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<mods:title id="BDBCA015103235C555132E9DFF259F7E">Taxonomic revision of Prosopocoilus gracilis (Saunders, 1854) and its allied species from China (Coleoptera: Lucanidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="7C7EB58D575997EB672824D2434D6B04">Zhong, Fang</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D8D7249DD04657231421F477BFA97A52">Bai, Ming</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="67D82BED4D22E4DA7791EEB542C29DD6">Ge, Yang</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0A92E803F5B349A7CB4551F705CD7618">Wan, Xia</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="B941DC621373FFC04C96FE12C1EBFD9B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4616849" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183399391" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4616849" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B941DC621373FFC04C96FE12C1EBFD9B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B941DC621373FFC04C96FE12C1EBFD9B" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="148" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">
<subSubSection id="79F23EFF1373FFC74C96FE12C37DFE45" box="[136,771,416,440]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="31576D741373FFC74C96FE12C37DFE45" blockId="11.[136,771,416,473]" box="[136,771,416,440]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">
<heading id="6A1FDA181373FFC74C96FE12C37DFE45" box="[136,771,416,440]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="F6E816F71373FFC74C96FE12C270FE45" ID-CoL="4MX8V" authority="Schenk, 2009" authorityName="Schenk" authorityYear="2009" box="[136,526,417,440]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Prosopocoilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="similis">
<emphasis id="039CB1661373FFC74C96FE12C270FE45" bold="true" box="[136,526,417,440]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">
<emphasis id="039CB1661373FFC74C96FE12C10FFE45" bold="true" box="[136,369,417,440]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">Prosopocoilus similis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="557910851373FFC74D66FE12C270FE45" author="Schenk &amp; Beetles world &amp; Journal of Biodiversity of Coleoptera" box="[376,526,417,440]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="1 - 7" refId="ref8852" refString="Schenk, K. D. 2009. Beetles world. Journal of Biodiversity of Coleoptera, 3: 1 - 7, 15 figs." type="book chapter" year="2009">Schenk, 2009</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Figs 3942, 4951)
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="79F23EFF1373FFC74C96FE77C567FC2F" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="31576D741373FFC74C96FE77C2D6FE24" blockId="11.[136,771,416,473]" box="[136,680,452,473]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">
<taxonomicName id="F6E816F71373FFC74C96FE77C19DFE24" ID-CoL="4MX8V" authority="Schenk, 2009" authorityName="Schenk" authorityYear="2009" box="[136,483,452,473]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Prosopocoilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="similis">
<emphasis id="039CB1661373FFC74C96FE77C126FE24" box="[136,344,452,473]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">Prosopocoilus similis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="557910851373FFC74D40FE77C19DFE24" author="Schenk &amp; Beetles world &amp; Journal of Biodiversity of Coleoptera" box="[350,483,452,473]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="1 - 7" refId="ref8852" refString="Schenk, K. D. 2009. Beetles world. Journal of Biodiversity of Coleoptera, 3: 1 - 7, 15 figs." type="book chapter" year="2009">Schenk, 2009</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="039CB1661373FFC74DF2FE77C20FFE24" box="[492,625,452,473]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">Beetles World</emphasis>
, 3: 2.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="31576D741373FFC74CDEFE4AC567FC2F" blockId="11.[136,1452,504,1256]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">
Length 23.057.0 mm. Width 8.515.6 mm. Color. Reddish to dark brown (Figs 3942). Head. Almost trapezoidal, 1.7 times wider than long. Anterior margin at middle strongly concaved, with forming a large, deep, triangularly frontal depression in males. Vertex strongly raised, almost V-shaped. Male mandibles. Relatively long, about 1.11.4 times as long as the total length of head and pronotum in large and medium-sized males. Mandibles of large males curved inwards. The apex sharp with a marked sub-apical tooth. An internally large triangular tooth situated anteriorly (about at 1/3 position on each mandible); at the front of this tooth, 35 denticles sparsely ranged to the sub-apical one; behind it, 47 denticles regularly serrated to the mandibular base. Mentum. Almost trapezoidal, front angles quite rounded, scattered with small punctures. Pronotum. 2.0 times wider than long, almost as wide as that of head. Front angles acute. Lateral margins slightly curved, little divergent on anterior 2/3, then convergent on posterior 1/3. Hind angles obtusely rounded. Elytra. 1.21.4 times longer than wide, almost as wide as that of pronotum. Disc dim and reddish. Punctures presented densely along the elytra suture. Legs. Front tibiae slender, laterally serrated with 57 small teeth in males. Middle and hind tibiae simply with a small spine. Aedeagus (
<figureCitation id="A9D371F11373FFC74E00FCC5C2E4FC70" box="[542,666,885,909]" captionStart="Figs 4360" captionStartId="10.[136,177,1696,1717]" captionTargetBox="[147,1440,258,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-145@10.[136,1451,251,1652]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figs 4360. Aedeagus in ventral view, dorsal view and lateral view. 4348. Prosopocoilus gracilis (Saunders). 4345. Specimen from Fujian. 4648. Specimen from Yunnan. 4951. Prosopocoilus similis. 5254. Prosopocoilus piceipennis. 5557. Prosopocoilus crenulidens. 5860. Prosopocoilus denticulatus. Scale bars = 1mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4616857" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4616857/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">Figs 4951</figureCitation>
). Stout, the ventrally triangular teeth of PA presented near the apex, quite large, long (about 1.5 mm from the point angle to outer margin of PA) and sharply-curved. PES about 2.3 times the length of Tegmen. BP about 1.5 times the length of PA. Female genitalia. Unknown, no female specimen examined.
</paragraph>
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<collectingMunicipality id="D133F70E1373FFC74CDEFC6DC164FC08" box="[192,282,990,1013]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">Material</collectingMunicipality>
examined.
<collectingCountry id="49FF2DE41373FFC74D88FC6DC1A6FC08" box="[406,472,990,1013]" name="China" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">China</collectingCountry>
,
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,
<location id="34373BAF1373FFC74E52FC6DC2F4FC08" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B941DC621373FFC04C96FE12C1EBFD9B:34373BAF1373FFC74E52FC6DC2F4FC08" box="[588,650,990,1013]" country="China" municipality="Material" name="Baise" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" stateProvince="Guangxi">Baise</location>
,
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<collectingDate id="5512B25C1373FFC74E8BFC6DC35CFC08" box="[661,802,990,1013]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" value="2010-07-21">21 July 2010</collectingDate>
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,
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,
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leg. (in
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)
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.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="31576D741373FFC74CDEFBB2C212FBE5" blockId="11.[136,1452,504,1256]" box="[192,620,1025,1048]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">
Distribution.
<collectingCountry id="49FF2DE41373FFC74D51FBB2C1F1FBE5" box="[335,399,1025,1048]" name="China" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="F32CA3961373FFC74D82FBB2C18BFBE5" box="[412,501,1025,1048]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="F32CA3961373FFC74DE1FBB2C21EFBE5" box="[511,608,1025,1048]" country="China" name="Guangxi" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">Guangxi</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="31576D741373FFC74CDEFB90C1BCFB15" blockId="11.[136,1452,504,1256]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">
Remarks. This species is similar to
<taxonomicName id="F6E816F71373FFC74E4CFB90C2BAFBC7" baseAuthorityName="Saunders" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[594,708,1059,1082]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Prosopocoilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="039CB1661373FFC74E4CFB90C2BAFBC7" box="[594,708,1059,1082]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">P. gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but there are differences between them. Remarkably, males of
<taxonomicName id="F6E816F71373FFC7498BFB90C0A7FBA0" baseAuthorityName="Saunders" baseAuthorityYear="1854" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Prosopocoilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="039CB1661373FFC7498BFB90C0A7FBA0" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">P. gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
slender and narrower in body shape; sub-apical tooth absent or like a very small knob; the ventrally triangular tooth of PA small, short and blunt. On the contrary, male body relatively stout and broad in
<taxonomicName id="F6E816F71373FFC74896FBDAC493FB7D" authorityName="Schenk" authorityYear="2009" box="[1160,1261,1129,1152]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Prosopocoilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="similis">
<emphasis id="039CB1661373FFC74896FBDAC493FB7D" box="[1160,1261,1129,1152]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">P. similis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, sub-apical tooth very marked and the tooth of PA large, long and sharply. Also, aedeagus of
<taxonomicName id="F6E816F71373FFC74FD6FB38C453FB5F" authorityName="Schenk" authorityYear="2009" box="[968,1069,1163,1186]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Prosopocoilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="similis">
<emphasis id="039CB1661373FFC74FD6FB38C453FB5F" box="[968,1069,1163,1186]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">P. similis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is similar to that of
<taxonomicName id="F6E816F71373FFC74912FB38C5DAFB5F" box="[1292,1444,1163,1186]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Prosopocoilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="piceipennis">
<emphasis id="039CB1661373FFC74912FB38C5DAFB5F" box="[1292,1444,1163,1186]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">P. piceipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, especially the tooth of PA. But they can be differed with frontal depression, male mandibles and pronotum as figures showed (
<figureCitation id="A9D371F11373FFC74CF6FB62C11AFB15" box="[232,356,1232,1256]" captionStart="Figs 1821" captionStartId="5.[136,177,1931,1952]" captionTargetBox="[296,1297,194,1905]" captionTargetId="figure-54@5.[170,1417,183,1922]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figs 1821. Prosopocoilus piceipennis. Figs 2230. Prosopocoilus crenulidens. 1829. ♂ 30. ♀ 2225. Specimens from Guangxi, Wuming. 2630. Specimens from Hainan. 1819, 22, 26. Large. 2021, 2324, 2728. Medium-sized. 25, 29. Small. Scale bars = 10mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4616853" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4616853/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">Figs 1821</figureCitation>
, 3942).
</paragraph>
<caption id="65973DFC1373FFC74C96F82DC17BF82E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4616859" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4616859" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4616859/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" startId="11.[136,177,1950,1971]" targetBox="[225,1372,1296,1906]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="31576D741373FFC74C96F82DC17BF82E" blockId="11.[136,1451,1950,2003]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">
Figs 6163. Female genitalia. 61.
<taxonomicName id="F6E816F71373FFC74DF4F82DC2B8F84E" baseAuthorityName="Saunders" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[490,710,1950,1971]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Prosopocoilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="039CB1661373FFC74DF4F82DC2B8F84E" box="[490,710,1950,1971]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">Prosopocoilus gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 62.
<taxonomicName id="F6E816F71373FFC74F14F82DC473F84E" box="[778,1037,1950,1971]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Prosopocoilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crenulidens">
<emphasis id="039CB1661373FFC74F14F82DC473F84E" box="[778,1037,1950,1971]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">Prosopocoilus crenulidens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 63.
<taxonomicName id="F6E816F71373FFC7484FF82DC527F84E" box="[1105,1369,1950,1971]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Prosopocoilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="denticulatus">
<emphasis id="039CB1661373FFC7484FF82DC527F84E" box="[1105,1369,1950,1971]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">Prosopocoilus denticulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Scale bars = 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="31576D741374FFC04C96FF5EC427FEDA" blockId="12.[136,1452,237,295]" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">
<emphasis id="039CB1661374FFC04C96FF5EC096FEF9" bold="true" box="[136,232,237,260]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" reason="1">Funding</emphasis>
This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of
<collectingCountry id="49FF2DE41374FFC04821FF5EC401FEF9" box="[1087,1151,237,260]" name="China" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">China</collectingCountry>
(
<date id="45564BB41374FFC04890FF5EC483FEF9" box="[1166,1277,237,260]" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" value="1954-07-31">31071954</date>
, 31201745) and the Research Fund for Young Scholars, Ministry of Education of
<collectingCountry id="49FF2DE41374FFC04F5EFEA3C3FEFEDA" box="[832,896,272,295]" name="China" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">China</collectingCountry>
(20103401120006).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="79F23EFF1374FFC04C96FEEFC1EBFD9B" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" type="description">
<paragraph id="31576D741374FFC04C96FEEFC1EBFD9B" blockId="12.[136,1459,348,614]" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">
<emphasis id="039CB1661374FFC04C96FEEFC11BFE8E" bold="true" box="[136,357,348,371]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" reason="1">Acknowledgements</emphasis>
We are grateful to Dr. Stéphane Boucher (Muséum National dHistoire Naturelle, Paris,
<collectingCountry id="49FF2DE41374FFC0494DFEEFC5DEFE8E" box="[1363,1440,348,371]" name="France" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">France</collectingCountry>
), Mr. Max Barclay, Mr. Malcolm Kerley (Natural History Museum, London,
<collectingCountry id="49FF2DE41374FFC04FA5FECCC39BFE6B" box="[955,997,383,406]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">UK</collectingCountry>
), Mr. Darren Mann and Mr. James Hogan (Oxford University Museum of Natural History,
<collectingCountry id="49FF2DE41374FFC04E8DFE12C2C5FE45" box="[659,699,417,440]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">UK</collectingCountry>
) for their help during the corresponding author visited these museums; to Dr. Luca Bartolozzi (Zoological Museum La Specola, University of Florence, Firenze,
<collectingCountry id="49FF2DE41374FFC04897FE77C4C3FE26" box="[1161,1213,452,475]" name="Italy" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">Italy</collectingCountry>
), Mr. Michele Zilioli (Milan Natural History Museum, Milan,
<collectingCountry id="49FF2DE41374FFC04E4BFE54C2F9FE03" box="[597,647,487,510]" name="Italy" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">Italy</collectingCountry>
) for their help during the corresponding author studied in
<collectingCountry id="49FF2DE41374FFC0493AFE54C526FE03" box="[1316,1368,487,510]" name="Italy" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">Italy</collectingCountry>
; to Dr. Klaus-Dirk Schenk (Wehretal,
<collectingCountry id="49FF2DE41374FFC04DC9FDBAC242FDDD" box="[471,572,521,544]" name="Germany" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">Germany</collectingCountry>
) for examining his beautiful private collection. Many thanks are also to: Mr. Jian Yao, Ms. Hong Liu, Dr. Mei-Ying Lin and Dr. Hong-Bin Liang (The National Zoological Museum of
<collectingCountry id="49FF2DE41374FFC048C1FD9FC55FFDBE" box="[1247,1313,556,579]" name="China" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">China</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="F32CA3961374FFC04933FD9FC503FDBE" box="[1325,1405,556,579]" country="China" name="Beijing" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">Beijing</collectingRegion>
) for loaning some specimens.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>