treatments-xml/data/C6/FF/A5/C6FFA5781C735A8BA94AA6286DFE3353.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.76.11637" ID-PMC="PMC5301987" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-76-115" ID-Pensoft-UUID="6B22FFE0FF88FFB6FFC2FFCAFF8F7614" ID-PubMed="28228689" ID-Zenodo-Dep="252414" ModsDocID="1314-2003-76-115" checkinTime="1484862347962" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Wood, Kenneth R. &amp; Wagner, Warren L." docDate="2017" docId="C6FFA5781C735A8BA94AA6286DFE3353" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 76: 115-124" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 76" docPubDate="2017-01-19" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.76.11637" docTitle="Athyrium haleakalae K. R. Wood &amp; W. L. Wagner 2017, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" id="6B22FFE0FF88FFB6FFC2FFCAFF8F7614" lastPageNumber="121" masterDocId="6B22FFE0FF88FFB6FFC2FFCAFF8F7614" masterDocTitle="Athyrium haleakalae (Athyriaceae), a new rheophytic fern species from East Maui, Hawaiian Islands: with notes on its distribution, ecology, and conservation status" masterLastPageNumber="124" masterPageNumber="115" pageNumber="116" updateTime="1668141901092" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Athyrium haleakalae (Athyriaceae), a new rheophytic fern species from East Maui, Hawaiian Islands: with notes on its distribution, ecology, and conservation status</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Wood, Kenneth R.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>National Tropical Botanical Garden, 3530 Papalina Road, Kalaheo, HI 96741, USA</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">kwood@ntbg.org</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Wagner, Warren L.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Botany, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013 - 7012, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:part>
<mods:date>2017</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2017-01-19</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>76</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>115</mods:start>
<mods:end>124</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.76.11637</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.76.11637</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-76-115</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">6B22FFE0FF88FFB6FFC2FFCAFF8F7614</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">252414</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="182226316" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C6FFA5781C735A8BA94AA6286DFE3353" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C6FFA5781C735A8BA94AA6286DFE3353" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="121" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="116" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="116">
<taxonomicName LSID="C6FFA578-1C73-5A8B-A94A-A6286DFE3353" authority="K. R. Wood &amp; W. L. Wagner" authorityName="K. R. Wood &amp; W. L. Wagner" authorityYear="2017" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Athyriaceae" genus="Athyrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Athyrium haleakalae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="haleakalae" status="sp. nov.">Athyrium haleakalae K.R. Wood &amp; W.L. Wagner</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="1" pageNumber="116">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Athyrium haleakalae K. R. Wood &amp; W. L. Wagner. A-B habit C detail of adaxial pinnule showing venation and fleshy spines D detail of abaxial pinnule showing range of sori shapes E-F lower stipe scales G rhizome scale. A-G from Perlman et al. 23964 (BISH, PTBG, UC, US) (Illustration by Alice Tangerini)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.76.11637.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/118766" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">Figs 1</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. A Mature plants of Athyrium haleakalae, showing habitat preference along concave hollow of stream, Hana Forest Reserve, East Maui, HI (22 Aug 2013, Wood &amp; Oppenheimer 15639) B Mature plant of Athyrium microphyllum, showing terrestrial habitat preference, erect rhizome, and large size, Mohihi, Kaua'i, HI (18 Dec 2014, Wood &amp; Flynn et al. 16175). Photos by K. R. Wood." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.76.11637.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/118769" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">, 4A</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="117" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="116">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="117" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. R. Wood &amp; W. L. Wagner" authorityYear="2017" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Athyriaceae" genus="Athyrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Athyrium haleakalae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="haleakalae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">Athyrium haleakalae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from the only previously known Hawaiian 
<taxonomicName class="Polypodiopsida" family="Athyriaceae" genus="Athyrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Athyrium" order="Polypodiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">Athyrium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Alston" authorityYear="1933" baseAuthorityName="Sm." class="Polypodiopsida" family="Athyriaceae" genus="Athyrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Athyrium microphyllum" order="Polypodiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="116" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="microphyllum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="116">Athyrium microphyllum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in having rhizomes 1-3 cm long and lanceolate blades 
<pageBreakToken pageId="2" pageNumber="117" start="start">1</pageBreakToken>
- to 2-pinnate-pinnatifid, 3-8(-11) 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1-3(-4) cm, as compared to 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Alston" authorityYear="1933" baseAuthorityName="Sm." class="Polypodiopsida" family="Athyriaceae" genus="Athyrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Athyrium microphyllum" order="Polypodiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="microphyllum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">Athyrium microphyllum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with rhizomes (10-)15-30 cm long and ovate to ovate-triangular blades 3-pinnate-pinnatifid to 4-pinnate, 30-82 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
20-50 cm.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="990153" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.76.11637.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/118766" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" start="Figure 1" startId="F1">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">Figure 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. R. Wood &amp; W. L. Wagner" authorityYear="2017" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Athyriaceae" genus="Athyrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Athyrium haleakalae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="haleakalae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">Athyrium haleakalae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
K.R. Wood &amp; W.L. Wagner. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">A-B</emphasis>
habit 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">C</emphasis>
detail of adaxial pinnule showing venation and fleshy spines 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">D</emphasis>
detail of abaxial pinnule showing range of sori shapes 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">E-F</emphasis>
lower stipe scales 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">G</emphasis>
rhizome scale. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">A-G</emphasis>
from 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">Perlman et al. 23964</emphasis>
(BISH, PTBG, UC, US) (Illustration by Alice Tangerini).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="117" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="117">
<typeStatus>Type</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="117">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2014-05-28" country="United States of America" county="Stream" elevation="1247" latitude="20.75405" location="Hawaiian Islands" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-156.08986" municipality="Ko'olau Forest Reserve" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<collectingCountry name="United States of America">United States of America</collectingCountry>
. 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C6FFA5781C735A8BA94AA6286DFE3353:2FD147E056CC345F63CC86CE6FEC7100" country="United States of America" county="Stream" latitude="20.75405" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-156.08986" municipality="Ko'olau Forest Reserve" name="Hawaiian Islands">Hawaiian Islands</location>
, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C6FFA5781C735A8BA94AA6286DFE3353:532C122C5D7217B7ED407B4855F4BE75" country="United States of America" county="Stream" latitude="20.75405" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-156.08986" municipality="Ko'olau Forest Reserve" name="East Maui">East Maui</location>
: 
<collectingMunicipality>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ko‘olau">Ko'olau</normalizedToken>
Forest Reserve
</collectingMunicipality>
, west fork of 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Helele‘ike‘oha">Helele'ike'oha</normalizedToken>
<collectingCounty>Stream</collectingCounty>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="20" direction="north" minutes="45" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="14.58" value="20.75405">20°45'14.58&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
; 
<geoCoordinate degrees="156" direction="west" minutes="5" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="23.496" value="-156.08986">156°5'23.496&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.247" unit="m" value="1247.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.247" unit="m" value="1247.0">1247 m</elevation>
</quantity>
elev., 
<collectingDate value="2014-05-28">28 May 2014</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">Perlman et al. 23964</emphasis>
, (
<typeStatus>holotype</typeStatus>
: PTBG-070914; isotypes: BISH, UC,
</materialsCitation>
<collectingCountry name="United States of America">US</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="118" pageId="2" pageNumber="117" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="117">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="118" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">Lithophytic ferns</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">Rhizomes</emphasis>
slender, erect to suberect, unbranched, radial, dark brown, 1-3 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.5-1.0 cm, closely set with roots and persistent, densely clothed by old stipe bases; scales covering rhizome tips, stramineous to dark brown, 2-4 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1.0-1.5 mm, lanceate, margins entire, attenuate toward apex. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">Fronds</emphasis>
3-7 per rhizome; 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">stipes</emphasis>
medium brown, 20-50(-70) 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.3-0.7 mm, swollen bases proximally thickened to 1 mm, well clothed with stramineous to dark brown basal scales 3.0-4.5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.5-1.0 mm, sparser distally, thinning to glabrous; 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">blades</emphasis>
medium green, 1- to 2-pinnate-pinnatifid, 3-8(-11) 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1-3(-4) cm, lanceolate, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">rachises</emphasis>
medium green to dark brown, glabrous, apex pinnatifid, acute, lobed 
<normalizedToken originalValue="½">1/2</normalizedToken>
toward costae, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="117">pinnae</emphasis>
10-12 pair, lanceolate, alternate, petioled 1-2 mm, sessile near apex, fleshy spines 0.3-1.0 mm long on adaxial surface at bases of costae and costules, basal pinnae spaced 2-5(-8) mm, distal pinnae more closely spaced, not overlapping, lowest pinnae slightly re 
<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="118" start="start">duced</pageBreakToken>
, second lowest pair usually largest, 0.7-2.0(-2.5) 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.3-0.5(-0.8) cm, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="118">pinnules</emphasis>
, lower with 6-8 pair, reduced distally, ovate to lanceolate, near alternate, serrate to lobed, veins 2-4 pairs in basal lobe, fewer pairs distally. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="118">Sori</emphasis>
short linear, oblong, or J-shaped, 1.0-1.4 mm long, along acroscopic base of veinlets, 1(-2) per ultimate segment, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="118">indusia</emphasis>
tan or brown, same shape as sori, entire, persistent.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="118" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="118">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="118">
The new species is named after 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Haleakalā">Haleakala</normalizedToken>
, East Maui, a massive, dormant shield volcano (3,057 m tall) and the only known location of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. R. Wood &amp; W. L. Wagner" authorityYear="2017" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Athyriaceae" genus="Athyrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Athyrium haleakalae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="118" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="haleakalae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="118">Athyrium haleakalae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="118" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="118">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="118">
<materialsCitation accessionNumber="H81332, H51415, H51418, H51426" collectingDate="2013-08-21" collectingDateMax="2014-08-28" collectingDateMin="2013-08-21" collectorName="Mokulehua, Wood, Oppenheimer" country="United States" county="Hana Forest Reserve" elevation="1195" location="Ko'olau Forest Reserve" municipality="Hana Forest Reserve" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Hawaiian Islands, East Maui">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="118">
<collectingCountry name="United States of America">United States</collectingCountry>
. 
<collectingRegion>Hawaiian Islands, East Maui</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: 
<collectingCounty>Hana Forest Reserve</collectingCounty>
, 
<collectorName>Mokulehua</collectorName>
drainage basin, 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Metrosideros" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Metrosideros" order="Myrtales" pageId="3" pageNumber="118" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="118">Metrosideros</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
- 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" genus="Cheirodendron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cheirodendron" order="Apiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="118" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="118">Cheirodendron</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
- 
<taxonomicName class="Filicopsida" family="Gleicheniaceae" genus="Dicranopteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dicranopteris" order="Polypodiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="118" phylum="Pteridophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="118">Dicranopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
montane wet forest, dissected by riparian vegetation, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1949999999999998" unit="m" value="1195.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1949999999999998" unit="m" value="1195.0">1195 m</elevation>
</quantity>
elev., 
<collectingDate value="2013-08-21">21 Aug 2013</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="118">
<collectorName>Wood</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName>Oppenheimer</collectorName>
15624
</emphasis>
(BISH, PTBG, US); 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="118">loc. cit.</emphasis>
, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.161" unit="m" value="1161.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.161" unit="m" value="1161.0">1161 m</elevation>
</quantity>
elev., 
<collectingDate value="2013-08-21">21 Aug 2013</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="118">
<collectorName>Oppenheimer</collectorName>
et al. 
<accessionNumber httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/H81332">H81332</accessionNumber>
</emphasis>
(BISH, PTBG); 
<collectingMunicipality>Hana Forest Reserve</collectingMunicipality>
, Kawakoe headwaters, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.183" unit="m" value="1183.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.183" unit="m" value="1183.0">1183 m</elevation>
</quantity>
elev., 
<collectingDate value="2013-08-22">22 Aug 2013</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="118">Wood et al. 15637</emphasis>
(PTBG); 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="118">loc. cit.</emphasis>
, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.164" unit="m" value="1164.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.164" unit="m" value="1164.0">1164 m</elevation>
</quantity>
elev., 
<collectingDate value="2013-08-22">22 Aug 2013</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="118">Wood et al. 15639</emphasis>
(PTBG, UC); 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C6FFA5781C735A8BA94AA6286DFE3353:DBBF3098A7EEFD8E9AE1924F29AD8801" country="United States" county="Hana Forest Reserve" municipality="Hana Forest Reserve" name="Ko'olau Forest Reserve" stateProvince="Hawaiian Islands, East Maui">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ko‘olau">Ko'olau</normalizedToken>
Forest Reserve
</location>
, west fork of 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Helele‘ike‘oha">Helele'ike'oha</normalizedToken>
Stream, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.326" unit="m" value="1326.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.326" unit="m" value="1326.0">1326 m</elevation>
</quantity>
elev., 
<collectingDate value="2014-05-28">28 May 2014</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="118">
Oppenheimer et al. 
<accessionNumber httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/H51415">H51415</accessionNumber>
</emphasis>
(NY, PTBG); 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="118">loc. cit.</emphasis>
, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3669999999999998" unit="m" value="1367.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3669999999999998" unit="m" value="1367.0">1367 m</elevation>
</quantity>
elev., 
<collectingDate value="2014-05-28">28 May 2014</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="118">
Oppenheimer et al. 
<accessionNumber httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/H51418">H51418</accessionNumber>
</emphasis>
(MO, PTBG); 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="118">loc. cit.</emphasis>
, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.204" unit="m" value="1204.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.204" unit="m" value="1204.0">1204 m</elevation>
</quantity>
elev., 
<collectingDate value="2014-05-29">29 May 2014</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="118">
Oppenheimer et al. 
<accessionNumber httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/H51426">H51426</accessionNumber>
</emphasis>
(PTBG, UC); 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C6FFA5781C735A8BA94AA6286DFE3353:D625C70D83D26FB4EEF36341A1AA575D" country="United States" county="Hana Forest Reserve" municipality="Hana Forest Reserve" name="Haleakala National Park" stateProvince="Hawaiian Islands, East Maui">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Haleakalā">Haleakala</normalizedToken>
National Park
</location>
, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kīpahulu">Kīpahulu</normalizedToken>
Valley, south of 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C6FFA5781C735A8BA94AA6286DFE3353:8DD03FE837D77FD9A49E05538B18F8AA" country="United States" county="Hana Forest Reserve" municipality="Hana Forest Reserve" name="Palikea Camp" stateProvince="Hawaiian Islands, East Maui">Palikea Camp</location>
, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.28" unit="m" value="1280.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.28" unit="m" value="1280.0">1280 m</elevation>
</quantity>
elev., 
<collectingDate value="2014-08-28">28 Aug 2014</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="118">Welton et al. 2359</emphasis>
(HALE)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="118" type="key">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="118">
Key to 
<taxonomicName class="Polypodiopsida" family="Athyriaceae" genus="Athyrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Athyrium" order="Polypodiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="118" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="118">Athyrium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Hawaiian Islands
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="118">
<table inLine="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="118">
<tr pageId="3" pageNumber="118">
<td colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="118" rowspan="1">1</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="118" rowspan="1">
Plants lithophytic; blades lanceolate 1- to 2-pinnate-pinnatifid, 3-8(-11) 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1-3(-4) cm
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="118" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. R. Wood &amp; W. L. Wagner" authorityYear="2017" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Athyriaceae" genus="Athyrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Athyrium haleakalae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="118" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="haleakalae">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="118">Athyrium haleakalae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="3" pageNumber="118">
<td colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="118" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="118" rowspan="1">
Plants mostly terrestrial; blades ovate to ovate-triangular 3-pinnate-pinnatifid to 4-pinnate, 30-82 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
20-50 cm
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="118" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Alston" authorityYear="1933" baseAuthorityName="Sm." class="Polypodiopsida" family="Athyriaceae" genus="Athyrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Athyrium microphyllum" order="Polypodiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="118" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="microphyllum">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="118">Athyrium microphyllum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="121" pageId="3" pageNumber="118" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="118">Distribution and ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="118">
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. R. Wood &amp; W. L. Wagner" authorityYear="2017" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Athyriaceae" genus="Athyrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Athyrium haleakalae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="118" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="haleakalae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="118">Athyrium haleakalae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has only been documented on the mountain of 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Haleakalā">Haleakala</normalizedToken>
, East Maui, the third highest prominence in the Hawaiian archipelago at 3,057 m. The volcanic island of Maui is ca. 1.2 million years old (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1353/psc.2004.0008" author="Price, JP" journalOrPublisher="Pacific Science" pageId="8" pageNumber="123" pagination="27 - 45" refId="B10" refString="Price, JP, Elliott-Fisk, D, 2004. Topographic History of the Maui Nui Complex, Hawai'i, and Its Implications for Biogeography. Pacific Science 58: 27 - 45, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/psc.2004.0008" title="Topographic History of the Maui Nui Complex, Hawai'i, and Its Implications for Biogeography." url="https://doi.org/10.1353/psc.2004.0008" volume="58" year="2004">Price and Elliott-Fisk 2004</bibRefCitation>
) and has an area of ca. 1,884 km2. Hawaiian flowering plants on Maui include 518 plant taxa, with 422 endemic and 99 of those being single-island endemics (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150252899770" author="Sakai, AK" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Biology" pageId="8" pageNumber="123" pagination="276 - 302" refId="B12" refString="Sakai, AK, Wagner, WL, Mehrhoff, LA, 2002. Patterns of Endangerment in the Hawaiian Flora. Systematic Biology 51: 276 - 302, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150252899770" title="Patterns of Endangerment in the Hawaiian Flora." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150252899770" volume="51" year="2002">Sakai et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
). Estimates on the number of endemic fern and lycophyte taxa on Maui vary only slightly (
<bibRefCitation author="Palmer, DD" journalOrPublisher="University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu" pageId="7" pageNumber="122" refId="B8" refString="Palmer, DD, 2003. Hawai'i's ferns and fern allies. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu" title="Hawai'i's ferns and fern allies" year="2003">Palmer 2003</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1640/0002-8444-103.2.59" author="Vernon, AL" journalOrPublisher="American Fern Journal" pageId="8" pageNumber="123" pagination="59 - 111" refId="B16" refString="Vernon, AL, Ranker, TA, 2013. Current status of the ferns and lycophytes of the Hawaiian Islands. American Fern Journal 103: 59 - 111, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1640/0002-8444-103.2.59" title="Current status of the ferns and lycophytes of the Hawaiian Islands." url="https://doi.org/10.1640/0002-8444-103.2.59" volume="103" year="2013">Vernon and Ranker 2013</bibRefCitation>
) and the present authors estimate there are 115, including five single-island endemics. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. R. Wood &amp; W. L. Wagner" authorityYear="2017" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Athyriaceae" genus="Athyrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Athyrium haleakalae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="118" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="haleakalae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="118">Athyrium haleakalae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
now represents the sixth single-island endemic fern or lycophyte taxon found on Maui. It is the tenth endemic athyrioid species in the Hawaiian Islands, and the second in that group that is restricted to a single island, the other being 
<taxonomicName authorityName="M. Kato" authorityYear="2001" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Woodsiaceae" genus="Deparia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Deparia cataracticola" order="Polypodiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="118" phylum="Pteridophyta" rank="species" species="cataracticola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="118">Deparia cataracticola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
M. Kato, of 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kaua‘i">Kaua'i</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="119" pageId="3" pageNumber="118">
Since its discovery in August of 2013 ca. 300 plants of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. R. Wood &amp; W. L. Wagner" authorityYear="2017" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Athyriaceae" genus="Athyrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Athyrium haleakalae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="118" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="haleakalae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="118">Athyrium haleakalae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been observed in several headwater drainage systems of East Maui, namely Mokulehua and Kawakoe in the Hana Forest Reserve, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Helele‘ike‘oha">Helele'ike'oha</normalizedToken>
in the Koolau Forest Reserve, and 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kīpahulu">Kīpahulu</normalizedToken>
, near Palikea in 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Haleakalā">Haleakala</normalizedToken>
National Park (Figure 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Map showing known distribution of Athyrium haleakalae, East Maui, HI, with upper right red dot indicating colonies in the headwaters of Kawakoe and Mokulehua, upper left in Helele'ike'oha, and lower red in Kīpahulu, near Palikea." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.76.11637.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/118767" pageId="3" pageNumber="118">2</figureCitation>
). Perhaps the com 
<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="119" start="start">bination</pageBreakToken>
of its small size, remoteness of preferred habitat, and the extreme physical geography of its surroundings can explain why 
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. R. Wood &amp; W. L. Wagner" authorityYear="2017" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Athyriaceae" genus="Athyrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Athyrium haleakalae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="119" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="haleakalae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="119">Athyrium haleakalae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been overlooked to date. Modern access by helicopter and careful floristic inventories around large waterfalls and rugged plunge pools have led to its recent discovery by botanists of the National Tropical Botanical Garden(NTBG), the Maui Nui Plant Extinction Prevention Program (PEPP), and 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Haleakalā">Haleakala</normalizedToken>
National Park. It is believed that the extent of occurrence for 
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. R. Wood &amp; W. L. Wagner" authorityYear="2017" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Athyriaceae" genus="Athyrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Athyrium haleakalae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="119" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="haleakalae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="119">Athyrium haleakalae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may be greater than the four drainages reported here, and further research into similar habitats along adjacent drainage basins could lead to the discovery of additional colonies.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="990155" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.76.11637.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/118767" pageId="4" pageNumber="119" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="119">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="119">Figure 2.</emphasis>
Map showing known distribution of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. R. Wood &amp; W. L. Wagner" authorityYear="2017" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Athyriaceae" genus="Athyrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Athyrium haleakalae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="119" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="haleakalae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="119">Athyrium haleakalae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, East Maui, HI, with upper right red dot indicating colonies in the headwaters of Kawakoe and Mokulehua, upper left in 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Helele‘ike‘oha">Helele'ike'oha</normalizedToken>
, and lower red in 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kīpahulu">Kīpahulu</normalizedToken>
, near Palikea.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="120" pageId="4" pageNumber="119">
The current distribution of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. R. Wood &amp; W. L. Wagner" authorityYear="2017" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Athyriaceae" genus="Athyrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Athyrium haleakalae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="119" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="haleakalae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="119">Athyrium haleakalae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has an elevational range of 1,161-1,326 m. The dominant plant community of those regions is a 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Metrosideros" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Metrosideros" order="Myrtales" pageId="4" pageNumber="119" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="119">Metrosideros</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Banks ex Gaertn. (
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="4" pageNumber="119" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Myrtaceae</taxonomicName>
)- 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" genus="Cheirodendron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cheirodendron" order="Apiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="119" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="119">Cheirodendron</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Nutt. ex Seem. (
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Apiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="119" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Araliaceae</taxonomicName>
) montane wet forest. Large colonies of matting ferns such as 
<taxonomicName class="Filicopsida" family="Gleicheniaceae" genus="Dicranopteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dicranopteris linearis" order="Polypodiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="119" phylum="Pteridophyta" rank="species" species="linearis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="119">Dicranopteris linearis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Brum. f.) Underw. and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nakai" authorityYear="1950" baseAuthorityName="Kunze" class="Filicopsida" family="Gleicheniaceae" genus="Diplopterygium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Diplopterygium pinnatum" order="Polypodiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="119" phylum="Pteridophyta" rank="species" species="pinnatum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="119">Diplopterygium pinnatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Kunze) Nakai (both 
<taxonomicName class="Filicopsida" family="Gleicheniaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Polypodiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="119" phylum="Pteridophyta" rank="family">Gleicheniaceae</taxonomicName>
) are associated with these forests, being especially expansive near forest borders where steep slopes drop down to deep dissecting streams. Observations to date indicate that 
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. R. Wood &amp; W. L. Wagner" authorityYear="2017" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Athyriaceae" genus="Athyrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Athyrium haleakalae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="119" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="haleakalae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="119">Athyrium haleakalae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is an obligate rheophyte which prefers concave moss-matted basalt walls along the waterline of perennial streams, forming colonies over wet basalt rock faces especially under and around the ledges of waterfalls and hollows of large plunge pools 
<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="120" start="start">(</pageBreakToken>
Figures 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Typical habitat of Athyrium haleakalae around stream plunge pools, Hana Forest Reserve, East Maui, HI. Photo by K. R. Wood, 21 Aug 2013." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.76.11637.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/118768" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">3</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. A Mature plants of Athyrium haleakalae, showing habitat preference along concave hollow of stream, Hana Forest Reserve, East Maui, HI (22 Aug 2013, Wood &amp; Oppenheimer 15639) B Mature plant of Athyrium microphyllum, showing terrestrial habitat preference, erect rhizome, and large size, Mohihi, Kaua'i, HI (18 Dec 2014, Wood &amp; Flynn et al. 16175). Photos by K. R. Wood." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.76.11637.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/118769" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">4A</figureCitation>
). These stream sites average ca. 10-15 m broad and have exposed basalt bedrock and large strewn boulders. Associated ferns occurring with 
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. R. Wood &amp; W. L. Wagner" authorityYear="2017" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Athyriaceae" genus="Athyrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Athyrium haleakalae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="haleakalae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">Athyrium haleakalae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
include 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Alston" authorityYear="1933" baseAuthorityName="Sm." class="Polypodiopsida" family="Athyriaceae" genus="Athyrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Athyrium microphyllum" order="Polypodiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="microphyllum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">Athyrium microphyllum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Copel" authorityYear="1947" baseAuthorityName="Brack." class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cyclosorus sandwicensis" order="Polypodiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Polypodiopsida" rank="species" species="sandwicensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">Cyclosorus sandwicensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Brack.) Copel. (
<taxonomicName family="Thelypteridaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Polypodiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Polypodiopsida" rank="family">Thelypteridaceae</taxonomicName>
), 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Spring" authorityYear="1843" baseAuthorityName="Kaulf." class="Lycopsida" family="Selaginellaceae" genus="Selaginella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Selaginella arbuscula" order="Selaginellales" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Lycophyta" rank="species" species="arbuscula">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">Selaginella arbuscula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Kaulf.) Spring (
<taxonomicName class="Lycopsida" family="Selaginellaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Selaginellales" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Lycophyta" rank="family">Selaginellaceae</taxonomicName>
), and 
<taxonomicName class="Polypodiopsida" family="Aspleniaceae" genus="Hymenasplenium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Hymenasplenium unilaterale" order="Polypodiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="unilaterale">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">Hymenasplenium unilaterale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Lam.) Hayata and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Copel" authorityYear="1938" baseAuthorityName="Gaud." class="Filicopsida" family="Hymenophyllaceae" genus="Vandenboschia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Vandenboschia davallioides" order="Polypodiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Pteridophyta" rank="species" species="davallioides">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">Vandenboschia davallioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Gaudich.) Copel. (both 
<taxonomicName class="Filicopsida" family="Hymenophyllaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Polypodiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Pteridophyta" rank="family">Hymenophyllaceae</taxonomicName>
). Significantly, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. R. Wood &amp; W. L. Wagner" authorityYear="2017" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Athyriaceae" genus="Athyrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Athyrium haleakalae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="haleakalae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">Athyrium haleakalae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
grows in association with one of the rarest Hawaiian endemic rheophytes, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="W. H. Wagner" authorityYear="1999" baseAuthorityName="D. C. Eat." class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Cyclosorus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cyclosorus boydiae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Polypodiopsida" rank="species" species="boydiae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">Cyclosorus boydiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(D.C. Eaton) W.H. Wagner.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="990157" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.76.11637.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/118768" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="120">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">Figure 3.</emphasis>
Typical habitat of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. R. Wood &amp; W. L. Wagner" authorityYear="2017" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Athyriaceae" genus="Athyrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Athyrium haleakalae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="haleakalae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">Athyrium haleakalae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
around stream plunge pools, Hana Forest Reserve, East Maui, HI. Photo by K.R. Wood, 21 Aug 2013.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="990159" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.76.11637.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/118769" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="120">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">Figure 4.</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">A</emphasis>
Mature plants of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. R. Wood &amp; W. L. Wagner" authorityYear="2017" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Athyriaceae" genus="Athyrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Athyrium haleakalae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="haleakalae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">Athyrium haleakalae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, showing habitat preference along concave hollow of stream, Hana Forest Reserve, East Maui, HI (22 Aug 2013, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">Wood &amp; Oppenheimer 15639</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">B</emphasis>
Mature plant of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Alston" authorityYear="1933" baseAuthorityName="Sm." class="Polypodiopsida" family="Athyriaceae" genus="Athyrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Athyrium microphyllum" order="Polypodiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="microphyllum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">Athyrium microphyllum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, showing terrestrial habitat preference, erect rhizome, and large size, Mohihi, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kaua‘i">Kaua'i</normalizedToken>
, HI (18 Dec 2014, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">Wood &amp; Flynn et al. 16175</emphasis>
). Photos by K.R. Wood.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="120">
Adjacent riparian angiosperm vegetation, usually outside the rheophyte zone, includes 
<taxonomicName class="Eudicots" family="Hydrangeaceae" genus="Broussaisia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Broussaisia arguta" order="Cornales" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="arguta">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">Broussaisia arguta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Gaudich. (
<taxonomicName class="Eudicots" family="Hydrangeaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Cornales" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="family">Hydrangeaceae</taxonomicName>
), numerous species of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Campanulaceae" genus="Clermontia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Clermontia" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">Clermontia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Gaudich. and 
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Campanulaceae" genus="Cyanea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cyanea" order="Campanulales" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">Cyanea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Gaudich. (both 
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Campanulaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Campanulales" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="family">Campanulaceae</taxonomicName>
), several species of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Gesneriaceae" genus="Cyrtandra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cyrtandra" order="Lamiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">Cyrtandra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
J.R. Forst. &amp; G. Forst. (
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Gesneriaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Lamiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Gesneriaceae</taxonomicName>
), 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hillebr" authorityYear="1888" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Deschampsia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Deschampsia nubigena" order="Poales" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="nubigena">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">Deschampsia nubigena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Hillebr. (
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Poaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
), 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Gunneraceae" genus="Dubautia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dubautia plantaginea" order="Gunnerales" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="plantaginea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">Dubautia plantaginea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Gaudich. and 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Gunneraceae" genus="Dubautia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dubautia scabra" order="Gunnerales" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="scabra">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">Dubautia scabra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(DC.) D.D. Keck (both 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">
Gunnera 
<normalizedToken originalValue="petaloïdea">petaloidea</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
Gaudich. (
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Gunneraceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Gunnerales" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="family">Gunneraceae</taxonomicName>
), 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Kadua" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kadua affinis" order="Gentianales" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="affinis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">Kadua affinis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
DC. and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="W. L. Wagner &amp; Lorence" authorityYear="2005" baseAuthorityName="Wawra" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Kadua" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kadua axillaris" order="Gentianales" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="axillaris">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">Kadua axillaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Wawra) W. L. Wagner &amp; Lorence (both 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Gentianales" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rubiaceae</taxonomicName>
), 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sherff" authorityYear="1938" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Loganiaceae" genus="Labordia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Labordia venosa" order="Gentianales" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="venosa">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">Labordia venosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Sherff (
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Loganiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Gentianales" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Loganiaceae</taxonomicName>
), 
<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Machaerina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Machaerina angustifolia" order="Cyperales" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="angustifolia">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">Machaerina angustifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Gaudich.) T. Koyama (
<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Cyperaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Cyperales" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="family">Cyperaceae</taxonomicName>
), 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Melicope" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Melicope clusiifolia" order="Sapindales" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="clusiifolia">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">Melicope clusiifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(A. Gray) T.G. Hartley &amp; B.C. Stone and 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Melicope" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Melicope molokaiensis" order="Sapindales" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="molokaiensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">Melicope molokaiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Hillebr.) T.G. Hartley &amp; B.C. Stone (both 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Sapindales" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rutaceae</taxonomicName>
), 
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Primulaceae" genus="Myrsine" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Myrsine sandwicensis" order="Primulales" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="sandwicensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">Myrsine sandwicensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
A. DC. (
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Primulaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Primulales" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="family">Primulaceae</taxonomicName>
), 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Druce" authorityYear="1917" baseAuthorityName="Mutis ex L. f." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Nertera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Nertera granadensis" order="Gentianales" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="granadensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">Nertera granadensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Mutis) Druce (
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Gentianales" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rubiaceae</taxonomicName>
), 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hillebr" authorityYear="1888" baseAuthorityName="A. Gray" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Phyllostegia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Phyllostegia ambigua" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="ambigua">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">Phyllostegia ambigua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(A. Gray) Hillebr. (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bentham" authorityYear="1830" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Lamiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="family">Lamiaceae</taxonomicName>
), 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lowry &amp; G. M. Plunkett" authorityYear="2010" baseAuthorityName="A. Gray" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" genus="Polyscias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Polyscias oahuensis" order="Apiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oahuensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">Polyscias oahuensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(A. Gray) Lowry &amp; G.M. Plunkett (
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Apiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Araliaceae</taxonomicName>
), 
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Goodeniaceae" genus="Scaevola" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Scaevola chamissoniana" order="Campanulales" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="chamissoniana">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">Scaevola chamissoniana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Gaudich. (
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Goodeniaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Campanulales" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="family">Goodeniaceae</taxonomicName>
), and 
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Ericaceae" genus="Vaccinium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Vaccinium dentatum" order="Ericales" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="dentatum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="120">Vaccinium dentatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Sm. (
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Ericaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Ericales" pageId="5" pageNumber="120" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="family">Ericaceae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="121">
<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="121" start="start">Pigs</pageBreakToken>
(
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sus scrofa" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scrofa">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">Sus scrofa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L.), landslides, and invasive weeds such as 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Ageratina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Ageratina adenophora" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="adenophora">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">Ageratina adenophora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Spreng.) R.M. King &amp; H. Rob. (
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
), 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Axonopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Axonopus fissifolius" order="Poales" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="fissifolius">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">Axonopus fissifolius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Raddi) Kuhlm. and 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Paspalum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Paspalum urvillei" order="Poales" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="urvillei">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">Paspalum urvillei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Steud. (both 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Poaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
), 
<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Juncaceae" genus="Juncus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Juncus planifolius" order="Juncales" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="planifolius">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">Juncus planifolius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
R. Br. (
<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Juncaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Juncales" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="family">Juncaceae</taxonomicName>
), 
<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Zingiberaceae" genus="Hedychium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Hedychium gardnerianum" order="Scitamineae" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="gardnerianum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">Hedychium gardnerianum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Ker Gawl. (
<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Zingiberaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Scitamineae" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="family">Zingiberaceae</taxonomicName>
), and 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Melastomataceae" genus="Tibouchina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Tibouchina herbacea" order="Myrtales" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="herbacea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">Tibouchina herbacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(DC.) Cogn. (
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Melastomataceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Melastomataceae</taxonomicName>
) threaten the immediate habitat of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. R. Wood &amp; W. L. Wagner" authorityYear="2017" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Athyriaceae" genus="Athyrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Athyrium haleakalae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="haleakalae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">Athyrium haleakalae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="121" type="conservation status">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="121">Conservation status.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="121">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">IUCN Red List Category.</emphasis>
When evaluating the conservation status of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. R. Wood &amp; W. L. Wagner" authorityYear="2017" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Athyriaceae" genus="Athyrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Athyrium haleakalae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="haleakalae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">Athyrium haleakalae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
utilizing the World Conservation Union (IUCN) criteria for endangerment (
<bibRefCitation author="IUCN" journalOrPublisher="IUCN, Cambridge" pageId="7" pageNumber="122" refId="B3" refString="IUCN, 2001. IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria Version 3.1. IUCN, Cambridge" title="IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria Version 3.1" year="2001">IUCN 2001</bibRefCitation>
), 
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. R. Wood &amp; W. L. Wagner" authorityYear="2017" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Athyriaceae" genus="Athyrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Athyrium haleakalae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="haleakalae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">Athyrium haleakalae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
falls into the Critically Endangered (CR) category, which designates this species as facing the highest risk of extinction in the wild. Our formal evaluation can be summarized by the following IUCN hierarchical alphanumeric coding system of criteria and subcriteria: CR B1ab(i,ii,iii,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,v), which reflects a wild population of ca. 300 individuals, an Extent of Occurrence (EOO) of 4.3 km2, and an Area of Occupancy (AOO) of less than 1 km2. Ecosystem trends on the mountain of 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Haleakalā">Haleakala</normalizedToken>
also indicate that 
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. R. Wood &amp; W. L. Wagner" authorityYear="2017" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Athyriaceae" genus="Athyrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Athyrium haleakalae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="haleakalae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">Athyrium haleakalae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is subject to an inferred decline in its area of occupancy, in addition to a decline in the extent and quality of its habitat and number of mature individuals. It should be noted that 
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. R. Wood &amp; W. L. Wagner" authorityYear="2017" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Athyriaceae" genus="Athyrium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Athyrium haleakalae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="121" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="haleakalae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="121">Athyrium haleakalae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is currently being cultivated by the 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hawai‘i">Hawai'i</normalizedToken>
State Division of Forestry and Wildlife at their Olinda Rare Plant Facility on East Maui.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>