treatments-xml/data/91/DE/BC/91DEBCF32EFB52F09E945F0A959C2DD9.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.56.5924" ID-PMC="PMC4611752" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-56-111" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FF931C65315DFFFA0808FFD1FFEBFF8C" ID-PubMed="26491390" ID-Zenodo-Dep="576325" ModsDocID="1314-2003-56-111" checkinTime="1451251346395" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Butaud, Jean-Francois" docDate="2015" docId="91DEBCF32EFB52F09E945F0A959C2DD9" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 56: 111-126" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 56" docPubDate="2015-10-09" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.56.5924" docTitle="Santalum austrocaledonicum subsp. var. var. glabrum Huerl. emend. Butaud &amp; P. Firmenich 2015, mut. char." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" id="FF931C65315DFFFA0808FFD1FFEBFF8C" lastPageNumber="116" masterDocId="FF931C65315DFFFA0808FFD1FFEBFF8C" masterDocTitle="Reinstatement of the Loyalty Islands Sandalwood, Santalum austrocaledonicum var. glabrum (Santalaceae), in New Caledonia" masterLastPageNumber="126" masterPageNumber="111" pageNumber="113" updateTime="1668141451005" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Reinstatement of the Loyalty Islands Sandalwood, Santalum austrocaledonicum var. glabrum (Santalaceae), in New Caledonia</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Butaud, Jean-Francois</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Conservation International, 58 bis avenue de la Victoire, 98800 Noumea, New Caledonia &amp; Consultant in forestry and Polynesian botany, P. O. Box 52832 - 98716 Pirae, Tahiti, French Polynesia</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">jfbutaud@hotmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2015</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2015-10-09</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>56</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>111</mods:start>
<mods:end>126</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.56.5924</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.56.5924</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-56-111</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">FF931C65315DFFFA0808FFD1FFEBFF8C</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">576325</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="182227704" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:91DEBCF32EFB52F09E945F0A959C2DD9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/91DEBCF32EFB52F09E945F0A959C2DD9" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="116" pageId="2" pageNumber="113">
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="113" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="113">
<taxonomicName LSID="91DEBCF3-2EFB-52F0-9E94-5F0A959C2DD9" authority="Hürl. emend. Butaud &amp; P. Firmenich" authorityName="Huerl. emend. Butaud &amp; P. Firmenich" authorityYear="2015" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Santalaceae" genus="Santalum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Santalum austrocaledonicum subsp. var. var. glabrum" order="Santalales" pageId="2" pageNumber="113" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="austrocaledonicum" status="mut. char." subSpecies="var." variety="glabrum">
Santalum austrocaledonicum var. glabrum 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hürl">Huerl</normalizedToken>
. emend. Butaud &amp; P.Firmenich
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="2" pageNumber="113">mut. char.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="113" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="113">
<taxonomicName authority="Butaud, 2015" authorityName="Huerl. emend. Butaud &amp; P. Firmenich" authorityYear="2015" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Santalaceae" genus="Santalum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Santalum austrocaledonicum subsp. var. var. glabrum" order="Santalales" pageId="2" pageNumber="113" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="austrocaledonicum" status="mut. char." subSpecies="var." variety="glabrum">Santalum austrocaledonicum var. glabrum</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hürl">Huerl</normalizedToken>
., 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Mém">Mem</normalizedToken>
. Mus. Hist. Nat., ser. B, Bot. 15(1): 15 (1964).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="113" type="type">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="113">Type.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="113">
New Caledonia, Loyalty Islands, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Maré">Mare</normalizedToken>
, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="près">pres</normalizedToken>
de Rawa, arbre, 8 m, en fleurs et en fruits, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="forêt">foret</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="mésophile">mesophile</normalizedToken>
, 17 July 1951, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="113">M.G. Baumann-Bodenheim 14762</emphasis>
(holotype: P scan!; isotype: Z scan!).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="113" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="113">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="113">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Huerl. emend. Butaud &amp; P. Firmenich" authorityYear="2015" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Santalaceae" genus="Santalum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Santalum austrocaledonicum subsp. var. var. glabrum" order="Santalales" pageId="2" pageNumber="113" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="austrocaledonicum" subSpecies="var." variety="glabrum">Santalum austrocaledonicum var. glabrum</taxonomicName>
is most similar to 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Santalaceae" genus="Santalum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="subsp. var. var. austrocaledonicum" order="Santalales" pageId="2" pageNumber="113" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="austrocaledonicum" subSpecies="var." variety="austrocaledonicum">var. austrocaledonicum</taxonomicName>
in its glabrous inflorescence and leaves wider than 1.5 cm, which differentiates them from the other New Caledonian 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Santalaceae" genus="Santalum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Santalum austrocaledonicum" order="Santalales" pageId="2" pageNumber="113" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="austrocaledonicum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="113">Santalum austrocaledonicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
varieties. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Huerl. emend. Butaud &amp; P. Firmenich" authorityYear="2015" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Santalaceae" genus="Santalum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Santalum austrocaledonicum subsp. var. var. glabrum" order="Santalales" pageId="2" pageNumber="113" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="austrocaledonicum" subSpecies="var." variety="glabrum">Santalum austrocaledonicum var. glabrum</taxonomicName>
differs from 
<taxonomicName authority="var. austrocaledonicum" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Santalaceae" genus="Santalum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Santalum austrocaledonicum subsp. var. var. austrocaledonicum" order="Santalales" pageId="2" pageNumber="113" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="austrocaledonicum" subSpecies="var." variety="austrocaledonicum">Santalum austrocaledonicum var. austrocaledonicum</taxonomicName>
by the seed size, which is more than 7.5 mm wide for the former and less than 7.5 mm for the latter.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="114" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="114">
<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="114" start="start">Description</pageBreakToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="114">
Shrub to small tree 2-10 m tall, trunk up to 30 cm dbh; bark rough, grey to reddish-brown, longitudinally fissured; heartwood fragrant, yellowish to brownish. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">Leaves</emphasis>
glabrous; petiole canaliculate, 7-13 mm long; blades of the mature leaves 3.5-6.0 (-6.6) 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
(1.6-) 2.0-3.5 (-4.1) cm, usually elliptic or rarely obovate, apex obtuse to acute or apiculate, base acute, secondary veins mostly 7-9 pairs. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">Inflorescences</emphasis>
glabrous, in axillary or terminal panicles, usually trichotomous and several times branched, with 10-40 flowers; peduncles 10-38 mm long. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">Flowers</emphasis>
bisexual with outer surface of petal greenish and glabrous; pedicels 1.5-2 mm long. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">Petals</emphasis>
4, narrowly triangular, 2.5-3.0 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1.5-2.0 mm, inner surface white when opening turning brownish later; petal internal margin glabrous. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">Stamens</emphasis>
4, surrounded by long hairs at the base; the outer ones reaching the anther apex, the inner ones reflexed in the cup-shaped disk; anthers 1.5-2.7 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.8-1.0 mm. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">Disk</emphasis>
concave, more than 2 mm deep; disk lobes fleshy and erected between petals, 1.3-1.4 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.8-0.9 mm. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">Ovary</emphasis>
unilocular, conic, acute, 1.1-1.7 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.6 mm; style free, 4 mm long; stigma 3 or 4 lobed. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">Fruit</emphasis>
a globose fleshy drupe, 15-21 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
12-15 mm when fresh, topped by the petal scars 3-5 mm diameter, green turning red to deep purple and black at maturity. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">Seed</emphasis>
globose, with a hard endocarp (8.5-) 9.0-11.5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
7.5-10.0 (-10.5) mm.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="114" type="phenology">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="114">Phenology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="114">Flowering and fruiting probably occurring throughout the year but with some peaks; herbarium samples provide the following data: flowers from December to August, fruits from January to August.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="114" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="114">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="114">
New Caledonia, endemic to Loyalty Islands; known only from 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ouvéa">Ouvea</normalizedToken>
, Lifou and 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Maré">Mare</normalizedToken>
islands (Figure 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Distribution map of New Caledonian varieties of Santalum austrocaledonicum based on the specimens examined." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.56.5924.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/59854" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">1</figureCitation>
). Not recorded on the smaller islands of 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Beautemps-Beaupré">Beautemps-Beaupre</normalizedToken>
, Tiga and Walpole.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="968452" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.56.5924.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/59854" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" start="Figure 1" startId="F1">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="114">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">Figure 1.</emphasis>
Distribution map of New Caledonian varieties of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Santalaceae" genus="Santalum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Santalum austrocaledonicum" order="Santalales" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="austrocaledonicum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">Santalum austrocaledonicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on the specimens examined.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="114" type="habitat and biology">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="114">Habitat and biology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="114">
This variety is restricted to the calcareous soils of uplifted atolls between 5 and 80 m elevation and is closely linked with traditional agriculture which consists of shifting cultivation. Regeneration by seeds occurs mainly in the open cultivated areas and young fallow lands. Loyalty sandalwood is therefore characteristic of fallows, shrublands and secondary forests, and rarely occurs in mature forests. It is also commonly found along roads and close to villages in open areas where it is generally protected and managed by inhabitants. The surrounding vegetation is often composed of trees and shrubs, such as 
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Acacia spirorbis" order="Rosales" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="spirorbis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">Acacia spirorbis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Labill., 
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Acalypha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Acalypha" order="Geraniales" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">Acalypha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp., 
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Rutaceae" genus="Acronychia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Acronychia laevis" order="Rutales" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="laevis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">Acronychia laevis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
J.R.Forst. &amp; G.Forst., 
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Dodonaea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dodonaea viscosa" order="Sapindales" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="viscosa">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">Dodonaea viscosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.) Jacq., 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Radlk" authorityYear="1879" baseAuthorityName="Labill." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Elattostachys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Elattostachys apetala" order="Sapindales" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="apetala">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">Elattostachys apetala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Labill.) Radlk., 
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Glochidion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Glochidion billardierei" order="Geraniales" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="billardierei">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">Glochidion billardierei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Baill., 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Melochia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Melochia odorata" order="Malvales" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="odorata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">Melochia odorata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L.f., 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Morinda" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Morinda citrifolia" order="Gentianales" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="citrifolia">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">Morinda citrifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L., 
<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Pandanaceae" genus="Pandanus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pandanus macrocarpus" order="Pandanales" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="macrocarpus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">Pandanus macrocarpus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Brongn.) Solms, 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Podonephelium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Podonephelium homei" order="Sapindales" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="homei">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">Podonephelium homei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Seem.) Radlk., 
<taxonomicName authority="(R. Vig.) Lowry subsp. bracteata" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Araliaceae" genus="Polyscias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Polyscias bracteata subsp. bracteata" order="Umbelliflorae" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="subSpecies" species="bracteata" subSpecies="bracteata">Polyscias bracteata (R.Vig.) Lowry subsp. bracteata</taxonomicName>
