248 lines
29 KiB
XML
248 lines
29 KiB
XML
<document id="BC2BC856F76109B84DC2402967DB1EF3" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4018.1.7" ID-GBIF-Dataset="76005db3-918f-40a0-831b-a0d9af3a57ac" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="238185" ID-ZooBank="16A1C3C4-D996-4576-A882-E9EE37BE137D" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461252821354" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Sáfián, Szabolcs & Collins, Steve C." docDate="2015" docId="0E23150FFF89FFE500FEFC7C621EFC20" docLanguage="en" docName="zt04018p136.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4018 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Parasiomera orientalis Stempffer 1962, stat. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="133" masterDocId="F21A6D77FF81FFEC0069FFA8666BFFE8" masterDocTitle="Establishment of a new genus for Eresiomera paradoxa (Schultze, 1917) and related taxa (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) with description of two new species" masterLastPageNumber="136" masterPageNumber="124" pageNumber="132" updateTime="1698607639263" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="D18A40A081233641291517840788CA5D">
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<mods:title id="F6884CF37F68F2591F2ABFD03E32F180">Establishment of a new genus for Eresiomera paradoxa (Schultze, 1917) and related taxa (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) with description of two new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F3ADB46597D6FFE09EBD2B29BAA14DAB">Sáfián, Szabolcs</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="32724A4850826870DE806DBDF0445B20">Collins, Steve C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="C712F2EBD442AE15AD40C00E669DA022">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="1E3117EA988C5184C0AD373F32E09A9F">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="B46E6945D8EB19A184268D9BA70FBF7E">
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<mods:date id="7926B79B636EE74B0FE95224C9C1C154">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="B4C33166F55B1F6C9558D86332A3D515" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="FB1442D4035625067EBA1C78AE9AE2FF">4018</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="5A4F163DA642D29FB05087FF64ECFA2E" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4018.1.7</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="0E23150FFF89FFE500FEFC7C621EFC20" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6116378" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119635862" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6116378" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0E23150FFF89FFE500FEFC7C621EFC20" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0E23150FFF89FFE500FEFC7C621EFC20" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="133" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">
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<subSubSection id="CE90F792FF89FFE400FEFC7C6474FBE7" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8635A419FF89FFE400FEFC7C65F8FC06" blockId="8.[151,915,980,1039]" box="[151,915,980,1006]" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">
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<heading id="DD7D1375FF89FFE400FEFC7C65F8FC06" bold="true" box="[151,915,980,1006]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B4FE780BFF89FFE400FEFC7C65F8FC06" bold="true" box="[151,915,980,1006]" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">
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<taxonomicName id="418ADF9AFF89FFE400FEFC7C64E3FC06" authority="Stempffer, 1962" authorityName="Stempffer" authorityYear="1962" box="[151,648,980,1006]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Parasiomera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis" status="stat. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B4FE780BFF89FFE400FEFC7C67C0FC06" bold="true" box="[151,427,980,1006]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">Parasiomera orientalis</emphasis>
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(
|
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<bibRefCitation id="E21BD9E8FF89FFE401D0FC7C6414FC06" author="Stempffer" box="[441,639,980,1006]" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" refString="Stempffer, H. (1962) Contribution a l'etude des Lepidopteres Lycaenidae d'Afrique tropicale et equatoriale. Bulletin de l'Institut Francaise d'Afrique Noire (A), 1135 - 1181." type="book chapter" year="1962">Stempffer, 1962</bibRefCitation>
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||
)
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="AFCDC570FF89FFE402E6FC7C656BFC06" box="[655,768,980,1006]" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">stat. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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, comb. nov.
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</emphasis>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8635A419FF89FFE400FEFC5E6474FBE7" blockId="8.[151,915,980,1039]" box="[151,543,1014,1039]" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">
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(
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<figureCitation id="1EB1B89CFF89FFE400F6FC5E6686FBE7" box="[159,237,1014,1039]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1322,1344]" captionTargetBox="[232,1364,425,1248]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,401,1298]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 4. Magnified images of Parasiomera (regardless to their sex) allow comparison of specific features of wing morphology (see Key above). P. p ar a do x a (male) A—upperside, E—underside; P. alfa (female) B—upperside, F—underside; P. kivuensis (male) C—upperside, G—underside; P. orientalis (male) D—upperside, H—underside." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238189/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">Figs. 4</figureCitation>
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D,H; 5M,N,
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<collectingCountry id="FE9DE489FF89FFE4011CFC5E67E0FBE7" box="[373,395,1014,1039]" name="Iceland" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">O</collectingCountry>
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||
,P; 6C,F; 7D)
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="CE90F792FF89FFE400FEFB966206FB7A" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8635A419FF89FFE400FEFB9664A1FBBC" blockId="8.[151,1133,1086,1170]" box="[151,714,1086,1108]" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="A69A8337FF89FFE400FEFB9664A1FBBC" box="[151,714,1086,1108]" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">
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<taxonomicName id="418ADF9AFF89FFE400FEFB9664ADFBBC" ID-CoL="7HX2D" authority="Stempffer 1962: 1145" authorityName="Stempffer" authorityPageNumber="1145" authorityYear="1962" box="[151,710,1086,1108]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Pseuderesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="paradoxa" subSpecies="orientalis">
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<emphasis id="B4FE780BFF89FFE400FEFB96678BFBBC" box="[151,480,1086,1108]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">Pseuderesia paradoxa orientalis</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="072B8208FF89FFE4018EFB9664ADFBBC" author="Stempffer" box="[487,710,1086,1108]" page="1145" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" year="1962">
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<bibRefCitation id="E21BD9E8FF89FFE4018EFB9664ECFBBC" author="Stempffer" box="[487,647,1086,1108]" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" refString="Stempffer, H. (1962) Contribution a l'etude des Lepidopteres Lycaenidae d'Afrique tropicale et equatoriale. Bulletin de l'Institut Francaise d'Afrique Noire (A), 1135 - 1181." type="book chapter" year="1962">Stempffer 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 1145
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||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8635A419FF89FFE400FEFBF56206FB7A" blockId="8.[151,1133,1086,1170]" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="A69A8337FF89FFE400FEFBF56206FB7A" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">
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<taxonomicName id="418ADF9AFF89FFE400FEFBF564E6FB9B" ID-CoL="7HX2D" authority="Stempffer, 1962" authorityName="Stempffer" authorityYear="1962" box="[151,653,1117,1139]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Pseuderesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="paradoxa" subSpecies="orientalis">
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||
<emphasis id="B4FE780BFF89FFE400FEFBF5678BFB9B" box="[151,480,1117,1139]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">Pseuderesia paradoxa orientalis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="E21BD9E8FF89FFE4018EFBF564E6FB9B" author="Stempffer" box="[487,653,1117,1139]" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" refString="Stempffer, H. (1962) Contribution a l'etude des Lepidopteres Lycaenidae d'Afrique tropicale et equatoriale. Bulletin de l'Institut Francaise d'Afrique Noire (A), 1135 - 1181." type="book chapter" year="1962">Stempffer, 1962</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
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||
<treatmentCitation id="072B8208FF89FFE402FFFBF56537FB9B" author="Stempffer" box="[662,860,1117,1139]" page="36" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" year="1967">
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<bibRefCitation id="E21BD9E8FF89FFE402FFFBF5655CFB9B" author="Stempffer" box="[662,823,1117,1139]" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" refString="Stempffer, H. (1967) The genera of the African Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), 332 pp." type="book" year="1967">Stempffer 1967</bibRefCitation>
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: 36
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
,
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||
<treatmentCitation id="072B8208FF89FFE4030EFBF56259FB9B" author="d'Abrera" box="[871,1074,1117,1139]" page="434" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" year="1980">
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<bibRefCitation id="E21BD9E8FF89FFE4030EFBF5626BFB9B" author="d'Abrera" box="[871,1024,1117,1139]" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" refString="d'Abrera, B. (1980) Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region. Lansdowne Editions, Melbourne. 593 pp." type="book" year="1980">d’Abrera 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 434
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||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="418ADF9AFF89FFE400FEFBD564F2FB7A" authority="Stempffer, 1962" authorityName="Stempffer" authorityYear="1962" box="[151,665,1148,1170]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Eresiomera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="paradoxa" subSpecies="orientalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B4FE780BFF89FFE400FEFBD567B0FB7A" box="[151,475,1148,1170]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">Eresiomera paradoxa orientalis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E21BD9E8FF89FFE40181FBD464FBFB7A" author="Stempffer" box="[488,656,1148,1170]" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" refString="Stempffer, H. (1962) Contribution a l'etude des Lepidopteres Lycaenidae d'Afrique tropicale et equatoriale. Bulletin de l'Institut Francaise d'Afrique Noire (A), 1135 - 1181." type="book chapter" year="1962">Stempffer, 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="072B8208FF89FFE402CBFBD465FFFB7A" author="Ackery" box="[674,916,1148,1170]" page="497" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" year="1995">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E21BD9E8FF89FFE402CBFBD46509FB7A" author="Ackery" box="[674,866,1148,1170]" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" refString="Ackery, P. R., Smith, C. R. & Vane-Wright, R. I. (1995) Carcasson's African Butterflies: An annotated Catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. British Museum (Natural History). London, 803 pp." type="book" year="1995">
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||
Ackery
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||
<emphasis id="B4FE780BFF89FFE4029AFBD5654DFB7A" box="[755,806,1148,1170]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">et al.</emphasis>
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||
1995
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 497
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
,
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<treatmentCitation id="072B8208FF89FFE403F7FBD46202FB7A" author="d'Abrera" box="[926,1129,1148,1170]" page="634" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" year="2009">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E21BD9E8FF89FFE403F7FBD4625CFB7A" author="d'Abrera" box="[926,1079,1148,1170]" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" refString="d'Abrera, B. (2009) Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region Part III Lycaenidae, Riodinidae. Hill House Publishers, Melbourne & London. 531 - 880." type="book chapter" year="2009">d’Abrera 2009</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 634
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="CE90F792FF89FFE400FEFB16648AF86B" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="8635A419FF89FFE400FEFB16654CFAAB" blockId="8.[151,1437,1214,2031]" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">
|
||
<emphasis id="B4FE780BFF89FFE400FEFB1667EFFB3F" bold="true" box="[151,388,1214,1239]" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">Material examined.</emphasis>
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♂
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<typeStatus id="59311ABBFF89FFE401C6FB16647AFB3F" box="[431,529,1214,1239]" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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Kalinzu Forest, Ankole,
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<collectingCountry id="FE9DE489FF89FFE40352FB1665F9FB3F" box="[827,914,1214,1239]" name="Uganda" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">Uganda</collectingCountry>
|
||
<date id="F23482D9FF89FFE403F4FB176278FB3F" box="[925,1043,1214,1239]" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" value="1961-06">June 1961</date>
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||
Leg.: T.H.E. Jackson, ♀ allotype Kalinzu Forest, Ankole,
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||
<collectingCountry id="FE9DE489FF89FFE401D6FB4A647DFB13" box="[447,534,1250,1275]" name="Uganda" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">Uganda</collectingCountry>
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||
<date id="F23482D9FF89FFE4024AFB4A64FCFB13" box="[547,663,1250,1275]" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" value="1961-07">July 1961</date>
|
||
Leg.: T.H.E. Jackson (both in
|
||
<collectionCode id="E09B3CDCFF89FFE4047CFB4B623DFB12" box="[1045,1110,1251,1274]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/vbce-gm50" name="Ecole Normale Supérieure de Nouakchott" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">HNM</collectionCode>
|
||
collection), ♂, ♀ Kalinzu, Southwest
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<collectingCountry id="FE9DE489FF89FFE4017BFAAE6702FAF7" box="[274,361,1286,1311]" name="Uganda" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">Uganda</collectingCountry>
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||
<date id="F23482D9FF89FFE40119FAAF67B9FAF7" box="[368,466,1287,1311]" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" value="1998-04">IV. 1998</date>
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||
. Leg.: S. Collins Leg.:
|
||
<collectionCode id="E09B3CDCFF89FFE402BAFAAF6571FAF7" box="[723,794,1287,1311]" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">ABRI</collectionCode>
|
||
. Gen. prep.:
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<collectionCode id="E09B3CDCFF89FFE403CEFAAF658EFAF7" box="[935,997,1287,1311]" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">SAFI</collectionCode>
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||
00032,
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<collectionCode id="E09B3CDCFF89FFE4045EFAAF621FFAF7" box="[1079,1140,1287,1311]" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">SAFI</collectionCode>
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00033 (respectively)(all in
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<collectionCode id="E09B3CDCFF89FFE400FEFA8366B1FAAB" box="[151,218,1323,1347]" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">ABRI</collectionCode>
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||
collection). Coordinates:
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="E3BEC2DEFF89FFE40194FA8264FFFAAB" box="[509,660,1322,1347]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" precision="1" value="-0.4161889">0°24'58.28"S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="E3BEC2DEFF89FFE402F6FA82654CFAAB" box="[671,807,1322,1347]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" precision="1" value="30.08368">30°5'1.24"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8635A419FF89FFE400AEFAE662EBF927" blockId="8.[151,1437,1214,2031]" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">
|
||
<emphasis id="B4FE780BFF89FFE400AEFAE66785FA8F" bold="true" box="[199,494,1358,1383]" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">Re-description of male.</emphasis>
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||
Forewing length:
|
||
<quantity id="417209FCFF89FFE402BFFAE6652DFA8E" box="[726,838,1358,1383]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" unit="mm" value="14.5">14,5 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Wingspan:
|
||
<quantity id="417209FCFF89FFE40388FAE76257FA8E" box="[993,1084,1359,1383]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" unit="mm" value="28.0">28 mm</quantity>
|
||
. The upperside colour is an unmistakable bright orange with a broad black apical patch on the forewing, the width of which reaches one-fourth of the wing length. It stretches to the tornus along the outer margin gradually tapering down to a black line. It also stretches along the forewing costa as a black line, however the inner border of it is more diffuse, interrupted by orange scaling. Most of the hindwing is fiery orange, with a black marginal line, the width of which does not exceed
|
||
<quantity id="417209FCFF89FFE40087F9AB672DF9F2" box="[238,326,1539,1563]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" unit="mm" value="0.3">0,3 mm</quantity>
|
||
at its broadest point at the tip of veins 5 and 6, and tapers into a fine marginal line towards the tornus. There is also sparse black dusting also along the inner edge in space 1a. The underside is paler light orange, with no prominent black pattern, apart from the fine black marginal lines on both wings, some scattered black scaling along the forewing costa and along inner edge of the hindwing and a black dot at the end of the discoidal cell. The body is covered with orange scales and hairs (with fine black dusting), the legs and the antennae are black and white ringed, the tips of antennae are long and black. The eyes are black and smooth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8635A419FF89FFE400AEF972648AF86B" blockId="8.[151,1437,1214,2031]" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">
|
||
<emphasis id="B4FE780BFF89FFE400AEF9726757F91B" bold="true" box="[199,316,1754,1779]" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">Genitalia.</emphasis>
|
||
The structure of male genitalia is very similar to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="418ADF9AFF89FFE403A8F9736223F91B" box="[961,1096,1755,1779]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Eresiomera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paradoxa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B4FE780BFF89FFE403A8F9736223F91B" box="[961,1096,1755,1779]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">P. paradoxa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="418ADF9AFF89FFE40414F9736294F91B" box="[1149,1279,1755,1779]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Parasiomera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kivuensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B4FE780BFF89FFE40414F9736294F91B" box="[1149,1279,1755,1779]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">P. kivuensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, however, the uncus is smaller, its extrimity is very slender and long, and the lower edge of it curves down in an almost circular arc. The outer edge of valvae are prominently lobed, the dorsal angle narrows down into, pointy tip. The uniqueshaped aedeagus has a very strongly recurved and pointy tip (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1EB1B89CFF89FFE40333F8EE65C1F8B7" box="[858,938,1862,1887]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1626,1648]" captionTargetBox="[214,1375,971,1537]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,916,1603]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 6. Male genitalia with removed aedeagi: P. p ar a do x a (Ebogo, Cameroon) A—lateral view, D—aedeagus; P. kivuensis (holotype) B—lateral view, E—aedeagus; P. orientalis (Kalinzu Forest, Uganda) C—lateral view, F—aedeagus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238191/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">Figs. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
C,F). The male genitalia illustrated here are identical to that of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="59311ABBFF89FFE401FDF8C2679DF86B" box="[404,502,1898,1923]" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E21BD9E8FF89FFE40270F8C264B6F86B" author="Stempffer" box="[537,733,1898,1923]" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" refString="Stempffer, H. (1962) Contribution a l'etude des Lepidopteres Lycaenidae d'Afrique tropicale et equatoriale. Bulletin de l'Institut Francaise d'Afrique Noire (A), 1135 - 1181." type="book chapter" year="1962">Stempffer (1962)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="CE90F792FF89FFE500AEF8266794FF10" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="133" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8635A419FF89FFE400AEF826631FF806" blockId="8.[151,1437,1214,2031]" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">
|
||
<emphasis id="B4FE780BFF89FFE400AEF82667BBF84F" bold="true" box="[199,464,1934,1959]" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">Description of female.</emphasis>
|
||
The appearence of female of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="418ADF9AFF89FFE4034FF82765C5F84E" box="[806,942,1934,1958]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Parasiomera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B4FE780BFF89FFE4034FF82765C5F84E" box="[806,942,1934,1958]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">P. orientalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is nearly identical to the male, however on the specimen examined the hindwing black margin is reduced to a very fine marginal line and the black dot at the end of the forewing cell could be very inconspicuous or missing, showing only the shade of the underside spot.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8635A419FF88FFE500AEFF3F6794FF10" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,968]" pageId="9" pageNumber="133">
|
||
<emphasis id="B4FE780BFF88FFE500AEFF3F6757FF58" bold="true" box="[199,316,151,176]" pageId="9" pageNumber="133">Genitalia.</emphasis>
|
||
Bursa copulatrix medium, globular, ductus bursae wide, broadening slightly from the mouth of the bursa towards lamellae antevaginalis. Apophyses posteriores long, straight, their tip are hooked. Papillae analis rounded, rather well sclerotised.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="CE90F792FF88FFE500AEFEAC621EFC20" pageId="9" pageNumber="133" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8635A419FF88FFE500AEFEAC621EFC20" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,968]" pageId="9" pageNumber="133">
|
||
<emphasis id="B4FE780BFF88FFE500AEFEAC6727FEF5" bold="true" box="[199,332,260,285]" pageId="9" pageNumber="133">Discussion.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="418ADF9AFF88FFE5013FFEAD67B4FEF4" box="[342,479,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Parasiomera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B4FE780BFF88FFE5013FFEAD67B4FEF4" box="[342,479,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="133">P. orientalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described as a subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="418ADF9AFF88FFE50306FEAD6591FEF4" box="[879,1018,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Eresiomera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paradoxa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B4FE780BFF88FFE50306FEAD6591FEF4" box="[879,1018,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="133">P. paradoxa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from a male
|
||
<typeStatus id="59311ABBFF88FFE504F2FEAC6296FEF5" box="[1179,1277,260,285]" pageId="9" pageNumber="133" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
and a female allotype collected in Kalinzu Forest by T.H.E. Jackson’s collectors by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E21BD9E8FF88FFE503C7FE8F6219FEA8" author="Stempffer" box="[942,1138,295,320]" pageId="9" pageNumber="133" refString="Stempffer, H. (1962) Contribution a l'etude des Lepidopteres Lycaenidae d'Afrique tropicale et equatoriale. Bulletin de l'Institut Francaise d'Afrique Noire (A), 1135 - 1181." type="book chapter" year="1962">Stempffer (1962)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Kalinzu Forest is situated in the Albertine Rift Region (Western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="FE9DE489FF88FFE5023CFEE464DBFE8D" box="[597,688,332,357]" name="Uganda" pageId="9" pageNumber="133">Uganda</collectingCountry>
|
||
), just east of the Rift, being completely isolated from other East African forest areas. The more recent ABRI material was also collected in Kalinzu, and the species is not known from any other localities in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="FE9DE489FF88FFE501A3FE3C644AFE45" box="[458,545,404,429]" name="Uganda" pageId="9" pageNumber="133">Uganda</collectingCountry>
|
||
despite Jackson and colleagues’ active collecting in the
|
||
<date id="F23482D9FF88FFE504FDFE3C629DFE45" box="[1172,1270,404,429]" pageId="9" pageNumber="133" value="1950" valueMax="1960">1950-60</date>
|
||
s. Although the morphological differences described above are sufficient to justify its specific status, the biogeographical position of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="418ADF9AFF88FFE500DEFE756754FE1C" box="[183,319,476,500]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Parasiomera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B4FE780BFF88FFE500DEFE756754FE1C" box="[183,319,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="133">P. orientalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
gives further support of treating the populations specifically distinct even from its geographically closest relative
|
||
<taxonomicName id="418ADF9AFF88FFE50120FDA967A6FDF0" box="[329,461,512,536]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Parasiomera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kivuensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B4FE780BFF88FFE50120FDA967A6FDF0" box="[329,461,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="133">P. kivuensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The Albertine Rift Region is generally recognised as a distinct biogeographical unit serving not only as a transition zone between Central and East Africa but the area also hosts a very high rate of endemism, including many butterfly species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E21BD9E8FF88FFE502F0FDEF65E3FD88" author="Plumptre" box="[665,904,583,608]" pageId="9" pageNumber="133" refString="Plumptre, A. J., Davenport, T. R. B., Behangana, M., Kityo, R., Eilu, G., Ssegawa, P., Ewango, C., Meirt, D., Kahindo, C., Herremans, M., Peterhans, J. K., Pilgrim, J. D., Wilson, M., Languy, M. & Moyer, D. (2007) The biodiversity of the Albertine Rift. Biological Conservation. 134, 178 - 194. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. biocon. 2006.08.021" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Plumptre
|
||
<emphasis id="B4FE780BFF88FFE50363FDE16528FD88" box="[778,835,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="133">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The reason for this probably lies in the area’s extreme geographical and ecological diversity. The elevation ranges from a few hundred metres above sea level to over 5000 metres in the Rwenzori Mountains with a complete zonation from dry savannah grasslands via lowland to montane forests to afro-alpine lobelia and moorland vegetation and even glaciers (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E21BD9E8FF88FFE5040DFD1C633EFD24" author="Plumptre" box="[1124,1365,692,717]" pageId="9" pageNumber="133" refString="Plumptre, A. J., Davenport, T. R. B., Behangana, M., Kityo, R., Eilu, G., Ssegawa, P., Ewango, C., Meirt, D., Kahindo, C., Herremans, M., Peterhans, J. K., Pilgrim, J. D., Wilson, M., Languy, M. & Moyer, D. (2007) The biodiversity of the Albertine Rift. Biological Conservation. 134, 178 - 194. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. biocon. 2006.08.021" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Plumptre
|
||
<emphasis id="B4FE780BFF88FFE504BFFD1D637BFD24" box="[1238,1296,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="133">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This induced significant speciation between populations even in close proximity, which in the case of the eastern Albertine Rift endemic (found only in Kalinzu Forest)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="418ADF9AFF88FFE50297FD5565EEFCFC" box="[766,901,764,788]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Parasiomera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B4FE780BFF88FFE50297FD5565EEFCFC" box="[766,901,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="133">P. orientalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the Kivu endemic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="418ADF9AFF88FFE504E3FD556366FCFC" box="[1162,1293,764,788]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Parasiomera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kivuensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B4FE780BFF88FFE504E3FD556366FCFC" box="[1162,1293,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="133">P. kivuensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
happened in equal opportunity. They are both of restricted range, inhabiting a narrow ecological zone (mid-elevation or submontane forest) and are best treated as distinct species rather then a subspecies of one another. Even if they shared a common ancestor, connection between their populations proved impossible as the ecological situation in the central areas of the Albertine Rift have been completely hostile for most forest species since the Last Glacial Maximum and probably for a longer period of time even before (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E21BD9E8FF88FFE50307FC076202FC20" author="Prentice" box="[878,1129,943,968]" pageId="9" pageNumber="133" refString="Prentice, I. C. & Jolly, D. (2000) Mid-Holocene and glacial-maximum vegetation geography of the northern continents and Africa. Journal of Biogeography. 27, 507 - 519. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2699.2000.00425. x" type="journal article" year="2000">Prentice & Jolly 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |