219 lines
21 KiB
XML
219 lines
21 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="A24C7A551E9BB6C9FB1DAD65A8D0272D">Revision of the Simulium (Simulium) melanopus species-group (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Sabah, Malaysia</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E5A8B19AC0124C9807D14F2E6A51125D">Takaoka, Hiroyuki</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="C7366CBF7B120D9290F2474DA177EF37">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="8D84F41674EA40217F940DE5A77253B8">Sofian-Azirun, Mohd</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C81668C52FB0150C61CD84A5FED281AB">Ya’Cob, Zubaidah</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B4C95A458505EB927DEA83ED2CAA84BC">Chen, Chee Dhang</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="886D58C024DC3A26702A2FA29DA0FA56">Lau, Koon Weng</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0E5EF4C878AD482ECB67461176A8689D">Fernandez, Kevin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="06AD933AE6B7E9B3EFE20FF291D9C33F">Lardizabal, Maria Lourdes</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="E14CDA253A36FC140F0A7969F047C14A">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="D02794DD162F321926AAA8AFFAF05F4A">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="563736A4B09B23B2DC48D40820E283F9">3985</mods:number>
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<treatment id="E2396E526D3C0644FEE3FF52FE362D65" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6097732" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127692373" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6097732" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E2396E526D3C0644FEE3FF52FE362D65" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E2396E526D3C0644FEE3FF52FE362D65" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<subSubSection id="228A8CCF6D3C0644FEE3FF52FC292B1A" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="6A2FDF446D3C0644FEE3FF52FE0028D2" blockId="27.[151,457,151,178]" box="[151,457,151,178]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<heading id="316768286D3C0644FEE3FF52FE0028D2" bold="true" box="[151,457,151,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="58E403566D3C0644FEE3FF52FE0028D2" bold="true" box="[151,457,151,178]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<taxonomicName id="AD90A4C76D3C0644FEE3FF52FE5628D1" ID-CoL="8VTZ4" ID-ENA="7191" box="[151,415,151,178]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="58E403566D3C0644FEE3FF52FEC628D2" bold="true" box="[151,271,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Simulium</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="58E403566D3C0644FF6BFF52FE5F28D2" bold="true" box="[287,406,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Simulium</emphasis>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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sp.
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6A2FDF446D3C0644FEE3FF1BFB282897" blockId="27.[151,1249,222,244]" box="[151,1249,222,244]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="4A80F86A6D3C0644FEE3FF1BFB282897" box="[151,1249,222,244]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<taxonomicName id="AD90A4C76D3C0644FEE3FF1BFE0A2897" ID-CoL="8DYS3" box="[151,451,222,244]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laterale" subGenus="Simulium">
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<emphasis id="58E403566D3C0644FEE3FF1BFF3E2897" box="[151,247,222,244]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Simulium</emphasis>
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||
(
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<emphasis id="58E403566D3C0644FF71FF1BFEAC2897" box="[261,357,222,244]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Simulium</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="58E403566D3C0644FF00FF1BFE0A2897" box="[372,451,222,244]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">laterale</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(not Edwards):
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<treatmentCitation id="EB31F9556D3C0644FC12FF1BFCB32897" author="Smart" box="[614,890,222,244]" page="22" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" year="1969">
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<bibRefCitation id="0E01A2B56D3C0644FC12FF1BFC9E2897" author="Smart" box="[614,855,222,244]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refString="Smart, J. & Clifford, E. A. (1969) Simuliidae (Diptera) of Sabah (British North Borneo). Zoological Journal of Linnean Society, 48, 9 - 47. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1969. tb 00703. x" type="journal article" year="1969">Smart & Clifford, 1969</bibRefCitation>
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: 22
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</treatmentCitation>
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–26 (Female, male, pupa and larva)
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6A2FDF446D3C0644FEE3FEE4FAB12B51" blockId="27.[151,1437,289,1286]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<emphasis id="58E403566D3C0644FEE3FEE4FE462959" bold="true" box="[151,399,289,314]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Specimens examined</emphasis>
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. Two females, two males, all reared from pupae collected from a small stream (width
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<quantity id="AD6872A16D3C0644FB21FEE4FA51295A" box="[1365,1432,289,314]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="3.5">3.5 m</quantity>
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, depth
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<quantity id="AD6872A16D3C0644FEACFE80FE83293E" box="[216,330,325,350]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="cm" value="11.0" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="10.0">10–12 cm</quantity>
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, water temperature 17.5˚C, shaded, altitude
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<quantity id="AD6872A16D3C0644FD3CFE80FC61293E" box="[840,936,325,350]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.591" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="1591.0">1,591 m</quantity>
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, 06˚00.665’ N/116˚32.399’ E), moderate to fast flowing in a natural forest, Mt. Kinabalu, Sabah,
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<date id="1E2EF9846D3C0644FC8CFEACFCB629E2" box="[760,895,361,385]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" value="2014-06-18">18-VI-2014</date>
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, by M. Sofian-Azirun, Z. Ya’cob, C.D. Chen & K.W. Lau; one female, one male, both reared from pupae, and one pupal exuviae, collected from a small stream (width
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<quantity id="AD6872A16D3C0644FE9DFE74FEE429AA" box="[233,301,433,457]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="0.2">0.2 m</quantity>
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, depth
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<quantity id="AD6872A16D3C0644FFF0FE74FE1529AA" box="[388,476,433,457]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="cm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3 cm</quantity>
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, water temperature 16.4˚C, shaded, altitude
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<quantity id="AD6872A16D3C0644FDAEFE74FBF229AA" box="[986,1083,433,457]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.728" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="1728.0">1,728 m</quantity>
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, 06˚01.397’ N/116˚32.611’ E), slow flowing in a natural forest, Mt. Kinabalu, Sabah,
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<date id="1E2EF9846D3C0644FC8AFE13FC4C298D" box="[766,901,470,494]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" value="2014-06-18">18-VI-2014</date>
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, by M. Sofian-Azirun, Z. Ya’cob, C.D. Chen & K.W. Lau; one male, reared from pupa collected from a small stream (width 6.0 m, depth
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<quantity id="AD6872A16D3C0644FAF7FE3CFB0C2A72" box="[1155,1221,505,530]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="0.5">0.5 m</quantity>
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, water temperature 17.0˚C, partially shaded, altitude
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<quantity id="AD6872A16D3C0644FC68FDDBFDB42A56" box="[540,637,542,566]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.714" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="1714.0">1,714 m</quantity>
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, 06˚01.337’ N/116˚36.420’ E), moderate to fast flowing in a natural forest, Mesilau, Kundasang, Sabah,
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<date id="1E2EF9846D3C0644FC43FD84FD742A3A" box="[567,701,577,601]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" value="2014-06-18">18-VI-2014</date>
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||
, by M. Sofian-Azirun, Z. Ya’cob, C.D. Chen & K.W. Lau; one female, one male (both reared from pupae), collected from a stream (width
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<quantity id="AD6872A16D3C0644FD9CFDA0FBE22A1E" box="[1000,1067,613,638]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="3.5">3.5 m</quantity>
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, depth
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<quantity id="AD6872A16D3C0644FA09FDA0FB0C2A1E" box="[1149,1221,613,638]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="cm" value="25.0">25 cm</quantity>
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, water temperature 15.7˚C, shaded, altitude
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<quantity id="AD6872A16D3C0644FFDAFD4CFDC72AC2" box="[430,526,649,674]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.763" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="1763.0">1,763 m</quantity>
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||
, 06˚02.133’ N/116˚35.835’ E), moderately flowing in a natural forest, Mesilau, Kundasang, Sabah,
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<date id="1E2EF9846D3C0644FF03FD6BFE372AA5" box="[375,510,686,710]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" value="2014-06-19">19-VI-2014</date>
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||
, by M. Sofian-Azirun, Z. Ya’cob, C.D. Chen & K.W. Lau; one male, two pharate females and one pharate male, collected from a stream (width
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<quantity id="AD6872A16D3C0644FD02FD14FC722A8A" box="[886,955,721,746]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="3.5">3.5 m</quantity>
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||
, depth
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<quantity id="AD6872A16D3C0644FA60FD14FBA92A8A" box="[1044,1120,721,746]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="cm" value="25.0">25 cm</quantity>
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||
, water temperature 23.0˚C, partially shaded, altitude
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<quantity id="AD6872A16D3C0644FFCAFD30FDC22B6E" box="[446,523,757,782]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.79" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="579.0">579 m</quantity>
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||
, 06˚03.116’ N/116˚71.284’ E), moderately flowing in a natural forest, Poring, Kundasang, Sabah,
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<date id="1E2EF9846D3C0644FF01FCDFFE352B51" box="[373,508,794,818]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" value="2014-06-19">19-VI-2014</date>
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||
, by M. Sofian-Azirun, C.D. Chen, K.W. Lau, M.L. Lardizabal & K. Fernandez.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6A2FDF446D3C0644FEB3FCF8FC292B1A" blockId="27.[151,1437,289,1286]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<emphasis id="58E403566D3C0644FEB3FCF8FE472B35" bold="true" box="[199,398,829,854]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Ecological notes.</emphasis>
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The pupae of this species were collected from trailing grasses and dead leaves of trees in the water. Associated species were
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<taxonomicName id="AD90A4C76D3C0644FF8CFCA7FD002B1A" box="[504,713,865,890]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="borneoense" subGenus="N.">
|
||
<emphasis id="58E403566D3C0644FF8CFCA7FDCF2B1A" box="[504,518,866,889]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">S</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<emphasis id="58E403566D3C0644FC6AFCA7FDF82B1A" box="[542,561,866,889]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">N</emphasis>
|
||
.)
|
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<emphasis id="58E403566D3C0644FC3CFCA4FD002B1A" box="[584,713,865,889]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">borneoense</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="AD90A4C76D3C0644FC8BFCA7FC102B1A" box="[767,985,865,890]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigripilosum" subGenus="Simulium">
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<emphasis id="58E403566D3C0644FC8BFCA7FCC42B1A" box="[767,781,866,889]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">S</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<emphasis id="58E403566D3C0644FD50FCA7FCFB2B1A" box="[804,818,866,889]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">S</emphasis>
|
||
.)
|
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<emphasis id="58E403566D3C0644FD3EFCA4FC102B1A" box="[842,985,865,889]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">nigripilosum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="228A8CCF6D3C0644FEB3FC40FE7A2BFD" box="[199,435,901,926]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="distribution">
|
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<paragraph id="6A2FDF446D3C0644FEB3FC40FE7A2BFD" blockId="27.[151,1437,289,1286]" box="[199,435,901,926]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="58E403566D3C0644FEB3FC40FE902BFD" bold="true" box="[199,345,901,926]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
. Sabah.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="228A8CCF6D3C0644FEB3FC6CFE362D65" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="6A2FDF446D3C0644FEB3FC6CFBEA2C31" blockId="27.[151,1437,289,1286]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="58E403566D3C0644FEB3FC6CFEFD2BA1" bold="true" box="[199,308,937,962]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0E01A2B56D3C0644FF37FC6FFDA22BA1" author="Smart" box="[323,619,937,962]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refString="Smart, J. & Clifford, E. A. (1969) Simuliidae (Diptera) of Sabah (British North Borneo). Zoological Journal of Linnean Society, 48, 9 - 47. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1969. tb 00703. x" type="journal article" year="1969">Smart and Clifford (1969)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
redescribed the female of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AD90A4C76D3C0644FDEFFC6FFBF62BA2" box="[923,1087,937,962]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laterale" subGenus="Simulium">
|
||
<emphasis id="58E403566D3C0644FDEFFC6FFC602BA2" box="[923,937,938,961]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">S</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<emphasis id="58E403566D3C0644FDB5FC6FFC062BA2" box="[961,975,938,961]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">S</emphasis>
|
||
.)
|
||
<emphasis id="58E403566D3C0644FD9CFC6CFBF62BA2" box="[1000,1087,937,961]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">laterale</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on material reared from pupae, but their association was wrong, as noted under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AD90A4C76D3C0644FD76FC0BFC6D2B86" box="[770,932,973,998]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laterale" subGenus="Simulium">
|
||
<emphasis id="58E403566D3C0644FD76FC0BFCD92B86" box="[770,784,974,997]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">S</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<emphasis id="58E403566D3C0644FD5CFC0BFCFF2B86" box="[808,822,974,997]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">S</emphasis>
|
||
.)
|
||
<emphasis id="58E403566D3C0644FD39FC08FC6D2B86" box="[845,932,973,997]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">laterale</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The species thought to be
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AD90A4C76D3C0644FAA3FC0BFAB02B86" box="[1239,1401,973,998]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laterale" subGenus="Simulium">
|
||
<emphasis id="58E403566D3C0644FAA3FC0BFB2C2B86" box="[1239,1253,974,997]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">S</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<emphasis id="58E403566D3C0644FA88FC0BFAC32B86" box="[1276,1290,974,997]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">S</emphasis>
|
||
.)
|
||
<emphasis id="58E403566D3C0644FB56FC08FAB02B86" box="[1314,1401,973,997]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">laterale</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0E01A2B56D3C0644FEE3FC37FE772C69" author="Smart" box="[151,446,1009,1034]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refString="Smart, J. & Clifford, E. A. (1969) Simuliidae (Diptera) of Sabah (British North Borneo). Zoological Journal of Linnean Society, 48, 9 - 47. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1969. tb 00703. x" type="journal article" year="1969">Smart and Clifford (1969)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
is distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AD90A4C76D3C0644FCCFFC37FC972C6A" box="[699,862,1009,1034]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laterale" subGenus="Simulium">
|
||
<emphasis id="58E403566D3C0644FCCFFC37FD002C6A" box="[699,713,1010,1033]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">S</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<emphasis id="58E403566D3C0644FC95FC37FD262C6A" box="[737,751,1010,1033]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">S</emphasis>
|
||
.)
|
||
<emphasis id="58E403566D3C0644FD73FC34FC972C6A" box="[775,862,1009,1033]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">laterale</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the female by having a yellowish fore coxa and haired basal portion of the radial vein. The male of this species is characterized by a brilliantly iridescent scutum with a nonpruinose dark median vitta and a small round lateral spot on each side.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6A2FDF446D3C0644FEB3FB98FE362D65" blockId="27.[151,1437,289,1286]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">There is a possibility that this species has two male morphotypes, which are distinguished from each other by the number of upper-eye facets and the scutal pattern, because pupae of these two male morphotypes are morphologically indistinguishable from each other and always coexist in the same streams. Our preliminary DNA analysis supports this hypothesis. This species will be described as a new species elsewhere as soon as a solid molecular evidence is available.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |