554 lines
57 KiB
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554 lines
57 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="786BA8097E3518843EDCF5FC05D6CA7A">A new subgenus, Australixodes n. subgen. (Acari: Ixodidae), for the kiwi tick, Ixodes anatis Chilton, 1904, and validation of the subgenus Coxixodes Schulze, 1941 with a phylogeny of 16 of the 22 subgenera of Ixodes Latreille, 1795 from entire mitochondrial genome sequences</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E6EC0A213B35CDC7AEC422471E5C330E">Kelava, Samuael</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="9E2C0323E6DAD5C580AB40B6D9B631BD">US National Tick Collection, Institute for Coastal Sciences, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, 30460, USA. & Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, 30460, USA.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="A1B5D0839065F2415E18E2F1972D0DC8">Epidemiology, Parasites and Vectors, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa. mansb @ arc. agric. za; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 0177 - 0029 & The Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida 1709, South Africa.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="FE41B847964A920298CF5CE1ED498370">Centre for Bioinnovation, School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Qld 4556, Australia. rshao @ usc. edu. au; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 1686 - 4968</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="CF4E6E3B52515E934179740CBDE0456E">Department of Parasitology, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia. Stephen Barker: s. barker @ uq. edu. au; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 9431 - 8404</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="176B34462720F38029E1D9399BC13677">Department of Parasitology, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia. Stephen Barker: s. barker @ uq. edu. au; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 9431 - 8404</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="F19F1633BEE3270D4581BB5BE658EA52">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="4A40D7688E7D412796B53715A8A2473C">2023</mods:date>
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Subgenus
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<taxonomicName id="4C2AF489FF8E617DDF6EFA22FE5FC4AB" authority="Barker & Kelava & Heath & Seeman & Apanaskevich & Mans & Shao & Gofton & Teo & Byrne & Ito & Tan & Barker & Nakao, 2023" authorityName="Barker & Kelava & Heath & Seeman & Apanaskevich & Mans & Shao & Gofton & Teo & Byrne & Ito & Tan & Barker & Nakao" authorityYear="2023" box="[279,445,1487,1514]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="4" pageNumber="533" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" status="n. subgen." subGenus="Australixodes">
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<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8E617DDF6EFA22FE5FC4AB" bold="true" box="[279,445,1487,1514]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="533">Australixodes</emphasis>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26DEE63FF8E617DDFBCFA22FDA1C4A8" box="[453,579,1487,1513]" pageId="4" pageNumber="533" rank="subGenus">n. subgen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Barker, S.C. & Barker, D.
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</emphasis>
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urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
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<typeStatus id="549131A8FF8E617DDEEEF9DFFF2EC70B" box="[151,204,1586,1610]" pageId="4" pageNumber="533">Type</typeStatus>
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species:
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<taxonomicName id="4C2AF489FF8E617DDF55F9DFFDA4C70B" authority="Chilton, 1904" authorityName="Chilton" authorityYear="1904" box="[300,582,1586,1610]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="4" pageNumber="533" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anatis">
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<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8E617DDF55F9DFFE50C70B" box="[300,434,1586,1610]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="533">Ixodes anatis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBBF2FBFF8E617DDFC0F9DFFDA4C70B" author="Chilton, C." box="[441,582,1586,1610]" pageId="4" pageNumber="533" pagination="201 - 202" refId="ref5757" refString="Chilton, C. (1904) A species of Ixodes parasitic on the grey duck. Transactions & Proceedings of the NZ Institute, 36, 201 - 202." type="journal article" year="1904">Chilton, 1904</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, here designated.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B958F0AFF8E617DDEEEF99EFC58C7CC" blockId="4.[151,1437,1651,2038]" box="[151,954,1651,1677]" pageId="4" pageNumber="533">
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<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8E617DDEEEF99EFE21C7CC" bold="true" box="[151,451,1651,1677]" pageId="4" pageNumber="533">Subgeneric combination:</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C2AF489FF8E617DDFB3F99EFC54C7CC" authority="Chilton, 1904" authorityName="Chilton" authorityYear="1904" box="[458,950,1651,1677]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="4" pageNumber="533" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anatis" subGenus="Australixodes">
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<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8E617DDFB3F99EFDF1C7CC" box="[458,531,1651,1677]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="533">Ixodes</emphasis>
|
|
(
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8E617DDC5AF99EFD5FC7CC" box="[547,701,1651,1677]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="533">Australixodes</emphasis>
|
|
)
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8E617DDCB4F999FCF3C7CC" box="[717,785,1652,1677]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="533">anatis</emphasis>
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBF2FBFF8E617DDD60F99EFC54C7CC" author="Chilton, C." box="[793,950,1651,1677]" pageId="4" pageNumber="533" pagination="201 - 202" refId="ref5757" refString="Chilton, C. (1904) A species of Ixodes parasitic on the grey duck. Transactions & Proceedings of the NZ Institute, 36, 201 - 202." type="journal article" year="1904">Chilton, 1904</bibRefCitation>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="C330DC81FF8E617DDEBEF97AFCBCC7B8" pageId="4" pageNumber="533" type="materials_examined">
|
|
<paragraph id="8B958F0AFF8E617DDEBEF97AFC5EC794" blockId="4.[151,1437,1651,2038]" pageId="4" pageNumber="533">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8E617DDEBEF97AFE6BC7F0" bold="true" box="[199,393,1687,1713]" pageId="4" pageNumber="533">Type depository</emphasis>
|
|
:
|
|
<materialsCitation id="3B428557FF8E617DDFE3F97AFC5AC794" collectionCode="CMNZ" collectorName="Reference & A. C. G. Heath" country="New Zealand" location="Museum" pageId="4" pageNumber="533" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Canterbury" typeStatus="syntype">
|
|
The record of
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBF2FBFF8E617DDC38F97AFCA6C7F0" author="Kwak, M. L. & Heath, A. C. G." box="[577,836,1687,1713]" pageId="4" pageNumber="533" pagination="207 - 223" refId="ref7013" refString="Kwak, M. L. & Heath, A. C. G. (2018) Redescription of the kiwi tick Ixodes anatis (Acari: Ixodidae) from New Zealand, with notes on its biology. Experimental & Applied Acarology, 74, 207 - 223. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10493 - 018 - 0214 - 6" type="journal article" year="2018">Kwak & Heath (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
about the
|
|
<typeStatus id="549131A8FF8E617DDDB9F975FBF5C7F3" box="[960,1047,1688,1714]" pageId="4" pageNumber="533">syntype</typeStatus>
|
|
are correct:
|
|
<collectingRegion id="49EE41E8FF8E617DDAD5F97AFAC8C7F0" box="[1196,1322,1687,1713]" country="New Zealand" name="Canterbury" pageId="4" pageNumber="533">Canterbury</collectingRegion>
|
|
<location id="8EF5D9D1FF8E617DDB4AF975FA7AC7F3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03833E1CFF8E617EDEEEFA22FB5EC3E8:8EF5D9D1FF8E617DDB4AF975FA7AC7F3" box="[1331,1432,1688,1714]" country="New Zealand" name="Museum" pageId="4" pageNumber="533" stateProvince="Canterbury">Museum</location>
|
|
,
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F33DCF9AFF8E617DDEEEF951FECFC794" box="[151,301,1723,1750]" name="New Zealand" pageId="4" pageNumber="533">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
|
(
|
|
<collectionCode id="ED3B17CFFF8E617DDF45F956FE73C794" box="[316,401,1723,1749]" country="New Zealand" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/n6z3-qvv0" name="Canterbury Museum" pageId="4" pageNumber="533">CMNZ</collectionCode>
|
|
,
|
|
<collectorName id="26DFEADCFF8E617DDFE5F956FDEFC794" box="[412,525,1723,1749]" pageId="4" pageNumber="533">Reference</collectorName>
|
|
number: 2015.162.1) (
|
|
<collectorName id="26DFEADCFF8E617DDD68F956FC52C794" box="[785,944,1723,1749]" pageId="4" pageNumber="533">A.C.G. Heath</collectorName>
|
|
)
|
|
</materialsCitation>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B958F0AFF8E617DDEBEF932FCBCC7B8" blockId="4.[151,1437,1651,2038]" box="[199,862,1759,1786]" pageId="4" pageNumber="533">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8E617DDEBEF932FE6EC7B8" bold="true" box="[199,396,1759,1785]" pageId="4" pageNumber="533">Species included</emphasis>
|
|
: monotypic,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2AF489FF8E617DDC58F932FCBBC7B8" authority="Chilton, 1904" authorityName="Chilton" authorityYear="1904" box="[545,857,1759,1785]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="4" pageNumber="533" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anatis">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8E617DDC58F932FD57C7B8" box="[545,693,1759,1785]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="533">Ixodes anatis</emphasis>
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBF2FBFF8E617DDCC5F932FCBBC7B8" author="Chilton, C." box="[700,857,1759,1785]" pageId="4" pageNumber="533" pagination="201 - 202" refId="ref5757" refString="Chilton, C. (1904) A species of Ixodes parasitic on the grey duck. Transactions & Proceedings of the NZ Institute, 36, 201 - 202." type="journal article" year="1904">Chilton, 1904</bibRefCitation>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="C330DC81FF8E617DDEBEF8EEFAC0C6B4" pageId="4" pageNumber="533" type="diagnosis">
|
|
<paragraph id="8B958F0AFF8E617DDEBEF8EEFAC0C6B4" blockId="4.[151,1437,1651,2038]" pageId="4" pageNumber="533">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8E617DDEBEF8EEFED8C65C" bold="true" box="[199,314,1795,1821]" pageId="4" pageNumber="533">Diagnosis</emphasis>
|
|
: With characteristics of its sole constituent species
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2AF489FF8E617DDDE9F8EEFB3FC65C" authorityName="Chilton" authorityYear="1904" box="[912,1245,1795,1821]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="4" pageNumber="533" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anatis" subGenus="Australixodes">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8E617DDDE9F8EEFC3BC65C" box="[912,985,1795,1821]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="533">Ixodes</emphasis>
|
|
(
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8E617DDD95F8EEFB64C65C" box="[1004,1158,1795,1821]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="533">Australixodes</emphasis>
|
|
)
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8E617DDAE0F8E9FB3FC65C" box="[1177,1245,1796,1821]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="533">anatis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBF2FBFF8E617DDA97F8EEFF00C600" author="Kwak, M. L. & Heath, A. C. G." pageId="4" pageNumber="533" pagination="207 - 223" refId="ref7013" refString="Kwak, M. L. & Heath, A. C. G. (2018) Redescription of the kiwi tick Ixodes anatis (Acari: Ixodidae) from New Zealand, with notes on its biology. Experimental & Applied Acarology, 74, 207 - 223. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10493 - 018 - 0214 - 6" type="journal article" year="2018">Kwak & Heath (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
provided detailed diagnoses and illustrations of the larvae, nymphs, males and females; these will not be repeated here.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2AF489FF8E617DDF1AF8A6FD4DC624" authorityName="Chilton" authorityYear="1904" box="[355,687,1867,1893]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="4" pageNumber="533" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anatis" subGenus="Australixodes">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8E617DDF1AF8A6FE4EC624" box="[355,428,1867,1893]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="533">Ixodes</emphasis>
|
|
(
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8E617DDFC6F8A6FDBBC624" box="[447,601,1867,1893]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="533">Australixodes</emphasis>
|
|
)
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8E617DDC12F8A1FD4DC624" box="[619,687,1868,1893]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="533">anatis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is the only tick that is known from the kiwi (
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F33DCF9AFF8E617DDAB9F8A6FABCC624" box="[1216,1374,1867,1893]" name="New Zealand" pageId="4" pageNumber="533">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
|
); this information, together with the combination of morphological features noted by
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBF2FBFF8E617DDA49F882FAD5C6C8" author="Kwak, M. L. & Heath, A. C. G." box="[1072,1335,1903,1929]" pageId="4" pageNumber="533" pagination="207 - 223" refId="ref7013" refString="Kwak, M. L. & Heath, A. C. G. (2018) Redescription of the kiwi tick Ixodes anatis (Acari: Ixodidae) from New Zealand, with notes on its biology. Experimental & Applied Acarology, 74, 207 - 223. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10493 - 018 - 0214 - 6" type="journal article" year="2018">Kwak & Heath (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
, make
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2AF489FF8E617DDBF5F89DFE6DC6EC" authorityName="Chilton" authorityYear="1904" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="4" pageNumber="533" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anatis" subGenus="Australixodes">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8E617DDBF5F89DFA77C6C8" box="[1420,1429,1904,1929]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="533">I</emphasis>
|
|
. (
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8E617DDED8F87EFED9C6EC" box="[161,315,1939,1965]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="533">Australixodes</emphasis>
|
|
)
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8E617DDF32F879FE6DC6EC" box="[331,399,1940,1965]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="533">anatis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
readily distinguishable from all other ticks.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2AF489FF8E617DDDFBF87EFBF5C6EC" authorityName="Chilton" authorityYear="1904" box="[898,1047,1939,1965]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="4" pageNumber="533" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anatis">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8E617DDDFBF87EFBF5C6EC" box="[898,1047,1939,1965]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="533">Ixodes anatis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
has been recorded from three taxa of kiwi in
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F33DCF9AFF8E617DDF6DF855FE50C690" box="[276,434,1975,2002]" name="New Zealand" pageId="4" pageNumber="533">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
|
:
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2AF489FF8E617DDFC6F85AFCC1C693" authority="Bartlett, 1852" authorityName="Bartlett" authorityYear="1852" box="[447,803,1975,2002]" class="Aves" family="Apterygidae" genus="Apteryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apterygiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="533" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mantelli">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8E617DDFC6F85AFD9EC690" box="[447,636,1975,2001]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="533">Apteryx mantelli</emphasis>
|
|
Bartlett, 1852
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(North Island kiwi),
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2AF489FF8E617DDA65F85AFA7EC690" authority="Shaw, 1813" authorityName="Shaw" authorityYear="1813" box="[1052,1436,1975,2002]" class="Aves" family="Apterygidae" genus="Apteryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apterygiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="533" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="australis" subSpecies="australis">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8E617DDA65F85AFBCFC690" box="[1052,1069,1975,2001]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="533">A</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8E617DDA46F85AFAEFC690" box="[1087,1293,1975,2001]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="533">australis australis</emphasis>
|
|
Shaw, 1813
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(South Island brown kiwi) and
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8E617DDF8DF836FDE7C6B4" box="[500,517,2011,2037]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="533">A</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8E617DDC6AF831FDC3C6B4" box="[531,545,2012,2037]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="533">a</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8E617DDC56F836FD95C6B4" box="[559,631,2011,2037]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="533">lawryi</emphasis>
|
|
Rothschild, 1891 (Stewart Island brown kiwi) (Heath 2010).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<caption id="DF55DF82FF8F617CDAB5FF7AFAEBC6B7" pageId="5" pageNumber="534" startId="5.[1228,1253,151,231]" subCaptionStartIDs="5.[1228,1253,1939,2038]" subCaptionStarts="FIGURE M" targetBox="[376,1216,212,1935]" targetPageId="5">
|
|
<paragraph id="8B958F0AFF8F617CDAB5FF7AFAEBC069" blockId="5.[1228,1289,151,2038]" box="[1228,1289,151,330]" pageId="5" pageNumber="534">indicate branches.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B958F0AFF8F617CDAB5FEBEFAEBC0BE" blockId="5.[1228,1289,151,2038]" pageId="5" pageNumber="534">above MrBayes numbers by inferred</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B958F0AFF8F617CDAB5FE1AFB07C35F" blockId="5.[1228,1289,151,2038]" box="[1228,1253,503,542]" pageId="5" pageNumber="534">The</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B958F0AFF8F617CDAB5FDCAFB07C36C" blockId="5.[1228,1289,151,2038]" box="[1228,1253,551,557]" pageId="5" pageNumber="534">.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B958F0AFF8F617CDA89FDE8FB07C331" blockId="5.[1228,1289,151,2038]" pageId="5" pageNumber="534">
|
|
supports
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2AF489FF8F617CDAB5FDC3FB07C331" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1795" box="[1228,1253,558,624]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="5" pageNumber="534" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8F617CDAB5FDC3FB07C331" box="[1228,1253,558,624]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="534">Ixodes</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B958F0AFF8F617CDAB5FD94FB07C3CF" blockId="5.[1228,1289,151,2038]" box="[1228,1253,633,654]" pageId="5" pageNumber="534">of</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B958F0AFF8F617CDA89FD8CFAEBC391" blockId="5.[1228,1289,151,2038]" box="[1264,1289,609,720]" pageId="5" pageNumber="534">probability</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B958F0AFF8F617CDAB5FD7BFAEBC270" blockId="5.[1228,1289,151,2038]" box="[1228,1289,662,817]" pageId="5" pageNumber="534">subgenera 22 posterior</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B958F0AFF8F617CDAB5FCCAFB07C207" blockId="5.[1228,1289,151,2038]" box="[1228,1253,807,838]" pageId="5" pageNumber="534">the</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B958F0AFF8F617CDAB5FCA2FB07C225" blockId="5.[1228,1289,151,2038]" box="[1228,1253,847,868]" pageId="5" pageNumber="534">of</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B958F0AFF8F617CDA89FCDAFAEBC2D6" blockId="5.[1228,1289,151,2038]" box="[1264,1289,823,919]" pageId="5" pageNumber="534">Inference</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B958F0AFF8F617CDAB5FC80FB07C2C7" blockId="5.[1228,1289,151,2038]" box="[1228,1253,877,902]" pageId="5" pageNumber="534">16</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B958F0AFF8F617CDAB5FC63FB07C539" blockId="5.[1228,1289,151,2038]" pageId="5" pageNumber="534">from Bayesian ticks of indicate genomes</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B958F0AFF8F617CDAB5FB6CFB07C470" blockId="5.[1228,1289,151,2038]" pageId="5" pageNumber="534">mitochondrial branches below 40</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B958F0AFF8F617CDA89FB11FB07C40E" blockId="5.[1228,1289,151,2038]" pageId="5" pageNumber="534">numbers of</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B958F0AFF8F617CDA89FAB4FAEBC4C8" blockId="5.[1228,1289,151,2038]" pageId="5" pageNumber="534">The sequences.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B958F0AFF8F617CDA89FA64FAEBC4A3" blockId="5.[1228,1289,151,2038]" box="[1264,1289,1417,1506]" pageId="5" pageNumber="534">RAxML</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B958F0AFF8F617CDAB5FA2BFAEBC7EA" blockId="5.[1228,1289,151,2038]" pageId="5" pageNumber="534">nucleotide by the inferred from support</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B958F0AFF8F617CDAB5F977FAEBC64E" blockId="5.[1228,1289,151,2038]" box="[1228,1289,1690,1807]" pageId="5" pageNumber="534">inferred bootstrap</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B958F0AFF8F617CDAB5F91EFB07C62E" blockId="5.[1228,1289,151,2038]" box="[1228,1253,1779,1903]" pageId="5" pageNumber="534">Phylogenies</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B958F0AFF8F617CDA89F8FBFAEBC6C4" blockId="5.[1228,1289,151,2038]" box="[1264,1289,1814,1925]" pageId="5" pageNumber="534">Likelihood</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B958F0AFF8F617CDAB5F89AFB07C63D" blockId="5.[1228,1289,151,2038]" box="[1228,1253,1911,1916]" pageId="5" pageNumber="534">.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B958F0AFF8F617CDAB5F891FB07C6CB" blockId="5.[1228,1289,151,2038]" box="[1228,1253,1916,1930]" pageId="5" pageNumber="534">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8F617CDAB5F891FB07C6CB" bold="true" box="[1228,1253,1916,1930]" pageId="5" pageNumber="534">2</emphasis>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B958F0AFF8F617CDAB5F87EFAEBC6B7" blockId="5.[1228,1289,151,2038]" box="[1228,1289,1932,2038]" pageId="5" pageNumber="534">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8F617CDAB5F87EFB07C6B7" bold="true" box="[1228,1253,1939,2038]" pageId="5" pageNumber="534">FIGURE</emphasis>
|
|
Maximum
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<caption id="DF55DF82FF8C617FDAB7FF7AFAE9C6B4" pageId="6" pageNumber="535" startId="6.[1230,1255,151,193]" subCaptionStartIDs="6.[1230,1255,1939,2038]" subCaptionStarts="FIGURE s" targetBox="[398,1190,184,1916]" targetPageId="6">
|
|
<paragraph id="8B958F0AFF8C617FDAB7FF7AFB05C07D" blockId="6.[1230,1291,151,2038]" box="[1230,1255,151,316]" pageId="6" pageNumber="535">thus and genetic</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B958F0AFF8C617FDAB7FEAEFB05C01A" blockId="6.[1230,1291,151,2038]" box="[1230,1255,323,347]" pageId="6" pageNumber="535">%</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B958F0AFF8C617FDAB7FEB6FB05C024" blockId="6.[1230,1291,151,2038]" box="[1230,1255,347,357]" pageId="6" pageNumber="535">1</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B958F0AFF8C617FDAB7FE86FB05C365" blockId="6.[1230,1291,151,2038]" box="[1230,1255,363,548]" pageId="6" pageNumber="535">than less indicates</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B958F0AFF8C617FDAB7FDC6FB05C328" blockId="6.[1230,1291,151,2038]" box="[1230,1255,555,617]" pageId="6" pageNumber="535">Green</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B958F0AFF8C617FDAB7FD82FB05C333" blockId="6.[1230,1291,151,2038]" box="[1230,1255,623,626]" pageId="6" pageNumber="535">.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B958F0AFF8C617FDAB7FD9EFB05C33A" blockId="6.[1230,1291,151,2038]" box="[1230,1255,627,635]" pageId="6" pageNumber="535">)</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B958F0AFF8C617FDAB7FD97FB05C3D6" blockId="6.[1230,1291,151,2038]" box="[1230,1255,634,663]" pageId="6" pageNumber="535">kb</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B958F0AFF8C617FDAB7FD73FB05C3F6" blockId="6.[1230,1291,151,2038]" box="[1230,1255,670,695]" pageId="6" pageNumber="535">15</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B958F0AFF8C617FDAB7FD53FB05C380" blockId="6.[1230,1291,151,2038]" box="[1230,1255,702,705]" pageId="6" pageNumber="535">.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B958F0AFF8C617FDAB7FD2CFB05C39A" blockId="6.[1230,1291,151,2038]" box="[1230,1255,705,731]" pageId="6" pageNumber="535">ca</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B958F0AFF8C617FDAB7FD36FB05C3A2" blockId="6.[1230,1291,151,2038]" box="[1230,1255,731,739]" pageId="6" pageNumber="535">(</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B958F0AFF8C617FDAB7FD07FB05C206" blockId="6.[1230,1291,151,2038]" box="[1230,1255,746,839]" pageId="6" pageNumber="535">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2AF489FF8C617FDAB7FD07FB05C26D" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1795" box="[1230,1255,746,812]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="6" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8C617FDAB7FD07FB05C26D" box="[1230,1255,746,812]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="535">Ixodes</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
of
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B958F0AFF8C617FDAB7FCA3FB05C214" blockId="6.[1230,1291,151,2038]" box="[1230,1255,846,853]" pageId="6" pageNumber="535">)</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B958F0AFF8C617FDAB7FCB8FB05C286" blockId="6.[1230,1291,151,2038]" box="[1230,1255,853,967]" pageId="6" pageNumber="535">individuals</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B958F0AFF8C617FDAB7FC23FB05C2A8" blockId="6.[1230,1291,151,2038]" box="[1230,1255,974,1001]" pageId="6" pageNumber="535">40</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B958F0AFF8C617FDAB7FC05FB05C2AE" blockId="6.[1230,1291,151,2038]" box="[1230,1255,1000,1007]" pageId="6" pageNumber="535">(</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B958F0AFF8C617FDAB7FC1BFAE9C57C" blockId="6.[1230,1291,151,2038]" box="[1230,1291,1014,1087]" pageId="6" pageNumber="535">species bold</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B958F0AFF8C617FDAB7FBABFAE9C4F8" blockId="6.[1230,1291,151,2038]" pageId="6" pageNumber="535">
|
|
<quantity id="4CD222EFFF8C617FDAB7FBABFAE9C519" box="[1230,1291,1092,1119]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.636" pageId="6" pageNumber="535" unit="in" value="34.0">34 in</quantity>
|
|
of are genomes study present mitochondrial the in entire sequenced
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B958F0AFF8C617FDAB7FA5AFAE9C757" blockId="6.[1230,1291,151,2038]" pageId="6" pageNumber="535">the Species among.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B958F0AFF8C617FDAB7F9C5FAE9C7B0" blockId="6.[1230,1291,151,2038]" pageId="6" pageNumber="535">differences reference for genetic, species</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B958F0AFF8C617FDAB7F902FB05C7B6" blockId="6.[1230,1291,151,2038]" box="[1230,1255,1775,1783]" pageId="6" pageNumber="535">)</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B958F0AFF8C617FDAB7F91AFB05C64C" blockId="6.[1230,1291,151,2038]" box="[1230,1255,1783,1805]" pageId="6" pageNumber="535">%</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B958F0AFF8C617FDAB7F8E0FB05C654" blockId="6.[1230,1291,151,2038]" box="[1230,1255,1805,1813]" pageId="6" pageNumber="535">(</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B958F0AFF8C617FDA8BF91AFAE9C66A" blockId="6.[1230,1291,151,2038]" box="[1266,1291,1783,1835]" pageId="6" pageNumber="535">same</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B958F0AFF8C617FDAB7F8F6FB05C63F" blockId="6.[1230,1291,151,2038]" pageId="6" pageNumber="535">
|
|
Pairwise the
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8C617FDAB7F894FB05C63F" bold="true" box="[1230,1255,1913,1918]" pageId="6" pageNumber="535">.</emphasis>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B958F0AFF8C617FDAB7F893FB05C6CD" blockId="6.[1230,1291,151,2038]" box="[1230,1255,1918,1932]" pageId="6" pageNumber="535">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8C617FDAB7F893FB05C6CD" bold="true" box="[1230,1255,1918,1932]" pageId="6" pageNumber="535">3</emphasis>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B958F0AFF8C617FDA8BF8BAFAE9C6B4" blockId="6.[1230,1291,151,2038]" pageId="6" pageNumber="535">
|
|
from
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8C617FDAB7F87EFB05C6B7" bold="true" box="[1230,1255,1939,2038]" pageId="6" pageNumber="535">FIGURE</emphasis>
|
|
sequences
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<subSubSection id="C330DC81FF8D617EDEBEFF7AFD82C194" pageId="7" pageNumber="536" type="etymology">
|
|
<paragraph id="8B958F0AFF8D617EDEBEFF7AFD82C194" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,681]" pageId="7" pageNumber="536">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8D617EDEBEFF7AFEB0C1F0" bold="true" box="[199,338,151,177]" pageId="7" pageNumber="536">Etymology:</emphasis>
|
|
The name of this new subgenus refers to the geographic distribution of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2AF489FF8D617EDA0BFF7AFA9DC1F1" authorityName="Chilton" authorityYear="1904" box="[1138,1407,151,177]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="7" pageNumber="536" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anatis" subGenus="Australixodes">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8D617EDA0BFF7AFB99C1F1" box="[1138,1147,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="536">I</emphasis>
|
|
. (
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8D617EDAEBFF7AFACEC1F0" box="[1170,1324,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="536">Australixodes</emphasis>
|
|
)
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8D617EDB42FF7AFA9DC1F1" box="[1339,1407,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="536">anatis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
in
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F33DCF9AFF8D617EDEEEFF56FECFC194" box="[151,301,187,213]" name="New Zealand" pageId="7" pageNumber="536">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
|
in Australasia (masculine).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="C330DC81FF8D617EDEBEFF33FDEAC1B8" box="[199,520,222,249]" pageId="7" pageNumber="536" type="distribution">
|
|
<paragraph id="8B958F0AFF8D617EDEBEFF33FDEAC1B8" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,681]" box="[199,520,222,249]" pageId="7" pageNumber="536">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8D617EDEBEFF33FE81C1B9" bold="true" box="[199,355,222,248]" pageId="7" pageNumber="536">Distribution:</emphasis>
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F33DCF9AFF8D617EDF13FF32FDE6C1B8" box="[362,516,223,249]" name="New Zealand" pageId="7" pageNumber="536">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="C330DC81FF8D617EDEBEFEEEFB5EC3E8" pageId="7" pageNumber="536" type="discussion">
|
|
<paragraph id="8B958F0AFF8D617EDEBEFEEEFA8BC024" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,681]" pageId="7" pageNumber="536">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8D617EDEBEFEEEFEDFC05C" bold="true" box="[199,317,259,285]" pageId="7" pageNumber="536">Remarks:</emphasis>
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBF2FBFF8D617EDF3FFEEEFD8CC05C" author="Guglielmone, A. A. & Petney, T. N. & Richard, G. R." box="[326,622,259,285]" pageId="7" pageNumber="536" pagination="1 - 322" refId="ref6101" refString="Guglielmone, A. A., Petney, T. N. & Richard, G. R. (2020) Ixodidae (Acari: Ixodoidea): descriptions and redescriptions of all known species from 1758 to December 31, 2019. Zootaxa, 4871 (1), 1 - 322. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4871.1.1" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
|
Guglielmone
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8D617EDF98FEEEFDF6C05C" box="[481,532,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="536">et al</emphasis>
|
|
. (2020)
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
gives a list of the descriptions and redescriptions of the sole species in this subgenus,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2AF489FF8D617EDF3DFECAFDB8C001" authorityName="Chilton" authorityYear="1904" box="[324,602,295,321]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="7" pageNumber="536" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anatis" subGenus="Australixodes">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8D617EDF3DFECAFEAFC001" box="[324,333,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="536">I</emphasis>
|
|
. (
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8D617EDF11FECAFDE0C000" box="[360,514,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="536">Australixodes</emphasis>
|
|
)
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8D617EDC6FFECAFDB8C001" box="[534,602,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="536">anatis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Other papers pertinent to the geographic distribution and biology of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2AF489FF8D617EDBF5FECAFD6EC024" authority=": Heath (2010 a" authorityName=": Heath" authorityYear="2010" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="7" pageNumber="536" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anatis" subGenus="Australixodes">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8D617EDBF5FECAFA77C001" box="[1420,1429,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="536">I</emphasis>
|
|
. (
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8D617EDED8FEA6FED9C024" box="[161,315,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="536">Australixodes</emphasis>
|
|
)
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8D617EDF32FEA6FE6DC025" box="[331,399,331,356]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="536">anatis</emphasis>
|
|
:
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBF2FBFF8D617EDFE7FEA6FDDAC024" author="Heath, A. C. G." box="[414,568,331,357]" pageId="7" pageNumber="536" pagination="12 - 17" refId="ref6315" refString="Heath, A. C. G. (2010 a) Checklist of ectoparasites of birds in New Zealand: additions and corrections. Surveillance, 37, 12 - 17." type="journal article" year="2010">
|
|
Heath (2010
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBF2FBFF8D617EDC55FEA6FDDAC024" author="Heath, A. C. G." box="[556,568,331,357]" pageId="7" pageNumber="536" pagination="147 - 159" refId="ref6348" refString="Heath, A. C. G. (2010 b) A review of ectoparasites of Apteryx spp. (kiwi) in New Zealand, with new host records, and the biology of Ixodes anatis (Acari: Ixodidae). Tuhinga: Records of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, 21, 147 - 159." type="journal article" year="2010">a</bibRefCitation>
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
, 2010b
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
) and
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBF2FBFF8D617EDCB0FEA6FC7CC024" author="Heath, A. C. G. & Palma, R. L. & Cane, R. P. & Hardwick, S." box="[713,926,331,357]" pageId="7" pageNumber="536" pagination="55 - 63" refId="ref6411" refString="Heath, A. C. G., Palma, R. L., Cane, R. P. & Hardwick, S. (2011) Checklist of New Zealand ticks (Acari: Ixodidae, Argasidae). Zootaxa, 2995 (1), 55 - 63. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2995.1.4" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
|
Heath
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8D617EDD6AFEA6FCA6C024" box="[787,836,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="536">et al</emphasis>
|
|
. (2011)
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBF2FBFF8D617EDDD3FEA6FB98C024" author="Swift, R. J. & Heath, A. C. G. & Jamieson, S. E." box="[938,1146,330,357]" pageId="7" pageNumber="536" pagination="1 - 12" refId="ref7875" refString="Swift, R. J., Heath, A. C. G. & Jamieson, S. E. (2015) The kiwi tick, Ixodes anatis Chilton, 1904 (Acari: Ixodidae): aspects of its biology and ecology. Systematic & Applied Acarology, 20, 1 - 12. https: // doi. org / 10.11158 / saa. 20.1.1" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
|
Swift
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8D617EDD97FEA6FBFDC024" box="[1006,1055,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="536">et al</emphasis>
|
|
. (2015)
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBF2FBFF8D617EDAFCFEA6FA87C024" author="Bansal, N. & Pomroy, W. E. & Heath, A. C. G. & Castro, I." box="[1157,1381,331,357]" pageId="7" pageNumber="536" pagination="1 - 9" refId="ref5081" refString="Bansal, N., Pomroy, W. E., Heath, A. C. G. & Castro, I. (2021) Aspects of the development of Ixodes anatis under different environmental conditions in the laboratory and in the field. Parasites & Vectors, 14 (85), 1 - 9. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 021 - 04601 - z" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
|
Bansal
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8D617EDAA1FEA6FAE8C024" box="[1240,1290,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="536">et al</emphasis>
|
|
. (2021)
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B958F0AFF8D617EDEBEFE83FB5EC3E8" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,681]" pageId="7" pageNumber="536">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8D617EDEBEFE83FEADC0C9" bold="true" box="[199,335,366,392]" pageId="7" pageNumber="536">Discussion:</emphasis>
|
|
A subgenus is needed for
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2AF489FF8D617EDC17FE82FD2AC0C9" authorityName=": Heath" authorityYear="2010" box="[622,712,367,393]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="7" pageNumber="536" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anatis">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8D617EDC17FE82FD95C0C9" box="[622,631,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="536">I</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8D617EDCFDFE82FD2AC0C9" box="[644,712,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="536">anatis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
for two reasons. First,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2AF489FF8D617EDDBCFE82FBFDC0C9" authorityName=": Heath" authorityYear="2010" box="[965,1055,367,393]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="7" pageNumber="536" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anatis">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8D617EDDBCFE82FC2CC0C9" box="[965,974,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="536">I</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8D617EDDA2FE82FBFDC0C9" box="[987,1055,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="536">anatis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
does not fit, morphologically, into the subgenus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2AF489FF8D617EDF4AFE7EFE29C0EC" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1935" box="[307,459,403,429]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Sternalixodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="7" pageNumber="536" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8D617EDF4AFE7EFE29C0EC" box="[307,459,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="536">Sternalixodes</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBF2FBFF8D617EDFA2FE7EFD86C0EC" author="Heath, A. C. G." box="[475,612,403,429]" pageId="7" pageNumber="536" pagination="26 - 39" refId="ref6288" refString="Heath, A. C. G. (1977) Zoogeography of the New Zealand tick fauna. Tuatara, 23, 26 - 39." type="journal article" year="1977">Heath 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBF2FBFF8D617EDC08FE7EFCD8C0EC" author="Kwak, M. L. & Beveridge, I. & Koehler, A. V. & Malipatil, M. & Gasser, R. B. & Jabbar, A." box="[625,826,403,429]" pageId="7" pageNumber="536" pagination="122" refId="ref6932" refString="Kwak, M. L., Beveridge, I., Koehler, A. V., Malipatil, M., Gasser, R. B. & Jabbar, A. (2017) Phylogenetic analysis of the Australasian paralysis ticks and their relatives (Ixodidae: Ixodes: Sternalixodes). Parasites & Vectors, 10, 122. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 017 - 2045 - 4" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
|
Kwak
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8D617EDCC4FE7EFD12C0EC" box="[701,752,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="536">et al</emphasis>
|
|
. 2017
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBF2FBFF8D617EDD3EFE7EFBD8C0EC" author="Kwak, M. L. & Heath, A. C. G." box="[839,1082,403,429]" pageId="7" pageNumber="536" pagination="207 - 223" refId="ref7013" refString="Kwak, M. L. & Heath, A. C. G. (2018) Redescription of the kiwi tick Ixodes anatis (Acari: Ixodidae) from New Zealand, with notes on its biology. Experimental & Applied Acarology, 74, 207 - 223. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10493 - 018 - 0214 - 6" type="journal article" year="2018">Kwak & Heath 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). The differences are discussed in detail by
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBF2FBFF8D617EDF66FE5AFDFFC090" author="Kwak, M. L. & Heath, A. C. G." box="[287,541,439,465]" pageId="7" pageNumber="536" pagination="207 - 223" refId="ref7013" refString="Kwak, M. L. & Heath, A. C. G. (2018) Redescription of the kiwi tick Ixodes anatis (Acari: Ixodidae) from New Zealand, with notes on its biology. Experimental & Applied Acarology, 74, 207 - 223. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10493 - 018 - 0214 - 6" type="journal article" year="2018">Kwak & Heath (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
but here we reiterate that none of the life stages of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2AF489FF8D617EDA1FFE5AFB20C091" authorityName=": Heath" authorityYear="2010" box="[1126,1218,439,465]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="7" pageNumber="536" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anatis">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8D617EDA1FFE5AFB8DC091" box="[1126,1135,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="536">I</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8D617EDA07FE5AFB20C091" box="[1150,1218,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="536">anatis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
has a sternal plate, the eponymous character state that has been used to define the subgenus. Second, genetically,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2AF489FF8D617EDAC3FE36FAF4C0B5" authorityName=": Heath" authorityYear="2010" box="[1210,1302,475,501]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="7" pageNumber="536" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anatis">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8D617EDAC3FE36FB21C0B5" box="[1210,1219,475,500]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="536">I</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8D617EDAABFE36FAF4C0B5" box="[1234,1302,475,500]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="536">anatis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
does not fit into the subgenus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2AF489FF8D617EDF1DFE12FE1EC358" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1935" box="[356,508,511,537]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Sternalixodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="7" pageNumber="536" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8D617EDF1DFE12FE1EC358" box="[356,508,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="536">Sternalixodes</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
either (Fig. 2). Rather, our mt genome phylogeny revealed that the sister group of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2AF489FF8D617EDEEEFDCEFF11C37D" authorityName=": Heath" authorityYear="2010" box="[151,243,547,573]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="7" pageNumber="536" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anatis">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8D617EDEEEFDCEFF42C37D" box="[151,160,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="536">I</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8D617EDED6FDCEFF11C37D" box="[175,243,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="536">anatis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2AF489FF8D617EDF6CFDCEFE7EC37C" authorityName="Neumann" authorityYear="1902" box="[277,412,547,573]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ceratixodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="7" pageNumber="536" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8D617EDF6CFDCEFE7EC37C" box="[277,412,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="536">Ceratixodes</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
+
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2AF489FF8D617EDFC2FDCEFDB1C37C" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1935" box="[443,595,547,573]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Sternalixodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="7" pageNumber="536" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8D617EDFC2FDCEFDB1C37C" box="[443,595,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="536">Sternalixodes</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Fig. 2).
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBF2FBFF8D617EDCC7FDCEFC52C37C" author="Camicas, J. L. & Hervy, J. P. & Adam, F. & Morel, P. C." box="[702,944,547,573]" pageId="7" pageNumber="536" refId="ref5547" refString="Camicas, J. L., Hervy, J. P., Adam, F. & Morel, P. C. (1998) Les tiques du monde (Acarida, Ixodida). Nomenclature, stades decrits, hotes, repartition (especes decrites avant le 1 / 01 / 96). Orstom Editions, Paris, 233 pp." type="book" year="1998">
|
|
Camicas
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8D617EDD5FFDCEFCB5C37C" box="[806,855,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="536">et al</emphasis>
|
|
. (1998)
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
placed
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2AF489FF8D617EDA71FDCEFB86C37D" authorityName=": Heath" authorityYear="2010" box="[1032,1124,547,573]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="7" pageNumber="536" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anatis">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8D617EDA71FDCEFBF3C37D" box="[1032,1041,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="536">I</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8D617EDA59FDCEFB86C37D" box="[1056,1124,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="536">anatis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
in the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2AF489FF8D617EDACAFDCEFAA6C37D" authorityName="Neumann" authorityYear="1908" box="[1203,1348,547,573]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="7" pageNumber="536" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="unicavatus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8D617EDACAFDCEFB5EC37D" box="[1203,1212,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="536">I</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8D617EDAB2FDCEFAA6C37D" box="[1227,1348,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="536">unicavatus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
species group of the subgenus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2AF489FF8D617EDFE4FDAAFDCBC320" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1941" box="[413,553,583,609]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Scaphixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="7" pageNumber="536" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8D617EDFE4FDAAFDCBC320" box="[413,553,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="536">Scaphixodes</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
but did not explain their reasons. The other three species in the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2AF489FF8D617EDB73FDAAFA7EC321" authorityName="Neumann" authorityYear="1908" box="[1290,1436,583,609]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="7" pageNumber="536" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="unicavatus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8D617EDB73FDAAFAF1C321" box="[1290,1299,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="536">I</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8D617EDB5AFDAAFA7EC321" box="[1315,1436,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="536">unicavatus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
species group of
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBF2FBFF8D617EDF2CFD86FDA4C3C4" author="Camicas, J. L. & Hervy, J. P. & Adam, F. & Morel, P. C." box="[341,582,619,645]" pageId="7" pageNumber="536" refId="ref5547" refString="Camicas, J. L., Hervy, J. P., Adam, F. & Morel, P. C. (1998) Les tiques du monde (Acarida, Ixodida). Nomenclature, stades decrits, hotes, repartition (especes decrites avant le 1 / 01 / 96). Orstom Editions, Paris, 233 pp." type="book" year="1998">
|
|
Camicas
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8D617EDFC4FD86FE0CC3C4" box="[445,494,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="536">et al</emphasis>
|
|
. (1998)
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
were
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2AF489FF8D617EDCF3FD86FC36C3C4" authority="Neumann, 1908" authorityName="Neumann" authorityYear="1908" box="[650,980,619,645]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="7" pageNumber="536" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="unicavatus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8D617EDCF3FD86FD71C3C5" box="[650,659,619,644]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="536">I</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8D617EDCD8FD86FCF8C3C5" box="[673,794,619,644]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="536">unicavatus</emphasis>
|
|
Neumann, 1908
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
from the Palaearctic,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2AF489FF8D617EDAB3FD86FF3AC3E8" authority="(Birula, 1895)" baseAuthorityName="Birula" baseAuthorityYear="1895" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="7" pageNumber="536" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="signatus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8D617EDAB3FD86FB31C3C5" box="[1226,1235,619,644]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="536">I</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8D617EDA9BFD86FADDC3C5" box="[1250,1343,619,644]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="536">signatus</emphasis>
|
|
(Birula, 1895)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
from Palaearctic and Nearctic, and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2AF489FF8D617EDC13FD62FC96C3E8" authority="(Kohls, 1957)" baseAuthorityName="Kohls" baseAuthorityYear="1957" box="[618,884,654,681]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="7" pageNumber="536" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="downsi">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8D617EDC13FD62FD91C3E9" box="[618,627,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="536">I</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
<emphasis id="B95E5318FF8D617EDCFBFD62FD33C3E8" box="[642,721,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="536">downsi</emphasis>
|
|
(Kohls, 1957)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
from the Neotropical region.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |