192 lines
22 KiB
XML
192 lines
22 KiB
XML
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<mods:titleInfo id="5102CE0D171CC787EFCE112C5CEFB7D0">
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<mods:title id="15128E796179E3FDCA5D56467E9AAFCD">Vespertilionidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2EDF385218A73A3F08D37620A1D1BEFD">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B6640C5C8F14C114AAE0E39AA32916E8">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:titleInfo id="8F838582AB203FE5FAC94A141EFA225E">
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<mods:title id="B544DF01AA74A1DFDD8C1F6B76152139">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<mods:start id="085317BA24DF9F12B2C5B7335A4A6233">716</mods:start>
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<treatment id="4C3D87E8FFCA6A75FA84909D182CB6A2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403483" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195628052" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6403483" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C3D87E8FFCA6A75FA84909D182CB6A2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C3D87E8FFCA6A75FA84909D182CB6A2" lastPageNumber="807" pageId="49" pageNumber="807">
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFCA6A75FA84909D1BB1BDC0" box="[1400,1457,1732,1778]" pageId="49" pageNumber="807" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFCA6A75FA84909D1BB1BDC0" blockId="49.[1398,2523,1732,1858]" box="[1400,1457,1732,1778]" pageId="49" pageNumber="807">
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<heading id="9F638192FFCA6A75FA84909D1BB1BDC0" box="[1400,1457,1732,1778]" pageId="49" pageNumber="807">
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<figureCitation id="5CAF2A7BFFCA6A75FA84909D1BB1BDC0" box="[1400,1457,1732,1778]" captionStart="Plate 58: Vespertilionidae" captionStartId="43.[119,149,3359,3384]" captionTargetBox="[11,2759,17,3657]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="78. New Guinea Big-eared Bat (Pharotis imogene), 79. Western Long-eared Bat (Nyctophilus major), 80. Corben’s Long-eared Bat (Nyctophilus corbeni), 81. Pallid Long-eared Bat (Nyctophilus daedalus), 82. Gould’s Long-eared Bat (Nyctophilus gouldi), 83. Tasmanian Long-eared Bat (Nyctophilus sherrini), 84. New Caledonian Long-eared Bat (Nyctophilus nebulosus), 85. Papuan Long-eared Bat (Nyctophilus macrotis), 86. Pygmy Long-eared Bat (Nyctophilus walkeri), 87. Eastern Long-eared Bat (Nyctophilus bifax), 88. Northern Long-eared Bat (Nyctophilus arnhemensis), 89. Mount Missim Long-eared Bat (Nyctophilus shirleyae), 90. Small-toothed Long-eared Bat (Nyctophilus microdon), 91. Lesser Long-eared Bat (Nyctophilus geoffroyi), 92. Sunda Long-eared Bat (Nyctophilus heran), 93. Lord Howe Long-eared Bat (Nyctophilus howensis)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398510" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398510/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="807">93.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFCA6A75FA3E909D1600BDC0" box="[1474,2048,1732,1778]" pageId="49" pageNumber="807" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFCA6A75FA3E909D1600BDC0" blockId="49.[1398,2523,1732,1858]" box="[1474,2048,1732,1778]" pageId="49" pageNumber="807">
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<heading id="9F638192FFCA6A75FA3E909D1600BDC0" box="[1474,2048,1732,1778]" pageId="49" pageNumber="807">
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFCA6A75FA3E909D1600BDC0" ID-CoL="485YQ" authorityName="McKean" authorityYear="1975" box="[1474,2048,1732,1778]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="807" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="howensis">Lord Howe Long-eared Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFCA6A75F7B9909D17BFBDC0" box="[2117,2495,1732,1778]" pageId="49" pageNumber="807" type="nomenclature">
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||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFCA6A75F7B9909D17BFBDC0" blockId="49.[1398,2523,1732,1858]" box="[2117,2495,1732,1778]" pageId="49" pageNumber="807">
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||
<heading id="9F638192FFCA6A75F7B9909D17BFBDC0" box="[2117,2495,1732,1778]" pageId="49" pageNumber="807">
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||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFCA6A75F7B9909D17BFBDC0" ID-CoL="485YQ" authorityName="McKean" authorityYear="1975" box="[2117,2495,1732,1778]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="807" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="howensis">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFCA6A75F7B9909D17BFBDC0" box="[2117,2495,1732,1778]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="807">Nyctophilus howensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFCA6A75FA84915D19C7BC0D" pageId="49" pageNumber="807" type="vernacular_names">
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||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFCA6A75FA84915D17DABC2B" blockId="49.[1398,2523,1732,1858]" box="[1400,2522,1796,1817]" pageId="49" pageNumber="807">
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<heading id="9F638192FFCA6A75FA84915D17DABC2B" box="[1400,2522,1796,1817]" pageId="49" pageNumber="807">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFCA6A75FA84915D1BC3BC2B" bold="true" box="[1400,1475,1796,1817]" pageId="49" pageNumber="807">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFCA6A75FA30915D18CBBC2B" ID-CoL="485YQ" authorityName="McKean" authorityYear="1975" box="[1484,1739,1796,1817]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="807" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="howensis">Nyctophile de Lord Howe</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFCA6A75F923915D193ABC2B" bold="true" box="[1759,1850,1796,1817]" pageId="49" pageNumber="807">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFCA6A75F8B8915D167BBC2B" ID-CoL="485YQ" authorityName="McKean" authorityYear="1975" box="[1860,2171,1796,1817]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="807" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="howensis">Lord-Howe-Langohrfledermaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFCA6A75F76C915D16EBBC2B" bold="true" box="[2192,2283,1796,1817]" pageId="49" pageNumber="807">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFCA6A75F709915D17DABC2B" ID-CoL="485YQ" authorityName="McKean" authorityYear="1975" box="[2293,2522,1796,1817]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="807" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="howensis">Nictofila de Lord Howe</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFCA6A75FA8B917319C7BC0D" blockId="49.[1398,2523,1732,1858]" box="[1399,1991,1834,1855]" pageId="49" pageNumber="807">
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<heading id="9F638192FFCA6A75FA8B917319C7BC0D" box="[1399,1991,1834,1855]" pageId="49" pageNumber="807">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFCA6A75FA8B9173186EBC0D" bold="true" box="[1399,1646,1834,1855]" pageId="49" pageNumber="807">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFCA6A75F984917319C7BC0D" ID-CoL="485YQ" authorityName="McKean" authorityYear="1975" box="[1656,1991,1834,1855]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="807" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="howensis">Lord Howe Island Long-eared Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFCA6A75F827912D1624BC8A" pageId="49" pageNumber="807" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFCA6A75F827912D1624BC8A" blockId="49.[2009,2605,1908,2331]" pageId="49" pageNumber="807">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFCA6A75F827912D1676BCA3" bold="true" box="[2011,2166,1908,1937]" pageId="49" pageNumber="807">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFCA6A75F777912D161FBC8A" ID-CoL="485YQ" authority="McKean, 1975" authorityName="McKean" authorityYear="1975" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="807" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="howensis">Nyctophilus howensis McKean, 1975</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFCA6A75F7C991C2171FBCED" pageId="49" pageNumber="807" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFCA6A75F7C991C2171FBCED" blockId="49.[2009,2605,1908,2331]" pageId="49" pageNumber="807">
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||
<materialsCitation id="74FC3CA3FFCA6A75F7C991C2171FBCED" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3783319386" pageId="49" pageNumber="807">
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Calcarenite Cave, North Bay, Lord Howe Island,
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFCA6A75F760919B171BBCED" box="[2204,2331,1986,2015]" name="Australia" pageId="49" pageNumber="807">Australia</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFCA6A75F82091BC17BDB3C1" pageId="49" pageNumber="807" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFCA6A75F82091BC17BDB3C1" blockId="49.[2009,2605,1908,2331]" pageId="49" pageNumber="807">
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFCA6A75F82091BC16EDB334" authorityName="McKean" authorityYear="1975" box="[2012,2285,2021,2054]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="807" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="howensis">Nyctophilus howensis</taxonomicName>
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is only tentatively included under
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFCA6A75F7589E541738B31C" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1821" box="[2212,2360,2061,2094]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="807" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nyctophilus</taxonomicName>
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because the only skull known ofthe species is possibly a subfossil and only vaguely similar to other
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFCA6A75F60A9E051641B396" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="807" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nyctophilus</taxonomicName>
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. It 1s currently the only member of the
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFCA6A75F7EF9EF21681B3FE" authorityName="McKean" authorityYear="1975" box="[2067,2177,2219,2252]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="807" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="howensis">howensis</taxonomicName>
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species group until additional studies are conducted. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFCA6A75F8259EA31858B272" pageId="49" pageNumber="807" type="distribution">
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<caption id="90EB6676FFCA6A75F8259EA31858B272" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6397966" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6397966" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6397966/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="807" targetBox="[1395,1987,1912,2326]" targetPageId="49">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFCA6A75F8259EA31858B272" blockId="49.[2009,2605,1908,2331]" lastBlockId="49.[1392,2605,2339,3472]" pageId="49" pageNumber="807">
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||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFCA6A75F8259EA3168AB229" bold="true" box="[2009,2186,2298,2331]" pageId="49" pageNumber="807">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Lord Howe I off
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFCA6A75F6729EA31BC7B272" country="Australia" name="New South Wales" pageId="49" pageNumber="807">New South Wales</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFCA6A75FA299F7A1854B272" box="[1493,1620,2339,2368]" name="Australia" pageId="49" pageNumber="807">Australia</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFCA6A75FA899F1117F7B058" pageId="49" pageNumber="807" type="description">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFCA6A75FA899F1117F7B058" blockId="49.[1392,2605,2339,3472]" pageId="49" pageNumber="807">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFCA6A75FA899F11186CB25B" bold="true" box="[1397,1644,2376,2409]" pageId="49" pageNumber="807">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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There are no specific measurements available because Lord Howe Long-eared Bat is known only from a single skull and there is no basis to predictits external characteristics. If extant, the Lord Howe Long-eared Bat is the largest species of
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFCA6A75F60A9FCF1BD8B2ED" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="807" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nyctophilus</taxonomicName>
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currently recognized. Skull was thought to be a subfossil, but reexamination ofit indicates thatit is likely from the 20™ century. Skull is very large and narrow compared with other species of
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFCA6A75F9669C54192BB11C" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1821" box="[1690,1835,2573,2606]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="807" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nyctophilus</taxonomicName>
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, and lateral profile is low unlike other large
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFCA6A75F66F9C541424B11C" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1821" box="[2451,2596,2573,2606]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="807" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nyctophilus</taxonomicName>
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; and tooth row is also comparatively short. Premolars and molars broadly resemble other
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFCA6A75FA899C051806B14F" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1821" box="[1397,1542,2652,2685]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="807" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nyctophilus</taxonomicName>
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, M" is reduced, but second and third commissures are present and subequal. Antorbital foramina are relatively much narrower and smaller than other large congeners; anterior palatal emargination is relatively much smaller, and rostral sulcus is narrower; interdental palate is relatively broader and shallower; and interpterygoid fossa width is relatively much narrower but is similar in absolute size. Compared with the
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFCA6A75F6199CA3142DB029" authorityName="J. E. Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[2533,2605,2810,2843]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="807" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">major</taxonomicName>
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species group, skull has a less reduced M” and has a relatively much longer palate than in Corben’s Long-eared Bat (N.
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFCA6A75F8CC9D141985B058" authorityName="Parnaby" authorityYear="2009" box="[1840,1925,2893,2922]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="807" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corbeni">corbeni</taxonomicName>
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) and the Pallid Long-eared Bat (N.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFCA6A75F68B9D1417EAB058" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1915" box="[2423,2538,2893,2922]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="807" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="daedalus">daedalus</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFCA6A75FA8E9D291426B08A" pageId="49" pageNumber="807" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFCA6A75FA8E9D291426B08A" blockId="49.[1392,2605,2339,3472]" pageId="49" pageNumber="807">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFCA6A75FA8E9D291BDFB0A3" bold="true" box="[1394,1503,2928,2961]" pageId="49" pageNumber="807">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Lord Howe Island is a relic of an eroded volcano with unique subtropical vegetation assemblages,similar to Australian flora and fauna with a high degree of endemism.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFCA6A75FA8E9DE71967B0ED" box="[1394,1895,3006,3039]" pageId="49" pageNumber="807" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFCA6A75FA8E9DE71967B0ED" blockId="49.[1392,2605,2339,3472]" box="[1394,1895,3006,3039]" pageId="49" pageNumber="807">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFCA6A75FA8E9DE71878B0ED" bold="true" box="[1394,1656,3006,3039]" pageId="49" pageNumber="807">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
No information.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFCA6A75FA8E9DBD18E8B737" box="[1394,1768,3044,3077]" pageId="49" pageNumber="807" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFCA6A75FA8E9DBD18E8B737" blockId="49.[1392,2605,2339,3472]" box="[1394,1768,3044,3077]" pageId="49" pageNumber="807">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFCA6A75FA8E9DBD1BF9B737" bold="true" box="[1394,1529,3044,3077]" pageId="49" pageNumber="807">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
No information.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFCA6A75FA8D9A571426B71D" box="[1393,2598,3086,3119]" pageId="49" pageNumber="807" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFCA6A75FA8D9A571426B71D" blockId="49.[1392,2605,2339,3472]" box="[1393,2598,3086,3119]" pageId="49" pageNumber="807">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFCA6A75FA8D9A57185BB71D" bold="true" box="[1393,1627,3086,3119]" pageId="49" pageNumber="807">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
The single skull was found in a cave possibly brought there by an owl.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFCA6A75FA8E9A6C171EB764" box="[1394,2334,3125,3158]" pageId="49" pageNumber="807" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFCA6A75FA8E9A6C171EB764" blockId="49.[1392,2605,2339,3472]" box="[1394,2334,3125,3158]" pageId="49" pageNumber="807">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFCA6A75FA8E9A6C162FB764" bold="true" box="[1394,2095,3125,3158]" pageId="49" pageNumber="807">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
No information.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFCA6A75FA8E9A3817DAB671" pageId="49" pageNumber="807" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFCA6A75FA8E9A3817DAB671" blockId="49.[1392,2605,2339,3472]" pageId="49" pageNumber="807">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFCA6A75FA8E9A3818CEB74C" bold="true" box="[1394,1742,3169,3198]" pageId="49" pageNumber="807">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) on The [UCN Red List. Extensive surveys have failed to locate a living Lord Howe Long-eared Bat, and it is almost certainly extinct. It might have been casually observed in flight during the 20" century because reports by locals included two sizes of bats flying at dusk, with the larger being unidentified. Exact reasons forits decline and possible extinction are unclear, but predation by introduced owls and rats might have been involved.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFCA6A75FA8E9B0B182CB6A2" pageId="49" pageNumber="807" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFCA6A75FA8E9B0B182CB6A2" blockId="49.[1392,2605,2339,3472]" pageId="49" pageNumber="807">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFCA6A75FA8E9B0B180BB659" bold="true" box="[1394,1547,3410,3435]" pageId="49" pageNumber="807">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Eldridge et al. (2017); Hall, Lumsden & Parnaby (2008), McKean (1975), Parnaby (2002a, 2009), Richards (1995b).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |