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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/asp.79.e64325" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a68ac12f-87f8-412b-83e6-86b3f20109f6" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183550473" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1864-8312-79-309" ID-Pensoft-UUID="EA5AA50B7FC95C85A3A4B20F6A751940" ID-ZooBank="E4C130CF221E4C43BC7BD1083120CFD9" ModsDocID="1864-8312-79-309" checkinTime="1626449887957" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Li, Ning, Wang, Ji-Shen &amp; Hua, Bao-Zhen" docDate="2021" docId="AB248C1053535380A88E5DDD33CA811B" docLanguage="en" docName="ArthropodSystPhyl 79: 309-342" docOrigin="Arthropod Systematics &amp; amp; Phylogeny 79" docPubDate="2021-07-15" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/asp.79.e64325" docTitle="Panorpa difficilis Carpenter 1938" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" id="EA5AA50B7FC95C85A3A4B20F6A751940" lastPageNumber="309" masterDocId="EA5AA50B7FC95C85A3A4B20F6A751940" masterDocTitle="Morphological phylogenetic analyses and taxonomic revision of the Panorpa davidi group (Mecoptera: Panorpidae)" masterLastPageNumber="342" masterPageNumber="309" pageId="0" pageNumber="309" updateTime="1632023702204" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Morphological phylogenetic analyses and taxonomic revision of the Panorpa davidi group (Mecoptera: Panorpidae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Li, Ning</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Entomological Museum, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A &amp; F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Ning Li [liningning @ nwafu. edu. cn]; Ji-Shen Wang [wangjishen 826 @ gmail. com]</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Wang, Ji-Shen</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Entomological Museum, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A &amp; F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Ning Li [liningning @ nwafu. edu. cn]; Ji-Shen Wang [wangjishen 826 @ gmail. com]</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Hua, Bao-Zhen</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Entomological Museum, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A &amp; F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Ning Li [liningning @ nwafu. edu. cn]; Ji-Shen Wang [wangjishen 826 @ gmail. com]</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">huabzh@nwafu.edu.cn</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Arthropod Systematics &amp; amp; Phylogeny</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2021-07-15</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>79</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>309</mods:start>
<mods:end>342</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/asp.79.e64325</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/asp.79.e64325</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1864-8312-79-309</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">E4C130CF221E4C43BC7BD1083120CFD9</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">EA5AA50B7FC95C85A3A4B20F6A751940</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="183550473" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AB248C1053535380A88E5DDD33CA811B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/AB248C1053535380A88E5DDD33CA811B" lastPageNumber="309" pageId="0" pageNumber="309">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="309" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="309">
<taxonomicName LSID="AB248C10-5353-5380-A88E-5DDD33CA811B" authority="Carpenter, 1938" authorityName="Carpenter" authorityYear="1938" class="Insecta" family="Panorpidae" genus="Panorpa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panorpa difficilis" order="Mecoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="309" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="difficilis">Panorpa difficilis Carpenter, 1938</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="309" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="309">
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Live adult habitus and habitat of Panorpa difficilis Carpenter, 1938. A. Male, dorsal view. B. Female, dorsal view. C. Habitat in Maoxian, Tudiling, Sichuan. Photos by Kai Gao." figureDoi="10.3897/asp.79.e64325.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/567046" pageId="0" pageNumber="309">Figs 6</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Panorpa difficilis Carpenter, 1938 from Maoxian, Sichuan. A, C - G. Male. A. Habitus, dorsal view. C. Habitus, lateral view. D - E. Genital bulb, dorsal and ventral views. F - G. Aedeagal complex, lateral and ventral views. B, H - J. Female. B. Habitus, dorsal view. H. Subgenital plate, ventral view. I - J. Medigynium, ventral and dorsal views. Scale bars: A-B = 5 mm; C = 2 mm; D-J = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/asp.79.e64325.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/567047" pageId="0" pageNumber="309">, 7</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="309" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="309">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Carpenter" authorityYear="1938" class="Insecta" family="Panorpidae" genus="Panorpa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panorpa difficilis" order="Mecoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="309" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="difficilis">Panorpa difficilis</taxonomicName>
Carpenter, 1938: 269, figs 4 &amp; 6. Type locality: &quot;Chengtu, Szechwan&quot; [now Chengdu, Sichuan], China; Cheng, 1957: 29, figs 42 &amp; 46.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="309" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="309">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="309">
This species can be readily recognized by the following characters: (1) wings with well-developed variable markings (Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Live adult habitus and habitat of Panorpa difficilis Carpenter, 1938. A. Male, dorsal view. B. Female, dorsal view. C. Habitat in Maoxian, Tudiling, Sichuan. Photos by Kai Gao." figureDoi="10.3897/asp.79.e64325.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/567046" pageId="0" pageNumber="309">6A-B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Panorpa difficilis Carpenter, 1938 from Maoxian, Sichuan. A, C - G. Male. A. Habitus, dorsal view. C. Habitus, lateral view. D - E. Genital bulb, dorsal and ventral views. F - G. Aedeagal complex, lateral and ventral views. B, H - J. Female. B. Habitus, dorsal view. H. Subgenital plate, ventral view. I - J. Medigynium, ventral and dorsal views. Scale bars: A-B = 5 mm; C = 2 mm; D-J = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/asp.79.e64325.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/567047" pageId="0" pageNumber="309">7A-B</figureCitation>
); (2) meso- and metanotum black, with prominent pale yellow mesal stripe (Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Live adult habitus and habitat of Panorpa difficilis Carpenter, 1938. A. Male, dorsal view. B. Female, dorsal view. C. Habitat in Maoxian, Tudiling, Sichuan. Photos by Kai Gao." figureDoi="10.3897/asp.79.e64325.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/567046" pageId="0" pageNumber="309">6A-B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Panorpa difficilis Carpenter, 1938 from Maoxian, Sichuan. A, C - G. Male. A. Habitus, dorsal view. C. Habitus, lateral view. D - E. Genital bulb, dorsal and ventral views. F - G. Aedeagal complex, lateral and ventral views. B, H - J. Female. B. Habitus, dorsal view. H. Subgenital plate, ventral view. I - J. Medigynium, ventral and dorsal views. Scale bars: A-B = 5 mm; C = 2 mm; D-J = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/asp.79.e64325.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/567047" pageId="0" pageNumber="309">7A-B</figureCitation>
); in males, (3) gonocoxites with a row of long setae along slightly beveled inner apex (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Panorpa difficilis Carpenter, 1938 from Maoxian, Sichuan. A, C - G. Male. A. Habitus, dorsal view. C. Habitus, lateral view. D - E. Genital bulb, dorsal and ventral views. F - G. Aedeagal complex, lateral and ventral views. B, H - J. Female. B. Habitus, dorsal view. H. Subgenital plate, ventral view. I - J. Medigynium, ventral and dorsal views. Scale bars: A-B = 5 mm; C = 2 mm; D-J = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/asp.79.e64325.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/567047" pageId="0" pageNumber="309">7E</figureCitation>
); (4) parameres crossed subapically, twisted in S-shape (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Panorpa difficilis Carpenter, 1938 from Maoxian, Sichuan. A, C - G. Male. A. Habitus, dorsal view. C. Habitus, lateral view. D - E. Genital bulb, dorsal and ventral views. F - G. Aedeagal complex, lateral and ventral views. B, H - J. Female. B. Habitus, dorsal view. H. Subgenital plate, ventral view. I - J. Medigynium, ventral and dorsal views. Scale bars: A-B = 5 mm; C = 2 mm; D-J = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/asp.79.e64325.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/567047" pageId="0" pageNumber="309">7G</figureCitation>
); (5) dorsal valves slender, stalked, each with an intensively enlarged dorsal process on apical portion dorsally (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Panorpa difficilis Carpenter, 1938 from Maoxian, Sichuan. A, C - G. Male. A. Habitus, dorsal view. C. Habitus, lateral view. D - E. Genital bulb, dorsal and ventral views. F - G. Aedeagal complex, lateral and ventral views. B, H - J. Female. B. Habitus, dorsal view. H. Subgenital plate, ventral view. I - J. Medigynium, ventral and dorsal views. Scale bars: A-B = 5 mm; C = 2 mm; D-J = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/asp.79.e64325.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/567047" pageId="0" pageNumber="309">7F-G</figureCitation>
); and in females, (6) medigynium bearing a pair of auricular lateral basal plates on middle portion (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Panorpa difficilis Carpenter, 1938 from Maoxian, Sichuan. A, C - G. Male. A. Habitus, dorsal view. C. Habitus, lateral view. D - E. Genital bulb, dorsal and ventral views. F - G. Aedeagal complex, lateral and ventral views. B, H - J. Female. B. Habitus, dorsal view. H. Subgenital plate, ventral view. I - J. Medigynium, ventral and dorsal views. Scale bars: A-B = 5 mm; C = 2 mm; D-J = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/asp.79.e64325.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/567047" pageId="0" pageNumber="309">7I-J</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/asp.79.e64325.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/567046" pageId="0" pageNumber="309" start="Figure 6" startId="F6">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="309">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="309">Figure 6.</emphasis>
Live adult habitus and habitat of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Carpenter" authorityYear="1938" class="Insecta" family="Panorpidae" genus="Panorpa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panorpa difficilis" order="Mecoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="309" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="difficilis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="309">Panorpa difficilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Carpenter, 1938.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="309">A</emphasis>
. Male, dorsal view.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="309">B</emphasis>
. Female, dorsal view.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="309">C</emphasis>
. Habitat in Maoxian, Tudiling, Sichuan. Photos by Kai Gao.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="309" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="309">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="309">
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3323412325" collectingDate="1984-10-27" collectorName="Xin Yue" country="CHINA" location="Longfengxi" municipality="Beibei" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Chongqing">
<collectingCountry name="China">CHINA</collectingCountry>
-
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="309">
<collectingRegion country="China" name="Chongqing">Chongqing</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
•
<specimenCount type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
;
<collectingMunicipality>Beibei</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AB248C1053535380A88E5DDD33CA811B:27DE54263381FDBEE53B12D327AB970A" country="CHINA" municipality="Beibei" name="Longfengxi" stateProvince="Chongqing">Longfengxi</location>
;
<collectingDate value="1984-10-27">27 Oct. 1984</collectingDate>
;
<collectorName>Xin Yue</collectorName>
leg.
</materialsCitation>
; •
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3323412338" collectingDate="2013-04-05" collectorName="Jian-Yue Qiu, Hao Xu" country="China" county="Beibei" elevation="230" location="Damotan" municipality="Xiema" specimenCount="39" specimenCount-female="21" specimenCount-male="18" stateProvince="Chongqing">
<specimenCount type="male">18♂♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount type="female">21♀♀</specimenCount>
;
<collectingCounty>Beibei</collectingCounty>
,
<collectingMunicipality>Xiema</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AB248C1053535380A88E5DDD33CA811B:58F6E6025811B3B9C0F660A9E81DC2C1" country="China" county="Beibei" municipality="Xiema" name="Damotan" stateProvince="Chongqing">Damotan</location>
;
<elevation metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" unit="m" value="230.0">
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" unit="m" value="230.0">230 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
;
<collectingDate value="2013-04-05">5 Apr. 2013</collectingDate>
;
<collectorName>Jian-Yue Qiu</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName>Hao Xu</collectorName>
leg.
</materialsCitation>
-
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3323412355" collectingDate="2019-07-11" collectorName="Ying Miao, Yue Pan" country="China" elevation="1530" latitude="32.9025" location="Liping" longLatPrecision="20" longitude="106.61" municipality="Nanzheng" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="2" stateProvince="Shaanxi Prov.">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="309">
<collectingRegion country="China" name="Shaanxi">Shaanxi Prov.</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
•
<specimenCount type="female">2♀♀</specimenCount>
;
<collectingMunicipality>Nanzheng</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AB248C1053535380A88E5DDD33CA811B:B0285048D40F6F174C7B9EAE5D41DF79" country="China" latitude="32.9025" longLatPrecision="20" longitude="106.61" municipality="Nanzheng" name="Liping" stateProvince="Shaanxi Prov.">Liping</location>
;
<geoCoordinate degrees="32" direction="north" minutes="54" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="09" value="32.9025">32°54′09″N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="106" direction="east" minutes="36" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="36" value="106.61">106°36′36″E</geoCoordinate>
;
<elevation metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.53" unit="m" value="1530.0">
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.53" unit="m" value="1530.0">1530 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
;
<collectingDate value="2019-07-11">11 Jul. 2019</collectingDate>
;
<collectorName>Ying Miao</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName>Yue Pan</collectorName>
leg.
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3323412321" collectingDate="2021-01-01" collectingDateMax="2021-12-31" collectingDateMin="2021-01-01" collectorName="Zheng Wei." country="China" location="Liping" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-male="2" stateProvince="Sichuan Prov.">
<specimenCount type="male">2♂♂</specimenCount>
;
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AB248C1053535380A88E5DDD33CA811B:09A8CDDCF23AA86B48614D531C184E85" country="China" name="Liping" stateProvince="Sichuan Prov.">Liping</location>
; 2018;
<collectorName>Zheng Wei.</collectorName>
-
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="309">
<collectingRegion country="China" name="Sichuan">Sichuan Prov.</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3323412330" collectingDate="2019-05-31" country="China" elevation="2050" location="Tudiling" municipality="Maoxian" specimenCount="14" specimenCount-female="8" specimenCount-male="6" stateProvince="Sichuan">
<specimenCount type="male">6♂♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount type="female">8♀♀</specimenCount>
;
<collectingMunicipality>Maoxian</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AB248C1053535380A88E5DDD33CA811B:E8D08A9A2A6AD6BBF7FA07775FD79A2D" country="China" municipality="Maoxian" name="Tudiling" stateProvince="Sichuan">Tudiling</location>
;
<elevation metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.05" unit="m" value="2050.0">
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.05" unit="m" value="2050.0">2050 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
;
<collectingDate value="2019-05-31">31 May 2019</collectingDate>
</materialsCitation>
; Kai Gao.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/asp.79.e64325.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/567047" pageId="0" pageNumber="309" start="Figure 7" startId="F7">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="309">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="309">Figure 7.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Carpenter" authorityYear="1938" class="Insecta" family="Panorpidae" genus="Panorpa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panorpa difficilis" order="Mecoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="309" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="difficilis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="309">Panorpa difficilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Carpenter, 1938 from Maoxian,
<collectingRegion country="China" name="Sichuan">Sichuan</collectingRegion>
.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="309">A</emphasis>
,
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="309">C</emphasis>
-
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="309">G</emphasis>
. Male.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="309">A</emphasis>
. Habitus, dorsal view.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="309">C</emphasis>
. Habitus, lateral view.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="309">D</emphasis>
-
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="309">E</emphasis>
. Genital bulb, dorsal and ventral views.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="309">F</emphasis>
-
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="309">G</emphasis>
. Aedeagal complex, lateral and ventral views.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="309">B</emphasis>
,
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="309">H</emphasis>
-
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="309">J</emphasis>
. Female.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="309">B</emphasis>
. Habitus, dorsal view.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="309">H</emphasis>
. Subgenital plate, ventral view.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="309">I</emphasis>
-
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="309">J</emphasis>
. Medigynium, ventral and dorsal views. Scale bars: A-B =
<quantity metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
; C =
<quantity metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
; D-J =
<quantity metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" unit="mm" value="0.2">0.2 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="309" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="309">Measurements.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="309">Male: FL = 10.9-12.8 mm, FW = 2.9-3.1 mm; HL = 10.0-11.8 mm, HW = 2.7-3.0 mm. Female: FL = 11.3-12.9 mm, FW = 2.9-3.2 mm; HL = 10.3-12.1 mm, HW = 2.9-3.1 mm.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="309" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="309">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="309">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="309">Female: Head</emphasis>
(Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Live adult habitus and habitat of Panorpa difficilis Carpenter, 1938. A. Male, dorsal view. B. Female, dorsal view. C. Habitat in Maoxian, Tudiling, Sichuan. Photos by Kai Gao." figureDoi="10.3897/asp.79.e64325.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/567046" pageId="0" pageNumber="309">6B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Panorpa difficilis Carpenter, 1938 from Maoxian, Sichuan. A, C - G. Male. A. Habitus, dorsal view. C. Habitus, lateral view. D - E. Genital bulb, dorsal and ventral views. F - G. Aedeagal complex, lateral and ventral views. B, H - J. Female. B. Habitus, dorsal view. H. Subgenital plate, ventral view. I - J. Medigynium, ventral and dorsal views. Scale bars: A-B = 5 mm; C = 2 mm; D-J = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/asp.79.e64325.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/567047" pageId="0" pageNumber="309">7B</figureCitation>
): Frons, vertex, and occiput yellowish brown. Broad black band passing through ocellar triangle to inner margins of compound eyes. Rostrum yellow, slender, with labrum dark brown. Maxillary and labial palps mostly pale brown with distal segments dark brown. Antennal scape dark brown; pedicel blackish brown; flagellum black, filiform.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="309">Thorax</emphasis>
(Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Live adult habitus and habitat of Panorpa difficilis Carpenter, 1938. A. Male, dorsal view. B. Female, dorsal view. C. Habitat in Maoxian, Tudiling, Sichuan. Photos by Kai Gao." figureDoi="10.3897/asp.79.e64325.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/567046" pageId="0" pageNumber="309">6B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Panorpa difficilis Carpenter, 1938 from Maoxian, Sichuan. A, C - G. Male. A. Habitus, dorsal view. C. Habitus, lateral view. D - E. Genital bulb, dorsal and ventral views. F - G. Aedeagal complex, lateral and ventral views. B, H - J. Female. B. Habitus, dorsal view. H. Subgenital plate, ventral view. I - J. Medigynium, ventral and dorsal views. Scale bars: A-B = 5 mm; C = 2 mm; D-J = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/asp.79.e64325.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/567047" pageId="0" pageNumber="309">7B</figureCitation>
): Pronotum black, with 10-16 setae along anterior margin. Meso- and metanotum black, with pale yellow mesal stripe; scutella totally pale yellow. Pleura and legs yellowish brown, with distal tarsomere blackish.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="309">Wings</emphasis>
(Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Live adult habitus and habitat of Panorpa difficilis Carpenter, 1938. A. Male, dorsal view. B. Female, dorsal view. C. Habitat in Maoxian, Tudiling, Sichuan. Photos by Kai Gao." figureDoi="10.3897/asp.79.e64325.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/567046" pageId="0" pageNumber="309">6B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Panorpa difficilis Carpenter, 1938 from Maoxian, Sichuan. A, C - G. Male. A. Habitus, dorsal view. C. Habitus, lateral view. D - E. Genital bulb, dorsal and ventral views. F - G. Aedeagal complex, lateral and ventral views. B, H - J. Female. B. Habitus, dorsal view. H. Subgenital plate, ventral view. I - J. Medigynium, ventral and dorsal views. Scale bars: A-B = 5 mm; C = 2 mm; D-J = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/asp.79.e64325.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/567047" pageId="0" pageNumber="309">7B</figureCitation>
): Wing membrane hyaline, with markings black brown. In forewing, broad apical band scattered on posterior margin, several small hyaline spots along apical crossveins; pterostigmal band with broad basal branch, apical branch usually detached and thin; marginal spot as one or two small spots; basal band generally split into two large spots, complete in a few individuals; basal spot prominent. Hindwing similar to forewing, with relatively reduced markings; marginal spot usually faint and basal spot absent.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="309">Abdomen</emphasis>
(Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Live adult habitus and habitat of Panorpa difficilis Carpenter, 1938. A. Male, dorsal view. B. Female, dorsal view. C. Habitat in Maoxian, Tudiling, Sichuan. Photos by Kai Gao." figureDoi="10.3897/asp.79.e64325.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/567046" pageId="0" pageNumber="309">6B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Panorpa difficilis Carpenter, 1938 from Maoxian, Sichuan. A, C - G. Male. A. Habitus, dorsal view. C. Habitus, lateral view. D - E. Genital bulb, dorsal and ventral views. F - G. Aedeagal complex, lateral and ventral views. B, H - J. Female. B. Habitus, dorsal view. H. Subgenital plate, ventral view. I - J. Medigynium, ventral and dorsal views. Scale bars: A-B = 5 mm; C = 2 mm; D-J = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/asp.79.e64325.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/567047" pageId="0" pageNumber="309">7B</figureCitation>
): T2-T6 black. A7-A10 yellowish brown.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="309">Genitalia</emphasis>
(Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Panorpa difficilis Carpenter, 1938 from Maoxian, Sichuan. A, C - G. Male. A. Habitus, dorsal view. C. Habitus, lateral view. D - E. Genital bulb, dorsal and ventral views. F - G. Aedeagal complex, lateral and ventral views. B, H - J. Female. B. Habitus, dorsal view. H. Subgenital plate, ventral view. I - J. Medigynium, ventral and dorsal views. Scale bars: A-B = 5 mm; C = 2 mm; D-J = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/asp.79.e64325.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/567047" pageId="0" pageNumber="309">7H-J</figureCitation>
): Subgenital plate ligulate, with V-shaped distal emargination, bearing long setae on distal half. Medigynium with broad, long main plate, lateral margin emarginate medially, distal portion broader than base; pair of auricular lateral basal plates on middle part, each basal plate consisting of sclerotized middle structure enclosing very small one; axis slightly extruded posteriorly, extending beyond main plate for half of its length anteriorly.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="309" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="309">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="309">China: Chongqing, Shaanxi, Sichuan.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="309" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="309">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="309">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Carpenter" authorityYear="1938" class="Insecta" family="Panorpidae" genus="Panorpa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Panorpa difficilis" order="Mecoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="309" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="difficilis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="309">Panorpa difficilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was previously known only by the male holotype. A series of male and female specimens were captured recently from Chongqing and Shaanxi. This species should be a bivoltine insect in Chongqing at low elevations.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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