1987">Ogata, 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6BF2CE2FF47FC8113FAFC17" blockId="192.[151,1437,151,1005]" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">
|
||
Molecular evidence gives strong support for a sister relationship between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BF2CE2FB83FC8F14D4FC7A" box="[1027,1201,873,896]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectomomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BF2CE2FB83FC8F14D4FC7A" box="[1027,1201,873,896]" italics="true" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">Ectomomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BF2CE2FB68FC8F155FFC7A" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[1256,1338,873,896]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BF2CE2FB68FC8F155FFC7A" box="[1256,1338,873,896]" italics="true" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and not between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BF2CE2FF7FFC6B11C8FC5E" box="[255,429,909,932]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectomomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BF2CE2FF7FFC6B11C8FC5E" box="[255,429,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">Ectomomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BF2CE2FE6BFC6A1334FC5F" authority="(Schmidt, 2013)" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[491,849,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BF2CE2FE6BFC6A12ECFC5F" box="[491,649,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6BF2CE2FD1CFC6A132FFC5F" author="Schmidt, C." box="[668,842,908,933]" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt, 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A close relationship between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BF2CE2FB3BFC6B150CFC5E" box="[1211,1385,909,932]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectomomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BF2CE2FB3BFC6B150CFC5E" box="[1211,1385,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">Ectomomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BF2CE2FF17FC57108CFC32" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[151,233,945,968]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BF2CE2FF17FC57108CFC32" box="[151,233,945,968]" italics="true" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is also supported by morphology (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6BF2CE2FDF6FC49136EFC32" author="Taylor, R. W." box="[630,779,943,968]" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" pagination="1 - 112" refId="ref163846" refString="Taylor, R. W. (1967) A monographic revision of the ant genus Ponera Latreille (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Pacific Insects Monographs, 13, 1 - 112." type="journal article" year="1967">Taylor, 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BF2CE2FCA0FC571318FC32" authorityName="Taylor" authorityYear="1967" box="[800,893,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alpha">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BF2CE2FCA0FC571318FC32" box="[800,893,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">P. alpha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in particular is quite similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BF2CE2FB67FC5715F0FC32" box="[1255,1429,945,968]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectomomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BF2CE2FB67FC5715F0FC32" box="[1255,1429,945,968]" italics="true" pageId="192" pageNumber="193">Ectomomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and it is possible that these genera are not reciprocally monophyletic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |