330 lines
39 KiB
XML
330 lines
39 KiB
XML
<document id="8ADFAE5C6C588E727AE71134BCB389C2" ID-DOI="10.11646/phytotaxa.344.1.9" ID-ISSN="1179-3163" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13720649" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1725660154025" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Lehnert, Marcus & Kessler, Michael" docDate="2018" docId="F55787D02918FFD8A996FE0AFB663586" docLanguage="en" docName="phytotaxa.344.1.9.pdf" docOrigin="Phytotaxa 344 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.344.1.9" docStyle="DocumentStyle:96748F8F1B6C902996E134952A3A36B9.13:Phytotaxa.2014-.journal_article" docStyleId="96748F8F1B6C902996E134952A3A36B9" docStyleName="Phytotaxa.2014-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="13" docTitle="Dicksonia karsteniana T. Moore, Ind. Fil." docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="72" masterDocId="096EFFA8291AFFDBA91EFF99FF813753" masterDocTitle="Prodromus of a fern flora for Bolivia. XXI. Dicksoniaceae" masterLastPageNumber="74" masterPageNumber="69" pageNumber="71" updateTime="1725671034889" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-figures="UNSPECIFIED" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:titleInfo id="BF11A4766F0A606BF07AE0AFD2654598">
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<mods:title id="28412FB47B88D5DA60616E33BC097DEC">Prodromus of a fern flora for Bolivia. XXI. Dicksoniaceae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="24EE33C7C764F61B3A958B5ADFC8A1B2" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="CB6F1B63F1C857ACBE55BD5CB0807655">
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<mods:roleTerm id="555BA502A4530CB6209CD83AAD864F7E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="995FF956E2319E78D95A3C6758862B11">Lehnert, Marcus</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="401AD5FACB7523130054A3D34C5ADBB0" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="512BCB97D7BB25AF2B76650549D498E9">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="447A4584EA2947C02B05A4E6B272577B">Kessler, Michael</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="F759F829B7DB591E14ACD773DD20BC0F">Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH- 8008 Zurich, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="6220F253F60F27CA42CDBDADDD00AD62">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="1118FD12816BD4F90CEA52405A46476A">
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<mods:title id="634E9E8E0E4AB91C922CC4024EBC610A">Phytotaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="E0D87A3FAF0FD40BE81FE4F12B715291">
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<mods:date id="3355F95F2777F3AFF0A9DD2982B2D2F4">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="9A664E193AABD5EBB4AC0C6F0495E768" type="pubDate">
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<mods:number id="F20818072573D52F374C917B2971EF8F">2018-03-13</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="5A630D448B8F750E0AE1C42AC0EAFDF5" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="EC0003F2D010FF4380A9A203C87309E0">344</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="81B7994D38B044C58EA6E1CF98815ECB" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="C7C77CAC6C92A1E2D14C803F6BD12D06">1</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="9055D8823677A6F28C726B919724E07E">69</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="2A09145E2AA2A10BEF90551B5F25AF48">74</mods:end>
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<mods:url id="895A10F31572D9B7A65305A5FB90796E">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.344.1.9</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification id="39F6CB55939E798BE98D8970580FE6B9">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="5C83A148D95EC77E3F1E1061D411E176" type="DOI">10.11646/phytotaxa.344.1.9</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="EBCE20A92ED63D7A1332959BB89BC290" type="ISSN">1179-3163</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="B278EEB18A20921AB55650054237FF18" type="Zenodo-Dep">13720649</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="F55787D02918FFD8A996FE0AFB663586" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F55787D02918FFD8A996FE0AFB663586" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F55787D02918FFD8A996FE0AFB663586" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="72" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">
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<subSubSection id="35E4654D2918FFD9A996FE0AFAFA3681" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="7D4136C62918FFD9A996FE0AFC1136FD" blockId="2.[136,912,403,430]" box="[136,912,403,430]" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">
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<heading id="260981AA2918FFD9A996FE0AFC1136FD" box="[136,912,403,430]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" reason="3">
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<treatmentCitation id="FC5F10D72918FFD9A996FE0AFC0A36FD" author="T. Moore" box="[136,907,403,430]" journal="Ind. Fil." page="313" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" score="0.0029073570737737577" volume="190" year="1860">
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<taxonomicName id="BAFE4D452918FFD9A996FE0AFD5836FD" ID-CoL="35PKJ" authority="(Klotzsch) T. Moore, Ind. Fil." authorityName="T. Moore, Ind. Fil." baseAuthorityName="Klotzsch" box="[136,729,403,430]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Dicksoniaceae" genus="Dicksonia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cyatheales" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="karsteniana">
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<emphasis id="4F8AEAD42918FFD9A996FE0AFE0C36FD" bold="true" box="[136,397,403,430]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">Dicksonia karsteniana</emphasis>
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(Klotzsch) T.Moore, Ind. Fil.
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</taxonomicName>
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190: 313. 1860
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7D4136C62918FFD9A9A3FE20FAFA3681" blockId="2.[136,1452,441,1582]" box="[189,1403,441,466]" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">
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<emphasis id="4F8AEAD42918FFD9A9A3FE20FE923681" bold="true" box="[189,275,441,466]" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">Range:</emphasis>
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—Rare in
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<collectingCountry id="05E976562918FFD9A896FE20FD843681" box="[392,517,441,466]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
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; common in the Andes from
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<collectingCountry id="05E976562918FFD9AA54FE20FC393681" box="[842,952,441,466]" name="Colombia" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">Colombia</collectingCountry>
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to
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<collectingCountry id="05E976562918FFD9AAC2FE20FBCE3681" box="[988,1103,441,466]" name="Venezuela" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="05E976562918FFD9AD9BFE20FB563681" box="[1157,1239,441,466]" name="Bolivia" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
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(CO, LP, SC).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="35E4654D2918FFD8A9A3FE44FB663586" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="72" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="7D4136C62918FFD9A9A3FE44FF6F3549" blockId="2.[136,1452,441,1582]" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">
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<emphasis id="4F8AEAD42918FFD9A9A3FE44FEA736A5" bold="true" box="[189,294,477,502]" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">Ecology:</emphasis>
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—Common in cool mountain rainforests to sub-paramo and open grasslands at (1200–)1800–3300(– 3600) m.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7D4136C62918FFD9A9A3FDBCFED13365" blockId="2.[136,1452,441,1582]" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">
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<emphasis id="4F8AEAD42918FFD9A9A3FDBCFE88356D" bold="true" box="[189,265,549,574]" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">Notes:</emphasis>
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—This species represents the taxon formerly known as
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<taxonomicName id="BAFE4D452918FFD9AA86FDBCFBB9356D" authorityName=", Calderon-Saenz" authorityYear="2000" box="[920,1080,549,574]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Dicksoniaceae" genus="Dicksonia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cyatheales" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sellowiana">
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<emphasis id="4F8AEAD42918FFD9AA86FDBCFBB9356D" box="[920,1080,549,574]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">D. sellowiana</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in
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<collectingCountry id="05E976562918FFD9AD7AFDBCFB37356D" box="[1124,1206,549,574]" name="Bolivia" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="196F4B372918FFD9ADD7FDBCFAEB356D" author="Lehnert, M." box="[1225,1386,549,574]" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" pagination="229 - 244" refId="ref4549" refString="Lehnert, M. (2006) The Cyatheaceae and Dicksoniaceae (Pteridophyta) of Bolivia. Brittonia 58 (3): 229 - 244. https: // doi. org / 10.1663 / 0007 - 196 X (2006) 58 [229: TCADPO] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2006">Lehnert 2006</bibRefCitation>
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). The true
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<taxonomicName id="BAFE4D452918FFD9A9A2FDD0FEDB3531" authorityName=", Calderon-Saenz" authorityYear="2000" box="[188,346,585,610]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Dicksoniaceae" genus="Dicksonia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cyatheales" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sellowiana">
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<emphasis id="4F8AEAD42918FFD9A9A2FDD0FEDB3531" box="[188,346,585,610]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">D. sellowiana</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is largely restricted to southeastern
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<collectingCountry id="05E976562918FFD9ABE7FDD0FCBC3531" box="[761,829,585,610]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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(Noben
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<emphasis id="4F8AEAD42918FFD9AABDFDD0FC573531" box="[931,982,585,610]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">et al</emphasis>
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., unpublished data) and has not yet been confirmed for
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<collectingCountry id="05E976562918FFD9A835FDF4FE0035D5" box="[299,385,621,646]" name="Bolivia" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
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. However, it may be that true
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<taxonomicName id="BAFE4D452918FFD9ABC9FDF4FCF335D5" authorityName=", Calderon-Saenz" authorityYear="2000" box="[727,882,621,646]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Dicksoniaceae" genus="Dicksonia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cyatheales" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sellowiana">
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<emphasis id="4F8AEAD42918FFD9ABC9FDF4FCF335D5" box="[727,882,621,646]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">D. sellowiana</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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also occurs in small overlooked relict populations in the eastern part of the country. It should be sought in the intermittent mountain ranges of Santiago de la Chiquitania and the Serranía de Huanchaca, which may act as stepping-stones for biota between the two forest areas. These ranges consist of sandstone, a substrate where
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<taxonomicName id="BAFE4D452918FFD9AB26FD40FD2B35A1" box="[568,682,729,754]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Dicksoniaceae" genus="Dicksonia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cyatheales" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="4F8AEAD42918FFD9AB26FD40FD2B35A1" box="[568,682,729,754]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">Dicksonia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is often present but overlooked, growing here patchily in inaccessible narrow gorges and sinkholes. The Uruguayan population of
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<taxonomicName id="BAFE4D452918FFD9AA32FD64FC463445" authorityName=", Calderon-Saenz" authorityYear="2000" box="[812,967,765,790]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Dicksoniaceae" genus="Dicksonia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cyatheales" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sellowiana">
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<emphasis id="4F8AEAD42918FFD9AA32FD64FC463445" box="[812,967,765,790]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">D. sellowiana</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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grows in a small hidden valley ca.
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<quantity id="BA069B232918FFD9AC48FD64FA2D3445" box="[1366,1452,765,790]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" unit="km" value="350.0">350 km</quantity>
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from the nearest occurrence in
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<collectingCountry id="05E976562918FFD9A8F2FCB8FDB23469" box="[492,563,801,826]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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, and although the distance between suitable habitat in
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<collectingCountry id="05E976562918FFD9ADBDFCB8FB743469" box="[1187,1269,801,826]" name="Bolivia" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="05E976562918FFD9AC31FCB8FAF23469" box="[1327,1395,801,826]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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is at least three times larger, it exemplifies that very small populations of these plants can persist over centuries.
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<taxonomicName id="BAFE4D452918FFD9AC24FCDCFE8034D1" authorityName=", Calderon-Saenz" authorityYear="2000" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Dicksoniaceae" genus="Dicksonia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cyatheales" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sellowiana">
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<emphasis id="4F8AEAD42918FFD9AC24FCDCFE8034D1" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">Dicksonia sellowiana</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is distinguished from
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<taxonomicName id="BAFE4D452918FFD9AB1DFCF0FD2A34D1" box="[515,683,873,898]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Dicksoniaceae" genus="Dicksonia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cyatheales" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="karsteniana">
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<emphasis id="4F8AEAD42918FFD9AB1DFCF0FD2A34D1" box="[515,683,873,898]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">D. karsteniana</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by pinnae to 35 ×
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<quantity id="BA069B232918FFD9AA99FCF0FC4F34D1" box="[903,974,873,898]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" unit="cm" value="12.0">12 cm</quantity>
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(vs. to 77 ×
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<quantity id="BA069B232918FFD9AD7AFCF0FB3134D1" box="[1124,1200,873,898]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" unit="cm" value="29.0">29 cm</quantity>
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); frond axes abaxially glabrescent, surfaces smooth (vs. abaxially with matted or spreading hairs, the latter sometimes abraded and leaving a scabrous surface); most adnate fertile segments basally constricted, sinuses between them notably triangular and usually becoming wider towards the pinnule bases (vs. most adnate fertile segments basiscopically decurrent, sinuses between the segments acute or rounded, not becoming wider towards the pinnule bases); and sori
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<quantity id="BA069B232918FFD9ADC3FC60FAE43341" box="[1245,1381,1017,1042]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" unit="mm" value="1.05" valueMax="1.2" valueMin="0.9">0.9–1.2 mm</quantity>
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diam. (vs. 0.9–2.0 mm).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7D4136C62918FFD9A9A3FBD8FB52317D" blockId="2.[136,1452,441,1582]" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">
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<taxonomicName id="BAFE4D452918FFD9A9A3FBD8FE393309" box="[189,440,1089,1114]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Dicksoniaceae" genus="Dicksonia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cyatheales" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="karsteniana">
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<emphasis id="4F8AEAD42918FFD9A9A3FBD8FE393309" box="[189,440,1089,1114]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">Dicksonia karsteniana</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is a wide-ranging species that shows two indument extremes that might be related to certain external factors. One has the outer layer of straight reddish brown hairs weakly developed on the petioles but with an underlying denser, longer-lasting woolly pale indument that extends all along the rachis. The other variant is just the opposite, with well-developed and exceptionally dark straight hairs but almost no underlying indument and glabrescent distal petioles and rachises. These extremes have names under
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<taxonomicName id="BAFE4D452918FFD9AA70FB48FB8C33B9" authorityName=", Calderon-Saenz" authorityYear="2000" box="[878,1037,1233,1258]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Dicksoniaceae" genus="Dicksonia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cyatheales" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sellowiana">
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<emphasis id="4F8AEAD42918FFD9AA70FB48FB8C33B9" box="[878,1037,1233,1258]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">D. sellowiana</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="54B957AF2918FFD9AD07FB48FBBB33B9" box="[1049,1082,1233,1258]" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" sensu="lato">
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<emphasis id="4F8AEAD42918FFD9AD07FB48FBB233B9" box="[1049,1075,1233,1258]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">s.l</emphasis>
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.
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</taxonomicNameLabel>
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; the woolly form
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<emphasis id="4F8AEAD42918FFD9AC14FB48FA2A33B9" box="[1290,1451,1233,1258]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">“arachneosa“</emphasis>
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(=
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<taxonomicName id="BAFE4D452918FFD9A9B2FB6CFD39325D" authority="Sodiro" authorityName="Sodiro" box="[172,696,1269,1294]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Dicksoniaceae" genus="Dicksonia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cyatheales" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="sellowiana" variety="arachneosa">
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<emphasis id="4F8AEAD42918FFD9A9B2FB6CFE20325D" box="[172,417,1269,1294]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">Dicksonia sellowiana</emphasis>
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var.
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<emphasis id="4F8AEAD42918FFD9A8C1FB6CFDE3325D" box="[479,610,1269,1294]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">arachneosa</emphasis>
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Sodiro
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</taxonomicName>
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) occurs in
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<collectingCountry id="05E976562918FFD9AA23FB6CFC31325D" box="[829,944,1269,1294]" name="Venezuela" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
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to northern
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<collectingCountry id="05E976562918FFD9AD5AFB6CFBFB325D" box="[1092,1146,1269,1294]" name="Peru" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">Peru</collectingCountry>
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, and may be more widely distributed, in temperate upper montane rainforests to sub-paramo; the patent-haired form
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<emphasis id="4F8AEAD42918FFD9AD61FA80FA933261" box="[1151,1298,1305,1330]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">
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<taxonomicName id="BAFE4D452918FFD9AD61FA80FA893261" box="[1151,1288,1305,1330]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Dicksoniaceae" genus="Dicksonia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cyatheales" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="spruceana">“spruceana</taxonomicName>
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“
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</emphasis>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BAFE4D452918FFD9AC24FA80FEC23205" authority="Kuhn" authorityName="Kuhn" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Dicksoniaceae" genus="Dicksonia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cyatheales" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="spruceana">
|
||
<emphasis id="4F8AEAD42918FFD9AC24FA80FF7C3205" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">Dicksonia spruceana</emphasis>
|
||
Kuhn
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) is found on the eastern Andean slopes of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="05E976562918FFD9AA06FAA4FCF43205" box="[792,885,1341,1366]" name="Ecuador" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="05E976562918FFD9AAB5FAA4FC5F3205" box="[939,990,1341,1366]" name="Peru" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
and is expected further north (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="05E976562918FFD9AC2CFAA4FA253205" box="[1330,1444,1341,1366]" name="Colombia" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
) and south (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="05E976562918FFD9A816FAF8FEDF3229" box="[264,350,1377,1402]" name="Bolivia" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
) in lower montane rainforests at (1400–)
|
||
<quantity id="BA069B232918FFD9AA2DFAF8FC543229" box="[819,981,1377,1402]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.8" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" unit="m" value="1900.0" valueMax="2000.0" valueMin="1800.0">1800–2000 m</quantity>
|
||
, usually in small numbers under a dense canopy, in deep ravines or sinkholes. These two forms usually occur very close to more typical plants of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BAFE4D452918FFD9AC1EFA1CFA2532CD" box="[1280,1444,1413,1438]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Dicksoniaceae" genus="Dicksonia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cyatheales" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="karsteniana">
|
||
<emphasis id="4F8AEAD42918FFD9AC1EFA1CFA2532CD" box="[1280,1444,1413,1438]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">D. karsteniana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and transitions can be observed especially in shrubby paramos, where typical plants grow in sheltered forest patches and the woolly
|
||
<emphasis id="4F8AEAD42918FFD9A82CFA54FE5232B5" box="[306,467,1485,1510]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">“arachenosa”</emphasis>
|
||
is found in the open. These forms may be recognized as varieties of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BAFE4D452918FFD9ADDDFA54FAE932B5" box="[1219,1384,1485,1510]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Dicksoniaceae" genus="Dicksonia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cyatheales" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="karsteniana">
|
||
<emphasis id="4F8AEAD42918FFD9ADDDFA54FAE932B5" box="[1219,1384,1485,1510]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">D. karsteniana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the future (Noben
|
||
<emphasis id="4F8AEAD42918FFD9A830FA68FEEC3159" box="[302,365,1521,1546]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">et al.,</emphasis>
|
||
unpublished data). Although Bolivian specimens seen by us cannot be considered these extreme forms, such variation may be present, especially in the remote western parts of Dept.
|
||
<collectingRegion id="BF3AF8242918FFD9AD5AF98CFB10317D" box="[1092,1169,1557,1582]" country="Bolivia" name="La Paz" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">La Paz</collectingRegion>
|
||
(LP).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7D4136C62918FFD9A996F9CDFF5031C0" blockId="2.[136,1452,1620,2079]" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BAFE4D452918FFD9A996F9CDFDDD313C" authority="C. Presl, Gefassbundel Farrn" authorityName="C. Presl, Gefassbundel Farrn" box="[136,604,1620,1647]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Dicksoniaceae" genus="Lophosoria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cyatheales" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4F8AEAD42918FFD9A996F9CDFE8D313C" bold="true" box="[136,268,1620,1647]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">Lophosoria</emphasis>
|
||
C.Presl, Gefässbündel Farrn
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
36. 1847 (preprint from Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., ser 5, 5. 344. 1848).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7D4136C62918FFD9A996F907FCC33F4C" blockId="2.[136,1452,1620,2079]" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">
|
||
Large terrestrial plants with prostrate or erect rhizomes to
|
||
<quantity id="BA069B232918FFD9AA07F907FCDB31E4" box="[793,858,1694,1719]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" unit="m" value="1.5">1.5 m</quantity>
|
||
tall, with solenostelic to dictyostelic vascular tissue; a report of a trunk
|
||
<quantity id="BA069B232918FFD9A877F95BFE163188" box="[361,407,1730,1755]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" unit="m" value="8.0">8 m</quantity>
|
||
tall from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="05E976562918FFD9AB11F95BFDD63188" box="[527,599,1730,1755]" name="Belize" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">Belize</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="4F8AEAD42918FFD9AB74F95BFC8F3188" box="[618,782,1730,1755]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">Hawkins 1540</emphasis>
|
||
, MO, UC) could not be verified. Most likely the original field note read “.
|
||
<quantity id="BA069B232918FFD9A850F97FFE0031AC" box="[334,385,1766,1791]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" unit="m" value="8.0">8 m</quantity>
|
||
”, meaning a more realistic
|
||
<quantity id="BA069B232918FFD9ABD8F97FFC9231AC" box="[710,787,1766,1791]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" unit="cm" value="80.0">80 cm</quantity>
|
||
. Detailed studies on the rhizome anatomy of
|
||
<emphasis id="4F8AEAD42918FFD9AC34F97FFED13070" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BAFE4D452918FFD9AC34F97FFEA93070" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Dicksoniaceae" genus="Lophosoria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cyatheales" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="quadripinnata">Lophosoria quadripinnata</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="54B957AF2918FFD9A82EF893FED13070" box="[304,336,1802,1827]" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" sensu="lato">s.l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="196F4B372918FFD9A87EF893FD903070" author="Lucansky, T. W." box="[352,529,1802,1827]" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" pagination="472 - 480" refId="ref4732" refString="Lucansky, T. W. (1974) Comparative studies of the nodal and vascular anatomy in neotropical Cyatheaceae. I. Metaxya and Lophosoria. American Journal of Botany 61 (5): 472 - 480. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2442018" type="journal article" year="1974">Lucansky 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="196F4B372918FFD9AB03F893FDD73070" author="Lucansky, T. W." box="[541,598,1802,1827]" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" pagination="19 - 29" refId="ref4782" refString="Lucansky, T. W. (1982) Anatomical studies on the neotropical Cyatheaceae. II. Metaxya and Lophosoria. American Fern Journal 72 (1): 19 - 29. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1547084" type="journal article" year="1982">1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) may apply to all species in the genus, but branching and colony formation seem to depend more on environmental factors (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="196F4B372918FFD9ABB1F8B7FC3F3014" author="Cox, P. A. & Tomlinson, P. B." box="[687,958,1838,1863]" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" pagination="105 - 110" refId="ref3745" refString="Cox, P. A. & Tomlinson, P. B. (1985) Relationships between ecological pattern and branching in the tree fern Lophosoria quadripinnata in Veracruz, Mexico. American Fern Journal 75 (4): 105 - 110. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1547727" type="journal article" year="1985">Cox & Tomlinson 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and less on genetic disposition. Currently, two species are accepted in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BAFE4D452918FFD9A8DDF8CBFDC53038" box="[451,580,1874,1899]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Dicksoniaceae" genus="Lophosoria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cyatheales" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4F8AEAD42918FFD9A8DDF8CBFDC53038" box="[451,580,1874,1899]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">Lophosoria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BAFE4D452918FFD9AB4DF8CBFCD23038" authority="A. F. Rojas" authorityName="A. F. Rojas" box="[595,851,1874,1899]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Dicksoniaceae" genus="Lophosoria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cyatheales" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="quesadae">
|
||
<emphasis id="4F8AEAD42918FFD9AB4DF8CBFD5A3038" box="[595,731,1874,1899]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">L. quesadae</emphasis>
|
||
A.F.Rojas
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="05E976562918FFD9AA83F8CBFB963038" box="[925,1047,1874,1899]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="05E976562918FFD9AD51F8CBFB2A3038" box="[1103,1195,1874,1899]" name="Panama" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BAFE4D452918FFD9ADF8F8CBFA253038" box="[1254,1444,1874,1899]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Dicksoniaceae" genus="Lophosoria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cyatheales" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="quadripinnata">
|
||
<emphasis id="4F8AEAD42918FFD9ADF8F8CBFA253038" box="[1254,1444,1874,1899]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">L. quadripinnata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which spans the geographic range of the genus. The latter has two varieties, with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BAFE4D452918FFD9AD5CF8EFFD8B30E0" authority="(Hieron.) R. M. Tryon & A. F. Tryon" authorityName="R. M. Tryon & A. F. Tryon" baseAuthorityName="Hieron." class="Polypodiopsida" family="Dicksoniaceae" genus="Lophosoria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cyatheales" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="quadripinnata" variety="contracta">
|
||
<emphasis id="4F8AEAD42918FFD9AD5CF8EFFA8330DC" box="[1090,1282,1910,1935]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">L. quadripinnata</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="4F8AEAD42918FFD9AC5EF8EFFA2A30DC" box="[1344,1451,1910,1935]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">contracta</emphasis>
|
||
(Hieron.) R.M.Tryon & A.F.Tryon
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
present only in grassy paramos and similar vegetation in the Huancabamba region (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="196F4B372918FFD9A991F827FEB43084" author="Weigend, M." box="[143,309,1982,2007]" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" pagination="38 - 54" refId="ref5701" refString="Weigend, M. (2002) Observations on the biogeography of the Amotape-Huancabamba zone in northern Peru. The Botanical Review 68 (1): 38 - 54. https: // doi. org / 10.1663 / 0006 - 8101 (2002) 068 [0038: OOTBOT] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2002">Weigend 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) of southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="05E976562918FFD9A8D9F827FDA53084" box="[455,548,1982,2007]" name="Ecuador" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
and northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="05E976562918FFD9ABA1F827FD773084" box="[703,758,1982,2007]" name="Peru" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
; it is characterized by erect stiff fronds with ascending pinnae. Taxonomic decisions on the status of the discernable morphotaxa need additional anatomical and molecular studies. In the meantime, we here recognize only one species for
|
||
<collectingCountry id="05E976562918FFD9ABF6F79FFCBF3F4C" box="[744,830,2054,2079]" name="Bolivia" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7D4136C62919FFD8A9A3FF39FB663586" blockId="3.[136,1452,160,725]" pageId="3" pageNumber="72">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BAFE4D452919FFD8A9A3FF39FEBF37EA" box="[189,318,160,185]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Dicksoniaceae" genus="Lophosoria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cyatheales" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4F8AEAD42919FFD8A9A3FF39FEBF37EA" box="[189,318,160,185]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="72">Lophosoria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shares a common chromosome base number with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BAFE4D452919FFD8AA72FF39FB3737EA" authority="(Smith et al. 2006)" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[876,1206,160,185]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Dicksoniaceae" genus="Dicksonia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cyatheales" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4F8AEAD42919FFD8AA72FF39FC5F37EA" box="[876,990,160,185]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="72">Dicksonia</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="196F4B372919FFD8AAF5FF39FB2F37EA" author="Smith, A. R. & Pryer, K. M. & Schuettpelz, E. & Korall, P. & Schneider, H. & Wolf, P. G." box="[1003,1198,160,185]" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" pagination="705 - 731" refId="ref5248" refString="Smith, A. R., Pryer, K. M., Schuettpelz, E., Korall, P., Schneider, H. & Wolf, P. G. (2006) A classification for extant ferns. Taxon 55 (3): 705 - 731. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 25065646" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Smith
|
||
<emphasis id="4F8AEAD42919FFD8AD28FF39FBEC37EA" box="[1078,1133,160,185]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="72">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, i.e., diploids with
|
||
<emphasis id="4F8AEAD42919FFD8AC96FF39FA1737EA" box="[1416,1430,160,185]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="72">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 65 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="196F4B372919FFD8A9ACFF5DFEC6378E" author="Walker, T." box="[178,327,196,221]" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" pagination="169 - 235" refId="ref5615" refString="Walker, T. (1966) Cytotaxonomic survey of the pteridophytes of Jamaica. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 66: 169 - 235. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0080456800023516" type="journal article" year="1966">Walker 1966</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Spores of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BAFE4D452919FFD8A8D4FF5DFDCA378E" box="[458,587,196,221]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Dicksoniaceae" genus="Lophosoria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cyatheales" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4F8AEAD42919FFD8A8D4FF5DFDCA378E" box="[458,587,196,221]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="72">Lophosoria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are among the largest known in ferns, with a perine width up to 70(–100) μm (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="196F4B372919FFD8A98EFF71FE073652" author="Murillo, M. T. & Bless, M. J. M." box="[144,390,232,257]" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" pagination="223 - 269" refId="ref4923" refString="Murillo, M. T. & Bless, M. J. M. (1974) Spores of recent Colombian Pteridophyta. I. Trilete spores. Review of Paleobotany and Palynology 18 (3 - 4): 223 - 269. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0034 - 6667 (74) 90019 - 0" type="journal article" year="1974">Murillo & Bless 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="196F4B372919FFD8A88FFF71FD153652" author="Gastony, G. J. & Tryon, R. M." box="[401,660,232,257]" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" pagination="738 - 758" refId="ref4126" refString="Gastony, G. J. & Tryon, R. M. (1976) Spore morphology in the Cyatheaceae. II. The genera Lophosoria, Metaxya, Sphaeropteris, Alsophila, and Nephelea. American Journal of Botany 63 (6): 738 - 758. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2442033" type="journal article" year="1976">Gastony & Tryon 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). They are tetrahedral-globose and have a unique ornamentation, with a strong equatorial flange and raised triangular pads between the laesural arms (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="196F4B372919FFD8AAFFFE95FB773676" author="Tryon, A. F. & Lugardon, B." box="[993,1270,268,293]" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" refId="ref5372" refString="Tryon, A. F. & Lugardon, B. (1991) Spores of the Pteridophyta: Surface, wall structure, and diversity based on electron microscope studies. Springer Science & Business Media, Berlin-New York https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4613 - 8991 - 0" type="book" year="1991">Tryon & Lugardon 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Identical fossil spores can be dated back to at least 113 Mya, maybe even up to 145 Mya (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="196F4B372919FFD8AAB7FEA9FBDB361A" author="Dettmann, M. E." box="[937,1114,304,329]" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" pagination="63 - 94" refId="ref3889" refString="Dettmann, M. E. (1986) Significance of the Cretaceous-Tertiary spore genus Cyatheacidites in tracing the origin and migration of Lophosoria (Filicopsida). Special Papers in Palaeontology 35: 63 - 94." type="journal article" year="1986">Dettmann 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="196F4B372919FFD8AD7DFEA9FB1E361A" author="Dettmann, M. E." box="[1123,1183,304,329]" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" pagination="89 - 105" refId="ref3927" refString="Dettmann, M. E. (1989) Antarctica: Cretaceous cradle of austral temperate rainforests? Geological Society, London, Special Publications 47: 89 - 105. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / GSL. SP. 1989.047.01.08" type="journal article" year="1989">1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and allow retracing the historical distribution of the genus during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BAFE4D452919FFD8AA85FECDFB9D363E" box="[923,1052,340,365]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Dicksoniaceae" genus="Lophosoria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cyatheales" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4F8AEAD42919FFD8AA85FECDFB9D363E" box="[923,1052,340,365]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="72">Lophosoria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
persisted on Gondwanan fragments except in Africa, from where no certain fossils are known, and became extinct in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="05E976562919FFD8AAE1FEE1FBE736C2" box="[1023,1126,376,401]" name="Australia" pageId="3" pageNumber="72">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
only 3 Mya, or more recently (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="196F4B372919FFD8A98EFE05FE3A36E6" author="Macphail, M. & Cantrill, D. J." box="[144,443,412,437]" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" pagination="602 - 629" refId="ref4826" refString="Macphail, M. & Cantrill, D. J. (2006) Age and implications of the Forest Bed, Falkland Islands, southwest Atlantic Ocean: Evidence from fossil pollen and spores. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 240 (3 - 4): 602 - 629. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2006.03.010" type="journal article" year="2006">Macphail & Cantrill 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The longest, probably continuous presence was in southern South America and western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="05E976562919FFD8A996FE59FF7C368A" box="[136,253,448,473]" name="Antarctica" pageId="3" pageNumber="72">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="196F4B372919FFD8A814FE59FE22368A" author="Cantrill, D. J." box="[266,419,448,473]" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" pagination="241 - 258" refId="ref3606" refString="Cantrill, D. J. (1998) Early Cretaceous fern foliage from President Head, Snow Island, Antarctica. Alcheringa 22 (3): 241 - 258. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03115519808619203" type="journal article" year="1998">Cantrill 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="196F4B372919FFD8A8B3FE59FDB7368A" author="Cesari, S. N." box="[429,566,448,473]" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" pagination="227 - 238" refId="ref3648" refString="Cesari, S. N. (2006) Aptian ferns with in situ spores from the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 138: 227 - 238. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. revpalbo. 2006.01.006" type="journal article" year="2006">Césari 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="196F4B372919FFD8AB5EFE59FCE2368A" author="Macphail, M. & Cantrill, D. J." box="[576,867,448,473]" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" pagination="602 - 629" refId="ref4826" refString="Macphail, M. & Cantrill, D. J. (2006) Age and implications of the Forest Bed, Falkland Islands, southwest Atlantic Ocean: Evidence from fossil pollen and spores. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 240 (3 - 4): 602 - 629. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2006.03.010" type="journal article" year="2006">Macphail & Cantrill 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), spreading northward into areas that it still occupies today, i.e., the Valdivian forests in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="05E976562919FFD8AB06FE7DFDD436AE" box="[536,597,484,509]" name="Chile" pageId="3" pageNumber="72">Chile</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="05E976562919FFD8AB93FE7DFD7E36AE" box="[653,767,484,509]" name="Argentina" pageId="3" pageNumber="72">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the Atlantic rainforests in southeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="05E976562919FFD8ADD2FE7DFA9236AE" box="[1228,1299,484,509]" name="Brazil" pageId="3" pageNumber="72">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the montane rainforests of the Andes, Mesoamerica, and southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="05E976562919FFD8ABC3FD91FCB43572" box="[733,821,520,545]" name="Mexico" pageId="3" pageNumber="72">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and the Greater Antilles. Available phylogenies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="196F4B372919FFD8AC41FD91FE873516" author="Noben, S. & Kessler, M. & Quandt, D. & Krug, M. & Weigand, A. & Lehnert, M." pageId="3" pageNumber="72" pagination="402 - 413" refId="ref4986" refString="Noben, S., Kessler, M., Quandt, D., Krug, M., Weigand, A. & Lehnert, M. (2017) Biogeography of the Gondwanan tree fern family Dicksoniaceae - A tale of vicariance, dispersal and extinction. Journal of Biogeography 41 (2): 402 - 413. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jbi. 13056" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Noben
|
||
<emphasis id="4F8AEAD42919FFD8A996FDB5FF433516" box="[136,194,556,581]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="72">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), however, do not retrace this old biogeographic scenario of northward migration; rather the substitution rate in the chloroplast genome indicates that the whole genus began to spread and radiate in the Andes ca. 3 Mya, which is about the same time it became extinct in the Old World. The most plausible explanation would be that this old genus went through a population bottleneck that removed most genetic diversity and since then expanded to its modern range, forming disjunct populations from one original, relatively small ancestral area (yet to be identified).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |