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<document id="6CC2FF01B9AD8400D294AB1A07DA6406" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5004.2.2" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5677189" ID-ZooBank="B1B2F144-2B51-4079-ACB5-6D78B38B32E7" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1626897303541" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Rocha, Lívia, Moraes, Fernando, Salani, Sula &amp; Hajdu, Eduardo" docDate="2021" docId="385D87B7FFB2F8742D94F94FFC58FE70" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5004.2.2.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5004 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Xestospongia dorigo Rocha &amp; Moraes &amp; Salani &amp; Hajdu 2021, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="280" masterDocId="C464FFCFFFAEF86A2D03FFB2FFEAFFDD" masterDocTitle="Taxonomy of Petrosiidae Van Soest, 1980 (Haplosclerida, Porifera) from Brazil" masterLastPageNumber="287" masterPageNumber="251" pageNumber="279" updateTime="1699012764045" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="9A74C5F6E27299CE40677D5D9FED8082">Taxonomy of Petrosiidae Van Soest, 1980 (Haplosclerida, Porifera) from Brazil</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C49858E152DA121FA67831CF7EC1F787">Rocha, Lívia</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="A1D069704A78B95803E1EBDAFCC61BEE">liviahrocha @ yahoo. com. br; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 5284 - 1309</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="D621BF46DD4FFA76233E03058C306A57">Moraes, Fernando</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="D83A64262F697452CBF483F8B2868B2E">fmoraes @ mn. ufrj. br; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 8251 - 6868</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="91D343E0729F2D7BFBF80E4708BAB659">Salani, Sula</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="10D7A8441D4A0F736D17009A86DC231A" type="ORCID">0000-0003-3850-1030</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="091F931DA4CB0E231E986E926C270FF6">Laboratório de Bentos, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília. Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Bloco E, s / n, Asa Norte, CEP 70910 - 900, Brasília / DF, Brazil. &amp; sulasm @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 3850 - 1030</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="29C9B7941017D9FB09AB9254AA57C5E0">Hajdu, Eduardo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="4AAB8F607320CFB251CB704E8D9DED19">eduardo. hajdu @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 8760 - 9403</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="6E2EC7BF863388F0BAFA9DC5A8C9B8CE">2021</mods:date>
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<treatment id="385D87B7FFB2F8742D94F94FFC58FE70" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5698782" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5698782" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:385D87B7FFB2F8742D94F94FFC58FE70" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/385D87B7FFB2F8742D94F94FFC58FE70" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="280" pageId="28" pageNumber="279">
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<paragraph id="B04B36A1FFB2F8762D94F94FFE19F8C5" blockId="28.[151,499,1789,1852]" box="[151,499,1789,1816]" pageId="28" pageNumber="279">
<heading id="EB0381CDFFB2F8762D94F94FFE19F8C5" bold="true" box="[151,499,1789,1816]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="28" pageNumber="279" reason="1">
<emphasis id="8280EAB3FFB2F8762D94F94FFE19F8C5" bold="true" box="[151,499,1789,1816]" pageId="28" pageNumber="279">
<taxonomicName id="77F44D22FFB2F8762D94F94FFE64F8C5" ID-CoL="8M25X" authority="Rocha &amp; Moraes &amp; Salani &amp; Hajdu, 2021" authorityName="Rocha &amp; Moraes &amp; Salani &amp; Hajdu" authorityYear="2021" box="[151,398,1789,1816]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="28" pageNumber="279" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dorigo" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="8280EAB3FFB2F8762D94F94FFE64F8C5" bold="true" box="[151,398,1789,1816]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="279">Xestospongia dorigo</emphasis>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="99B357C8FFB2F8762C96F94CFE19F8C5" box="[405,499,1790,1816]" pageId="28" pageNumber="279" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="F8EE652AFFB2F8762D94F893FEB1F8E1" box="[151,347,1825,1852]" pageId="28" pageNumber="279" type="description">
<paragraph id="B04B36A1FFB2F8762D94F893FEB1F8E1" blockId="28.[151,499,1789,1852]" box="[151,347,1825,1852]" pageId="28" pageNumber="279">
(
<figureCitation id="28CF2A24FFB2F8762DA3F893FF08F8E1" box="[160,226,1825,1852]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1213,1237]" captionTargetBox="[319,1263,184,1182]" captionTargetId="figure-19@2.[319,1268,179,1187]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1 A, off Amapá State - NHo ‘Cruzeiro do Sul (AP); B, N.O.A.S. Station 1773A (Amazon River mouth, AP); C, R/V ‘Atlantis’ AMZ–4 Stn. (Amazon River mouth, PA); D, R/V ‘Victor Hensen’ Stn. 47 (off São Luis, MA); E, Acaraizinho de Amontada (CE); F, Flecheiras beach (Trairi, CE); G, Dois Coqueiros beach (Caucaia, CE); H, Maracajaú (Maxaranguape, RN); I, Deep Fenda crevice (Atoll das Rocas, RN); J, Salãozinho tide pool (Atoll das Rocas, RN); K, dos Mapas tide pool (Atoll das Rocas, RN); L, Rata Isl. (Cagarras Rasas and Cagarras Fundas, Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, PE); M, Buraco da Raquel (Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, PE); N, Lage Dois Irmãos (Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, PE); O, Cordilheira (Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, PE); P, Ponta das Caracas (Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, PE); Q, Recife Biquara (Tamandaré, PE); R, Ponta Verde beach (Maceió, AL); S, Cabeço da Pequena (Marechal Deodoro, AL); T, 2nd Boião (off SW Maré Isl., BA); U, Ribeira beach (Salvador, BA); V, ‘Blackadder’ Shipwreck off Cantagalo beach (Salvador, BA); W, Capitania dos Portos (Port Authority, Salvador, BA); X, Quebra mar Norte (northern breakwater, Salvador, BA); Y, ‘Germânia’ Shipwreck off Farol da Barra (Salvador, BA); Z, REVIZEE R4 Stn (off Salvador, BA); AA, REVIZEE R2 Stn (Ponta de Castelhanos, Morro de São Paulo, Cairu, BA); AB, REVIZEE R7 Stn (Royal Charlotte Bank); AC, Recife das Timbebas (Abrolhos Marine National Park, BA); AD, Rodger Bank (BA); AE, Pedra de Leste (off Caravelas, Parcel das Paredes, BA); AF, Parcel das Paredes (off Caravelas, BA); AG, Hotspur bank (BA); AH, REVIZEE R17 Stn (off Itaúnas, ES); AI, REVIZEE 20R Stn (off Barra Seca, ES); AJ, REVIZEE 25R Stn (off Linhares, ES); AK, REVIZEE 28R Stn (Besnard Bank, Vitória–Trindade Seamounts Chain, ES); AL, REVIZEE 23R Stn (Jaseur Bank, Vitória–Trindade Seamounts Chain ES); AM, REVIZEE 42R Stn (Columbia Seamount, Vitória–Trindade Seamounts Chain, ES); AN, Ponta dos Farrilhões (Trindade Isl., ES);AO, REVIZEE 34R and 45R Stns (off Vila Velha, ES); AP, REVIZEE C44 Stn (Guarapari, ES);AQ, REVIZEE C61 Stn (Congress Bank, Vitória–Trindade Seamounts Chain, ES); AR, Campos Basin (RJ); AS, REVIZEE Y2 Stn (Almirante Saldanha Seamount, RJ). Marine Ecoregions: I, Amazonia; II, Northeastern Brazil; III, Fernando de Noronha and Atoll das Rocas; IV, São Pedro and São Paulo Islands; V, Eastern Brazil; VI, Trindade and Martim Vaz Islands; VII, Southeastern Brazil; VIII, Rio Grande. α, entire Brazilian coast; β, Atoll das Rocas; γ, Fernando de Noronha Archipelago; δ, Todos os Santos Bay (BA); ε, Vitória-Trindade Seamounts Chain and proximities." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5677191" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5677191/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="279">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="28CF2A24FFB2F8762DF3F890FEEAF8E1" box="[240,256,1826,1852]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="30.[151,250,1711,1735]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,453,1678]" captionTargetId="figure-160@30.[151,1435,453,1688]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 7. Xestospongia dorigo sp. nov. Holotype (A, C–F), MNRJ 15405. Paratype (B), MNRJ 21029. (A–B) specimens in situ, (C) ectosome in tangential view, (D) perpendicular section through the choanosome, (E–F) oxeas and details of their extremities. Scale bars: (A–B) 1 cm, (C) 100 µm, (D) 500 µm, (E) 50 µm, (F) 5 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5677207" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5677207/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="279">7</figureCitation>
;
<tableCitation id="FD76031AFFB2F8762C0FF893FEB9F8E1" box="[268,339,1825,1852]" captionStart="TABLE 7" captionStartId="29.[151,239,656,680]" captionText="TABLE 7. Spicule measurements of Xestospongia dorigo sp. nov. Values given in min.–med. (SD)–max." pageId="28" pageNumber="279">Tab. 7</tableCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<materialsCitation id="009C3CFCFFB2F8762D94F8D8FDA2F875" collectingDate="2011-09-15" collectionCode="MNRJ" collectorName="Col. E. Hajdu" country="Brazil" elevation="3" latitude="-9.76725" location="Frances Beach" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-35.8361" pageId="28" pageNumber="279" specimenCode="MNRJ 15405" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Alagoas" typeStatus="holotype">
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.
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<collectingCountry id="C8E37631FFB2F8762C16F8DBFEB6F85E" box="[277,348,1897,1923]" name="Brazil" pageId="28" pageNumber="279">Brazil</collectingCountry>
,
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,
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,
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(
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, Marechal Deodoro),
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depth
</elevation>
,
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,
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<collectingDate id="D40EE989FFB2F8762CD6F83FFDA2F875" box="[469,584,1933,1960]" pageId="28" pageNumber="279" value="2011-09-15">2011.9.15</collectingDate>
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.
<materialsCitation id="009C3CFCFFB2F8762F50F83CFBCAF875" box="[595,1056,1933,1960]" country="Brazil" location="Ceara State" pageId="28" pageNumber="279" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Ceara" typeStatus="paratype">
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<typeStatus id="6F4F8803FFB2F8762F50F83CFD21F875" box="[595,715,1934,1960]" pageId="28" pageNumber="279" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
(
<specimenCount id="A6F2FD28FFB2F8762FD9F83FFC61F87A" box="[730,907,1933,1959]" pageId="28" pageNumber="279" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
).
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<collectingRegion id="7230F843FFB2F8762EA3F83CFBCAF875" box="[928,1056,1934,1960]" country="Brazil" name="Ceara" pageId="28" pageNumber="279">Ceará State</collectingRegion>
</materialsCitation>
,
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<specimenCode id="E0529EDAFFB2F876292CF83CFB20F875" box="[1071,1226,1934,1960]" collectionCode="MNRJ" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/zi1i-a0b5" name="Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro" pageId="28" pageNumber="279">MNRJ 20131</specimenCode>
,
<location id="B52B607AFFB2F87629D5F83FFA76F87A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:385D87B7FFB2F8742D94F94FFC58FE70:B52B607AFFB2F87629D5F83FFA76F87A" box="[1238,1436,1933,1959]" country="Brazil" latitude="-3.68753" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-38.61034" name="Boi Choco Beach" pageId="28" pageNumber="279" stateProvince="Ceara State">Boi Choco Beach</location>
(
<geoCoordinate id="D5C05066FFB2F8762D9CF803FEC1F811" box="[159,299,1969,1996]" degrees="03.68753" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="28" pageNumber="279" precision="1" value="-3.68753">03.68753º S</geoCoordinate>
,
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, Dois Coqueiros, Caucaia),
<elevation id="3BD9D192FFB2F8762E0FF800FC68F816" box="[780,898,1969,1996]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="279" unit="m" value="1.0">
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depth
</elevation>
,
<collectorName id="1D015377FFB2F8762E8DF803FBC3F816" box="[910,1065,1969,1996]" pageId="28" pageNumber="279">Col. A. Bispo</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName id="1D015377FFB2F8762953F800FB5DF816" box="[1104,1207,1969,1996]" pageId="28" pageNumber="279">S. Salani</collectorName>
,
<date id="C44A1061FFB2F87629C7F803FADCF816" box="[1220,1334,1969,1995]" pageId="28" pageNumber="279" value="2016-04-11">
<collectingDate id="D40EE989FFB2F87629C7F803FADCF816" box="[1220,1334,1969,1995]" pageId="28" pageNumber="279" value="2016-04-11">2016.4.11</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="009C3CFCFFB2F8762843F803FC03F832" collectingDate="2016-12-19" collectionCode="MNRJ" collectorName="Col. A. Bispo" country="Brazil" elevation="4" location="Alagoas State" pageId="28" pageNumber="279" specimenCode="MNRJ 21029" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Alagoas" typeStatus="paratype">
<collectingRegion id="7230F843FFB2F8762843F803FF25F82D" country="Brazil" name="Alagoas" pageId="28" pageNumber="279">Alagoas State</collectingRegion>
(type locality),
<specimenCode id="E0529EDAFFB2F8762C81F864FDF7F82D" box="[386,541,2006,2032]" collectionCode="MNRJ" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/zi1i-a0b5" name="Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro" pageId="28" pageNumber="279">MNRJ 21029</specimenCode>
, 2–
<elevation id="3BD9D192FFB2F8762F47F864FD5CF832" box="[580,694,2005,2032]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="279" unit="m" value="4.0">
<quantity id="770C9B44FFB2F8762F47F864FD85F82D" box="[580,623,2006,2032]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="279" unit="m" value="4.0">4 m</quantity>
depth
</elevation>
,
<collectorName id="1D015377FFB2F8762FC1F867FCB7F832" box="[706,861,2005,2032]" pageId="28" pageNumber="279">Col. A. Bispo</collectorName>
,
<date id="C44A1061FFB2F8762E6BF867FC03F832" box="[872,1001,2005,2031]" pageId="28" pageNumber="279" value="2016-12-19">
<collectingDate id="D40EE989FFB2F8762E6BF867FC03F832" box="[872,1001,2005,2031]" pageId="28" pageNumber="279" value="2016-12-19">2016.12.19</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F8EE652AFFB3F8772DC4FF24FCE9FDBF" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="B04B36A1FFB3F8772DC4FF24FD78FF24" blockId="29.[151,1437,150,610]" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">
<emphasis id="8280EAB3FFB3F8772DC4FF24FEA8FF6D" bold="true" box="[199,322,150,176]" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
This is the only Tropical Western Atlantic
<taxonomicName id="77F44D22FFB3F8772E27FF25FC51FF6D" authorityName="de Laubenfels" authorityYear="1932" box="[804,955,151,176]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8280EAB3FFB3F8772E27FF25FC51FF6D" box="[804,955,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">Xestospongia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with a cushion-shape, no projections, with relatively small oscula (
<quantity id="770C9B44FFB3F8772CA2FF09FE15FF08" box="[417,511,187,213]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" unit="mm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3 mm</quantity>
diam.), and white to beige colour
<emphasis id="8280EAB3FFB3F8772E7EFF09FC23FF09" box="[893,969,187,212]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">in vivo</emphasis>
. Megascleres are oxeas with acerate, hastate and mucronate ends, 300–450/
<quantity id="770C9B44FFB3F8772F26FF6CFD67FF24" box="[549,653,222,249]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" unit="mm" value="10.0" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="5.0">5–15 µm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B04B36A1FFB3F8772DC4FEB1FA9DFE54" blockId="29.[151,1437,150,610]" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">
<emphasis id="8280EAB3FFB3F8772DC4FEB1FE21FEC0" bold="true" box="[199,459,259,285]" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">External morphology.</emphasis>
Cushion-shaped, up to
<quantity id="770C9B44FFB3F8772FCCFEB1FCF8FEC0" box="[719,786,259,285]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" unit="cm" value="12.0">12 cm</quantity>
in diameter (
<figureCitation id="28CF2A24FFB3F8772EA7FEB1FBF4FEC0" box="[932,1054,259,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="30.[151,250,1711,1735]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,453,1678]" captionTargetId="figure-160@30.[151,1435,453,1688]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 7. Xestospongia dorigo sp. nov. Holotype (A, C–F), MNRJ 15405. Paratype (B), MNRJ 21029. (A–B) specimens in situ, (C) ectosome in tangential view, (D) perpendicular section through the choanosome, (E–F) oxeas and details of their extremities. Scale bars: (A–B) 1 cm, (C) 100 µm, (D) 500 µm, (E) 50 µm, (F) 5 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5677207" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5677207/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">Fig. 7A–B</figureCitation>
). Surface smooth to the naked eye, irregular, without any marked projections, but rough to the touch. Rare, circular oscules (
<quantity id="770C9B44FFB3F877298AFE95FB02FE9C" box="[1161,1256,295,321]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" unit="mm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3 mm</quantity>
diam.). Consistency firm, slightly compressible, and fragile. Colour
<emphasis id="8280EAB3FFB3F8772FF0FEF9FCD5FEB9" box="[755,831,331,356]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">in vivo</emphasis>
light yellowish-white (
<typeStatus id="6F4F8803FFB3F8772940FEF9FB41FEBB" box="[1091,1195,331,358]" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
), light grayish-brown (MNRJ 20131), or light yellowish-beige (MNRJ 21029), becoming a light shade of gray or beige after fixation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B04B36A1FFB3F8772DC4FE20FEE1FDC7" blockId="29.[151,1437,150,610]" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">
<emphasis id="8280EAB3FFB3F8772DC4FE20FEDFFE71" bold="true" box="[199,309,402,428]" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">Skeleton.</emphasis>
Ectosomal, an isodyctial, isotropic reticulation (
<figureCitation id="28CF2A24FFB3F8772E5FFE21FC5EFE70" box="[860,948,403,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="30.[151,250,1711,1735]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,453,1678]" captionTargetId="figure-160@30.[151,1435,453,1688]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 7. Xestospongia dorigo sp. nov. Holotype (A, C–F), MNRJ 15405. Paratype (B), MNRJ 21029. (A–B) specimens in situ, (C) ectosome in tangential view, (D) perpendicular section through the choanosome, (E–F) oxeas and details of their extremities. Scale bars: (A–B) 1 cm, (C) 100 µm, (D) 500 µm, (E) 50 µm, (F) 5 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5677207" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5677207/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">Fig. 7C</figureCitation>
) with uni- to paucispicular tracts (up to
<quantity id="770C9B44FFB3F8772883FE21FF57FE0C" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.3" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" unit="mm" value="63.0">63 µm</quantity>
thick), forming (sub)triangular meshes (
<quantity id="770C9B44FFB3F8772F81FE04FCEFFE0C" box="[642,773,438,465]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" metricValueMax="1.95" metricValueMin="0.65" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" unit="mm" value="130.0" valueMax="195.0" valueMin="65.0">65–195 µm</quantity>
wide). Choanosomal, similar, but denser than the ectosomal, tracts
<quantity id="770C9B44FFB3F8772DFCFE69FE99FE28" box="[255,371,475,501]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" unit="mm" value="60.0" valueMax="90.0" valueMin="30.0">30–90 µm</quantity>
thick, meshes
<quantity id="770C9B44FFB3F8772F1EFE69FD46FE28" box="[541,684,475,501]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" metricValueMax="2.3" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" unit="mm" value="170.0" valueMax="230.0" valueMin="110.0">110–230 µm</quantity>
wide (
<figureCitation id="28CF2A24FFB3F8772FF8FE69FCBDFE28" box="[763,855,475,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="30.[151,250,1711,1735]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,453,1678]" captionTargetId="figure-160@30.[151,1435,453,1688]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 7. Xestospongia dorigo sp. nov. Holotype (A, C–F), MNRJ 15405. Paratype (B), MNRJ 21029. (A–B) specimens in situ, (C) ectosome in tangential view, (D) perpendicular section through the choanosome, (E–F) oxeas and details of their extremities. Scale bars: (A–B) 1 cm, (C) 100 µm, (D) 500 µm, (E) 50 µm, (F) 5 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5677207" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5677207/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">Fig. 7D</figureCitation>
); aquiferous canals seen here and there (
<quantity id="770C9B44FFB3F8772827FE68FF57FDC4" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1475" metricValueMax="1.775" metricValueMin="0.52" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" unit="mm" value="1147.5" valueMax="1775.0" valueMin="520.0">520–1,775 µm</quantity>
wide).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B04B36A1FFB3F8772DC4FD90FCE9FDBF" blockId="29.[151,1437,150,610]" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">
<emphasis id="8280EAB3FFB3F8772DC4FD90FEDAFDE1" bold="true" box="[199,304,546,572]" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">Spicules.</emphasis>
Oxeas in a single size class, smooth, slightly curved, with hastate, acerate and mucronate edges: 294–369 (22)–445/ 5–10 (2)–
<quantity id="770C9B44FFB3F8772CE7FDF4FDC6FDBC" box="[484,556,582,609]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" unit="mm" value="15.0">15 µm</quantity>
(
<figureCitation id="28CF2A24FFB3F8772F38FDF5FD43FDBC" box="[571,681,583,609]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="30.[151,250,1711,1735]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,453,1678]" captionTargetId="figure-160@30.[151,1435,453,1688]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 7. Xestospongia dorigo sp. nov. Holotype (A, C–F), MNRJ 15405. Paratype (B), MNRJ 21029. (A–B) specimens in situ, (C) ectosome in tangential view, (D) perpendicular section through the choanosome, (E–F) oxeas and details of their extremities. Scale bars: (A–B) 1 cm, (C) 100 µm, (D) 500 µm, (E) 50 µm, (F) 5 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5677207" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5677207/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">Fig.7E–F</figureCitation>
;
<tableCitation id="FD76031AFFB3F8772FB7FDF5FD1DFDBF" box="[692,759,583,610]" captionStart="TABLE 7" captionStartId="29.[151,239,656,680]" captionText="TABLE 7. Spicule measurements of Xestospongia dorigo sp. nov. Values given in min.–med. (SD)–max." pageId="29" pageNumber="280">Tab.7</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="E48B6629FFB3F8772D94FD22FB14FD74" box="[151,1278,656,681]" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" startId="29.[151,239,656,680]">
<paragraph id="B04B36A1FFB3F8772D94FD22FB14FD74" blockId="29.[151,1278,656,681]" box="[151,1278,656,681]" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">
<emphasis id="8280EAB3FFB3F8772D94FD22FEE0FD74" bold="true" box="[151,266,656,681]" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">TABLE 7.</emphasis>
Spicule measurements of
<taxonomicName id="77F44D22FFB3F8772F27FD23FCEBFD75" authority="Rocha &amp; Moraes &amp; Salani &amp; Hajdu, 2021" authorityName="Rocha &amp; Moraes &amp; Salani &amp; Hajdu" authorityYear="2021" box="[548,769,656,680]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dorigo" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="8280EAB3FFB3F8772F27FD23FCEBFD75" box="[548,769,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">Xestospongia dorigo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="8280EAB3FFB3F8772E0BFD23FCB7FD74" bold="true" box="[776,861,657,681]" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="99B357C8FFB3F8772E0BFD23FCB7FD74" box="[776,861,657,681]" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
Values given in min.–med. (SD)–max.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="B04B36A1FFB3F8772DA5FD0AFBFDFC97" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">
<table id="C2F4C401FFB307952DA5FD0AFBC1FC97" box="[166,1067,696,842]" gridcols="2" gridrows="4" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">
<tr id="0EC434E3FFB307952DA5FD0AFBC1FD0D" box="[166,1067,696,720]" gridrow="0" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">
<th id="4D155D9FFFB307952DA5FD0AFE01FD0D" box="[166,491,696,720]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">
<emphasis id="8280EAB3FFB3F8772DA5FD0AFEF2FD0D" bold="true" box="[166,280,696,720]" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">Specimens</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="4D155D9FFFB307952F89FD0AFBC1FD0D" box="[650,1067,696,720]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">
<emphasis id="8280EAB3FFB3F8772F89FD0AFC98FD0D" bold="true" box="[650,882,696,720]" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">Oxeas (length/ width)</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="0EC434E3FFB307952DA5FD52FBC1FD24" box="[166,1067,736,761]" gridrow="1" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">
<td id="4D155D9FFFB307952DA5FD52FE01FD24" box="[166,491,736,761]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">Holotype MNRJ 15405 Alagoas</td>
<td id="4D155D9FFFB307952F89FD52FBC1FD24" box="[650,1067,736,761]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">363–398 (21.8)–445/ 10–13 (2.2)–15 µm</td>
</tr>
<tr id="0EC434E3FFB307952DA5FCBBFBC1FCFC" box="[166,1067,777,801]" gridrow="2" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">
<td id="4D155D9FFFB307952DA5FCBBFE01FCFC" box="[166,491,777,801]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">Paratype MNRJ 20131 Ceará</td>
<td id="4D155D9FFFB307952F89FCBBFBC1FCFC" box="[650,1067,777,801]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">294–339 (22)–388/ 5–7 (1.7)–9 µm</td>
</tr>
<tr id="0EC434E3FFB307952DA5FC83FBC1FC97" box="[166,1067,817,842]" gridrow="3" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">
<td id="4D155D9FFFB307952DA5FC83FE01FC97" box="[166,491,817,842]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">Paratype MNRJ 21029 Alagoas</td>
<td id="4D155D9FFFB307952F89FC83FBC1FC97" box="[650,1067,817,842]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">305–369 (26.6)–431/ 10–11 (2)–15 µm</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="F8EE652AFFB3F8772DC4FCCBFE77FC6B" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="B04B36A1FFB3F8772DC4FCCBFE77FC6B" blockId="29.[151,1437,888,2031]" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">
<emphasis id="8280EAB3FFB3F8772DC4FCCBFEC6FC4E" bold="true" box="[199,300,889,915]" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">Ecology.</emphasis>
The species occurs in association with other sponge species, tunicates, ophiuroids and mollusks, between 1 and
<quantity id="770C9B44FFB3F8772C26FC2FFEBAFC6A" box="[293,336,925,951]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" unit="m" value="4.0">4 m</quantity>
depth.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F8EE652AFFB3F8772DC4FC73FC23FC23" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="B04B36A1FFB3F8772DC4FC73FC23FC23" blockId="29.[151,1437,888,2031]" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">
<emphasis id="8280EAB3FFB3F8772DC4FC73FEA4FC06" bold="true" box="[199,334,961,987]" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">Etymology.</emphasis>
The specific epithet is used as a noun in apposition, and honors Prof. Dr. Monica Dorigo Correia, prematurely deceased, a long-time collaborator and friend of the authors.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F8EE652AFFB3F8742DC4FBBBFC58FE70" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="281" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="B04B36A1FFB3F8772DC4FBBBFCD8FB9A" blockId="29.[151,1437,888,2031]" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">
<emphasis id="8280EAB3FFB3F8772DC4FBBBFE8FFBFF" bold="true" box="[199,357,1032,1059]" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">Type locality.</emphasis>
Marechal Deodoro (Francês Beach),
<collectingRegion id="7230F843FFB3F8772E07FBBAFC4BFBFE" box="[772,929,1032,1059]" country="Brazil" name="Alagoas" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">Alagoas State</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="C8E37631FFB3F8772EA8FBBAFC19FBFF" box="[939,1011,1032,1058]" name="Brazil" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">Brazil</collectingCountry>
.
<emphasis id="8280EAB3FFB3F8772EFFFBBAFAFDFBFF" bold="true" box="[1020,1303,1032,1058]" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">Additional distribution.</emphasis>
Provisional Brazilian endemic, also known from
<collectingRegion id="7230F843FFB3F8772F35FB9FFD5DFB9A" box="[566,695,1069,1095]" country="Brazil" name="Ceara" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">Ceará State</collectingRegion>
(Caucaia).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B04B36A1FFB3F8772DC4FBE2FAE1FAC3" blockId="29.[151,1437,888,2031]" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">
<emphasis id="8280EAB3FFB3F8772DC4FBE2FE55FBB6" bold="true" box="[199,447,1104,1131]" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">Taxonomic remarks.</emphasis>
There are only 11 shallow and relatively shallow-water species of
<taxonomicName id="77F44D22FFB3F87729BFFBE3FAB9FBB7" authorityName="de Laubenfels" authorityYear="1932" box="[1212,1363,1105,1130]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8280EAB3FFB3F87729BFFBE3FAB9FBB7" box="[1212,1363,1105,1130]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">Xestospongia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Tropical Western Atlantic (see
<bibRefCitation id="D4654B50FFB3F8772CEEFBC6FD3EFB52" author="Carvalho, M. S. &amp; Lopes, D. A. &amp; Cosme, B. &amp; Hajdu, E." box="[493,724,1140,1167]" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" pagination="10" refId="ref23523" refString="Carvalho, M. S., Lopes, D. A., Cosme, B. &amp; Hajdu, E. (2016) Seven new species of sponges (Porifera) from deep-sea coral mounds at Campos Basin (SW Atlantic). Helgoland Marine Research, 70 (10). [published online] https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 10152 - 016 - 0461 - z" type="journal article" year="2016">
Carvalho
<emphasis id="8280EAB3FFB3F8772F59FBC7FD7BFB53" box="[602,657,1140,1166]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">et al.</emphasis>
2016
</bibRefCitation>
). These include
<emphasis id="8280EAB3FFB3F8772E85FBC7FBC1FB53" box="[902,1067,1140,1166]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">
<taxonomicName id="77F44D22FFB3F8772E85FBC7FBCDFB53" authorityName="Lehnert &amp; van Soest" authorityYear="1999" box="[902,1063,1140,1166]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deweerdtae">X. deweerdtae</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="77F44D22FFB3F8772932FBC7FA76FB52" authority="Van Soest, 1980" authorityName="Van Soest" authorityYear="1980" box="[1073,1436,1141,1167]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="portoricensis">
<emphasis id="8280EAB3FFB3F8772932FBC7FB09FB53" box="[1073,1251,1141,1166]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">X. portoricensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D4654B50FFB3F87729EAFBC7FA76FB52" author="Van Soest, R. W. M." box="[1257,1436,1141,1167]" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" pagination="1 - 173" refId="ref27116" refString="Van Soest, R. W. M. (1980) Marine sponges from Curacao and other Caribbean localities. Part II. Haplosclerida. In: Hummelinck, P. W. &amp; Van der Steen, L. J. (Eds), Uitgaven van de Natuurwetenschappelijke Studiekring voor Suriname en de Nederlandse Antillen. No. 104. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands, 62 (191), 1 - 173." type="journal article" year="1980">Van Soest, 1980</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="77F44D22FFB3F8772DC4FB2BFDF1FB6E" authority="de Laubenfels, 1934" authorityName="de Laubenfels" authorityYear="1934" box="[199,539,1176,1203]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="rampa">
<emphasis id="8280EAB3FFB3F8772DC4FB2BFEC5FB6F" box="[199,303,1177,1202]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">X. rampa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D4654B50FFB3F8772C34FB2AFDF1FB6E" author="De Laubenfels, M. W." box="[311,539,1176,1203]" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" pagination="1 - 28" refId="ref23695" refString="De Laubenfels, M. W. (1934) New sponges from the Puerto Rican deep. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 91 (17), 1 - 28." type="journal article" year="1934">de Laubenfels, 1934</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(the latter deemed to be a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="77F44D22FFB3F877291EFB2BFB9FFB6F" authorityName="sensu Moraes" authorityYear="2011" box="[1053,1141,1177,1202]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="muta">
<emphasis id="8280EAB3FFB3F877291EFB2BFB9FFB6F" box="[1053,1141,1177,1202]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">X. muta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="D4654B50FFB3F877299CFB2BFAE7FB6E" author="Zea, S." box="[1183,1293,1177,1203]" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" refId="ref27865" refString="Zea, S. (1987) Esponjas del Caribe Colombiano. Catalogo Cientifico Bogota, Colombia, 286 pp." type="book" year="1987">Zea 1987</bibRefCitation>
), which possess strongyles instead of oxeas as their megascleres; as well as
<taxonomicName id="77F44D22FFB3F8772E6BFB0FFB30FB0A" authority="Diaz et al., 2007" authorityName="Diaz" authorityYear="2007" box="[872,1242,1212,1239]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bocatorensis">
<emphasis id="8280EAB3FFB3F8772E6BFB0FFBFFFB0B" box="[872,1045,1212,1238]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">X. bocatorensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D4654B50FFB3F877291FFB0EFB30FB0A" author="Diaz, M. C. &amp; Thacker, R. W. &amp; Rutzler, K. &amp; Piantoni, C." box="[1052,1242,1212,1239]" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" pagination="31 - 39" refId="ref24193" refString="Diaz, M. C., Thacker, R. W., Rutzler, K. &amp; Piantoni, C. (2007) Two new haplosclerid sponges from Caribbean Panama with symbiotic filamentous cyanobacteria, and an overview of sponge-cyanobacteria associations. In: Custodio, M. R.; Lobo-Hajdu, G., Hajdu, E. &amp; Muricy, G. (Eds.), Porifera Research: Biodiversity, Innovation and Sustainability. Serie Livros 28. Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 31 - 39." type="book chapter" year="2007">
Diaz
<emphasis id="8280EAB3FFB3F877295BFB0FFB7BFB0B" box="[1112,1169,1212,1238]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">et al.</emphasis>
, 2007
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, which possesses sigma microscleres. All four species are regarded quite distinct from
<taxonomicName id="77F44D22FFB3F8772E9EFB53FBE2FB27" authority="Rocha &amp; Moraes &amp; Salani &amp; Hajdu, 2021" authorityName="Rocha &amp; Moraes &amp; Salani &amp; Hajdu" authorityYear="2021" box="[925,1032,1248,1274]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dorigo" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="8280EAB3FFB3F8772E9EFB53FBE2FB27" box="[925,1032,1248,1274]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">X. dorigo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="8280EAB3FFB3F877290CFB53FB82FB26" bold="true" box="[1039,1128,1249,1275]" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="99B357C8FFB3F877290CFB53FB82FB26" box="[1039,1128,1249,1275]" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
Considerably smaller spicules than seen in
<taxonomicName id="77F44D22FFB3F8772C5BFAB7FE28FAC3" authority="Rocha &amp; Moraes &amp; Salani &amp; Hajdu, 2021" authorityName="Rocha &amp; Moraes &amp; Salani &amp; Hajdu" authorityYear="2021" box="[344,450,1284,1310]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dorigo" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="8280EAB3FFB3F8772C5BFAB7FE28FAC3" box="[344,450,1284,1310]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">X. dorigo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="8280EAB3FFB3F8772CCAFAB7FDC8FAC2" bold="true" box="[457,546,1285,1311]" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="99B357C8FFB3F8772CCAFAB7FDC8FAC2" box="[457,546,1285,1311]" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
differentiate
<taxonomicName id="77F44D22FFB3F8772FBAFAB7FC5DFAC3" authority="Little, 1963" authorityName="Little" authorityYear="1963" box="[697,951,1284,1310]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="menzeli">
<emphasis id="8280EAB3FFB3F8772FBAFAB7FCC4FAC3" box="[697,814,1284,1310]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">X. menzeli</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D4654B50FFB3F8772E37FAB6FC5DFAC3" author="Little, F. J." box="[820,951,1284,1310]" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" pagination="31 - 71" refId="ref24936" refString="Little, F. J. (1963) The sponge fauna of the St. George's Sound, Apalache Bay, and Panama City Regions of the Florida Gulf Coast. Tulane Studies in Zoology, 11 (2), 31 - 71. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 7050" type="journal article" year="1963">Little, 1963</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from our new species as well.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B04B36A1FFB3F8742DC4FA9AFC58FE70" blockId="29.[151,1437,888,2031]" lastBlockId="30.[151,1437,151,429]" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="281" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">
The remaining five species are
<taxonomicName id="77F44D22FFB3F8772F29FA9BFC1CFA9E" authority="van Soest &amp; de Weerdt, 2001" authorityName="van Soest &amp; de Weerdt" authorityYear="2001" box="[554,1014,1320,1347]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="arenosa">
<emphasis id="8280EAB3FFB3F8772F29FA9BFD49FA9F" box="[554,675,1321,1346]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">X. arenosa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D4654B50FFB3F8772FA8FA9BFC1CFA9E" author="Van Soest, R. W. M. &amp; De Weerdt, W. H." box="[683,1014,1320,1347]" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" pagination="109 - 117" refId="ref27438" refString="Van Soest, R. W. M. &amp; De Weerdt, W. H. (2001) New records of Xestospongia species (Haplosclerida: Petrosiidae) from the Curacao reefs, with a description of a new species. Beaufortia, 51 (7), 109 - 117." type="journal article" year="2001">van Soest &amp; de Weerdt, 2001</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="77F44D22FFB3F8772907FA9BFA9FFA9F" authority="Pulitzer-Finali, 1986" authorityName="Pulitzer-Finali" authorityYear="1986" box="[1028,1397,1320,1346]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="caminata">
<emphasis id="8280EAB3FFB3F8772907FA9BFB6FFA9F" box="[1028,1157,1321,1346]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">X caminata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D4654B50FFB3F877298EFA9AFA9FFA9F" author="Pulitzer-Finali, G." box="[1165,1397,1320,1346]" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" pagination="65 - 216" refId="ref26158" refString="Pulitzer-Finali, G. (1986) A collection of West Indian Demospongiae (Porifera). In appendix, a list of the Demospongiae hitherto recorded from the West Indies. Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale Giacomo Doria, 86, 65 - 216." type="journal article" year="1986">Pulitzer-Finali, 1986</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="77F44D22FFB3F8772887FA9BFE60FABA" authority="(Schmidt, 1870)" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1870" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="muta">
<emphasis id="8280EAB3FFB3F8772887FA9BFF25FABB" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">X. muta</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D4654B50FFB3F8772DDEFAFEFE6BFABA" author="Schmidt, O." box="[221,385,1356,1383]" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" refId="ref26606" refString="Schmidt, O. (1870) Grundzuge einer Spongien-Fauna des atlantischen Gebietes. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, viii + 88 pp." type="book" year="1870">Schmidt, 1870</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="77F44D22FFB3F8772C95FAFFFC1BFABA" authority="Rutzler, Piantoni, Van Soest &amp; Diaz, 2014" authorityName="Rutzler, Piantoni, Van Soest &amp; Diaz" authorityYear="2014" box="[406,1009,1356,1383]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="purpurea">
<emphasis id="8280EAB3FFB3F8772C95FAFFFDF1FABB" box="[406,539,1357,1382]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">X. purpurea</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D4654B50FFB3F8772F22FAFEFC1BFABA" author="Rutzler, K. &amp; Piantoni, C. &amp; Van Soest, R. W. M. &amp; Diaz, M. C." box="[545,1009,1356,1383]" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" pagination="1 - 129" refId="ref26382" refString="Rutzler, K., Piantoni, C., Van Soest, R. W. M. &amp; Diaz, M. C. (2014) Diversity of sponges (Porifera) from cryptic habitats on the Belize barrier reef near Carrie Bow Cay. Zootaxa, 3805 (1), 1 - 129. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3805.1.1" type="journal article" year="2014">Rützler, Piantoni, Van Soest &amp; Diaz, 2014</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="77F44D22FFB3F8772926FAFFFA72FABA" authority="van Soest, 1980" authorityName="van Soest" authorityYear="1980" box="[1061,1432,1356,1383]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="wiedenmayeri">
<emphasis id="8280EAB3FFB3F8772926FAFFFB0AFABB" box="[1061,1248,1356,1382]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">X. wiedenmayeri</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D4654B50FFB3F87729E5FAFFFA72FABA" author="Van Soest, R. W. M." box="[1254,1432,1357,1383]" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" pagination="1 - 173" refId="ref27116" refString="Van Soest, R. W. M. (1980) Marine sponges from Curacao and other Caribbean localities. Part II. Haplosclerida. In: Hummelinck, P. W. &amp; Van der Steen, L. J. (Eds), Uitgaven van de Natuurwetenschappelijke Studiekring voor Suriname en de Nederlandse Antillen. No. 104. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands, 62 (191), 1 - 173." type="journal article" year="1980">van Soest, 1980</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="77F44D22FFB3F8772D94FAC3FE67FA57" authorityName="van Soest &amp; de Weerdt" authorityYear="2001" box="[151,397,1393,1418]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="arenosa">
<emphasis id="8280EAB3FFB3F8772D94FAC3FE67FA57" box="[151,397,1393,1418]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">Xestospongia arenosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was originally reported as comprising “clusters of short irregular tubes and closed digitations, and smaller fistules rising from a massive base, which is usually entirely covered by sediment, rubble and shells” (cf.
<bibRefCitation id="D4654B50FFB3F8772DC6FA0BFDFEFA0E" author="Van Soest, R. W. M. &amp; De Weerdt, W. H." box="[197,532,1464,1491]" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" pagination="109 - 117" refId="ref27438" refString="Van Soest, R. W. M. &amp; De Weerdt, W. H. (2001) New records of Xestospongia species (Haplosclerida: Petrosiidae) from the Curacao reefs, with a description of a new species. Beaufortia, 51 (7), 109 - 117." type="journal article" year="2001">Van Soest &amp; de Weerdt 2001</bibRefCitation>
). Overall, this habit is notoriously distinct from the nearly flat, only thickly encrusting habit observed in
<taxonomicName id="77F44D22FFB3F8772CC3FA6FFDC0FA2B" authority="Rocha &amp; Moraes &amp; Salani &amp; Hajdu, 2021" authorityName="Rocha &amp; Moraes &amp; Salani &amp; Hajdu" authorityYear="2021" box="[448,554,1500,1526]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dorigo" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="8280EAB3FFB3F8772CC3FA6FFDC0FA2B" box="[448,554,1500,1526]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">X. dorigo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="99B357C8FFB3F8772F33FA6FFD60FA2A" box="[560,650,1501,1527]" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" rank="species">
<emphasis id="8280EAB3FFB3F8772F33FA6FFD6EFA2A" bold="true" box="[560,644,1501,1527]" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">sp. nov</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, which, furthermore possesses only rare, rather small (
<quantity id="770C9B44FFB3F87729F3FA6FFAA4FA2A" box="[1264,1358,1501,1527]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" unit="mm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3 mm</quantity>
diam.) oscula, contrasting to the large oscula (up to
<quantity id="770C9B44FFB3F8772F90F9B2FD08F9C6" box="[659,738,1536,1563]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" unit="mm" value="15.0">15 mm</quantity>
diam.) reported for
<taxonomicName id="77F44D22FFB3F8772EC4F9B3FBAAF9C7" authorityName="van Soest &amp; de Weerdt" authorityYear="2001" box="[967,1088,1537,1562]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="arenosa">
<emphasis id="8280EAB3FFB3F8772EC4F9B3FBAAF9C7" box="[967,1088,1537,1562]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">X. arenosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D4654B50FFB3F8772953F9B3FA72F9C6" author="Van Soest, R. W. M. &amp; De Weerdt, W. H." box="[1104,1432,1536,1563]" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" pagination="109 - 117" refId="ref27438" refString="Van Soest, R. W. M. &amp; De Weerdt, W. H. (2001) New records of Xestospongia species (Haplosclerida: Petrosiidae) from the Curacao reefs, with a description of a new species. Beaufortia, 51 (7), 109 - 117." type="journal article" year="2001">van Soest &amp; de Weerdt 2001</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="D4654B50FFB3F8772D94F996FE9AF9E2" author="Rutzler, K. &amp; Piantoni, C. &amp; Van Soest, R. W. M. &amp; Diaz, M. C." box="[151,368,1572,1599]" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" pagination="1 - 129" refId="ref26382" refString="Rutzler, K., Piantoni, C., Van Soest, R. W. M. &amp; Diaz, M. C. (2014) Diversity of sponges (Porifera) from cryptic habitats on the Belize barrier reef near Carrie Bow Cay. Zootaxa, 3805 (1), 1 - 129. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3805.1.1" type="journal article" year="2014">
Rützler
<emphasis id="8280EAB3FFB3F8772DF1F997FEC6F9E3" box="[242,300,1572,1598]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">et al.</emphasis>
2014
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="D4654B50FFB3F8772C7EF996FDA7F9E2" author="Silva, J. A. &amp; Zea, S." box="[381,589,1572,1599]" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" pagination="113 - 136" refId="ref26630" refString="Silva, J. A. &amp; Zea, S. (2017) New records of sponges of the genera Petrosia and Xestospongia (Demospongiae, Haplosclerida, Petrosiidae) from the Colombian Caribbean. Boletin de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, 46 (1), 113 - 136. https: // doi. org / 10.25268 / bimc. invemar. 2017.46.1.718" type="journal article" year="2017">Silva &amp; Zea 2017</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="77F44D22FFB3F8772F62F997FC83F9E3" authorityName="Pulitzer-Finali" authorityYear="1986" box="[609,873,1573,1598]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="caminata">
<emphasis id="8280EAB3FFB3F8772F62F997FC83F9E3" box="[609,873,1573,1598]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">Xestospongia caminata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
usually has a smooth surface and large (
<quantity id="770C9B44FFB3F877283EF996FA77F9E2" box="[1341,1437,1572,1599]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" unit="mm" value="7.0" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="5.0">5–9 mm</quantity>
diam.) oscula, bearing megascleres of varied form, mostly oxeas, but ranging to styles and strongyles. Its megascleres were reported to be considerably smaller (
<quantity id="770C9B44FFB3F8772FD2F9DFFC8CF95A" box="[721,870,1645,1671]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" metricValueMax="2.8" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" unit="mm" value="240.0" valueMax="280.0" valueMin="200.0">200–280 µm</quantity>
,
<bibRefCitation id="D4654B50FFB3F8772E77F9DEFBBDF95A" author="Pulitzer-Finali, G." box="[884,1111,1644,1671]" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" pagination="65 - 216" refId="ref26158" refString="Pulitzer-Finali, G. (1986) A collection of West Indian Demospongiae (Porifera). In appendix, a list of the Demospongiae hitherto recorded from the West Indies. Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale Giacomo Doria, 86, 65 - 216." type="journal article" year="1986">Pulitzer-Finali 1986</bibRefCitation>
) than those in
<taxonomicName id="77F44D22FFB3F8772805F9DFFA98F95B" authority="Rocha &amp; Moraes &amp; Salani &amp; Hajdu, 2021" authorityName="Rocha &amp; Moraes &amp; Salani &amp; Hajdu" authorityYear="2021" box="[1286,1394,1644,1670]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dorigo" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="8280EAB3FFB3F8772805F9DFFA98F95B" box="[1286,1394,1644,1670]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">X. dorigo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="8280EAB3FFB3F8772878F9DFFF22F976" bold="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="99B357C8FFB3F8772878F9DFFF22F976" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, but a subsequent record of the species by
<bibRefCitation id="D4654B50FFB3F8772F9CF923FC06F976" author="Van Soest, R. W. M. &amp; De Weerdt, W. H." box="[671,1004,1680,1707]" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" pagination="109 - 117" refId="ref27438" refString="Van Soest, R. W. M. &amp; De Weerdt, W. H. (2001) New records of Xestospongia species (Haplosclerida: Petrosiidae) from the Curacao reefs, with a description of a new species. Beaufortia, 51 (7), 109 - 117." type="journal article" year="2001">van Soest &amp; de Weerdt (2001)</bibRefCitation>
found megascleres as large as
<quantity id="770C9B44FFB3F877283CF923FA7DF976" box="[1343,1431,1681,1707]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" unit="mm" value="370.0">370 µm</quantity>
, thus approaching the size of spicules seen in the new species. However, we consider the sponge habit sufficiently characteristic to preclude their possile cospecificity, strenghtened by the fact that
<taxonomicName id="77F44D22FFB3F8772921F96BFB43F92F" authorityName="Pulitzer-Finali" authorityYear="1986" box="[1058,1193,1753,1778]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="caminata">
<emphasis id="8280EAB3FFB3F8772921F96BFB43F92F" box="[1058,1193,1753,1778]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">X. caminata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is reported to be dark coloured
<emphasis id="8280EAB3FFB3F8772C02F94FFEA7F8CB" box="[257,333,1789,1814]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">in vivo</emphasis>
, while
<taxonomicName id="77F44D22FFB3F8772CA3F94FFDE1F8CB" authority="Rocha &amp; Moraes &amp; Salani &amp; Hajdu, 2021" authorityName="Rocha &amp; Moraes &amp; Salani &amp; Hajdu" authorityYear="2021" box="[416,523,1788,1814]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dorigo" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="8280EAB3FFB3F8772CA3F94FFDE1F8CB" box="[416,523,1788,1814]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">X. dorigo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="99B357C8FFB3F8772F11F94FFD87F8CA" box="[530,621,1789,1815]" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" rank="species">
<emphasis id="8280EAB3FFB3F8772F11F94FFD8DF8CA" bold="true" box="[530,615,1789,1815]" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">sp. nov</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
is light-coloured.
<taxonomicName id="77F44D22FFB3F8772E3FF94FFBF8F8CB" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[828,1042,1789,1814]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="muta">
<emphasis id="8280EAB3FFB3F8772E3FF94FFBF8F8CB" box="[828,1042,1789,1814]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">Xestospongia muta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, known as the great-barrel sponge, is markedly distinct from the new species, even when quite young, for its purplish-rose colour
<emphasis id="8280EAB3FFB3F87729B8F893FAEDF8E7" box="[1211,1287,1825,1850]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">in vivo</emphasis>
. Besides, the strongyles present in the majority of Brazilian specimens studied, which on one side are only occasionally modified into strongyloxeas, and on the other are much stouter (with the means of spicule widths being around
<quantity id="770C9B44FFB3F8772840F8DBFA65F85E" box="[1347,1423,1897,1923]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" unit="mm" value="18.0">18 µm</quantity>
), support differentiating the two species.
<taxonomicName id="77F44D22FFB3F8772F5BF83FFCB4F87B" authorityName="Rutzler, Piantoni, Van Soest &amp; Diaz" authorityYear="2014" box="[600,862,1933,1958]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="29" pageNumber="280" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="purpurea">
<emphasis id="8280EAB3FFB3F8772F5BF83FFCB4F87B" box="[600,862,1933,1958]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">Xestospongia purpurea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in addition to its distinctive spotted purple colour
<emphasis id="8280EAB3FFB3F8772D94F803FF0FF817" box="[151,229,1969,1994]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="280">in vivo</emphasis>
, has much stouter megascleres, thus appearing quite distinct from the new species too. Megasclere thickness is well known to be directly dependent on proximity from continental sources of silica in the wider Caribbean region (e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="D4654B50FFB0F8742C22FF25FE7AFF6C" author="Zea, S." box="[289,400,151,177]" pageId="30" pageNumber="281" refId="ref27865" refString="Zea, S. (1987) Esponjas del Caribe Colombiano. Catalogo Cientifico Bogota, Colombia, 286 pp." type="book" year="1987">Zea 1987</bibRefCitation>
), and accordingly, this is a character to be looked at cautiously. In the case of
<taxonomicName id="77F44D22FFB0F874280EFF25FA7FFF6D" authorityName="Rutzler, Piantoni, Van Soest &amp; Diaz" authorityYear="2014" box="[1293,1429,151,176]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="30" pageNumber="281" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="purpurea">
<emphasis id="8280EAB3FFB0F874280EFF25FA7FFF6D" box="[1293,1429,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="281">X. purpurea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, both records are from continental sites (
<collectingCountry id="C8E37631FFB0F8742F56FF09FD74FF08" box="[597,670,187,213]" name="Belize" pageId="30" pageNumber="281">Belize</collectingCountry>
and Cartagena; respectively
<bibRefCitation id="D4654B50FFB0F8742EE6FF09FB50FF08" author="Rutzler, K. &amp; Piantoni, C. &amp; Van Soest, R. W. M. &amp; Diaz, M. C." box="[997,1210,187,213]" pageId="30" pageNumber="281" pagination="1 - 129" refId="ref26382" refString="Rutzler, K., Piantoni, C., Van Soest, R. W. M. &amp; Diaz, M. C. (2014) Diversity of sponges (Porifera) from cryptic habitats on the Belize barrier reef near Carrie Bow Cay. Zootaxa, 3805 (1), 1 - 129. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3805.1.1" type="journal article" year="2014">
Rützler
<emphasis id="8280EAB3FFB0F874293DFF09FB9DFF08" box="[1086,1143,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="281">et al.</emphasis>
2014
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="D4654B50FFB0F87429C6FF09FA7AFF08" author="Silva, J. A. &amp; Zea, S." box="[1221,1424,187,213]" pageId="30" pageNumber="281" pagination="113 - 136" refId="ref26630" refString="Silva, J. A. &amp; Zea, S. (2017) New records of sponges of the genera Petrosia and Xestospongia (Demospongiae, Haplosclerida, Petrosiidae) from the Colombian Caribbean. Boletin de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, 46 (1), 113 - 136. https: // doi. org / 10.25268 / bimc. invemar. 2017.46.1.718" type="journal article" year="2017">Silva &amp; Zea 2017</bibRefCitation>
), optimal surrogates for the confirmation of the species’ ability to produce thicker spicules. As
<taxonomicName id="77F44D22FFB0F87429A2FF6DFAE0FF24" authority="Rocha &amp; Moraes &amp; Salani &amp; Hajdu, 2021" authorityName="Rocha &amp; Moraes &amp; Salani &amp; Hajdu" authorityYear="2021" box="[1185,1290,223,249]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="30" pageNumber="281" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dorigo" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="8280EAB3FFB0F87429A2FF6DFAE0FF24" box="[1185,1290,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="281">X. dorigo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="8280EAB3FFB0F8742813FF6DFA83FF24" bold="true" box="[1296,1385,223,249]" pageId="30" pageNumber="281">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="99B357C8FFB0F8742813FF6DFA83FF24" box="[1296,1385,223,249]" pageId="30" pageNumber="281" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
also occurs in coastal and supposedly silica rich waters (Ceará and Alagoas States), we consider the distinctness of both species ability to build thick spicules to be of diagnostic importance. Lastly,
<taxonomicName id="77F44D22FFB0F8742EFAFE95FB5CFE9C" authorityName="van Soest" authorityYear="1980" box="[1017,1206,295,321]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="30" pageNumber="281" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="wiedenmayeri">
<emphasis id="8280EAB3FFB0F8742EFAFE95FB5CFE9C" box="[1017,1206,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="281">X. wiedenmayeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
approaches the new species considerably. Points of distinction are the presence of cylindrical projections and hollow fistules, the dark brownish-red colour in the fixative, and somewhat thicker oxeas of the latter species from
<collectingCountry id="C8E37631FFB0F874297EFEDDFB34FE54" box="[1149,1246,367,393]" name="Curaçao" pageId="30" pageNumber="281">Curaçao</collectingCountry>
. Given the above comparisons, we are confident that
<taxonomicName id="77F44D22FFB0F8742F26FE21FD65FE70" authority="Rocha &amp; Moraes &amp; Salani &amp; Hajdu, 2021" authorityName="Rocha &amp; Moraes &amp; Salani &amp; Hajdu" authorityYear="2021" box="[549,655,403,429]" class="Demospongiae" family="Petrosiidae" genus="Xestospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="30" pageNumber="281" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dorigo" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="8280EAB3FFB0F8742F26FE21FD65FE70" box="[549,655,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="281">X. dorigo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="8280EAB3FFB0F8742F95FE21FD1AFE70" bold="true" box="[662,752,403,429]" pageId="30" pageNumber="281">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="99B357C8FFB0F8742F95FE21FD1AFE70" box="[662,752,403,429]" pageId="30" pageNumber="281" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is a new species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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