., 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Psidium" higherTaxonomySource="IPNI" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Psidium guajava" order="Myrtales" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="guajava">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">Psidium guajava</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L., and 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Schinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Schinus terebenthifolius" order="Sapindales" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="terebenthifolius">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">Schinus terebenthifolius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Raddi. Loyalty sandalwood is a hemiparasitic tree like all 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Santalaceae" genus="Santalum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Santalum" order="Santalales" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">Santalum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species; its pollination is insect-mediated whereas its fleshy fruits are dispersed mainly by doves and pigeons (
<bibRefCitation author="Bottin, L" journalOrPublisher="Molecular ecology" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" pagination="1979 - 1989" publicationUrl="10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02576.x" refId="B3" refString="Bottin, L, Verhaegen, D, Tassin, J, Olivieri, I, Vaillant, A, Bouvet, JM, 2005. Genetic diversity and population structure of an insular tree Santalum austrocaledonicum in New Caledonia archipelago. Molecular ecology 14: 1979 - 1989, DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02576.x" title="Genetic diversity and population structure of an insular tree Santalum austrocaledonicum in New Caledonia archipelago." url="10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02576.x" volume="14" year="2005">Bottin et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="115" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" type="conservation status">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="114">Conservation status.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="115" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">
Using the categories and criteria of 
<bibRefCitation author="IUCN" journalOrPublisher="IUCN Species Survival Commission, Gland, Switzerland" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" publicationUrl="http://www.iucnredlist.org/info/categories_criteria2001" refId="B17" refString="IUCN, 2001. IUCN Red List categories (version 3.1). IUCN Species Survival Commission, Gland, Switzerland, http://www.iucnredlist.org/info/categories_criteria2001" title="IUCN Red List categories (version 3.1)" url="http://www.iucnredlist.org/info/categories_criteria2001" year="2001">IUCN (2001)</bibRefCitation>
, we propose for 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Huerl. emend. Butaud &amp; P. Firmenich" authorityYear="2015" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Santalaceae" genus="Santalum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Santalum austrocaledonicum subsp. var. var. glabrum" order="Santalales" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="austrocaledonicum" subSpecies="var." variety="glabrum">Santalum austrocaledonicum var. glabrum</taxonomicName>
the IUCN Red List Category Vulnerable (VU): B (1+2) ab (iii,v). Its population size is estimated at more than 10,000 mature individuals (excluding criteria C and D) with an extent of occurrence around 8,000 km² and an area of occupancy around 1,000 km². Criteria A can not be used due to 
<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="115" start="start">lack</pageBreakToken>
of knowledge of generation length and magnitude of population size reduction. Three locations (one per island) can be distinguished without any fragmentation. A continuing decline is observed and projected in terms of habitat quality and number of mature individuals due to harvest, competition with invasive plant species (
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Schinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Schinus terebenthifolius" order="Sapindales" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="terebenthifolius">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="115">Schinus terebenthifolius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Raddi, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cass" authorityYear="1826" baseAuthorityName="L." class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Asteraceae" genus="Pluchea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pluchea odorata" order="Campanulales" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="odorata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="115">Pluchea odorata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.) Cass., 
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Lantana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lantana camara" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="camara">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="115">Lantana camara</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L.), hybridization with other 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Santalaceae" genus="Santalum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Santalum austrocaledonicum" order="Santalales" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="austrocaledonicum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="115">Santalum austrocaledonicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
varieties used in plantations, and changes in the traditional agricultural system (less cultivated fields, short fallows...). Indeed, despite provincial regulations establishing quota and exploitability criteria, illegal logging is still occurring (
<bibRefCitation author="Butaud, JF" journalOrPublisher="Conservation International &amp; Province des Iles Loyaute" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" pagination="1 - 370" refId="B7" refString="Butaud, JF, Guy, L, Lefeuvre, JC, 2013. Etude sur l'etat de la ressource naturelle en santal aux Iles Loyaute pour le developpement de filieres aromatiques certifiees. Conservation International &amp; Province des Iles Loyaute: 1 - 370" title="Etude sur l'etat de la ressource naturelle en santal aux Iles Loyaute pour le developpement de filieres aromatiques certifiees" year="2013">Butaud et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
) whereas hybridization is suspected due to sandalwood interspecific crossability (
<bibRefCitation author="Tamla, HT" journalOrPublisher="Euphytica" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" pagination="323 - 333" publicationUrl="10.1007/s10681-011-0530-y" refId="B28" refString="Tamla, HT, Cornelius, JP, Page, T, 2012. Reproductive biology of three commercially valuable Santalum species: development of flowers and inflorescences, breeding systems, and interspecific crossability. Euphytica 184: 323 - 333, DOI: 10.1007/s10681-011-0530-y" title="Reproductive biology of three commercially valuable Santalum species: development of flowers and inflorescences, breeding systems, and interspecific crossability." url="10.1007/s10681-011-0530-y" volume="184" year="2012">Tamla et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="115" type="common names">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="115">Common names.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="115">
The common names recorded for 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Huerl. emend. Butaud &amp; P. Firmenich" authorityYear="2015" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Santalaceae" genus="Santalum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Santalum austrocaledonicum subsp. var. var. glabrum" order="Santalales" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="austrocaledonicum" subSpecies="var." variety="glabrum">Santalum austrocaledonicum var. glabrum</taxonomicName>
are 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“tapakae”">&quot;tapakae&quot;</normalizedToken>
(pers. obs. 2014) or 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“tapakai”">&quot;tapakai&quot;</normalizedToken>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Lenormand, MH" journalOrPublisher="Journal d'Agriculture Tropicale et de Botanique Appliquee" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" pagination="173 - 194" publicationUrl="10.3406/jatba.1968.2979" refId="B18" refString="Lenormand, MH, 1968. Vocabulaire des noms de plantes medicinales et alimentaires utilisees par les Melanesiens de Lifou (Iles Loyalty). Journal d'Agriculture Tropicale et de Botanique Appliquee 15 (4-5-6): 173 - 194, DOI: 10.3406/jatba.1968.2979" title="Vocabulaire des noms de plantes medicinales et alimentaires utilisees par les Melanesiens de Lifou (Iles Loyalty)." url="10.3406/jatba.1968.2979" volume="15" year="1968">Lenormand 1968</bibRefCitation>
) on Lifou, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“wekesi”">&quot;wekesi&quot;</normalizedToken>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Lormee, N" journalOrPublisher="IRD Editions" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" pagination="1 - 358" refId="B19" refString="Lormee, N, Cabalion, P, Hnawia, ES, 2011. Hommes et plantes de Mare, iles Loyaute, Nouvelle-Caledonie. IRD Editions: 1 - 358" title="Hommes et plantes de Mare, iles Loyaute, Nouvelle-Caledonie" year="2011">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Lormée">Lormee</normalizedToken>
et al. 2011
</bibRefCitation>
) on 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Maré">Mare</normalizedToken>
and 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“wahata”">&quot;wahata&quot;</normalizedToken>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Ozanne-Rivierre, F" journalOrPublisher="CNRS, Ivry-sur-Seine, France" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" pagination="1 - 181" refId="B24" refString="Ozanne-Rivierre, F, 1984. Dictionnaire Iaai - Francais (Ouvea Nouvelle-Caledonie) suivi d'un lexique francais-iaai. Laboratoire de langues et civilisations a tradition orale. CNRS, Ivry-sur-Seine, France: 1 - 181" title="Dictionnaire Iaai - Francais (Ouvea Nouvelle-Caledonie) suivi d'un lexique francais-iaai. Laboratoire de langues et civilisations a tradition orale" year="1984">Ozanne-Rivierre 1984</bibRefCitation>
) on 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ouvéa">Ouvea</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="116" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="115">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="116" pageId="4" pageNumber="115">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Huerl. emend. Butaud &amp; P. Firmenich" authorityYear="2015" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Santalaceae" genus="Santalum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Santalum austrocaledonicum subsp. var. var. glabrum" order="Santalales" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="austrocaledonicum" subSpecies="var." variety="glabrum">Santalum austrocaledonicum var. glabrum</taxonomicName>
is the sole native sandalwood in the Loyalty Islands. Nevertheless, two other varieties have been introduced for plantation purposes, mainly in 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Maré">Mare</normalizedToken>
and Lifou: 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Santalaceae" genus="Santalum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="subsp. var. var. pilosulum" order="Santalales" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="austrocaledonicum" subSpecies="var." variety="pilosulum">var. pilosulum</taxonomicName>
from Ouen Toro in 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Nouméa">Noumea</normalizedToken>
, and 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Santalaceae" genus="Santalum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="subsp. var. var. austrocaledonicum" order="Santalales" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="austrocaledonicum" subSpecies="var." variety="austrocaledonicum">var. austrocaledonicum</taxonomicName>
from Isle of Pines. These plantations can be considered a risk for the Loyalty variety because of hybridization and subsequent introgression. Plantations with exotic varieties should be discouraged to preserve the 
<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="116" start="start">Loyalty</pageBreakToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="sandalwood’s">sandalwood's</normalizedToken>
morphological, genetic, sylvicultural and chemical specificities (
<bibRefCitation author="Bottin, L" journalOrPublisher="ENSAM - CIRAD, Montpellier, France" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" refId="B1" refString="Bottin, L, 2006. Determinants de la variation moleculaire et phenotypique d'une espece forestiere en milieu insulaire : cas de Santalum austrocaledonicum en Nouvelle-Caledonie. ENSAM - CIRAD, Montpellier, France" title="Determinants de la variation moleculaire et phenotypique d'une espece forestiere en milieu insulaire: cas de Santalum austrocaledonicum en Nouvelle-Caledonie" year="2006">Bottin 2006</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Bottin, L" journalOrPublisher="Conservation genetics" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" pagination="99 - 109" publicationUrl="10.1007/s10592-006-9152-7" refId="B2" refString="Bottin, L, Tassin, J, Nasi, R, Bouvet, JM, 2007. Molecular, quantitative and abiotic variables for the delineation of evolutionary significant units: case of sandalwood (Santalum austrocaledonicum Vieillard) in New Caledonia. Conservation genetics 8 (1): 99 - 109, DOI: 10.1007/s10592-006-9152-7" title="Molecular, quantitative and abiotic variables for the delineation of evolutionary significant units: case of sandalwood (Santalum austrocaledonicum Vieillard) in New Caledonia." url="10.1007/s10592-006-9152-7" volume="8" year="2007">Bottin et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Butaud, JF" journalOrPublisher="Conservation International &amp; Province des Iles Loyaute" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" pagination="1 - 370" refId="B7" refString="Butaud, JF, Guy, L, Lefeuvre, JC, 2013. Etude sur l'etat de la ressource naturelle en santal aux Iles Loyaute pour le developpement de filieres aromatiques certifiees. Conservation International &amp; Province des Iles Loyaute: 1 - 370" title="Etude sur l'etat de la ressource naturelle en santal aux Iles Loyaute pour le developpement de filieres aromatiques certifiees" year="2013">Butaud et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Ehrhart, Y" editor="Radomiljac, AM" journalOrPublisher="ACIAR" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" pagination="113 - 116" refId="B9" refString="Ehrhart, Y, 1998. Description of some sandal tree populations in the South West Pacific: consequences for the silviculture of these species and provenances. In: Radomiljac, AM, Ananthapadmanabho, HS, Welbourn, RM, Satyanarayana Rao, K, Eds., Sandal and its products. ACIAR: 113 - 116" title="Description of some sandal tree populations in the South West Pacific: consequences for the silviculture of these species and provenances." volumeTitle="Sandal and its products." year="1998">Ehrhart 1998</bibRefCitation>
). On the other hand, the sustainable exploitation of natural stands of Loyalty Islands sandalwood is becoming increasingly difficult with the lack of regeneration and the increasing international demand for sandalwood essential oil. Well-managed plantations with 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Huerl. emend. Butaud &amp; P. Firmenich" authorityYear="2015" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Santalaceae" genus="Santalum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="subsp. variety var. glabrum" order="Santalales" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="austrocaledonicum" subSpecies="variety" variety="glabrum">variety glabrum</taxonomicName>
could be promoted to preserve the natural stands, to develop the Loyalty sandalwood sector, and to increase the production of heartwood and essential oil (
<bibRefCitation author="Butaud, JF" journalOrPublisher="Nouvelle-Caledonie" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" pagination="1 - 238" refId="B6" refString="Butaud, JF, 2011. Analyse bibliographique et technique des references existantes sur le santal en vue de sa valorisation economique en plantations a l'echelle de la Nouvelle-Caledonie. In: IAC - Programme Foret Seche. Nouvelle-Caledonie: 1 - 238" title="Analyse bibliographique et technique des references existantes sur le santal en vue de sa valorisation economique en plantations a l'echelle de la Nouvelle-Caledonie" volumeTitle="IAC - Programme Foret Seche." year="2011">Butaud 2011</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Butaud, JF" journalOrPublisher="Conservation International &amp; Province des Iles Loyaute" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" pagination="1 - 370" refId="B7" refString="Butaud, JF, Guy, L, Lefeuvre, JC, 2013. Etude sur l'etat de la ressource naturelle en santal aux Iles Loyaute pour le developpement de filieres aromatiques certifiees. Conservation International &amp; Province des Iles Loyaute: 1 - 370" title="Etude sur l'etat de la ressource naturelle en santal aux Iles Loyaute pour le developpement de filieres aromatiques certifiees" year="2013">Butaud et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="116">
The taxonomy of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Santalaceae" genus="Santalum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Santalum austrocaledonicum" order="Santalales" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="austrocaledonicum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">Santalum austrocaledonicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
still needs to be further investigated. Indeed, the study of herbarium samples of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Santalaceae" genus="Santalum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="subsp. var. var. austrocaledonicum" order="Santalales" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="austrocaledonicum" subSpecies="var." variety="austrocaledonicum">var. austrocaledonicum</taxonomicName>
and previous molecular and morphometric studies (
<bibRefCitation author="Bottin, L" journalOrPublisher="ENSAM - CIRAD, Montpellier, France" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" refId="B1" refString="Bottin, L, 2006. Determinants de la variation moleculaire et phenotypique d'une espece forestiere en milieu insulaire : cas de Santalum austrocaledonicum en Nouvelle-Caledonie. ENSAM - CIRAD, Montpellier, France" title="Determinants de la variation moleculaire et phenotypique d'une espece forestiere en milieu insulaire: cas de Santalum austrocaledonicum en Nouvelle-Caledonie" year="2006">Bottin 2006</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Bouvet, JM" editor="Thomson, L" journalOrPublisher="Noumea, New Caledonia" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" pagination="124 - 134" refId="B4" refString="Bouvet, JM, Cardi, C, Verhaegen, D, Butaud, JF, Nasi, R, Tassin, J, 2005. Molecular and morphometric diversity in Santalum insulare and Santalum austrocaledonicum. In: Thomson, L, Bulai, S, Sovea, L, Eds., Proceedings of the regional workshop on sandalwood research, development and extension in the Pacific islands and Asia. Noumea, New Caledonia: 124 - 134" title="Molecular and morphometric diversity in Santalum insulare and Santalum austrocaledonicum." volumeTitle="Proceedings of the regional workshop on sandalwood research, development and extension in the Pacific islands and Asia." year="2005">Bouvet et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
) showed significant variability. It is expected that future work supported by increased surveys and sampling of northern Grande-Terre sandalwood could reveal one or two new varieties, including one on Isle of Pines (taxon previously described as 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Seem" authorityYear="1867" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Santalaceae" genus="Santalum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Santalum homei" order="Santalales" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="homei">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">Santalum homei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Seem.). Moreover, two new endemic varieties of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Santalaceae" genus="Santalum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Santalum austrocaledonicum" order="Santalales" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="austrocaledonicum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">Santalum austrocaledonicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are expected based on the recent study of 
<bibRefCitation author="Millet, L" journalOrPublisher="Institut Agronomique neo-Caledonien &amp; Centre Technique et de Recherche en Agronomie du Vanuatu" pageId="7" pageNumber="118" pagination="1 - 41" refId="B20" refString="Millet, L, Malapa, R, Maggia, L, 2012. Diversite genetique des populations de Santalum austrocaledonicum (Santalaceae) au Vanuatu. In: Rapport Final Appel a projet 2008 - Ministere charge de l'Outre-Mer. Institut Agronomique neo-Caledonien &amp; Centre Technique et de Recherche en Agronomie du Vanuatu: 1 - 41" title="Diversite genetique des populations de Santalum austrocaledonicum (Santalaceae) au Vanuatu" volumeTitle="Rapport Final Appel a projet 2008 - Ministere charge de l'Outre-Mer." year="2012">Millet et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
on the genetic structure of Vanuatu sandalwood, one for the northern islands and one for the southern islands.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="968454" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.56.5924.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/59855" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="116">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">Figure 2.</emphasis>
Flowers of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Huerl. emend. Butaud &amp; P. Firmenich" authorityYear="2015" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Santalaceae" genus="Santalum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Santalum austrocaledonicum subsp. var. var. glabrum" order="Santalales" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="austrocaledonicum" subSpecies="var." variety="glabrum">Santalum austrocaledonicum var. glabrum</taxonomicName>
on 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ouvéa">Ouvea</normalizedToken>
atoll in January 2015 (specimen 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">Butaud 3414</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="968456" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.56.5924.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/59856" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="116">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">Figure 3.</emphasis>
Fruit of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Huerl. emend. Butaud &amp; P. Firmenich" authorityYear="2015" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Santalaceae" genus="Santalum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Santalum austrocaledonicum subsp. var. var. glabrum" order="Santalales" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="austrocaledonicum" subSpecies="var." variety="glabrum">Santalum austrocaledonicum var. glabrum</taxonomicName>
on 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ouvéa">Ouvea</normalizedToken>
atoll in January 2015 (specimen 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">Butaud 3414</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>