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<mods:title id="D70F0BF1287CC9419F2CB6519E4F46A0">Taming an ichnotaxonomical Pandora’s box: revision of dendritic and rosetted microborings (ichnofamily: Dendrinidae)</mods:title>
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<heading id="5B26B122BA559F0B4E7E2429FBFFFBFC" box="[557,1030,1060,1087]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="C7D17DCDBA559F0B4E7E2429FBFFFBFC" authority="Magdefrau, 1937" authorityName="Magdefrau" authorityYear="1937" box="[557,1030,1060,1087]" genus="Calcideletrix" kingdom="Fungi" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" rank="species" species="flexuosa">
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA559F0B4E7E2429FCCCFBFC" bold="true" box="[557,821,1060,1087]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Calcideletrix flexuosa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA559F0B4F6F2428FBFFFBFC" author="Magdefrau" box="[828,1030,1061,1087]" firstAuthor="Magdefrau" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="54 - 67" refId="ref52207" refString="Magdefrau K. 1937. Lebensspuren fossiler &quot; Bohr &quot; - Organismen. Beitrage zur naturkundlichen Forschung in Sudwestdeutschland 2: 54 - 67." type="journal article" year="1937">Mägdefrau, 1937</bibRefCitation>
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<paragraph id="006E064EBA559F0B4EA22445FCBBFBA1" blockId="35.[557,1030,1060,1122]" box="[753,834,1096,1122]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<figureCitation id="98EA1ACBBA559F0B4EA22445FCBBFBA1" box="[753,834,1096,1122]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="36.[189,232,1680,1706]" captionTargetBox="[189,1401,264,1635]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[189,1401,264,1635]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Fig. 11. Calcideletrix flexuosa Mägdefrau, 1937. A–C. Holotype in an Upper Cretaceous belemnite rostrum from Misburg, Germany. Close-up in B illustrates anastomosis and two potential points of initial entry (arrows). Close-up in C shows peripheral ramification. D–F. Respective SEM views of an epoxy casts of the holotype of junior synonym D. brachiopodicola Hofmann, 1996, illustrating the very close morphological resemblance of the trace in a belemnite vs a brachiopod substrate. G. Natural casts in a Devonian brachiopod with several C. flexuosa (original of Clarke 1908: pl. 10; damaged since original publication). H. Another silicified cast in a Devonian brachiopod shell (reproduced from Clarke 1908: pl. 11, fig. 2)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3839881/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
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<paragraph id="006E064EBA559F0B4CEE248FFCA4FB5F" blockId="35.[189,921,1154,1215]" box="[189,861,1154,1181]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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<treatmentCitation id="8170205FBA559F0B4CEE248FFD47FB5E" author="Magdefrau K." box="[189,702,1154,1181]" page="57" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" year="1937">
<taxonomicName id="C7D17DCDBA559F0B4CEE248FFD47FB5E" authority="Magdefrau, 1937: 57" authorityName="Magdefrau" authorityPageNumber="57" authorityYear="1937" box="[189,702,1154,1181]" genus="Calcideletrix" kingdom="Fungi" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" rank="species" species="flexuosa">
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA559F0B4CEE248FFE44FB5F" box="[189,445,1154,1180]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Calcideletrix flexuosa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA559F0B4D96248FFD47FB5E" author="Magdefrau" box="[453,702,1154,1181]" firstAuthor="Magdefrau" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="54 - 67" refId="ref52207" refString="Magdefrau K. 1937. Lebensspuren fossiler &quot; Bohr &quot; - Organismen. Beitrage zur naturkundlichen Forschung in Sudwestdeutschland 2: 54 - 67." type="journal article" year="1937">Mägdefrau, 1937: 57</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. IV, fig. 4.
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<treatmentCitation id="8170205FBA559F0B4CEE24A8FD1FFB7C" author="Hofmann K." box="[189,742,1189,1215]" page="80" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" year="1996">
<taxonomicName id="C7D17DCDBA559F0B4CEE24A8FD1FFB7C" authority="Hofmann, 1996: 80" authorityName="Hofmann" authorityPageNumber="80" authorityYear="1996" box="[189,742,1189,1215]" class="Globothalamea" family="Anomalinidae" genus="Dendrina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" order="Rotaliida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="brachiopodicola">
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA559F0B4CEE24A8FE0EFB7C" box="[189,503,1189,1215]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Dendrina brachiopodicola</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA559F0B4DAD24A8FD1FFB7C" author="Hofmann" box="[510,742,1189,1215]" firstAuthor="Hofmann" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="1 - 151" refId="ref51480" refString="Hofmann K. 1996. Die mikro-endolithischen Spurenfossilien der borealen Oberkreide Nordwest- Europas und ihre Faziesbeziehungen. Geologisches Jahrbuch, Serie A 136: 1 - 151." type="journal article" year="1996">Hofmann, 1996: 80</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 9, 
<figureCitation id="98EA1ACBBA559F0B4F6724A8FC6CFB7C" box="[820,917,1189,1215]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStart-2="Fig" captionStart-3="Fig" captionStartId-0="5.[189,232,1864,1890]" captionStartId-1="16.[189,232,1576,1602]" captionStartId-2="19.[189,232,1329,1355]" captionStartId-3="21.[189,232,1823,1849]" captionTargetBox-1="[227,1360,264,1538]" captionTargetBox-2="[189,1401,267,1277]" captionTargetBox-3="[189,1401,1002,1799]" captionTargetId-0="figure@6.[189,1383,265,2019]" captionTargetId-1="figure@16.[227,1360,231,1538]" captionTargetId-2="figure@19.[189,1401,246,1277]" captionTargetId-3="figure@21.[189,1401,1002,1799]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="16" captionTargetPageId-2="19" captionTargetPageId-3="21" captionText-0="Fig. 1 (page 7). Morphological characters of dendrinid microborings with respect to overall shape and symmetry of the trace, its vertical profile, openings to the substrate surface, orientation of entrance tunnel (where present), branching pattern and surface texture (in order of decreasing relevance as ichnotaxobase)." captionText-1="Fig. 2. Dendrina dendrina (Morris, 1851) comb. nov. A. Original illustration of belemnite with various traces, including D. dendrina (arrows; reproduced from Quenstedt 1849: pl. 30, fig. 36); provenance unresolved. B. Original amalgam, including D. dendrina (arrows and label “d”; reproduced from Quenstedt 1885: pl. 38, fig. 39). C. Re-illustration of original Quenstedt Dendrina (reproduced from Plewes 1996: pl. 22, fig. 5). D. Original illustrations of Talpina dendrina (= D. dendrina; reproduced from Morris 1851: pl. IV, figs 4–7; 5 = Talpina ramosa; 6a = Trypanites solitarius). E. Morris’ original belemnite from the Upper Cretaceous of Norfolk, UK, including the lectotype of D. dendrina (encircled). F–G. Close-up of lectotype under incipient and transparent light; the inlet canal is clearly visible. H–I. Three paralectotypes in the same belemnite. J–K. Planar and oblique views of the holotype of junior synonym D. fluensis Hofmann, 1996, illustrating the typical multi-tier occurrence, irregular branching, and meandering galleries; SEM of epoxy cast of a belemnite from the lower Maastrichtian at Kronsmoor, Germany. L. Holotype of junior synonym D. crassa Hofmann, 1996, within the morphological range of D. dendrina; SEM of epoxy cast of a belemnite from the lower Maastrichtian at Kronsmoor, Germany." captionText-2="Fig. 3. Dendrina belemniticola Mägdefrau, 1937. A. Original illustration of belemnite with various traces including D. belemniticola (arrow; reproduced from Quenstedt 1849: pl. 30, fig. 36); provenance unresolved. B. Original amalgam, including D. belemniticola (arrow; reproduced from Quenstedt 1885: pl. 38, fig. 39). C. Re-illustration of original Quenstedt Dendrina (reproduced from Plewes 1996: pl. 22, fig. 3); inlet tunnel roughly at 11h in this and the following four sub-figures. D. Lectotype of D. belemniticola in an upper Senonian belemnite from Rosenthal near Peine, Germany (compare to Mägdefrau 1937: pl. IV, fig. 1). E. Holotype of junior synonym D. orbiculata Hofmann, 1996. SEM of epoxy cast of an upper Campanian belemnite from Lüneburg, Germany. F. Paratype of junior synonym D. constans Hofmann, 1996. SEM of epoxy cast of a lower Maastrichtian belemnite from Lüneburg, Germany. G. Holotype of junior synonym D. constans. SEM of epoxy cast of a lower Maastrichtian belemnite from Lüneburg, Germany. E–G illustrate the morphological range of D. belemniticola from almost completely fused radiating galleries, to partially fused galleries forming anastomoses, to rarely fused radiating galleries. H. Detail of partly obscured inlet tunnel connecting to centre of a paratype of junior synonym D. orbiculata. SEM of epoxy cast of an Upper Cretaceous belemnite from Lüneburg, Germany. I. Rarely observed overlap of D. belemniticola in a lower Maastrichtian belemnite from Rügen, Germany. J. Specimen of D. belemniticola (left) next to a D. dendrina (right) at the very tip of a lower Campanian belemnite from Höver, Germany." captionText-3="Fig. 4. Dendrina lacerata Hofmann, 1996. A. SEM of holotype in an epoxy cast of an upper Campanian belemnite from Misburg, Germany. B. Paratype on the same cast as the holotype. C. Several paratypes in the periphery of a Calcideletrix anomala from the type locality. D. Oblique view of a specimen in a belemnite from the upper Campanian of Kronsmoor, Germany, illustrating a tubular inlet tunnel on the left and peripheral connections to the substrate surface on the right. E. Surface view of a solitary specimen with inlet canal in a belemnite from the upper Campanian of Misburg, Germany." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839860" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839862" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839864" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839866" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3839860/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3839862/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3839864/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/3839866/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">figs 1–4</figureCitation>
.
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<taxonomicName id="C7D17DCDBA559F0B4CEE24D2FE46FB3A" authorityName="Clarke" authorityYear="1908" box="[189,447,1247,1273]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Clionolithes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="radicans">
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA559F0B4CEE24D2FE46FB3A" box="[189,447,1247,1273]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Clionolithes radicans</emphasis>
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– 
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(partim): 168, pl. 10, pl. 11, fig. 2; 1921 (partim): 88, fig. 71 (drawing based on photograph in 
<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA559F0B4E26250FFCF3FADF" author="Clarke" box="[629,778,1282,1308]" firstAuthor="Clarke" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="146 - 169" refId="ref49949" refString="Clarke J. M. 1908. The beginnings of dependent life. New York State Museum Bulletin 121: 146 - 169." type="journal article" year="1908">Clarke 1908</bibRefCitation>
).
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<taxonomicName id="C7D17DCDBA559F0B4CEE2528FE47FAFC" authorityName="Magdefrau" authorityYear="1937" box="[189,446,1317,1343]" genus="Calcideletrix" kingdom="Fungi" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" rank="species" species="flexuosa">
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA559F0B4CEE2528FE47FAFC" box="[189,446,1317,1343]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Calcideletrix flexuosa</emphasis>
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– 
<treatmentCitation id="8170205FBA559F0B4D8F2528FD5CFAFC" box="[476,677,1317,1343]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA559F0B4D8F2528FD5CFAFC" author="Hantzschel" box="[476,677,1317,1343]" firstAuthor="Hantzschel" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="177 - 245" refId="ref51308" refString="Hantzschel W. 1962. Trace fossils and problematica. In: Moore R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part W - Miscellanea: W 177 - 245. University of Kansas Press, Lawrence." type="book chapter" year="1962">Häntzschel 1962</bibRefCitation>
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: W228, fig. 142-4 (reproduced from 
<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA559F0B48042528FAE7FA83" author="Magdefrau" box="[1111,1310,1317,1344]" firstAuthor="Magdefrau" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="54 - 67" refId="ref52207" refString="Magdefrau K. 1937. Lebensspuren fossiler &quot; Bohr &quot; - Organismen. Beitrage zur naturkundlichen Forschung in Sudwestdeutschland 2: 54 - 67." type="journal article" year="1937">Mägdefrau 1937</bibRefCitation>
); 1975: W124, fig. 77-4b (reproduced from 
<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA559F0B4EF92544FC8FFAA0" author="Magdefrau" box="[682,886,1353,1379]" firstAuthor="Magdefrau" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="54 - 67" refId="ref52207" refString="Magdefrau K. 1937. Lebensspuren fossiler &quot; Bohr &quot; - Organismen. Beitrage zur naturkundlichen Forschung in Sudwestdeutschland 2: 54 - 67." type="journal article" year="1937">Mägdefrau 1937</bibRefCitation>
). — 
<treatmentCitation id="8170205FBA559F0B4FEA2544FB2AFAA1" box="[953,1235,1352,1379]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA559F0B4FEA2544FB2AFAA1" author="Pugaczewska" box="[953,1235,1352,1379]" firstAuthor="Pugaczewska" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="73 - 95" refId="ref52695" refString="Pugaczewska H. 1965. Les organismes sedentaires sur les rostres des belemnites du Cretace superieur. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 10: 73 - 95." type="journal article" year="1965">Pugaczewska 1965: 76</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. I, fig. 3; (?) 1970: 428, pl. I, fig. 2, pl. II, fig. 2 (poor illustrations). — 
<treatmentCitation id="8170205FBA559F0B4FA62561FB34FA45" box="[1013,1229,1388,1414]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA559F0B4FA62561FB34FA45" author="Nadjin" box="[1013,1229,1388,1414]" firstAuthor="Nadjin" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refId="ref52382" refString="Nadjin D. P. 1969. Morfologia i Paleobiologia Verkhnemelovykh Belemnitov. Moscow." type="book" year="1969">Nadjin 1969: 138</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. IV, fig. 4 (reproduced from 
<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA559F0B4D9C2582FD64FA6A" author="Magdefrau" box="[463,669,1423,1449]" firstAuthor="Magdefrau" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="54 - 67" refId="ref52207" refString="Magdefrau K. 1937. Lebensspuren fossiler &quot; Bohr &quot; - Organismen. Beitrage zur naturkundlichen Forschung in Sudwestdeutschland 2: 54 - 67." type="journal article" year="1937">Mägdefrau 1937</bibRefCitation>
). — 
<treatmentCitation id="8170205FBA559F0B4EB62582FC7BFA6A" box="[741,898,1423,1449]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA559F0B4EB62582FC7BFA6A" author="Plewes" box="[741,898,1423,1449]" firstAuthor="Plewes" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refId="ref52551" refString="Plewes C. R. 1996. Ichnotaxonomic Studies of Jurassic Endoliths. Unpublished PhD Thesis. University of Wales, Aberystwyth, UK." type="book" year="1996">Plewes 1996</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(partim): 188, pl. 31, figs 7–8, pl. 33, 
<figureCitation id="98EA1ACBBA559F0B4CB925BFFEB4FA0F" box="[234,333,1458,1484]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStart-2="Fig" captionStart-3="Fig" captionStart-4="Fig" captionStart-5="Fig" captionStart-6="Fig" captionStartId-0="5.[189,232,1864,1890]" captionStartId-1="16.[189,232,1576,1602]" captionStartId-2="19.[189,232,1329,1355]" captionStartId-3="21.[189,232,1823,1849]" captionStartId-4="25.[189,232,1718,1744]" captionStartId-5="27.[189,232,1649,1675]" captionStartId-6="28.[190,233,1859,1885]" captionTargetBox-1="[227,1360,264,1538]" captionTargetBox-2="[189,1401,267,1277]" captionTargetBox-3="[189,1401,1002,1799]" captionTargetBox-4="[189,1401,995,1672]" captionTargetBox-5="[189,1401,962,1622]" captionTargetBox-6="[190,1402,1182,1833]" captionTargetId-0="figure@6.[189,1383,265,2019]" captionTargetId-1="figure@16.[227,1360,231,1538]" captionTargetId-2="figure@19.[189,1401,246,1277]" captionTargetId-3="figure@21.[189,1401,1002,1799]" captionTargetId-4="figure@25.[189,1401,995,1672]" captionTargetId-5="figure@27.[189,1401,962,1622]" captionTargetId-6="figure@28.[190,1402,1182,1833]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="16" captionTargetPageId-2="19" captionTargetPageId-3="21" captionTargetPageId-4="25" captionTargetPageId-5="27" captionTargetPageId-6="28" captionText-0="Fig. 1 (page 7). Morphological characters of dendrinid microborings with respect to overall shape and symmetry of the trace, its vertical profile, openings to the substrate surface, orientation of entrance tunnel (where present), branching pattern and surface texture (in order of decreasing relevance as ichnotaxobase)." captionText-1="Fig. 2. Dendrina dendrina (Morris, 1851) comb. nov. A. Original illustration of belemnite with various traces, including D. dendrina (arrows; reproduced from Quenstedt 1849: pl. 30, fig. 36); provenance unresolved. B. Original amalgam, including D. dendrina (arrows and label “d”; reproduced from Quenstedt 1885: pl. 38, fig. 39). C. Re-illustration of original Quenstedt Dendrina (reproduced from Plewes 1996: pl. 22, fig. 5). D. Original illustrations of Talpina dendrina (= D. dendrina; reproduced from Morris 1851: pl. IV, figs 4–7; 5 = Talpina ramosa; 6a = Trypanites solitarius). E. Morris’ original belemnite from the Upper Cretaceous of Norfolk, UK, including the lectotype of D. dendrina (encircled). F–G. Close-up of lectotype under incipient and transparent light; the inlet canal is clearly visible. H–I. Three paralectotypes in the same belemnite. J–K. Planar and oblique views of the holotype of junior synonym D. fluensis Hofmann, 1996, illustrating the typical multi-tier occurrence, irregular branching, and meandering galleries; SEM of epoxy cast of a belemnite from the lower Maastrichtian at Kronsmoor, Germany. L. Holotype of junior synonym D. crassa Hofmann, 1996, within the morphological range of D. dendrina; SEM of epoxy cast of a belemnite from the lower Maastrichtian at Kronsmoor, Germany." captionText-2="Fig. 3. Dendrina belemniticola Mägdefrau, 1937. A. Original illustration of belemnite with various traces including D. belemniticola (arrow; reproduced from Quenstedt 1849: pl. 30, fig. 36); provenance unresolved. B. Original amalgam, including D. belemniticola (arrow; reproduced from Quenstedt 1885: pl. 38, fig. 39). C. Re-illustration of original Quenstedt Dendrina (reproduced from Plewes 1996: pl. 22, fig. 3); inlet tunnel roughly at 11h in this and the following four sub-figures. D. Lectotype of D. belemniticola in an upper Senonian belemnite from Rosenthal near Peine, Germany (compare to Mägdefrau 1937: pl. IV, fig. 1). E. Holotype of junior synonym D. orbiculata Hofmann, 1996. SEM of epoxy cast of an upper Campanian belemnite from Lüneburg, Germany. F. Paratype of junior synonym D. constans Hofmann, 1996. SEM of epoxy cast of a lower Maastrichtian belemnite from Lüneburg, Germany. G. Holotype of junior synonym D. constans. SEM of epoxy cast of a lower Maastrichtian belemnite from Lüneburg, Germany. E–G illustrate the morphological range of D. belemniticola from almost completely fused radiating galleries, to partially fused galleries forming anastomoses, to rarely fused radiating galleries. H. Detail of partly obscured inlet tunnel connecting to centre of a paratype of junior synonym D. orbiculata. SEM of epoxy cast of an Upper Cretaceous belemnite from Lüneburg, Germany. I. Rarely observed overlap of D. belemniticola in a lower Maastrichtian belemnite from Rügen, Germany. J. Specimen of D. belemniticola (left) next to a D. dendrina (right) at the very tip of a lower Campanian belemnite from Höver, Germany." captionText-3="Fig. 4. Dendrina lacerata Hofmann, 1996. A. SEM of holotype in an epoxy cast of an upper Campanian belemnite from Misburg, Germany. B. Paratype on the same cast as the holotype. C. Several paratypes in the periphery of a Calcideletrix anomala from the type locality. D. Oblique view of a specimen in a belemnite from the upper Campanian of Kronsmoor, Germany, illustrating a tubular inlet tunnel on the left and peripheral connections to the substrate surface on the right. E. Surface view of a solitary specimen with inlet canal in a belemnite from the upper Campanian of Misburg, Germany." captionText-4="Fig. 5. Clionolithes radicans Clarke, 1908. A. Original illustration of the lectotype from the Devonian of Mansfield, Pennsylvania, USA (reproduced from Clarke 1908: pl. 11, fig. 1). B–C. Overview and close-up of a shell of the brachiopod Atrypa bearing the lectotype and a number of further specimens. D. Holotype of junior synonym Olkenbachia hirsuta Solle, 1938 from the Devonian near Koblenz, Germany, reproduced from Solle (1938: fig. 2). E–F. Overview and SEM close-up of one of the paratypes of junior synonym Olkenbachia hirsuta (compare with Solle 1938: fig. 4)." captionText-5="Fig. 6. Clionolithes palmatus Clarke, 1908. A. Original drawing of the lectotype, a natural cast in a shell of Loxopteria dispar Sandberger &amp; Sandberger, 1857 from the Upper Devonian of New York State, USA (reproduced from Clarke 1908: pl. 12, fig. 1). B. The lectotype in its present state, either slightly damaged or originally idealised. C. Original drawing of the paralectotype, a natural cast in a Loxonema danai Clarke, 1904 from the type locality (reproduced from Clarke 1908: pl. 12, fig. 2). D. Significantly damaged paralectotype. E–F. A number of natural casts in a shell of Leptostrophia Hall &amp; Clarke, 1892 from the Devonian of Victoria, Australia, including the holotype (close-up in F) and several paratypes of junior synonym Clionolithes sollei Talent, 1963 (compare with Talent 1963: pl. 9, figs 3–8). G. SEM of a specimen cast in epoxy resin by Plewes (1996) from the Devonian of Iowa, USA, illustrating the morphological range within one trace, comprising sheet-like fans and galleries terminating in fine ramifications (reproduced from Plewes 1996: pl. 1, fig. 1)." captionText-6="Fig. 7. Clionolithes pannosus (Solle, 1938) comb. nov. A. Holotype preserved as natural cast in a Devonian brachiopod shell from the Mosel Valley near Münstermaifeld, Germany. B–C. SEM overview and close-up of the holotype. D–F. SEM planar view, oblique view and close-up of pyritised and resinembedded holotype of junior synonym Platydendrina platycentrum Vogel et al., 1987 in a shell of Mediospirifer Bublichenko, 1959 from the Middle Devonian of New York State, USA." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839860" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839862" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839864" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839866" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839868" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839870" figureDoi-6="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839873" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3839860/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3839862/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3839864/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/3839866/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/3839868/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/3839870/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/3839873/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">figs 1–7</figureCitation>
, pl. 34, 
<figureCitation id="98EA1ACBBA559F0B4DE625BFFDEFFA0F" box="[437,534,1458,1484]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStart-2="Fig" captionStart-3="Fig" captionStartId-0="5.[189,232,1864,1890]" captionStartId-1="16.[189,232,1576,1602]" captionStartId-2="19.[189,232,1329,1355]" captionStartId-3="21.[189,232,1823,1849]" captionTargetBox-1="[227,1360,264,1538]" captionTargetBox-2="[189,1401,267,1277]" captionTargetBox-3="[189,1401,1002,1799]" captionTargetId-0="figure@6.[189,1383,265,2019]" captionTargetId-1="figure@16.[227,1360,231,1538]" captionTargetId-2="figure@19.[189,1401,246,1277]" captionTargetId-3="figure@21.[189,1401,1002,1799]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="16" captionTargetPageId-2="19" captionTargetPageId-3="21" captionText-0="Fig. 1 (page 7). Morphological characters of dendrinid microborings with respect to overall shape and symmetry of the trace, its vertical profile, openings to the substrate surface, orientation of entrance tunnel (where present), branching pattern and surface texture (in order of decreasing relevance as ichnotaxobase)." captionText-1="Fig. 2. Dendrina dendrina (Morris, 1851) comb. nov. A. Original illustration of belemnite with various traces, including D. dendrina (arrows; reproduced from Quenstedt 1849: pl. 30, fig. 36); provenance unresolved. B. Original amalgam, including D. dendrina (arrows and label “d”; reproduced from Quenstedt 1885: pl. 38, fig. 39). C. Re-illustration of original Quenstedt Dendrina (reproduced from Plewes 1996: pl. 22, fig. 5). D. Original illustrations of Talpina dendrina (= D. dendrina; reproduced from Morris 1851: pl. IV, figs 4–7; 5 = Talpina ramosa; 6a = Trypanites solitarius). E. Morris’ original belemnite from the Upper Cretaceous of Norfolk, UK, including the lectotype of D. dendrina (encircled). F–G. Close-up of lectotype under incipient and transparent light; the inlet canal is clearly visible. H–I. Three paralectotypes in the same belemnite. J–K. Planar and oblique views of the holotype of junior synonym D. fluensis Hofmann, 1996, illustrating the typical multi-tier occurrence, irregular branching, and meandering galleries; SEM of epoxy cast of a belemnite from the lower Maastrichtian at Kronsmoor, Germany. L. Holotype of junior synonym D. crassa Hofmann, 1996, within the morphological range of D. dendrina; SEM of epoxy cast of a belemnite from the lower Maastrichtian at Kronsmoor, Germany." captionText-2="Fig. 3. Dendrina belemniticola Mägdefrau, 1937. A. Original illustration of belemnite with various traces including D. belemniticola (arrow; reproduced from Quenstedt 1849: pl. 30, fig. 36); provenance unresolved. B. Original amalgam, including D. belemniticola (arrow; reproduced from Quenstedt 1885: pl. 38, fig. 39). C. Re-illustration of original Quenstedt Dendrina (reproduced from Plewes 1996: pl. 22, fig. 3); inlet tunnel roughly at 11h in this and the following four sub-figures. D. Lectotype of D. belemniticola in an upper Senonian belemnite from Rosenthal near Peine, Germany (compare to Mägdefrau 1937: pl. IV, fig. 1). E. Holotype of junior synonym D. orbiculata Hofmann, 1996. SEM of epoxy cast of an upper Campanian belemnite from Lüneburg, Germany. F. Paratype of junior synonym D. constans Hofmann, 1996. SEM of epoxy cast of a lower Maastrichtian belemnite from Lüneburg, Germany. G. Holotype of junior synonym D. constans. SEM of epoxy cast of a lower Maastrichtian belemnite from Lüneburg, Germany. E–G illustrate the morphological range of D. belemniticola from almost completely fused radiating galleries, to partially fused galleries forming anastomoses, to rarely fused radiating galleries. H. Detail of partly obscured inlet tunnel connecting to centre of a paratype of junior synonym D. orbiculata. SEM of epoxy cast of an Upper Cretaceous belemnite from Lüneburg, Germany. I. Rarely observed overlap of D. belemniticola in a lower Maastrichtian belemnite from Rügen, Germany. J. Specimen of D. belemniticola (left) next to a D. dendrina (right) at the very tip of a lower Campanian belemnite from Höver, Germany." captionText-3="Fig. 4. Dendrina lacerata Hofmann, 1996. A. SEM of holotype in an epoxy cast of an upper Campanian belemnite from Misburg, Germany. B. Paratype on the same cast as the holotype. C. Several paratypes in the periphery of a Calcideletrix anomala from the type locality. D. Oblique view of a specimen in a belemnite from the upper Campanian of Kronsmoor, Germany, illustrating a tubular inlet tunnel on the left and peripheral connections to the substrate surface on the right. E. Surface view of a solitary specimen with inlet canal in a belemnite from the upper Campanian of Misburg, Germany." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839860" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839862" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839864" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839866" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3839860/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3839862/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3839864/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/3839866/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">figs 1–4</figureCitation>
(pl. 34, figs 5–6 = 
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<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA559F0B4F5A25BEFBFCFA0F" box="[777,1029,1458,1484]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Dictyoporus nodosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). — 
<treatmentCitation id="8170205FBA559F0B481A25BFFA88FA0F" box="[1097,1393,1458,1484]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA559F0B481A25BFFA88FA0F" author="Buatois" box="[1097,1393,1458,1484]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Buatois" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="102 - 181" refId="ref49743" refString="Buatois L. A., Wisshak M., Wilson M. A. &amp; Mangano M. G. 2017. Categories of architectural designs in trace fossils: A measure of ichnodisparity. Earth Science Reviews 164: 102 - 181. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. earscirev. 2016.08.009" type="journal article" year="2017">
Buatois 
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA559F0B48FE25BEFB12FA0F" box="[1197,1259,1458,1484]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
2017: 161
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 75B (
<typeStatus id="DF6AB8ECBA559F0B4D0B25D8FE3FFA33" box="[344,454,1493,1520]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
). — 
<treatmentCitation id="8170205FBA559F0B4DAE25D8FCDAFA33" box="[509,803,1493,1520]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA559F0B4DAE25D8FCDAFA33" author="Wisshak" box="[509,803,1493,1520]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Wisshak" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="127 - 135" refId="ref55318" refString="Wisshak M., Neumann C., Knaust D. &amp; Reich M. 2017. Rediscovery of type material of the bioerosional trace fossil Talpina von Hagenow, 1840 and its ichnotaxonomical implications. Palaontologische Zeitschrift 91: 127 - 135. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12542 - 017 - 0335 - y" type="journal article" year="2017">
Wisshak 
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA559F0B4E3B25DBFD5AFA2C" box="[616,675,1493,1519]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
2017: 131
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, figs 3/4, 4/4.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="006E064EBA559F0B4CEE25F4FC6AF9D0" blockId="35.[189,1399,1247,1661]" box="[189,915,1528,1555]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
Rosetten-Form G – 
<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA559F0B4DF425F4FD09F9D0" author="Hofmann &amp; Vogel" box="[423,752,1528,1555]" firstAuthor="Hofmann" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="51 - 65" refId="ref51508" refString="Hofmann K. &amp; Vogel K. 1992. Endolithische Spurenfossilien in der Schreibkreide (Maastricht) von Rugen (Norddeutschland). Zeitschrift fur Geologische Wissenschaften 20: 51 - 65." type="journal article" year="1992">Hofmann &amp; Vogel 1992: 57</bibRefCitation>
, pl. IV, fig. B.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="006E064EBA559F0B4CEE2611FC32F9F5" blockId="35.[189,1399,1247,1661]" box="[189,971,1564,1591]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
Without name – 
<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA559F0B4DD32611FD7DF9F5" author="Reich &amp; Frenzel" box="[384,644,1564,1590]" firstAuthor="Reich" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="73 - 284" refId="ref52935" refString="Reich M. &amp; Frenzel P. 2002. Die Fauna und Flora der Rugener Schreibkreide (Maastrichtium, Ostsee). Archiv fur Geschiebekunde 3: 73 - 284." type="journal article" year="2002">Reich &amp; Frenzel 2002</bibRefCitation>
(partim): 208, pl. 50, fig. 7.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="006E064EBA559F0B4CEE2632FD4BF99A" blockId="35.[189,1399,1247,1661]" box="[189,690,1599,1626]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="20C12160BA559F0B4CEE2632FD4BF99A" box="[189,690,1599,1626]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<taxonomicName id="C7D17DCDBA559F0B4CEE2632FEAFF99A" authorityName="Magdefrau" authorityYear="1937" box="[189,342,1599,1625]" genus="Calcideletrix" kingdom="Fungi" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA559F0B4CEE2632FEAFF99A" box="[189,342,1599,1625]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Calcideletrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
– 
<treatmentCitation id="8170205FBA559F0B4D202632FD98F99A" author="Whittlesea P. S." box="[371,609,1599,1626]" page="18" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" year="2005">
<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA559F0B4D202632FD98F99A" author="Whittlesea" box="[371,609,1599,1626]" firstAuthor="Whittlesea" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="15 - 23" refId="ref54631" refString="Whittlesea P. S. 2005. First record of phragmocone and alveolar cavity of the chalk belemnite Gonioteuthis. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Norfolk 54: 15 - 23." type="journal article" year="2005">Whittlesea 2005: 18</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 3.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="006E064EBA559F0B4CEE266FFBA4F9BE" blockId="35.[189,1399,1247,1661]" box="[189,1117,1634,1661]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="20C12160BA559F0B4CEE266FFBA4F9BE" box="[189,1117,1634,1661]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<taxonomicName id="C7D17DCDBA559F0B4CEE266FFE65F9BF" authorityName="Magdefrau" authorityYear="1937" box="[189,412,1634,1660]" class="Globothalamea" family="Anomalinidae" genus="Dendrina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" order="Rotaliida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="anomala">
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA559F0B4CEE266FFE65F9BF" box="[189,412,1634,1660]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Dendrina anomala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
– 
<treatmentCitation id="8170205FBA559F0B4DEA266FFD99F9BF" box="[441,608,1634,1660]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA559F0B4DEA266FFD99F9BF" author="Rudolph" box="[441,608,1634,1660]" firstAuthor="Rudolph" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="3 - 24" refId="ref53065" refString="Rudolph F. 2014. &quot; Nur &quot; Donnerkeile. Der Geschiebesammler 47: 3 - 24." type="journal article" year="2014">Rudolph 2014</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(partim): 19, fig. 24 (specimen on the left).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<treatmentCitationGroup id="20C12160BA559F0B4CEE2690FA8EF919" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<paragraph id="006E064EBA559F0B4CEE2690FA8EF975" blockId="35.[189,1399,1692,1754]" box="[189,1399,1692,1719]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
non 
<taxonomicName id="C7D17DCDBA559F0B4CA32691FE09F975" authorityName="Magdefrau" authorityYear="1937" box="[240,496,1692,1718]" genus="Calcideletrix" kingdom="Fungi" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" rank="species" species="flexuosa">
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA559F0B4CA32691FE09F975" box="[240,496,1692,1718]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Calcideletrix flexuosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
– 
<treatmentCitation id="8170205FBA559F0B4E5F2691FD2AF975" author="Ghare M. A." box="[524,723,1692,1718]" page="132" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" year="1982">
<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA559F0B4E5F2691FD2AF975" author="Ghare" box="[524,723,1692,1718]" firstAuthor="Ghare" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="129 - 135" refId="ref50839" refString="Ghare M. A. 1982. Borings on belemnoid rostra from Utatur Group of Upper Cretaceous rocks of Trichinopoly District, Tamil Nadu. Journal of the Geological Society of India 23: 129 - 135." type="journal article" year="1982">Ghare 1982: 132</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 1, fig. 5 (= 
<taxonomicName id="C7D17DCDBA559F0B4FD02691FB4FF975" authorityName="Magdefrau" authorityYear="1937" box="[899,1206,1692,1718]" genus="Calcideletrix" kingdom="Fungi" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" rank="species" species="breviramosa">
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA559F0B4FD02691FB4FF975" box="[899,1206,1692,1718]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Calcideletrix breviramosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). — (?) 
<treatmentCitation id="8170205FBA559F0B49492691FA8EF975" box="[1306,1399,1692,1718]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA559F0B49492691FA8EF975" author="Kost'ak M." box="[1306,1399,1692,1718]" firstAuthor="Kost'ak" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refId="ref51968" refString="Kost'ak M. 2004. Short ichnofossil synopsis in Upper Cretaceous belemnite family Belemnitellidae from central and eastern Europe. In: Mikulas R. (ed.) Abstract Book, 4 th international bioerosion workshop, Prague, August 30 - September 3, 2004. Institute of Geology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague." type="book" year="2004">Košt’ák</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="006E064EBA559F0B4CB926B2FA8EF919" blockId="35.[189,1399,1692,1754]" box="[234,1399,1727,1754]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
2004: 32, fig. 11 (? 
<taxonomicName id="C7D17DCDBA559F0B4D9B26CDFD47F91A" authorityName="Magdefrau" authorityYear="1937" box="[456,702,1727,1753]" class="Insecta" family="Dendrinidae" genus="Dictyoporus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nodosus">
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA559F0B4D9B26CDFD47F91A" box="[456,702,1727,1753]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Dictyoporus nodosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). — (?) 
<treatmentCitation id="8170205FBA559F0B4F4C26B2FC1DF91A" box="[799,996,1727,1754]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA559F0B4F4C26B2FC1DF91A" author="Stiller" box="[799,996,1727,1754]" firstAuthor="Stiller" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="396 - 411" refId="ref53377" refString="Stiller F. 2005. An Early Jurassic Talpina - dominated assemblage of borings in bivalve shells from southern Hunan, China, with remarks on the ichnogenus Talpina Hagenow, 1840. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 44: 396 - 411." type="journal article" year="2005">Stiller 2005: 406</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. II, figs 3, 15 (poor illustration).
</paragraph>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48CB55C5BA559F0D4CEE26F4FDAFFE8A" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="006E064EBA559F0B4CEE26F4FE5BF8D0" blockId="35.[189,418,1785,1811]" box="[189,418,1785,1811]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<heading id="5B26B122BA559F0B4CEE26F4FE5BF8D0" bold="true" box="[189,418,1785,1811]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" reason="3">
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA559F0B4CEE26F4FE5BF8D0" bold="true" box="[189,418,1785,1811]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Original diagnosis</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="006E064EBA559F0B4CEE2725FF19F881" blockId="35.[189,224,1832,1858]" box="[189,224,1832,1858]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">n/a</paragraph>
<paragraph id="006E064EBA559F0B4CEE276FFE56F8B8" blockId="35.[189,431,1889,1916]" box="[189,431,1889,1916]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<heading id="5B26B122BA559F0B4CEE276FFE56F8B8" bold="true" box="[189,431,1889,1916]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" reason="3">
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA559F0B4CEE276FFE56F8B8" bold="true" box="[189,431,1889,1916]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Emended diagnosis</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="006E064EBA559F0B4CEE279DFA8FF80E" blockId="35.[189,1399,1936,1998]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Highly ramified, with most branches remaining roughly the same width up to their tapering ends. Branches ramify in a relatively straight manner, although curves develop at irregular intervals. Branches</paragraph>
<caption id="54AE56C6BA529F0C4CEE269DFE5CF862" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839881" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3839881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3839881/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" startId="36.[189,232,1680,1706]" targetBox="[189,1401,264,1635]" targetPageId="36">
<paragraph id="006E064EBA529F0C4CEE269DFE5CF862" blockId="36.[189,1399,1680,1953]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA529F0C4CEE269DFEE2F969" bold="true" box="[189,283,1680,1706]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Fig. 11.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="C7D17DCDBA529F0C4D75269DFCFFF969" authority="Magdefrau, 1937" authorityName="Magdefrau" authorityYear="1937" box="[294,774,1680,1706]" genus="Calcideletrix" kingdom="Fungi" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" rank="species" species="flexuosa">
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA529F0C4D75269DFDD3F969" box="[294,554,1680,1706]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Calcideletrix flexuosa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA529F0C4E66269DFCFFF969" author="Magdefrau" box="[565,774,1680,1706]" firstAuthor="Magdefrau" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="54 - 67" refId="ref52207" refString="Magdefrau K. 1937. Lebensspuren fossiler &quot; Bohr &quot; - Organismen. Beitrage zur naturkundlichen Forschung in Sudwestdeutschland 2: 54 - 67." type="journal article" year="1937">Mägdefrau, 1937</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA529F0C4F46269DFCB7F969" bold="true" box="[789,846,1680,1706]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">A–C</emphasis>
. Holotype in an Upper Cretaceous belemnite rostrum from Misburg, Germany. Close-up in B illustrates anastomosis and two potential points of initial entry (arrows). Close-up in C shows peripheral ramification. 
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA529F0C4FA726DAFBD3F932" bold="true" box="[1012,1066,1751,1777]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">D–F</emphasis>
. Respective SEM views of an epoxy casts of the holotype of junior synonym 
<taxonomicName id="C7D17DCDBA529F0C4F4026F6FB47F8D7" authority="Hofmann, 1996" authorityName="Hofmann" authorityYear="1996" box="[787,1214,1786,1812]" class="Globothalamea" family="Anomalinidae" genus="Dendrina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" order="Rotaliida" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="brachiopodicola">
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA529F0C4F4026F6FC03F8D7" box="[787,1018,1786,1812]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">D. brachiopodicola</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA529F0C485126F7FB47F8D7" author="Hofmann" box="[1026,1214,1786,1812]" firstAuthor="Hofmann" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="1 - 151" refId="ref51480" refString="Hofmann K. 1996. Die mikro-endolithischen Spurenfossilien der borealen Oberkreide Nordwest- Europas und ihre Faziesbeziehungen. Geologisches Jahrbuch, Serie A 136: 1 - 151." type="journal article" year="1996">Hofmann, 1996</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, illustrating the very close morphological resemblance of the trace in a belemnite vs a brachiopod substrate. 
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA529F0C48AA2710FAE9F8F4" bold="true" box="[1273,1296,1821,1847]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">G</emphasis>
. Natural casts in a Devonian brachiopod with several 
<taxonomicName id="C7D17DCDBA529F0C4E95274CFCB1F899" authorityName="Magdefrau" authorityYear="1937" box="[710,840,1856,1883]" genus="Calcideletrix" kingdom="Fungi" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" rank="species" species="flexuosa">
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA529F0C4E95274CFCB1F899" box="[710,840,1856,1883]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">C. flexuosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(original of 
<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA529F0C4F89274DFB97F899" author="Clarke" box="[986,1134,1856,1882]" firstAuthor="Clarke" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="146 - 169" refId="ref49949" refString="Clarke J. M. 1908. The beginnings of dependent life. New York State Museum Bulletin 121: 146 - 169." type="journal article" year="1908">Clarke 1908</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 10; damaged since original publication). 
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA529F0C4DE92769FE28F8BD" bold="true" box="[442,465,1892,1918]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">H</emphasis>
. Another silicified cast in a Devonian brachiopod shell (reproduced from 
<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA529F0C497B276EFF05F862" author="Clarke" firstAuthor="Clarke" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="146 - 169" refId="ref49949" refString="Clarke J. M. 1908. The beginnings of dependent life. New York State Museum Bulletin 121: 146 - 169." type="journal article" year="1908">Clarke 1908</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 11, fig. 2).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="006E064EBA539F0D4CEE2106FDAFFE8A" blockId="37.[189,1398,267,329]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">ramify in such a way as to cover the space between branches almost equally. Anastomosis is rare and restricted to the centre of the trace.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48CB55C5BA539F0D4CEE217DFC98FC0C" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="description">
<paragraph id="006E064EBA539F0D4CEE217DFE43FE49" blockId="37.[189,442,368,394]" box="[189,442,368,394]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<heading id="5B26B122BA539F0D4CEE217DFE43FE49" bold="true" box="[189,442,368,394]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" reason="3">
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA539F0D4CEE217DFE43FE49" bold="true" box="[189,442,368,394]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Original description</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="006E064EBA539F0D4CEE2193FE08FE3C" blockId="37.[189,1399,414,511]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
Channels strongly ramified, 
<quantity id="C729ABABBA539F0D4E542192FD48FE7A" box="[519,689,415,441]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" unit="mm" value="0.065" valueMax="0.09" valueMin="0.04">0.04–0.09 mm</quantity>
in diameter. Only the main channel, at the basis of the shrub, opens to the surface, while the side channels do not penetrate to the surface of the belemnite rostrum. [Translated from German]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="006E064EBA539F0D4CEE222BFDE8FD83" blockId="37.[189,529,550,576]" box="[189,529,550,576]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<heading id="5B26B122BA539F0D4CEE222BFDE8FD83" bold="true" box="[189,529,550,576]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" reason="3">
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA539F0D4CEE222BFDE8FD83" bold="true" box="[189,529,550,576]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Supplementary description</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="006E064EBA539F0D4CEE2258FC98FC0C" blockId="37.[189,1399,597,975]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
Based on cast material, 
<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA539F0D4D852258FD87FDB3" author="Plewes" box="[470,638,597,624]" firstAuthor="Plewes" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" refId="ref52551" refString="Plewes C. R. 1996. Ichnotaxonomic Studies of Jurassic Endoliths. Unpublished PhD Thesis. University of Wales, Aberystwyth, UK." type="book" year="1996">Plewes (1996)</bibRefCitation>
added the following observations: “Cast material shows that the profile of the branches is rounded and sometimes shows a hint of the bubbly texture reminiscent of, but not as pronounced as that seen in 
<taxonomicName id="C7D17DCDBA539F0D4E112291FD33FD76" authorityName="Magdefrau" authorityYear="1937" box="[578,714,667,694]" class="Globothalamea" family="Anomalinidae" genus="Dendrina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" order="Rotaliida" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="anomala">
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA539F0D4E112291FD33FD76" box="[578,714,667,694]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">C. anomala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Width of the branches varies between 
<quantity id="C729ABABBA539F0D48C12296FB27FD75" box="[1170,1246,667,694]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 µm</quantity>
and 
<quantity id="C729ABABBA539F0D49462296FA88FD75" box="[1301,1393,667,694]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" unit="mm" value="250.0">250 µm</quantity>
, with a mean of 
<quantity id="C729ABABBA539F0D4D2122B2FE46FD1A" box="[370,447,703,729]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.8" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" unit="mm" value="98.0">98 µm</quantity>
(n = 18, SD = 50.08). Surface texture may also include hair-like filaments. These are between 
<quantity id="C729ABABBA539F0D4D0022EFFE68FD3F" box="[339,401,738,764]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 µm</quantity>
and 
<quantity id="C729ABABBA539F0D4D9F22ECFDD9FD3F" box="[460,544,737,764]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 µm</quantity>
in width and vary greatly in length. The loops which form as a result of anastomoses between branches within the main body of the trace vary in size and may enclose other blind ending branches. Branching angle varies greatly but is between 90° and 45°, and branching may be polychotomous or dichotomous. Nodes are sometimes swollen and form rounded irregular edges, especially if the branching point is not a simple dichotomy. The spacing between branches varies but is between 
<quantity id="C729ABABBA539F0D4D74239FFE7AFC6F" box="[295,387,914,940]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" unit="mm" value="380.0">380 µm</quantity>
and 
<quantity id="C729ABABBA539F0D4DED239FFDE3FC6F" box="[446,538,914,940]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" unit="mm" value="900.0">900 µm</quantity>
(n = 9, SD = 245.9).” 
<bibRefCitation id="64407BBFBA539F0D4F7B239FFC14FC6E" author="Hofmann" box="[808,1005,914,941]" firstAuthor="Hofmann" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="1 - 151" refId="ref51480" refString="Hofmann K. 1996. Die mikro-endolithischen Spurenfossilien der borealen Oberkreide Nordwest- Europas und ihre Faziesbeziehungen. Geologisches Jahrbuch, Serie A 136: 1 - 151." type="journal article" year="1996">Hofmann (1996)</bibRefCitation>
additionally gave a size range of the junior synonym 
<taxonomicName id="C7D17DCDBA539F0D4DFB23BBFD77FC0C" authorityName="Hofmann" authorityYear="1996" box="[424,654,949,975]" class="Globothalamea" family="Anomalinidae" genus="Dendrina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" order="Rotaliida" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="brachiopodicola">
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA539F0D4DFB23BBFD77FC0C" box="[424,654,949,975]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">D. brachiopodicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of 
<quantity id="C729ABABBA539F0D4EE623B8FCA5FC0C" box="[693,860,949,975]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.7" metricValueMin="1.3" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" unit="mm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.7" valueMin="1.3">1.3 to 3.7 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48CB55C5BA539F0D4CEE23FAFCDDFB46" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="006E064EBA539F0D4CEE23FAFD8AFBD3" blockId="37.[189,627,1014,1041]" box="[189,627,1014,1041]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<heading id="5B26B122BA539F0D4CEE23FAFD8AFBD3" bold="true" box="[189,627,1014,1041]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" reason="3">
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA539F0D4CEE23FAFD8AFBD3" bold="true" box="[189,627,1014,1041]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Type material, locality and horizon</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="006E064EBA539F0D4CEE2428FCDDFB46" blockId="37.[189,1398,1061,1157]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<materialsCitation id="B0B90C13BA539F0D4CEE2428FCDDFB46" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2625219315" collectingDate="1937-05" collectionCode="MLU, IV" country="Germany" county="Halle" location="Belemnitella" municipality="Geographie" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" specimenCode="MLU.Mag1937.IV.4" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="DF6AB8ECBA539F0D4CEE2428FED3FBFC" box="[189,298,1061,1087]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
(
<figureCitation id="98EA1ACBBA539F0D4D682428FE72FBFC" box="[315,395,1061,1087]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="36.[189,232,1680,1706]" captionTargetBox="[189,1401,264,1635]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[189,1401,264,1635]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Fig. 11. Calcideletrix flexuosa Mägdefrau, 1937. A–C. Holotype in an Upper Cretaceous belemnite rostrum from Misburg, Germany. Close-up in B illustrates anastomosis and two potential points of initial entry (arrows). Close-up in C shows peripheral ramification. D–F. Respective SEM views of an epoxy casts of the holotype of junior synonym D. brachiopodicola Hofmann, 1996, illustrating the very close morphological resemblance of the trace in a belemnite vs a brachiopod substrate. G. Natural casts in a Devonian brachiopod with several C. flexuosa (original of Clarke 1908: pl. 10; damaged since original publication). H. Another silicified cast in a Devonian brachiopod shell (reproduced from Clarke 1908: pl. 11, fig. 2)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3839881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3839881/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
A–C) preserved in rostrum of 
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA539F0D4EA72428FBF7FBFC" box="[756,1038,1061,1087]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<location id="050E5095BA539F0D4EA72428FC71FBFC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8878B758BA559F0D4E7E2429FC58FA41:050E5095BA539F0D4EA72428FC71FBFC" box="[756,904,1061,1087]" country="Germany" county="Halle" municipality="Geographie" name="Belemnitella" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Belemnitella</location>
mucronata
</emphasis>
from the 
<location id="050E5095BA539F0D48D02428FED9FBA1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8878B758BA559F0D4E7E2429FC58FA41:050E5095BA539F0D48D02428FED9FBA1" country="Germany" county="Halle" municipality="Geographie" name="Upper Cretaceous of Misburg" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Upper Cretaceous of Misburg</location>
near 
<location id="050E5095BA539F0D4D332444FE2FFBA0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8878B758BA559F0D4E7E2429FC58FA41:050E5095BA539F0D4D332444FE2FFBA0" box="[352,470,1097,1123]" country="Germany" county="Halle" municipality="Geographie" name="Hannover" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Hannover</location>
, 
<collectingCountry id="78C646DEBA539F0D4DB22445FDB6FBA1" box="[481,591,1096,1122]" name="Germany" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Germany</collectingCountry>
, deposited in the collection of the 
<location id="050E5095BA539F0D4F8D2445FBC8FBA1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8878B758BA559F0D4E7E2429FC58FA41:050E5095BA539F0D4F8D2445FBC8FBA1" box="[990,1073,1096,1122]" country="Germany" county="Halle" municipality="Geographie" name="Institut" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Institut</location>
für 
<location id="050E5095BA539F0D48322445FABAFBA1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8878B758BA559F0D4E7E2429FC58FA41:050E5095BA539F0D48322445FABAFBA1" box="[1121,1347,1096,1122]" country="Germany" county="Halle" municipality="Geographie" name="Geowissenschaften" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Geowissenschaften</location>
und 
<collectingMunicipality id="E00A9C34BA539F0D4CEE2466FEB0FB46" box="[189,329,1131,1157]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Geographie</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<collectingCounty id="E90F7EC2BA539F0D4D072466FE6FFB46" box="[340,406,1131,1157]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Halle</collectingCounty>
, 
<collectingCountry id="78C646DEBA539F0D4DF02466FDE9FB46" box="[419,528,1131,1157]" name="Germany" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Germany</collectingCountry>
(
<specimenCode id="5077AE35BA539F0D4E732466FCEEFB46" box="[544,791,1131,1157]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">MLU.Mäg1937.IV.4</specimenCode>
).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48CB55C5BA539F0D4CEE24A0FC58FA41" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="006E064EBA539F0D4CEE24A0FED6FB04" blockId="37.[189,303,1197,1223]" box="[189,303,1197,1223]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<heading id="5B26B122BA539F0D4CEE24A0FED6FB04" bold="true" box="[189,303,1197,1223]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" reason="3">
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA539F0D4CEE24A0FED6FB04" bold="true" box="[189,303,1197,1223]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Remarks</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="006E064EBA539F0D4CEE24D6FC58FA41" blockId="37.[189,1399,1243,1411]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
Hofmann’s 
<taxonomicName id="C7D17DCDBA539F0D4D1724D6FD83FB36" authorityName="Hofmann" authorityYear="1996" box="[324,634,1243,1269]" class="Globothalamea" family="Anomalinidae" genus="Dendrina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" order="Rotaliida" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="brachiopodicola">
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA539F0D4D1724D6FD83FB36" box="[324,634,1243,1269]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Dendrina brachiopodicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
very closely resembles 
<taxonomicName id="C7D17DCDBA539F0D4FDB24D1FBFEFB36" authorityName="Magdefrau" authorityYear="1937" box="[904,1031,1243,1270]" genus="Calcideletrix" kingdom="Fungi" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" rank="species" species="flexuosa">
<emphasis id="32A5DA5CBA539F0D4FDB24D1FBFEFB36" box="[904,1031,1243,1270]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">C. flexuosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in morphology and dimensions, and was established as a separate taxon based on its vertically oriented oval gallery cross section only. However, Mägdefrau did not specify the tunnel cross-section and this character alone does not justify its use as the ichnotaxobase for a separate ichnospecies, let alone an ichnospecies within a different ichnogenus, and it is thus regarded as a junior synonym herein.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>